Дисертації з теми "Tobacco Australia Physiological effect"
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Lee, Sherman. "The effect of acute cigarette smoke exposure on regional pulmonary blood flow, volume, red cell transit and polymorphonuclear leukocyte retention in the rabbit lung." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24840.
Повний текст джерелаPathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of
Graduate
馮建裕 and Kin Yue Clive Fung. "The effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival suppuration, bleeding on probing and pocket depths in male tobaccosmoking and non-smoking adults." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38628466.
Повний текст джерелаAlm, David Michael. "Comparison and interaction of heat and salt stress in cultured tobacco cells." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445616.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Hongying, and 汪紅英. "Studies on the mechanisms of cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis and cell proliferation in gastric epithelial cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124113X.
Повний текст джерела沈毅峰 and Ngai-fung Sham. "Study of the protective mechanisms of cigarette smoke and nicotine on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225081.
Повний текст джерела周古筠 and Ku-kwan Clara Chau. "The association of smoking and erectile dysfunction in the men's health survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970412.
Повний текст джерелаParr, Sharon M. "The effects of graduated exercise at the piano on the pianist's cardiac output, forearm blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/434086.
Повний текст джерелаHamadeh, Randar R. "The impact of smoking in Bahrain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670386.
Повний текст джерелаGamieldien, Kareemah. "The influence of maternal nicotine exposure on selected glycolytic and cytochrome P450 enzymes in developing neonatal rat lung." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Повний текст джерелаFu, Shing-yan Karen, and 符誠欣. "Cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory changes in rat heart in vivo." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48333864.
Повний текст джерелаpublished_or_final_version
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Master
Master of Medical Sciences
Bernard, Amy Lynn. "A descriptive analysis of selected smoking cessation programs." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774763.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Physiology and Health Science
Chung, Siu-fung, and 鍾少鳳. "A case control study on smoking, alcohol drinking and other risk factors of coronary heart disease in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29775334.
Повний текст джерела周詠珊 and Wing-shan Claudia Chow. "Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth weight: a retrospective cohort study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970989.
Повний текст джерелаShin, Vivian Yvonne, and 冼念慈. "A mechanistic study on the adverse effects of cigarette smoke extractson the delay of gastric ulcer healing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122510X.
Повний текст джерелаChan, Hiu-wai Hilary, and 陳曉蔚. "Iowa gambling task in schizophrenia : an examination of the effect of tobacco-smoking in risk/reward decision making." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192949.
Повний текст джерелаpublished_or_final_version
Psychological Medicine
Master
Master of Psychological Medicine
Wakefield, Melanie, and University of Adelaide Dept of Community Medicine. "Evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and their partners attending a public hospital antenatal clinic / Melanie Wakefield." Adelaide : University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21562.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references: p. 232-251
xiv, 251 p. : photo. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1994
Zhu, Changqi, and 朱昌淇. "Smoking, occupational exposures and lymphocyte DNA damage in Chinese workers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242790.
Повний текст джерелаWakefield, Melanie. "Evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and their partners attending a public hospital antenatal clinic." Adelaide : University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw147.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLarson, Chandra S. "Perceptions of nicotine dependence and loss of autonomy among college student smokers." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1286764.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Physiology and Health Science
Richter, William Thompson. "Parameters of nicotine titration in addicted and non-addicted cigarette smokers." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91144.
Повний текст джерелаM.S.
Coy, Kelly (Kelly Bishop). "A Comparison of Measures of Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Jitter, Shimmer, and Speaking Fundamental Frequency in Smoking and Nonsmoking Females." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500903/.
Повний текст джерелаAtkinson, Janelle. "A salt on the land: The osmolyte production and physiological responses of selected Myrtaceae species exposed to salt and water stress." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/135.
Повний текст джерелаCarcaise-Edinboro, Patricia. "The relationship of dietary beta-carotene intake and serum beta- carotene levels to the development of oral lesions in smokeless tobacco users." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42097.
Повний текст джерела廖兆霖 and Shiu-lam Edgar Liu. "Pathogenic mechanisms of cigarette smoking on ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia in mice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124452X.
Повний текст джерелаRiach, Douglas A. "Emergency vehicle siren noise: A potential for hearing loss." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1294.
Повний текст джерелаMudge, Jane. "Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm944.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаWallace, Ashley J. "The effect of environment, soil type and farm system management on nitrogen use efficiency and nitrous oxide emissions from cereal crops in south eastern Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232432/1/Ashley_Wallace_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBhat, Shambhu Shankar. "Physiological and agronomic evaluation of responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes to water and high temperature stresses : developing screening techniques /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb5754.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаScobie, David Roger. "Short term effects of stress hormones on cell division rate in wool follicles : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs421.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHutton, Peter. "Antimicrobial plants of Australia have the potential to prevent lactic acidosis in ruminants." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0159.
Повний текст джерелаAustin, Nicole. "Vitamin D, neuromuscular control and falling episodes in Australian postmenopausal women." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0009.
Повний текст джерелаDe, Vos Johanna B. M. "Respiratory health effects of occupational exposure to bushfire smoke in Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0001.
Повний текст джерелаTong, Shilu. "Environmental lead and children's intelligence at ages 11-13 years : the Port Pirie cohort study /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht6647.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаEarl, Colin R. "The regulation of the timing of melatonin secretion in the sheep." Title page, summary and table of contents only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phe12.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOberholster, Leon Eduard. "The patterns of cigarette smoking and beliefs, attitudes and opinions about smoking among technikon students." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11037.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough evidence of the hazards of cigarette smoking has been in existence for many decades, millions of people around the world are still smoking, hundreds of thousands of teenagers take up smoking and the tobacco companies are allowed to continue promoting their products. To the annoyance of non-smokers, smoking is still allowed in many public places, such as restaurants and offices. This study serves, firstly, to provide an overview of the results of research on the dangers of smoking, nicotine addiction and passive smoking. Secondly, a self-completion questionnaire has been applied to a sample of students at eight technikons in South Africa. The questionnaire was designed to investigate the prevalence of smoking among the different population groups and genders to reveal some of the pattems of smoking of students, the factors influencing students' smoking status and to test students' beliefs, opinions and attitudes regarding smoking. The third objective of the study is to develop a theory on cigarette smoking and to propose anti-smoking measures at technikons. Researchers have produced conclusive proof that cigarette smoking is the cause of cancer, respiratory and heart disease and other diseases. Smoking maims and kills millions of people around the world annually and threatens the health of unborn babies and non-smokers, especially children. Tobacco companies apply the most sophisticated promotion techniques to persuade people to smoke and teenagers and certain other sectors' of the population are targeted by these activities. A study of nicotine addiction reveals that the need for this substance becomes as strong as any of man's basic physiological needs, such as those for food and water. This makes it very difficult, if not impossible, for many smokers to give up smoking. A multi-pronged strategy to combat smoking at education institutions is proposed, which includes health education and the banning of smoking on campuses.
Samuelsen, Andrew Ira. "Transformation of tobacco with the yeast FRE1 and FRE2 genes : characterization of transformants and discovery of a temperature-dependent morphological mutant." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34329.
Повний текст джерелаGraduation date: 1997
Bayat, Mahomed. "Cigarette smoking among Indian matriculants at ex-House of Delegates schools in Northern Kwa-Zulu Natal." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6078.
Повний текст джерелаTheses (M.Fam.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.
Egbe, Catherine Oritsebemigho. "Risk influences for smoking among the youth in Southern Nigeria." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9284.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
Swaminathan, Ashwin. "Assessing the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure on the primary immune response to immunisation with a protein antigen in humans." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155170.
Повний текст джерелаKumaratilake, Anuja Ruwanthi. "Investigations into glufosinate efficacy against Raphanus raphanistrum and Lolium rigidum / byAnuja Ruwanthi Kumaratilake." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21940.
Повний текст джерелаxiii, 141 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Addresses the poor control of major weed species under southern Australian winter conditions by the non-selective post-emergence herbicide, glufosinate in order to determine the best way to use it. Dose response experiments were performed under simulated southern Australian winter conditions, and demonstrated a variable glufosinate efficacy between Lollium rigidum and Avis sterilis. Glutamine synthetase assays showed that target site sensitivity did not influence these results. Spray retention experiments showed no influence from plant size or morphological features, while metabolic studies showed that only a small proportion of glufosinate was metabolised in both species. Tests of several populations of Raphanus raphanistrum showed that all populations, despite geographical origin, were poorly controlled by glufosinate, in both field and simulated conditions. Experiments conducted at higher temperatures showed enhanced glufosinate efficiency. Experiments with the use of co-herbicides, chelating agents, fertilizer salts and hormones were also carried out. Studies on the effect of the pH of the herbicide solution on cell uptake showed that uptake into the cell wall only was enhanced by reducing the buffer pH. Shows that the poor efficacy of glufosinate against these species is mainly due to poor translocation of the herbicide.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied and Molecular Ecology, 2003
Kamocki, Krzysztof. "The role of ceramides in cigarette smoke-induced alveolar cell death." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3311.
Повний текст джерелаThe complex pathogenesis of emphysema involves disappearance of alveolar structures, in part attributed to alveolar cell apoptosis. The mechanism by which cigarette smoke (CS) induces alveolar cell apoptosis is not known. We hypothesized that ceramides are induced by CS via specific enzymatic pathways that can be manipulated to reduce lung cell apoptosis. CS increased ceramides in the whole lung and in cultured primary structural lung cells. Exposure to CS activated within minutes the acid sphingomyelinase, and within weeks the de novo- ceramide synthesis pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase significantly attenuated CS-induced apoptosis. To understand the mechanisms by which ceramides induce apoptosis, we investigated the cell types affected and the involvement of RTP801, a CS-induced pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory protein. Direct lung augmentation of ceramide caused apoptosis of both endothelial and epithelial type II cells. Ceramide upregulated RTP801 and the transgenic loss of RTP801 inhibited only epithelial, but not endothelial cell apoptosis induced by ceramide. In conclusion, CS induces acid sphingomyelinase-mediated ceramide upregulation and apoptosis in a cell-specific manner, which in epithelial cells involves induction of stress response proteins that may further amplify lung injury. Molecular targeting of amplification pathways may provide therapeutic opportunities to halt emphysema progression.
Booyse, Wilna. "Neuropsigologiese disfunksie by kinders met oormatige lugbesoedelingsblootstelling." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11211.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of behavioural toxicology was started in 1972 with the Port Pirie Cohort study and therefor a relative young field. Little information is available about the effect of cigarette smoke, containing the toxic substance carbon monoxide, on the neurocognitive functioning of children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether carbon monoxide has an effect on the neurocognitive functioning of children, more specifically as it relates to school performance. A group of school children was selected in the Vaal Triangle area who were sUbjected to a large quantity of cigarette smoke during the day and a group of children was selected who had no contact with any cigarette smoke during the day. The results of these groups were compared. From the results obtained it appears that cigarette smoke, would have a negative neurocognitive functioning of the children.
Scobie, David Roger. "Short term effects of stress hormones on cell division rate in wool follicles / by David Roger Scobie." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21634.
Повний текст джерелаix, 207 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
A local intradermal technique using colchicine to estimate cell division rate in wool follicles is refined and used throughout the thesis. Statistical methods used to analyse data obtained with this method are described and discussed. The implications of the findings are of great significance to research into the influence of physiological changes on wool production, and suggest experiments should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, with a minimum of stress imposed on the animals.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Sciences, 1992
"investigation on the effects and mechanisms of action of cigarette smoking on bone in female mice: 吸煙對雌性小鼠骨頭的作用和機制研究". 2014. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6115668.
Повний текст джерела年輕的Balb/c小鼠暴露於2%或4% (v/v)的香煙煙霧中,代表中度和重度吸煙的人。骨代謝生物標誌物明顯增加,4%吸煙組在14週後股骨的微觀結構4%顯著下降,這相等於人類吸煙12年。此外,雌性Balb/c小鼠進行4%吸煙和/或卵巢切除術(OVX)。吸煙+OVX組增加血清中骨轉換指標水平。4%吸煙組的股骨生長板較薄。μ-CT數據進一步表明,相對骨體積(BV / TV)和結構模型指數(SMI)在吸煙組有顯著影響,而且在吸煙+ OVX組上有更大程度的影響。
在細胞研究中使用氯仿(CSE)和乙醇的香煙提取物(ESE)。CSE抑制小鼠細胞株RAW 264.7形成破骨細胞,並刺激小鼠成骨細胞株的分化和功能。這個與體內研究矛盾的結果暗示直接從煙霧中提取的化學成分並不是引起骨質疏鬆的元兇。影響骨代謝的很可能是其他從煙霧中生成的活性代謝物和一些吸煙引起的內源性激素物質。在吸煙引起的骨質流失中,這些代謝物或內源性物質可能是非常重要的。
有見及此,4%吸煙小鼠的血清用以研究其對成骨細胞和破骨細胞活動的影響。吸煙小鼠血清顯著降低在成骨細胞中鹼性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和鈣沉積,一些成骨細胞標記基因和蛋白表達均下降,而且 Wnt/β-catenin信號通路下調。此外,吸煙小鼠血清顯著增加形成破骨細胞的數量,組織蛋白酶K的基因和蛋白表達增加,在NF-κB和p-38 MAPK信號傳導途徑的信號分子表達增加。
總而言之,大量吸煙可能影響年輕小鼠和雌激素耗竭小鼠的骨代謝和微結構,通過類似的行動機制,人類也可能有同樣的骨疾病風險。這項研究揭示了吸煙導致的骨質疏鬆症在青少年和絶經後婦女的發病機制。這也給我們線索如何預防和治療與吸煙有關的骨骼疾病。這項研究還傳達了一個明確的信息:在年輕時應開始應控制吸煙。
Cigarette smoking is one of the risk factors for osteoporosis. Clinical studies clearly showed that smokers have lower bone mineral density, but other confounding factors could mask the adverse actions of smoking on bones. Animal models are warranted to study the direct causal relationship between cigarette smoking and osteoporosis, and also the underlying mechanisms. In this regard, we used a mouse passive smoking model in both young and estrogen depleted mice, and the mouse osteoblast and osteoclast cell lines.
Young Balb/c mice were exposed to 2 or 4% (v/v) of cigarette smoke, similar to moderate or heavy smoking respectively in humans. Biomarkers for bone turnover were increased and bone microstructure of femur was significantly deteriorated after 4% smoking for 14 weeks which is similar to cigarette smoking for 12 years in humans. Furthermore, the effects of heavy smoking on ovariectomized mice were also investigated. Female Balb/c mice were subjected to 4% cigarette smoking and/or ovariectomy (OVX). Cigarette smoking together with OVX further increased the levels of bone turnover markers in serum. Femur growth plate was thinner in the 4% smoking group when compared to those in the SHAM- and OVX-operated groups. Micro-CT data further indicated that the relative bone volume (BV/TV) and structural model index (SMI) were significantly affected in the smoking groups, and to a greater extent in the 4% smoking + OVX group.
Chloroform (CSE) and ethanol smoke extracts (ESE) were used in cell studies. CSE suppressed the formation of osteoclasts, and stimulated the differentiation and function of mouse osteoblasts. These findings are contradictory to those found in in vivo study implying that chemical components directly extracted from cigarette smoke are not the culprits in causing bone disorder in animals. It is likely that other active metabolites from cigarette smoke and some endogenous hormonal substances released by cigarette smoking could affect bone metabolism. These active metabolites together with the endogenous bone hormones are perhaps crucial in smoking-induced bone loss in the body.
In view of this hypothesis, sera from 4% smoking mice were used to investigate their effects on osteoblast and osteoclast activities. It was found that the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition in osteoblast were reduced significantly by the sera from smoking mice. Gene and protein expressions of some osteoblast markers were also decreased. The downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was observed after the treatment with the serum obtained from the 4% smoking group. Moreover, the number of osteoclasts being formed was increased significantly by the smoking mouse serum. Cathepsin K gene and protein expressions were also induced. The increased expressions of the signaling molecules including NF-κB and p-38 MAPK were also observed.
In conclusion, heavy cigarette smoking could deteriorate bone metabolism and microstructures in young female and also estrogen depleted mice. The same kind of risk in bone disease may also apply to humans through similar mechanisms of action. This study sheds light in understanding the pathogenesis of smoking-induced bone disorders in teenagers and also postmenopausal women. It also gives us clues how to prevent and treat smoking related bone diseases. This study also conveys a clear message that cigarette smoking control should be started in young ages.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Chan, Lok Yi Ruby.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-207).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Chan, Lok Yi Ruby.
Bhat, Shambhu Shankar. "Physiological and agronomic evaluation of responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes to water and high temperature stresses : developing screening techniques / by Shambhu Shankar Bhat." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22074.
Повний текст джерелаNasrin, Dilruba. "Effect of antibiotic use on respiratory illness and on antibiotic resistance in children." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147182.
Повний текст джерелаKamanzi, Desire G. "Knowledge and practices of smoking among students of the University of Natal on Durban campus residences." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5415.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.
Wilson, Eileen J. "Realities of practice : development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines for acute respiratory infections in young children." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150894.
Повний текст джерелаThendele, Mervis. "Factors contributing to cigarette smoking and its health effects amongst university students South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1081.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Public Health
Background: Globally, cigarette smoking is causing preventable deaths in developing countries affecting especially the youth. Historically, cigarette smoking is known to be more common among adults but is also becoming common among students. Purpose: The study aimed to investigate factors contributing to cigarette smoking and its health consequences amongst students of the University of Venda in South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative approach using a descriptive cross- sectional design was adopted. Convenience sampling was used to randomly select 428 respondents. A self-reporting questionnaire with closed ended questions was administered to respondents between the ages of 17-40 years who suited the inclusion criteria. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Venda. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and presented in the form of tables and charts. Pearson’s chi squares were used to test significant relationships between variables and smoking status. Results: A total of 407 students participated in the study. Of the 407, 208 (51%) of respondents were female students. The mean age of the study population was 24 years. Of these 407, 175(43%) reported being smokers 232 (57%) were nonsmokers. More smokers were observed among the male respondents and registered for first and second years. There was a significant relationship between age, gender, religion, school of affiliation, amount of pocket money and smoking status (P-value=0.05).The results showed that the majority of the respondents285 (70%) agreed to the belief that students smoked cigarettes due to availability of cigarettes at every corner of the campus, 281 (79%) peer influenced by friends 289 (71%) family members who smoke, and 313 (76.8%)increase social interaction. The majority of the students were knowledgeable about health consequences caused by smoking. Nonsmoking students were more knowledgeable about harmful effects of smoking as compared to smokers (P=0.00. Conclusion: The study concludes that students smokes cigarettes due to being a friend with someone who smokes, being in new a environment, stress, depression, observation of other students smoking, no signage prohibiting smoking and lack of knowledge regarding health
NRF
Staples, Judith. "Environmental influences on multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155175.
Повний текст джерела