Статті в журналах: "Tomatoes Effect of salt on"

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Zhang, Jifeng, Zhenhua Wang, Bihang Fan, Yusheng Hou, Yunqing Dou, Zuoli Ren, and Xiaojie Chen. "Investigating the Proper Application Rate of Nitrogen under Mulched Drip Irrigation to Improve the Yield and Quality of Tomato in Saline Soil." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020293.

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Xinjiang is one of the most prolific tomato-planting areas in China. Here, we carried out a two-year (2017–2018) field experiment in Xinjiang to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) application rates on the spatial distribution of water and salt in the root zone, as well as their impacts on the yield and quality of tomatoes under mulched drip irrigation. The ideal ranges of N application rates for tomato yield and quality were examined under different salinity levels. Results indicated that soil water content and salinity increased with soil depth. Soil water content was closely related to soil salinity but not to N. Among the tested application rates, tomato yield was highest under the medium-high N (225–300 kg/ha) and low salt (4 g/kg) treatment. Under the highest salt level (10 g/kg), the low nitrogen treatment (150 kg/ha) was better than the high N treatment (300 kg/ha) at boosting tomato yield. Moreover, we found that salinity had a stronger effect on tomato quality than N. Based on these results, we were able to recommend ideal ranges for N (155–201 kg/ha) and salt (3.56–5.59 g/kg) while both are present in the soil.

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Rangseekaew, Pharada, Adoración Barros-Rodríguez, Wasu Pathom-aree, and Maximino Manzanera. "Deep-Sea Actinobacteria Mitigate Salinity Stress in Tomato Seedlings and Their Biosafety Testing." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081687.

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Soil salinity is an enormous problem affecting global agricultural productivity. Deep-sea actinobacteria are interesting due to their salt tolerance mechanisms. In the present study, we aim to determine the ability of deep-sea Dermacoccus (D. barathri MT2.1T and D. profundi MT2.2T) to promote tomato seedlings under 150 mM NaCl compared with the terrestrial strain D. nishinomiyaensis DSM20448T. All strains exhibit in vitro plant growth-promoting traits of indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production. Tomato seedlings inoculated with D. barathri MT2.1T showed higher growth parameters (shoot and root length, dry weight, and chlorophyll content) than non-inoculated tomato and the terrestrial strain under 150 mM NaCl. In addition, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in leaves of tomatoes inoculated with deep-sea Dermacoccus was lower than the control seedlings. This observation suggested that deep-sea Dermacoccus mitigated salt stress by reducing oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. D. barathri MT2.1T showed no harmful effects on Caenorhabditis elegans, Daphnia magna, Eisenia foetida, and Escherichia coli MC4100 in biosafety tests. This evidence suggests that D. barathri MT2.1T would be safe for use in the environment. Our results highlight the potential of deep-sea Dermacoccus as a plant growth promoter for tomatoes under salinity stress.

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Martínez, Juan Pablo, Raúl Fuentes, Karen Farías, Carolina Lizana, Juan Felipe Alfaro, Lida Fuentes, Nicola Calabrese, Servane Bigot, Muriel Quinet, and Stanley Lutts. "Effects of Salt Stress on Fruit Antioxidant Capacity of Wild (Solanum chilense) and Domesticated (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) Tomatoes." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101481.

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The effects of salt on the quality of fruits were investigated in order to compare the impact of salt on key fruit properties of the cultivated domesticated tomato species (Solanum lycopersicum) and its wild halophyte relative Solanum chilense. To this end, cherry tomato plants (S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) and from accession LA4107 (S. chilense) were maintained for 112 days in the absence or presence of NaCl (40 and 80 mM) in nutrient solution. Among others, salinity decreased fruit weight and increased total soluble solid (TSS) in S. lycopersicum but not in S. chilense. The fruit antioxidant capacity estimated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) analysis was higher in S. chilense than in S. lycopersicum and increased in the former while it decreased in the latter in response to NaCl. Salinity increased the lycopene (LYC) content but decreased ß-carotene (b-CAR) concentration in the fruits of S. lycopersicum, while these compounds were not detected in the wild halophyte S. chilense. The oxidative status of salt-treated fruits was more tightly regulated in S. chilense than in S. lycopersicum. The two considered species, however, possess complementary properties and interspecific crosses may therefore be considered as a promising option for the improvement of salt-stress resistance in tomatoes.

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Seron, J. S., R. J. Ferree, S. L. Knight, M. A. L. Smith, and L. A. Spomer. "EFFECTS OF INCREASED SALINITY ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY OF `MICRO TOM' MINIATURE DWARF TOMATO." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1092c—1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1092c.

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Tolerance of increased salinity by tomato is of great importance to the tomato processing industry, where increased conductivity of up to 6 dS m-1 is used to increase specific yield components. A new line of miniature dwarf tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Micro Tom, was evaluated for photosynthetic response to elevated salinity. Tomatoes were grown in solution batch culture and subjected to constant salt treatments of 2.4 (control), 7.6, 12.8, or 18 dS m-1. Weekly photosynthetic measurements were made beginning week 4 on the most recent fully open leaf or leaf opposite a fruit. Net photosynthesis decreased across all salt treatments over the last six weeks of sampling. As salinity level increased, net photosynthesis decreased compared to the control. The 18 dS m-1 treatment reduced net photosynthesis relative to 12.8 and 7.6 dS m-1. Although salinity increased succulence, limitations to net photosynthesis were due to diminished utilization of intercellular CO2, rather than reduced internal CO2 concentration or stomatal conductance.

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Li, Jingang, Jing Chen, Zhongyi Qu, Shaoli Wang, Pingru He, and Na Zhang. "Effects of Alternating Irrigation with Fresh and Saline Water on the Soil Salt, Soil Nutrients, and Yield of Tomatoes." Water 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081693.

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Saline water irrigation has become extremely important in arid and semi-arid areas in northwestern China. To study the effect of alternating irrigation models on the soil nutrients, soil salts, and yield of tomatoes with fresh water (total dissolved solids of 0.50 g·L−1) and saline water (total dissolved solids of 3.01 g·L−1), a two-year field experiment was carried out for tomatoes in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), containing six drip irrigation models: T1 (all freshwater irrigation), T2 (saline water used in the seedling and flowering stages; fresh water in the fruit-set and breaker stages), T3 (saline water in the flowering and fruit-set stages; fresh water in the seedling and breaker stages), T4 (saline water in the fruit-set and breaker stages; fresh water in the seedling and flowering stages), T5 (saline water in the flowering and breaker stages; fresh water in the seedling and fruit-set stages), T6 (saline water in the seedling and fruit-set stages; fresh water in the flowering and breaker stages). The study found that saline water irrigation tends to have a positive effect on soil total nitrogen and a negative influence on soil total phosphorus at each growth stage of the tomato. Soil Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, and Cl− increased over the growth period, soil HCO3− decreased gradually by growth stage, and the salt ions increased with the amount of saline water applied in alternating irrigation. Though the soil salt accumulated in all experimentally designed alternating irrigation models, soil alkalization did not occur in the tomato root zone under the soil matric potential threshold of −25 kPa. The utilization of saline water resulted in about a 1.9–18.2% decline in fruit yield, but the total soluble solids, lycopene, and sugar in the tomato fruits increased. Ultimately, drip irrigation with fresh water at the seedling to flowering stages and saline water at the fruit-set to breaker stages was suggested for tomato cultivation in HID.

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Oliveira, Francisco de A. de, Francisco I. G. Paiva, José F. de Medeiros, Mikhael R. de S. Melo, Mychelle K. T. de Oliveira, and Ricardo C. P. da Silvas. "Salinity tolerance of tomato fertigated with different K+/Ca2+ proportions in protected environment." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 9 (September 2021): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n9p620-625.

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ABSTRACT Adequate potassium and calcium nutrition is a strategy to reduce salt stress on tomatoes, as it reduces nutritional imbalance in plants. With the objective of evaluating tomato production using irrigation with saline waters and fertigation with different potassium-calcium proportions, an experiment was carried out in a protected environment in Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of four electrical conductivity of nutrient solution (ECns) (1.75; 3.25; 4.75; and 6.25 dS m-1) combined with five ionic proportions (m/m) of potassium and calcium (F1 = 2.43:1; F2 = 2.03:1; F3 = 1.62:1; F4 = 1.30:1 and F5 = 1.08:1). The response variables were: number of fruits, mean fruit weight, fruit production per plant and relative yield. It was possible to identify satisfactory results of production when higher salinity was used. Fertigation with low K+/Ca2+ proportions intensifies the effect of salinity on tomato crop.

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Hossain, M. M., and H. Nonami. "Effect of salt stress on physiological response of tomato fruit grown in hydroponic culture system." Horticultural Science 39, No. 1 (February 16, 2012): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2011-hortsci.

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The effect of salt stress on physiological response of hydroponically grown tomato fruit was investigated. Fruit growth rate, water status, cuticle permeability and induction of blossom-end rot (BER) of tomato fruit were considered for this study. Salt stress was applied by using Ca salt treatment and it plays an important role on all parameters studied in this experiment. Fruit growth rate, predawn water potential, osmotic potential and cuticle permeability were significantly lower in treated plants than in control plants. On the other hand, tissue turgor of control and treated fruit showed almost similar values 12 days after flowering (DAF). This result indicated that turgor was osmotically regulated in fruit under stress condition. Fruit growth rate was found to decline from 12 DAF and eventually ceased when BER externally appeared on fruit surface at the age of 19 DAF in this experiment. The reduction of growth rate coincided with the reduction of water potential in fruit tissue due to salt stress. Although BER externally appeared at 19 DAF anatomical investigation showed that intercellular air space becomes discoloured at least one week before external symptoms appeared on fruit tip. Different levels of cuticular permeability indicated that the deposition of cuticular wax on fruit surface was enhanced by the salt stress condition in tomato fruit. Since, BER was found to appear on fruit tip under high calcium concentration in solution it can be concluded that calcium deficiency was not the only the cause of BER in tomato, rather salt stress might alter metabolic activity in developing tomato fruit.

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Yan, Jianmin, Matthew D. Smith, Bernard R. Glick, and Yan Liang. "Effects of ACC deaminase containing rhizobacteria on plant growth and expression of Toc GTPases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under salt stress." Botany 92, no. 11 (November 2014): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0038.

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The bacterial enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase plays a key role in lowering plant stress ethylene levels, thereby stimulating plant growth. The present study aims to evaluate whether the ACC deaminase producing plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Pseudomonas putida UW4 can maintain and promote plant growth in saline environments and modulate the expression of chloroplast import apparatus genes in salt-treated tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Tomatoes were grown in the presence and absence of the PGPR and shoot length, fresh and dry mass, and chlorophyll concentration were measured after 6 weeks. The expression levels of the Toc GTPases of the chloroplast protein import apparatus were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the rhizobacteria significantly increased shoot length, shoot fresh and dry mass, and the chlorophyll concentration of tomato seedlings grown in the presence of up to 90 mmol·L–1 NaCl. Analysis showed that the expression of most of the Toc GTPase genes was upregulated in tomato seedlings after 6 weeks of exposure to NaCl, which may help facilitate the import into chloroplasts of proteins that are involved in the stress response.

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Hanna, H. Y. "Properly Recycled Perlite Saves Money, Does Not Reduce Greenhouse Tomato Yield, and Can Be Reused for Many Years." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (January 2005): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0342.

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A study was conducted to determine if raising tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in cleaned and disinfected used perlite would be more economical than new perlite and have no negative impact on yield. Cleaning and disinfecting used perlite for recycling saved 56% of the cost to replace the media and reduced salt content to the optimum level recommended for raising container grown plants. Disinfecting used perlite with hot water raised media temperatures above limits necessary to kill several fungi and nematodes. Tomatoes planted in recycled perlite produced greater marketable yield and heavier fruit than those planted in new perlite. Season and year of planting also have significant effects on yield. Used perlite can be cleaned and disinfected as needed and recycled for many years because it is not organic in nature and physically and chemically stable.

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Wilson, Clyde, Robert A. Clark, and Monica A. Madore. "EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON SUGAR TRANSPORT IN TOMATO." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 684d—684. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.684d.

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We examined the effect of salt stress on sugar transport across the plasma membrane of source leaf tissue. We initiated the present study by investigating the effect of salt stress on the sugar transport into mature leaf tissue by measuring sucrose influx into leaf discs. In order to determine if there is a common response to salt stress, we selected two species which have been described as moderately salt-sensitive, faba bean and tomato. We found these two plants exhibit different responses to salinity with regard to sugar transport across the plasmalemma. Whereas salinity decreased sucrose uptake into leaf discs of tomato, it had little effect on faba bean. Also, the inhibitory effect of salinity in tomato was not just limited to freshly cut discs but was observed in aged discs as well. We isolated the plasma membrane from tomato and faba bean using the aqueous two-phase technique and found that although plasma-membrane vesicles obtained from faba bean were able to maintain an acetate gradient, vesicles from tomato were not, thereby eliminating any comparative study on pH-dependent sugar uptake. Studies on passive uptake into these vesicles indicate that the passive uptake in tomato may be different than faba bean.

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MARTÍNEZ, JUAN-PABLO, ALEJANDRO ANTÚNEZ, RICARDO PERTUZÉ, MARIA DEL PILAR ACOSTA, XIMENA PALMA, LIDA FUENTES, ANIBAL AYALA, HECTOR ARAYA, and STANLEY LUTTS. "EFFECTS OF SALINE WATER ON WATER STATUS, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF WILD (SOLANUM CHILENSE) AND DOMESTICATED (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM VAR. CERASIFORME) TOMATOES." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (September 3, 2012): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971200066x.

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SUMMARYFarmers around the world are concerned about the effects of human-induced salinity on crop yield and quality. Therefore, researchers are actively testing wild relatives of cultivated plants to identify candidates to improve crop performance under salt stress. A study was conducted to understand the effects of salt stress (Sodium chloride, NaCl) on cultivated tomato species (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme L.) and a wild tomato relative (Solanum chilense Dun.) from the Northern part of Chile. Plants were cultivated hydroponically under controlled environmental conditions for 112 days with nutrient solution containing 0 mM (3 dS m−1), 40 mM (6 dS m−1) and 80-mM (9 dS m−1) NaCl. Salt stress reduced the shoot biomass in S. lycopersicum but not in S. chilense. Both species were able to maintain the leaf water content; however, the cultivated S. lycopersicum showed osmotic adjustment, while S. chilense did not. Salt stress reduced the total fruit yield in S. lycopersicum based on a decrease in the mean fruit weight, but it had no impact on the number of fruits per plant. In contrast, salt stress had no significant impact on the fruit yield in S. chilense. Salt stress increased the total soluble solids content in S. lycopersicum and the titratable acidity in S. chilense. It was concluded that S. chilense displays a contrasting behaviour in response to prolonged exposure to moderate salinity compared with S. lycopersicum, and that this related species could be an interesting plant for breeding purposes.

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Batyrov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Shamil Bairambekovich Bairambekov, and Olga Georgievna Korneva. "Effectiveness of herbicides against annual weeds (weed vegetation) on tomatoes." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 8 (September 10, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i8pp4-8.

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Agrocenoses of cultivated plants are more or less overgrown with unwanted weeds, which complicate and complicate the care of plants and harvesting. The purpose of our research was to assess the impact of modern herbicides on the infestation (clogging) of tomato seedlings with annual weeds and the productivity of cultivated plants in the natural and climatic conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia. It was revealed that the main weeds of tomato plantings for all the years of research from annual dicotyledonous species were-white mar, bindweed buckwheat, bird mountaineer, southern salt grass; less common - bedstraw tenacious, nightshade black, hibiscus triplet and others. Annual cereal species were more often represented by common oatmeal, blue and green bristles, and less often by barn grass. The introduction of herbicides Unimark, WDG and Lapis Lazuli, LP (loose powder) before planting seedlings did not have a negative effect on the survival rate of seedlings; it was 94-96% of the planned density of standing plants. It was found (established) that the use of herbicides in the planting of tomato seedlings restrained the increase in the number of annual grass weeds by 30-75%, annual dicotyledonous-by 70-90%. The introduction of preparations before planting seedlings was the most effective. The decrease in the number of annual weeds had a positive effect on the growth, development and productivity of tomato plants: there was an increase in the number of leaves by 10.4-16.5%, the mass of leaves (leaf weight) – by 11.8-21.2%, the area of the leaf surface – by 8.9-16.2%, the number of set fruits – by 18.9-23.8%, the average weight (mass) of a mature fruit – by 7.5-11.3%. The increase in the yield (the yield gain) of tomato fruits was in the range from 21.6 to 28.4%. The studied herbicides did not have a significant effect on the quality indicators of tomato fruits.

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Magee, R. L., F. Caporaso, and A. Prakash. "Effects of Exogenous Calcium Salt Treatments on Inhibiting Irradiation-Induced Softening in Diced Roma Tomatoes." Journal of Food Science 68, no. 8 (October 2003): 2430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb07041.x.

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Saranga, Y., D. Zamir, A. Marani, and J. Rudich. "Breeding Tomatoes for Salt Tolerance: Variations in Ion Concentrations Associated with Response to Salinity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 3 (May 1993): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.3.405.

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Accessions of four tomato species, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Le), L. pennellii (Corr.) O'Arey (Lpen), L. cheesmanii Riley (Lc), and L. peruvianum (L.) Mill., (Lper), and interspecific populations were irrigated with saline water under field conditions and concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Ca, and Mg in leaves and stems were determined. Potassium: sodium ratios in leaves and stems of salt-tolerant genotypes were higher under salinity and were moderately changed by salinity compared to the sensitive genotypes. In the tolerant wild accessions and F1(Le × Lpen), Cl concentrations in leaves and the ratio between Cl in leaves to Cl in stems were lower than in the sensitive Le cultivar. Regulation of the K: Na ratio was found in tolerant wild accessions and tolerant Le cultivars, while regulation of Cl concentration in leaves was found only in the wild germplasm. The effects of ion concentrations on dry matter of interspecific segregating populations, F2(Le × Lpen) and BC1(Le × (Le × Lpen)), were studied by regression analyses. Dry matter was positively correlated with the K: Na ratio in stems and negatively correlated with the Cl concentrations in leaves and stems, thus confirming the results obtained by comparison between the tolerant and sensitive accessions.

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Cornish, PS. "Use of high electrical conductivity of nutrient solution to improve the quality of salad tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in hydroponic culture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 4 (1992): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920513.

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The effect of the electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution on total soluble solids (TSS) and fruit yield was studied, using table tomatoes grown outdoors in hydroponic culture, with the aim of seeing if salt stress could be used to increase TSS and thereby improve fruit quality. Two initial experiments compared the responses of 3 different cultivars and compared responses to different salts. The main experiment aimed to quantify the trade-off between yield and TSS as EC was raised with NaCl. In the main experiment, TSS of cv. Flora Dade increased linearly from 4.40 to 5.94 �Brix over an EC range of 1.5-9.0 mS/cm. Over all 3 experiments, the mean TSS of Flora Dade increased by 0.16 �Brix/mS.cm rise in EC above the control EC of 1.5-2.0 mS/cm. The 3 cultivars responded similarly to raised EC, although they ranged in TSS from 4.1 to 5.4 �Brix under nonsaline conditions. Raising solution EC with NaCl, KCl, or a mixture of NaCl/CaCl2 all gave significant increases in TSS. Increasing EC also increased titratable acidity and reduced fruit size, but had no effect on fruit firmness. Yield in the main experiment declined with increasing EC, but not linearly. Over all experiments, it was shown that salt stress could be used to achieve an increase in TSS of about 0.5 �Brix with little or no effect on yield. However, the EC at which this increase occurred appeared to depend on weather conditions.

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Kapadia, Chintan, R. Z. Sayyed, Hesham Ali El Enshasy, Harihar Vaidya, Deepshika Sharma, Nafisa Patel, Roslinda Abd Malek, et al. "Halotolerant Microbial Consortia for Sustainable Mitigation of Salinity Stress, Growth Promotion, and Mineral Uptake in Tomato Plants and Soil Nutrient Enrichment." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158369.

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Salinity significantly impacts the growth, development, and reproductive biology of various crops such as vegetables. The cultivable area is reduced due to the accumulation of salts and chemicals currently in use and is not amenable to a large extent to avoid such abiotic stress factors. The addition of microbes enriches the soil without any adverse effects. The effects of microbial consortia comprising Bacillus sp., Delftia sp., Enterobacter sp., Achromobacter sp., was evaluated on the growth and mineral uptake in tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) under salt stress and normal soil conditions. Salinity treatments comprising Ec 0, 2, 5, and 8 dS/m were established by mixing soil with seawater until the desired Ec was achieved. The seedlings were transplanted in the pots of the respective pH and were inoculated with microbial consortia. After sufficient growth, these seedlings were transplanted in soil seedling trays. The measurement of soil minerals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, and pH and the Ec were evaluated and compared with the control 0 days, 15 days, and 35 days after inoculation. The results were found to be non-significant for the soil parameters. In the uninoculated seedlings’ (control) seedling trays, salt treatment significantly affected leaf, shoot, root dry weight, shoot height, number of secondary roots, chlorophyll, and mineral contents. While bacterized seedlings sown under saline soil significantly increased leaf (105.17%), shoot (105.62%), root (109.06%) dry weight, leaf number (75.68%), shoot length (92.95%), root length (146.14%), secondary roots (91.23%), and chlorophyll content (−61.49%) as compared to the control (without consortia). The Na and K intake were higher even in the presence of the microbes, but the beneficial effect of the microbe helps plants sustain in the saline environment. The inoculation of microbial consortia produced more secondary roots, which accumulate more minerals and transport substances to the different parts of the plant; thus, it produced higher biomass and growth. Results of the present study revealed that the treatment with microbial consortia could alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress and improve the growth of tomato plants under salinity stress. Microbial consortia appear to be the best alternative and cost-effective and sustainable approach for managing soil salinity and improving plant growth under salt stress conditions.

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Hanna, Hanna Y. "Reducing Time and Expense to Recycle Perlite for Repeat Use in Greenhouse Tomato Operations." HortTechnology 20, no. 4 (August 2010): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.4.746.

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Planting greenhouse tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) in the same perlite more than once without reconditioning to restore medium loose structure, desalination to remove excess salt, and disinfection to guard against pest contamination is risky, and replacing the perlite to produce every new crop is costly. Reconditioning and treating perlite with hot water at a minimum cost provides a favorable solution for both problems and saves natural resources. A study was conducted in a 30 × 96-ft greenhouse in Spring 2007, 2008, and 2009 (January–July) to evaluate three methods for perlite recycling cost, desalination efficiency, and effects on tomato yield at three or four fruit per cluster. Each recycling method consisted of two components: the reconditioning action and the hot water treatment. The three recycling methods included no stir/sift then disinfect, stir then disinfect, and sift then disinfect. Perlite recycled with the no stir/sift then disinfect method was not reconditioned before the hot water treatment. Instead, it was agitated with a nozzle mounted on a pressure washer wand during the hot water treatment. Perlite recycled with the stir then disinfect method was reconditioned first with an auger mounted on an electric drill and then treated with hot water. Perlite recycled with the sift then disinfect method was reconditioned first by sifting the perlite with a homemade apparatus and was then treated with hot water. Recycling perlite with the no stir/sift then disinfect method reduced labor input by 49% and 81% compared with the stir then disinfect and the sift then disinfect methods, respectively. The no stir/sift then disinfect method reduced recycling cost by 22% and 50% compared with the other two methods, respectively. Perlite that was not reconditioned (no stir/sift) had higher nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) before hot water treatment than the stirred perlite and equal NO3-N to the sifted perlite. Hot water treatment significantly reduced medium electrical conductivity, NO3-N, potassium, and sodium. Tomatoes grown in perlite recycled with any of the three methods produced similar marketable and cull yields and fruit weight. Pruning fruit to three per cluster increased marketable yield, fruit weight, and reduced cull yield. There was no significant recycling method × cluster pruning interaction for yield components, indicating that all recycling methods had similar effects on tomato yield at three or four fruit per cluster. We conclude that the no stir/sift then disinfect method is less time consuming, more economical, and has no negative impact on yield. Tomatoes grown with three fruit per cluster in perlite recycled with any of the three methods produced greater marketable yield, less cull yield, and heavier fruit than tomatoes grown with four fruit per cluster.

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Chakma, Purba, Md Mokter Hossain, and Md Golam Rabbani. "Effects of salinity stress on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i4.44617.

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Salinity is a major constraint in crop production in saline prone areas of Bangladesh. Therefore, a study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of different levels of NaCl salinity stress on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato. This study was consisted with five varieties of tomato (BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-3, BARI Tomato-4, BARI Tomato-14, and BARI Tomato-15) and four levels of NaCl salt solution (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM). Seeds were placed in petridish for germination and the seedlings were allowed to grow for ten days. Results showed that percent seed germination decreased with increasing salt concentration in the germinating media. The highest seed germination (68.25%) was recorded in untreated control (0 mM) condition and the lowest in 150 mM salt solution ((5.92%). In combination of variety and salt concentration, BARI Tomato-2 gave the highest germination (88.33%) under 0 mM salinity condition and the lowest (2.92%) in BARI Tomato-3 with 150 mM salt solution. However, percent germination, germination coefficient, radicle and plumule length, seedling vigor index, fresh weight of plumule and radicle, mean germination time, germination index decreased with increasing salt concentration as compared to untreated control condition. The findings indicated that BARI Tomato- 2, BARI Tomato-4 and BARI Tomato-15 were relatively tolerant to salt stress than BARI Tomato-3 and BARI Tomato-14. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 490–499, 2019

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Koleška, Ivana, Dino Hasanagić, Rodoljub Oljača, Vida Todorović, Borut Bosančić, and Senad Murtić. "The Effect of Grafting on Calcium Influx in Tomato Fruits under Salt Stress Conditions." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 20, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1902065k.

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Two commercial tomato cultivars were used to determine whether grafting could prevent decrease of Ca2+ concentration under salt stress conditions. The cultivars Buran F1 and Berberana F1 were grafted onto rootstock "Maxifort" and grown under three levels of the elevated soil salinity (S1 EC 3.80 dS m-1, S2 6.95 dS m-1 and S3 9.12 dS m-1). Ca2+ concentration of non-grafted plants of both examined hybrids was lower at all salinity levels in comparison to the control. In the fruits of grafted plants salt stress significantly decreased Ca2+ concentration only at the third salinity level (EC 9.12 dS m-1). The possibility of grafting tomato plants to improve influx of Ca2+ under salt stress conditions is discussed.

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20

Shahzad, Muhammad, Karim Yar Abbasi, Ali Shahzad, and Farrah Zaidi. "Effect of Glycine Betaine on Morphological and Physiological Attributes of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Cultivars under Saline Conditions." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 8 (November 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.8.22.

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Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum L.) is a long duration crop belongs to a family Solanaceae. In case of vegetables, tomato is a second major crop, cultivated wide range throughout the world. Although, tomato is moderate sensitive to salinity yet for salinity tolerance more attention is required. More than 30% cultivated land all over the world severely affected by the salinity. In this scenario, experiment was designed to investigate various morphological and physiological aspects of tomato under various salinity levels; different levels of exogenous glycine betaine applications. Study was conducted to reveal the salt tolerance in tomato genotypes. Experiment was performed under controlled condition in the growth chamber of the IHS, UAF. Different concentrations of sodium chloride salt (0, 1.5 and 3 dS m-1) was used for salinity levels. Medium size plastic pots were used for sowing of tomato and sand was used as growing medium. Hoagland solution was applied for nourishment of tomato seedlings. Salinity was applied on 3-4 leaf stage. Then examined the effect of glycine betaine (0, 5, 10 and 15mM) for salt tolerance on tomato cultivars. Data of various attributes was collected and analyzed statistically by appropriate statistical package. Results revealed that tomato growth was negatively affected by the salinity. Morphological attributes and physiological attributes reduced in response to salinity except electrolyte leakage which amplified in salt stress. Exogenous application of glycine betaine promotes the tolerance against the salinity in the tomato genotypes and enhance growth.

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21

Mitchell, J. P., D. M. May, and C. Shennan. "Feasibility of Using Saline Drainage Water for Processing-tomato Irrigation." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 838B—838. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.838b.

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Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to assess the effects of irrigation with saline drainage water on processing-tomato fruit yields and quality constituents. Saline water (ECiw = 7 dS/m) was used for 66% of the seasonal irrigation requirements in 1992 and 82% in 1993. Yields of tomatoes irrigated with saline water were maintained relative to nonsaline irrigation in 1992, but were decreased by 33% in 1993. Juice Brix and Bostwick consistency were generally improved by irrigation with saline water. pH was unaffected by irrigation treatment, and titratable acidity, an estimate of citric acid content, was increased only in 1993. Calculated quantities for various marketable processed product yields reflect the dominant influence of fresh fruit yield that masked, to a large extent, whatever quality enhancements that may have derived from saline irrigation. The substantial tomato yield reduction that occurred in the second year of this study in plots irrigated with saline drainage water, the gradual surface accumulation of boron, as well as the significant salt buildup in lower portions of the crop root zone following drainage water irrigations demonstrate definitive limitations to the reuse approach and restrict options for the crops that can be grown in this system and the frequency of saline drainage reuse.

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22

Cano, E. A., M. C. Bolarín, F. Pérez-Alfocea, and M. Caro. "Effect of NaCl priming on increased salt tolerance in tomato." Journal of Horticultural Science 66, no. 5 (January 1991): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1991.11516192.

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23

Miceli, Alessandro, Filippo Vetrano, and Alessandra Moncada. "Effects of Foliar Application of Gibberellic Acid on the Salt Tolerance of Tomato and Sweet Pepper Transplants." Horticulturae 6, no. 4 (November 28, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040093.

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Seed germination and early seedling growth are the plant growth stages most sensitive to salt stress. Thus, the availability of poor-quality brackish water can be a big limiting factor for the nursery vegetable industry. The exogenous supplementation of gibberellic acid (GA3) may promote growth and vigor and counterbalance salt stress in mature plants. This study aimed to test exogenous supplementation through foliar spray of 10−5 M GA3 for increasing salt tolerance of tomato and sweet pepper seedlings irrigated with increasing salinity (0, 25, and 50 mM NaCl during nursery growth. Tomato and sweet pepper seedlings suffered negative effects of salinity on plant height, biomass, shoot/root ratio, leaf number, leaf area, relative water content, and stomatal conductance. The foliar application of GA3 had a growth-promoting effect on the unstressed tomato and pepper seedlings and was successful in increasing salinity tolerance of tomato seedlings up to 25 mM NaCl and up to 50 mM NaCl in sweet pepper seedlings. This treatment could represent a sustainable strategy to use saline water in vegetable nurseries limiting its negative effect on seedling quality and production time.

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24

Rajasekaran, Lada R., D. Aspinall, G. P. Jones, and L. G. Paleg. "Stress metabolism. IX. Effect of salt stress on trigonelline accumulation in tomato." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-079.

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The presence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and their accumulation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Duke in response to different modes for causing NaCl stress were studied. Pre-germinated tomato seeds were grown in sand culture and 25-d-old seedlings were subjected to abrupt, progressive or prolonged salt stress using NaCl at various osmotic potentials. Plant water status was measured using psychrometry and quaternary ammonium compounds were visualized using thin-layer chromatography and then confirmed and quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Leaf water potential and osmotic potential declined depending on the osmotic potential of the rooting medium and the mode of stress imposition. A greater decline in osmotic potential compared with the total water potential led to turgor maintenance in plants under progressive or prolonged NaCl stress. The QAC, trigonelline and choline were identified in tomato. Trigonelline, but not choline, accumulated rapidly in response to abrupt, progressive or prolonged NaCl stress. The threshold external water potential (ψext.) for trigonelline accumulation was –0.565 MPa. Trigonelline accumulation correlated with changes in ψL (r = –0.92***), ψS (r = –0.94***) and ψP (r = 0.85***). Trigonelline contributed only –0.035 MPa to the osmotic adjustment, suggesting that its role may also lie in areas other than osmoregulation. Key words: Bataines choline, growth, Lycopersicon esculentum, salt stress, trigonelline, water relations

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25

Snapp, Sieglinde, and Carol Shennan. "TOMATO FRUIT QUALITY AND ION STATUS: THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY, PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT AND GENOTYPE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1149b—1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1149b.

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Tomato Fruit quality can be improved by the use of moderately saline irrigation water. However, decreased fruit yields may occur if the saline treatment is initiated early in plant development or the salt concentration is high. Another concern with the use of saline irrigation water is increased plant susceptibility to disease. Two processing tomato cultivars were grown under low salt (ECa=1.1 ds/m), medium salt (ECa=2.8 ds/m) and high salt (ECa=4.6 ds/m) regimes, and in the presence and absence of Phytophthora parasitica, the casual agent of Phytophthora root rot. Salinity increased Phytophthora root rot severity in UC82B, the susceptible cultivar, but had a limited effect on CX8303, a cultivar known to have a measure of resistance to Phytophthora root rot. Fruit acidity and percent total soluble solids were enhanced in both cultivars by increasing salinity. Infection by P. parasitica increased acidity and soluble solids in UC82B fruit grown under high salt. Sodium and chloride concentrations in tomato fruit increased in a manner proportionate to the salt treatment applied; however, in the absence of disease, fruit Na+ and Cllevels were markedly lower compared to other tissues in the plant, The presence of salt-enhanced Phytophthora root rot in UC82B increased fruit Na+ concentration by almost 100%. Fruit Ca2+ and K+ levels, in contrast, declined moderately with increasing salinity and were not affected by disease.

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26

Zuccarini, P. "Ion uptake by halophytic plants to mitigate saline stress in Solanum lycopersicon L., and different effect of soil and water salinity." Soil and Water Research 3, No. 2 (May 20, 2008): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/25/2008-swr.

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Soil and water salinization are affecting an increasing number of countries in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, and cause sensible reductions of agricultural land extension and of crop yields. Consociation with halophytic plants is a promising but not yet widely investigated strategy of salt stress reduction in crops. In this experiment, tomato plants were cultivated in saline conditions, alone and in consociation with three different halophytic species (Portulaca oleracea L.; Salsola soda L.; Atriplex hortensis L.). The salinity was brought either by the soil or by the irrigation water. Consociation with P. oleracea gave the best results in terms of increase of tomato growth and yields, while S. soda caused excessive nutritional competition against tomato due to its fast growth, undoing the positive effects of saline ions uptake. A. hortensis gave intermediate results. Salinity of water resulted in causing more severe stress on the plants, and consequently highlighted more the benefical effect of salt uptake performed by the halophytes on the main crop; salinity of soil on the contrary appeared to be less decisive, probably due to the leaching effect of the irrigation water.

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27

Al‐Rawahy, S. A., J. L. Stroehlein, and M. Pessarakli. "Effect of salt stress on dry matter production and nitrogen uptake by tomatoes1." Journal of Plant Nutrition 13, no. 5 (May 1990): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169009364100.

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28

Krupa-Małkiewicz, Marcelina, Beata Smolik, Dominik Ostojski, Maja Sędzik, and Justyna Pelc. "Effect of ascorbic acid on morphological and biochemical parameters in tomato seedling exposure to salt stress." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2015-0007.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine the effect of both NaCl and KCl alone and in comparison to AsA on the morphological and some biochemical parameters of Oxheart and Vilma cultivars of tomato under laboratory and field conditions. A combination of salt applied in the laboratory experiment caused a significant effect on seed germination and root and shoot length and a significant reduction of Chl a, Chl b and Car contents in 14-day-old tomato seedlings. However, seedlings of cultivar Vilma were characterised by higher tolerance to applied salt stress.NaCl caused a significant decrease in Chl a, Chl b and Car, and an increase in Pro and MDA content in the leaves of Vilma cultivar under field conditions. Besides, tomato plants cv. Vilma treated with NaCl alone or NaCl with ascorbic acid developed longer roots, from 48 to 73%, compared to the control.

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29

Nizam, Rezowana, Md Tofail Hosain, Md Elias Hossain, Md Meftaul Islam, and Md Ariful Haque. "Salt stress mitigation by calcium nitrate in tomato plant." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 5, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v5i1.41050.

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Salt stress is one of the most subversive abiotic stress which severely affects the agricultural productivity in various ways. The pot experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from November 2017 to April 2018. BARI Tomato-5 was used as planting material. The two factors experiment was laid out in RCBD with four replications. Five levels of salinity induced by sodium (Na+) viz., 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1 and three levels of Ca2+ viz., 0, 5 and 10 mM were used as treatment variables. The results of this experiment showed that, the salt stress reduced the yield parameters and yield of tomato with the increase of salinity. The lowest data was recorded from 8 dS m-1 and highest value was observed at control. The present results also showed that, Ca2+ significantly increased the yield contributing characters as well as yield of tomato in both saline and non-saline conditions. However, for combined effect, highest number of fruits plant-1 (50.8) and the highest yield plant-1 (3.88 kg) was produced from 0 dS m-1 Na x 10 mM Ca2+; whereas the lowest from 8 dS m-1 x 0 mM Ca2+. This result suggests that, exogenous Ca2+ can effectively mitigate the deleterious effect of salt stress in tomato. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2019, 5(1): 87-93

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30

Di Stasio, Emilio, Valerio Cirillo, Giampaolo Raimondi, Maria Giordano, Marco Esposito, and Albino Maggio. "Osmo-Priming with Seaweed Extracts Enhances Yield of Salt-Stressed Tomato Plants." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101559.

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Salinization of agricultural land is an expanding phenomenon, which requires a multi-level strategy to counteract its deleterious effects on crop yield and quality. Plant biostimulants are increasingly used in agriculture with multiple purposes, including protection against abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. The complex nature of plant biostimulants, however, makes it difficult to establish a cause–effect relationship between the composition of the commercial product and its expected effects. Here, we demonstrate that field applications of two algal derivatives (Rygex, R and Super Fifty, SU) cause a 26% reduction in shoot biomass and a remodulation of the root-to-shoot ratio under moderately saline irrigation (6.3 dS m−1). Moreover, plants treated with the two algal derivatives showed lower leaf water potential and improved water use efficiency under control conditions, suggesting an osmo-priming effect by these two products. These pre-adaptation responses increased tomato yield by 49% (R) and 70% (SU) regardless of the salinity level, with a remarkable reallocation of the biomass toward the fruits. Overall, our results suggest that the application of these two biostimulants can be useful in the open field to protect tomato plants from osmotic stress due to seasonal salinization, a phenomenon that typically occurs in arid and semi-arid environments.

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31

De Pascale, S., A. Maggio, G. Angelino, and G. Graziani. "EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON WATER RELATIONS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN TOMATO." Acta Horticulturae, no. 613 (September 2003): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.613.3.

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32

Tanveer, Kinza, Sobia Gilani, Zawar Hussain, Rozina Ishaq, Muhammad Adeel, and Noshin Ilyas. "Effect of salt stress on tomato plant and the role of calcium." Journal of Plant Nutrition 43, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1659324.

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33

Carini, Eleonora, Elena Curti, Beatrice Mora, Marco Luzzini, and Elena Vittadini. "Effect of Flour, Gelatin and Salt on Water Status of Tomato Sauce." Food Biophysics 10, no. 2 (October 16, 2014): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11483-014-9369-9.

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34

Guerrier, Gilles. "Effect of salt-stress on proline metabolism in calli of Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon pennellii, and their interspecific hybrid." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 1939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-206.

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Amino acid pools and enzyme activities of NH3-assimilation (glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase), proline biosynthesis (pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase), proline catabolism (proline dehydrogenase, proline oxidase), and ornithine transamination (ornithine transaminase) were determined in control and salinized (140 mM NaCl) calli from tomato roots. Three populations were used: the domestic salt-sensitive Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. P-73, the wild salt-tolerant Lycopersicon pennellii (Correll) D'Arcy, accession PE-47, and their F1 interspecific cross, for which the relative growth rate on salt media was intermediate to those of the parents. Compared with control conditions, proline levels increased with NaCl treatments by twofold, threefold, and sixfold in the wild species, the F1 hybrid, and the domestic species, respectively. This proline accumulation in the F1 and the domestic populations was not modulated by changes in the enzyme activities of proline biosynthesis or catabolism. NaCl tolerance, amino acid (proline, alanine, arginine, asparagine) content, and velocity of enzymes responsible for proline biosynthesis and catabolism are dependent on explant sources (cotyledon, root) from which the F1 calli were derived. The comparison of proline (PRO) responses in the different calli and populations indicated (i) various changes in anabolic or catabolic rates of PRO metabolism for a given range of PRO accumulation and (ii) the presence in the F1 of both wild and sensitive parent characters in growth and PRO responses. Key words: callus culture, Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon pennellii, F1 tomato, proline synthesis, proline catabolism, salt stress.

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35

Li, Q., Y. Li, C. Li, and X. Yu. "Enhanced ascorbic acid accumulation through overexpression of dehydroascorbate reductase confers tolerance to methyl viologen and salt stresses in tomato." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 2 (May 30, 2012): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/100/2011-cjgpb.

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As an important antioxidant for plants and humans, L-ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can be regenerated from its oxidized form in a reaction catalyzed by dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). To analyse the effect of overexpressing DHAR on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), an expression vector containing potato cytosolic DHAR (DHAR1) or chloroplastic DHAR (DHAR2) cDNA driven by a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was transferred into tomato plants. Compared with the wild type (WT), DHAR1 overexpression increased DHAR activity and AsA content in both leaves and fruits, while DHAR2 overexpression increased DHAR activity and AsA content mainly in leaves. DHAR1 and DHAR2 overexpression increased the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of transgenic lines, but had no effect on plant height and stem diameter. Furthermore, the germination rate, plant fresh weight, seedling length and chlorophyll content of transgenic DHAR1 and DHAR2 plants under salt stress were higher than those of WT plants. In addition, the transgenic plants also exhibited considerable tolerance to oxidative damage induced by methyl viologen (MV). Taken together, these results indicated that overexpressing potato DHAR1 and DHAR2 enhanced the level of AsA in tomato and, consequently, increased the tolerance of tomato to salt and MV stress.

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Branham, B. E., and D. W. Lickfeldt. "Effect of Pesticide-treated Grass Clippings Used as a Mulch on Ornamental Plants." HortScience 32, no. 7 (December 1997): 1216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1216.

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With increasing pressure to reduce disposal of yard waste in landfills, many homeowners are seeking alternative methods for grass clipping disposal. When turf is treated with pesticides, the collected grass clippings become a potential source of injury to susceptible plants that come in contact with the clippings. In this study, grass clippings were collected at 2, 7, and 14 days after pesticide treatment from a turf treated with chlorpyrifos, clopyralid, 2,4-D, flurprimidol, isoxaben, or triclopyr. The clippings were used as a mulch around Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bush bean), Petunia ×hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. (petunia), and Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. (impatiens). Beans were planted 4 weeks prior to mulching, whereas the other plants were grown in the greenhouse for 6 weeks and transplanted into the field 2 weeks prior to mulching. Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT) and severely injured these same species when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT. Flurprimidol injured tomato, impatiens, and bean plants when present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethal. Flurprimidol slowed plant growth, caused darker green leaf color, and reduced flowering when mulched at 2 DAPT. Isoxaben injured tomato and bean plants when present on mulch used 2, 7, and 14 DAPT but was not lethal. Injury was not as severe in the second year of the study, indicating different environmental stresses and climatic conditions make predicting pesticide injury for all growing seasons difficult; however, grass clippings from a turf treated with herbicides or plant growth regulators should not be used for mulch around sensitive plants for at least 14 DAPT. Chemical names used: 0,0-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos); 3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, triethylamine salt (clopyralid); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt (2,4-D); α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide and isomers (isoxaben); 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxy acetic acid, triethylamine salt (triclopyr).

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37

Umar, Ja'afar, Aliyu A. Aliero, Kasimu Shehu, and Lawali Abubakar. "Genetic Diversity in Tomato Genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum) Based on Salinity Responsive Candidate Gene Using Simple Sequence Repeats." International Letters of Natural Sciences 72 (November 2018): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.72.37.

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Abstract Salinity inhibition of plant growth is the result of osmotic and ionic effect and different plant species have developed different mechanisms to cope with those effects. With the discovery of molecular markers and marker assisted selection technology, it is possible to develop markers that identify salt tolerance. The genetic diversity of tomato genotypes were analyzed using SSRs polymorphic markers and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. Leaves of the twenty tomato genotypes (landraces/accessions in Nigeria) were used to isolate their DNA using Bioland Plant Genomic DNA protocols. Primers were designed from 15 different salt responsive candidate genes, using Vector NTI and the sequence genes were obtained from ncbi genomice web site. All 15 primers sets generated shows clear distinct polymorphic profiles as evident from the 6% agarose gel profile. Dendrogram generated shows three groups, none of the panel intermixed in a subgroup. The genetic distance information reported in this study might be used by breeders when planning future crosses among tomato genotypes. From the result obtained UC82B recorded the highest vegetative and yield parameters, therefore, adoption of this genotype could be help increasing the tomato production in Sokoto agro-climatic area. Abstract Salinity inhibition of plant growth is the result of osmotic and ionic effect and different plant species have developed different mechanisms to cope with those effects. With the discovery of molecular markers and marker assisted selection technology, it is possible to develop markers that identify salt tolerance. The genetic diversity of tomato genotypes were analyzed using SSRs polymorphic markers and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. Leaves of the twenty tomato genotypes (landraces/accessions in Nigeria) were used to isolate their DNA using Bioland Plant Genomic DNA protocols. Primers were designed from 15 different salt responsive candidate genes, using Vector NTI and the sequence genes were obtained from ncbi genomice web site. All 15 primers sets generated shows clear distinct polymorphic profiles as evident from the 6% agarose gel profile. Dendrogram generated shows three groups, none of the panel intermixed in a subgroup. The genetic distance information reported in this study might be used by breeders when planning future crosses among tomato genotypes. From the result obtained UC82B recorded the highest vegetative and yield parameters, therefore, adoption of this genotype could be help increasing the tomato production in Sokoto agro-climatic area.

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38

Hmiz, Dhulfiqar J., Gholamhossein Davarynejad, Bahram Abedi, and Ihsn J. Ithbayyib. "Effect of the Root Zone Temperature and Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Main Branches and some other Chemical Characteristics of Tomato Fruit." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (September 18, 2019): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.153.

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In order to study the impact of salt stress (0, 1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m-1 in nutrient’s solution on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory) at different root zone temperature [low (20°C), medium (25°C) and high (30°C)], an experiment was carried at Department of Horticultural, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. The result showed that low and high root zone heating decreased leaf area, total sugar and phenol content compared to root zone temperature 25°C (optimum), while main branches number, pH, E.C. and anthocyanin of fruit increased at high root zone temperature compared to low root zone temperature. Flavonoid increased under the root zone temperature of 20°C in comparison with temperatures 25 and 30°C, and stem diameter was not affected by root zone heating. Furthermore, salt stress at the level of 3 ds.m-1 increased stem diameter, total sugar, pH and EC of fruit, leaf area and phenol content, whereas salt stress at a high level (6 ds.m-1) increased flavonoid content. Besides, anthocyanin content decreased in control and salt stress at 6 ds.m-1 when compared to salt stress at 3 ds.m-1.

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39

Miceli, Alessandro, Alessandra Moncada, and Filippo Vetrano. "Use of Microbial Biostimulants to Increase the Salinity Tolerance of Vegetable Transplants." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061143.

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Vegetable plants are more sensitive to salt stress during the early growth stages; hence, the availability of poor-quality brackish water can be a big issue for the nursery vegetable industry. Microbial biostimulants promote growth and vigor and counterbalance salt stress in mature plants. This study aimed to evaluate the application of plant growth-promoting microorganisms for improving salt tolerance of lettuce and tomato seedlings irrigated with different water salinity levels (0, 25, and 50 mM NaCl) during nursery growth. Two commercial microbial biostimulants were applied to the substrate before seeding: 1.5 g L−1 of TNC BactorrS13 containing 1.3 × 108 CFU g−1 of Bacillus spp.; 0.75 g L−1 of Flortis Micorrize containing 30% of Glomus spp., 1.24 × 108 CFU g−1 of Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces spp. and 3 × 105 CFU g−1 of Thricoderma spp. Many morpho-physiological parameters of lettuce and tomato seedlings suffered the negative effect of salinity. The use of the microbial biostimulants modified seedling growth and its response to salt stress. They had a growth-promoting effect on the unstressed seedlings increasing fresh and dry biomass accumulation, leaf number, and leaf area and were successful in increasing salinity tolerance of seedlings especially when using Flortis Micorizze that enhanced salinity tolerance up to 50 mM NaCl. The inoculation of the substrate with microbial biostimulants could represent a sustainable way to improve lettuce and tomato transplant quality and to use brackish water in vegetable nurseries limiting its negative effect on seedling growth.

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Bolhuis, D. P., C. M. M. Lakemond, R. A. de Wijk, P. A. Luning, and C. de Graaf. "Effect of Salt Intensity on Ad Libitum Intake of Tomato Soup Similar in Palatability and on Salt Preference after Consumption." Chemical Senses 35, no. 9 (August 12, 2010): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjq077.

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Niedziela, Carl E., Paul V. Nelson, Daniel H. Willits, and Mary M. Peet. "Short-term Salt-shock Effects on Tomato Fruit Quality, Yield, and Vegetative Prediction of Subsequent Fruit Quality." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 1 (January 1993): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.1.12.

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Commercial recommendations exist for using short-term salt-shocks on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to improve fruit quality. Six experiments were conducted to 1) assess the influence of nutrient concentration and short-term salt-shocks on fruit quality and yield and 2) identify a vegetative predictor of subsequent fruit quality. The first objective was addressed in three nutrient film technique (NFT) experiments (Expts. 1-3). Four treatments were applied: two maintained constant at two baseline concentrations (0.25X and 1X-commercial level) and two provided salt-shock periods of 30 min, twice daily. There were no effects of baseline concentration or salt-shocks on total number and weight of marketable fruit. Fruit quality was better at the 1X baseline concentration as observed by higher titratable acidity (Expt. 2), higher percent dry matter (Expts. 2 and 3), higher soluble solids concentration (Expt. 2), and lower pH (Expts. 2 and 3), however, weight per marketable fruit was lower (Expt. 2). Salt-shocks had little effect on fruit quality, refuting its commercial potential. Salt-shocks decreased fruit pH (Expts. 1 and 3). However, titratable acidity increased at the 0.25X level and decreased at the 1X level (Expt. 3). In Expt. 2, but not in Expt. 3, citrate concentration in the fifth leaf from the apex of young vegetative plants was correlated with subsequent fruit quality. Three additional experiments in static hydroponics with vegetative plants showed no significant differences in leaf citrate levels due to a single, short-term salt-shock. Thus, citrate is not a good predictor of fruit quality.

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Theerakulpisut, P., W. Lontom, J. Kulya, S. Bunnag, and S. Techawongstien. "EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING ON PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TOMATO GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 914 (November 2011): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.914.53.

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Atta-Aly, M. A., A. S. El-Beltagy, and M. E. Saltveit. "EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOMATO PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 323 (February 1993): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.323.37.

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Yunus, Qiman, and Muhtar Zari. "Effect of Exogenous Silicon on Ion Distribution of Tomato Plants Under Salt Stress." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 48, no. 16 (May 4, 2017): 1843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2017.1311908.

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Shiam, I. H., A. S. M. Nahiyan, K. Momena, H. Mehraj, and A. F. M. Jamal Uddin. "Effect of NaCl Salt on Vegetative Growth and Yield of Sixteen Tomato Lines." Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 3, no. 1 (2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jbar.030115.27.

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Tchakounté, Gylaine Vanissa Tchuisseu, Beatrice Berger, Sascha Patz, Matthias Becker, Henri Fankem, Victor Désiré Taffouo, and Silke Ruppel. "Selected Rhizosphere Bacteria Help Tomato Plants Cope with Combined Phosphorus and Salt Stresses." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111844.

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Plants are often challenged by multiple abiotic stresses simultaneously. The inoculation of beneficial bacteria is known to enhance plant growth under these stresses, such as phosphorus starvation or salt stress. Here, for the first time, we assessed the efficiency of selected beneficial bacterial strains in improving tomato plant growth to better cope with double stresses in salty and P-deficient soil conditions. Six strains of Arthrobacter and Bacillus with different reservoirs of plant growth-promoting traits were tested in vitro for their abilities to tolerate 2–16% (w/v) NaCl concentrations, and shown to retain their motility and phosphate-solubilizing capacity under salt stress conditions. Whether these selected bacteria promote tomato plant growth under combined P and salt stresses was investigated in greenhouse experiments. Bacterial isolates from Cameroonian soils mobilized P from different phosphate sources in shaking culture under both non-saline and saline conditions. They also enhanced plant growth in P-deficient and salt-affected soils by 47–115%, and their PGP effect was even increased in higher salt stress conditions. The results provide valuable information for prospective production of effective bio-fertilizers based on the combined application of local rock phosphate and halotolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. This constitutes a promising strategy to improve plant growth in P-deficient and salt-affected soils.

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And, Guadalupe Latapi, and Diane M. Barrett. "Influence of Pre-drying treatments on Quality and Safety of Sun-dried Tomatoes. Part II. Effects of Storage on Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Sun-dried Tomatoes Pretreated with Sulfur, Sodium Metbisulfite, or Salt." Journal of Food Science 71, no. 1 (May 31, 2006): S32—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb12402.x.

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Hmiz, Dhulfiqar J., and Ihsan J. Ithbayyib. "Effect of the Root Zone Temperature and Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Main Branches and some other Chemical Characteristics of Tomato Fruit Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory." Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 34, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.1.14.

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In order to study the impact of salt stress (0, 1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m-1 in nutrient’s solution on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory) at different root zone temperature [low (20°C), medium (25°C) and high (30°C)], an experiment was carried at Department of Horticultural, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. The result showed that low and high root zone heating decreased leaf area, total sugar and phenol content compared to root zone temperature 25°C (optimum), while main branches number, pH, E.C. and anthocyanin of fruit ,increased at high root zone temperature compared to low root zone temperature. Flavonoid increased under the root zone temperature of 20°C in comparison with temperatures 25 and 30°C, and stem diameter was not affected by root zone heating. Furthermore, salt stress at the level of 3 ds.m-1 increased stem diameter, total sugar, pH and EC of fruit, leaf area and phenol content, whereas salt stress at a high level (6 ds.m-1) increased flavonoid content. Besides, anthocyanin content decreased in control and salt stress at 6 ds.m-1 when compared to salt stress at 3 ds.m-1.

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Ramnath, Sawant Sanket, Pandey Jai Prakash, Anupama Singh, and Om Prakash. "Effect of Ohmic Heating and Lye-Salt Concentrations on Quality Characteristics of Tomato Puree." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 17, no. 2 (November 17, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2018/44839.

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Sajyan, T. K., W. Allaw, N. Shaban, and Y. N. Sassine. "Effect of exogenous application of glycine betaine on tomato plants subjected to salt stress." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1253 (September 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1253.6.

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