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Статті в журналах з теми "Titanium solubility"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Suzuki, R. O., Y. Yashima, N. Suzuki, E. Ahmadi, S. Natsui, and T. Kikuchi. "Titanium Production via Titanium Sulfide." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032107003.

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A new metallurgical process via titanium sulfide from ilmenite is proposed and experimentally approved: It consists of several stages; 1) The ilmenite ore is exposed to gaseous CS2 to selectively sulfurize to FeS, which is wet-chemically removed. 2) The residual oxide is again exposed to CS2 to form TiS2. 3) TiS2 is electrochemically reduced to metallic Ti using molten CaCl2-CaS as an application of OS process. TiFeO3 was exposed to Ar-CS2 mixed gas flow at 1173 K to form the mixture of FeS+TiO2. FeS was easily separated by immersing in H2SO4 solution at 313 K. After recovery of TiO2, it was converted completely to TiS2 by the second sulfurization with CS2. TiS2 could be reduced to Ti powder by calciothermic reduction and simulteneous electrolysis in a CaS-CaCl2 melt for about 6 hours at 1173 K and 3.0 V. The impurity decreased to a low level such as 0.021 mass%S due to very small solubility of S in a-Ti. However, 1.06 mass%O remained because of wide solubility of oxygen in a-Ti and water contamination in initial CaCl2.

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2

Iorio, Luana E., and Warren M. Garrison, Jr. "Solubility of Titanium Carbosulfide in Austenite." ISIJ International 42, no. 5 (2002): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.545.

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3

Jarfors, A. E. W. "Solubility of copper in titanium carbide." Materials Science and Technology 12, no. 12 (December 1996): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.1996.11665712.

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4

Jarfors, A. E. W. "Solubility of copper in titanium carbide." Materials Science and Technology 12, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708396790122044.

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5

Uno, M., K. Takahashi, T. Maruyama, H. Muta, and S. Yamanaka. "Hydrogen solubility of BCC titanium alloys." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 366, no. 1-2 (March 2004): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(03)00749-7.

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6

Waldner, P. "Modelling of oxygen solubility in titanium." Scripta Materialia 40, no. 8 (March 1999): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00053-6.

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7

Trobajo, Camino, Maria L. Rodríguez, Marta Suárez, José R. García, Julio Rodríguez, José B. Parra, Miguel A. Salvadó, Pilar Pertierra, and Santiago García-Granda. "Layered mixed tin-titanium phosphates." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 3 (March 1998): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0095.

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Mixed crystalline tin-titanium phosphates with variable tin-to-titanium molar ratio have been prepared by precipitation of soluble salts of the metal (IV) with phosphoric acid and refluxing the amorphous solids in 17 M H3PO4. The new materials are characterized by chemical textural and thermal analysis and x-ray powder diffraction. The tin-titanium phosphates are solid solutions showing an isomorphic substitution of tin by titanium in the α-tin phosphate lattice and tin substitution in the γ-titanium phosphate lattice. In both cases, the solubility is partial. The coexistence of both saturated phases is observed in samples of composition between the solubility limits.

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8

Chen, Bao Ling, Long Hui Zheng, Jun Hui He, Qin Hui Chen, and Jin Huo Lin. "Effect of Solvent Properties on the Swelling Assisted with Protrusion of PS@TiO₂." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.929.

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swelling; core-shell microspheres; Janus; solubility parameter; polar fraction Abstract. Janus particles have particular properties and potential application for their asymmetry dual-faced structure. In this report, we study the effect of the solubility parameter and the polar fraction of solvent on the swelling assisted with protrusion of polystyrene @ titanium dioxide (PS@TiO2) core-shell microspheres. The resultant titanium dioxide/polystyrene (TiO2/PS) Janus particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope. Results indicated that solvent with the solubility parameter of about 9.3 (cal/cm3)1/2 and with low polarity such as dimethylbenzene, carbon disulfide and methyl methacrylate exhibited the preferable swelling efficiency. Janus particles have particular properties and potential application for their asymmetry dual-faced structure. In this report, we study the effect of the solubility parameter and the polar fraction of solvent on the swelling assisted with protrusion of polystyrene @ titanium dioxide (PS@TiO2) core-shell microspheres. The resultant titanium dioxide/polystyrene (TiO2/PS) Janus particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope. Results indicated that solvent with the solubility parameter of about 9.3 (cal/cm3)1/2 and with low polarity such as dimethylbenzene, carbon disulfide and methyl methacrylate exhibited the preferable swelling efficiency.

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9

Hocine, S., and D. Mathiot. "Diffusion and Solubility of Titanium in Silicon." Materials Science Forum 38-41 (January 1991): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.38-41.725.

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10

Dewing, Ernest W. "The solubility of titanium diboride in aluminum." Metallurgical Transactions A 20, no. 10 (October 1989): 2185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02650308.

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11

Chu, Wu-Yang, A. W. Thompson, and J. C. Williams. "Hydrogen solubility in a titanium aluminide alloy." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 40, no. 3 (March 1992): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(92)90393-s.

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12

Kunze, Joachim. "Solubility of titanium nitride in delta iron." Steel Research 62, no. 10 (October 1991): 430–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199100423.

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13

He, Yuan Yuan, Qing Cai Liu, Jian Yang, Bi Neng Yang, Ming Hua Long, Hui Min Zheng, Cheng Wei Liu, and Min Wei. "Influence of [Si], [Ti] Content on Fluidity of Hot Metal." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1911.

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Анотація:

The effects of [Si], [Ti] content on viscosity, melting temperature, and flow properties of hot metal were studied in the laboratory in allusion to the feature that hot metal bearing Ti becomes viscous easily. The solubility of titanium in molten iron was calculated with thermodynamic and relationship between solublity and temperature was disscused. The results show molten iron becomes viscous mainly controlled by the dissolution and precipitation of titanium. [Si] has a weakening effect on the solubility of titanium. Titanium will have less influence on the viscosity of hot metal whenΣ [Si+Ti] content is about 0.6 % and [Ti] content is below 0.29%. The choice of appropriate blast furnace temperature is the crux of avoiding hot metal containing titanium becomes viscous, hot metal pit adhesion, slag iron is difficult separation and so on.

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14

Imam, M. Ashraf, Ralph W. Bruce, Jerry Feng, and Arne W. Fliflet. "Consolidation of Blended Titanium/Magnesium Powders by Microwave Processing." Key Engineering Materials 551 (May 2013): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.551.73.

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Mg-Ti alloys are attractive for structural applications because of low density and improved corrosion resistance by selective oxidation including hydrogen storage and switchable mirror applications. Titanium has a melting point (1670°C) that greatly exceeds the boiling point of magnesium (1090°C) and therefore, alloying of Mg and Ti by conventional methods is extremely difficult. Secondly, the solubility of Ti in liquid Mg is very low and it is difficult to extend solubility by rapid solidification. Physical vapor deposition by electron beam deposition and magnetron co-sputtering has been used to extend the solubility of Ti in Mg. Mechanical alloying and anvil-cell processing at extreme temperatures and pressures have also used to enforce alloying of Mg with Ti. The present paper deals with the consolidation of blended magnesium-titanium powders by microwave heating, an approach that appears highly cost effective.

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15

Aleksandrov, A. A., and V. Ya Dashevskii. "OXYGEN SOLUBILITY IN TITANIUM-CONTAINING Fe – Ni MELTS." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 57, no. 11 (March 29, 2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2014-11-54-60.

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16

Alexandrov, A. A., V. Ya Dashevskii, and L. I. Leont’ev. "OXYGEN SOLUBILITY IN TITANIUM-CONTAINING Fe-Co MELTS." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 60, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2017-3-230-240.

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17

ZDANIEWSKI, WIESLAW A. "Solid Solubility Effect on Properties of Titanium Diboride." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 70, no. 11 (November 1987): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1987.tb05630.x.

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18

Yagi, Juro, Akio Sagara, Takashi Watanabe, Teruya Tanaka, Sadatsugu Takayama, and Takeo Muroga. "Hydrogen solubility in FLiNaK mixed with titanium powder." Fusion Engineering and Design 98-99 (October 2015): 1907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.06.124.

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19

Grewal, G., та S. Ankem. "Solubility of vanadium in α and β titanium". Metallurgical Transactions A 20, № 2 (лютий 1989): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02670263.

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20

Dickinson, James E., and Paul C. Hess. "Rutile solubility and titanium coordination in silicate melts." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, no. 11 (November 1985): 2289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90229-7.

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21

BARTHEL, MARKUS, and MICHAEL HANACK. "Axially substituted titanium(IV) phthalocyanines." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 04, no. 07 (November 2000): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1409(200011)4:7<635::aid-jpp234>3.0.co;2-e.

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An easy synthesis of phthalocyaninatotitanium(IV) compounds substituted with bidentate ligands in the axial position is described. Using strongly chelating oxygen or sulfur donor ligands, the reaction of PcTiO with chelating agents leads to the formation of PcTiX complexes with X ≡ oxalate [Formula: see text], catecholate [Formula: see text], dithiocatecholate [Formula: see text], 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene [Formula: see text] and other functionalized catechols (2c–2h). The new compounds possess an enhanced solubility in comparison to PcTiO .

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22

Aleksandrov, A. A., and V. Ya Dashevskii. "Solubility of oxygen in titanium-containing iron-nickel melts." Steel in Translation 44, no. 11 (November 2014): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091214110023.

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23

Aleksandrov, A. A., V. Ya Dashevskii, and L. I. Leont’ev. "Solubility of oxygen in Fe–Co melts containing titanium." Steel in Translation 47, no. 3 (March 2017): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091217030020.

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24

Purtov, V. K., and A. L. KoteVnikova. "SOLUBILITY OF TITANIUM IN CHLORIDE AND FLUORIDE HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTIONS." International Geology Review 35, no. 3 (March 1993): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819309465529.

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25

Gao, M., J. B. Boodey, R. P. Wei, and W. Wei. "Hydrogen solubility and microstructure of gamma based titanium aluminides." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 27, no. 10 (November 1992): 1419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90094-u.

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26

Takasaki, Akito, Yoshio Furuya, Kozo Ojima, and Youji Taneda. "Hydrogen solubility of two-phase (Ti3Al + TiAl) titanium aluminides." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 32, no. 11 (June 1995): 1759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(95)00018-q.

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27

Thompson, Anlhony W., Wu-Yang Chu, and James C. Williams. "Comment on ‘hydrogen solubility in a titanium aluminide alloy’." Scripta Materialia 35, no. 10 (November 1996): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6462(96)00282-5.

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28

Chepulskii, Roman V., and Stefano Curtarolo. "Calculation of solubility in titanium alloys from first principles." Acta Materialia 57, no. 18 (October 2009): 5314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.07.037.

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29

Lalasari, Latifa Hanum, Rudi Subagja, Akhmad Herman Yuwono, Florentinus Firdiyono, Sri Harjanto, and Bambang Suharno. "Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Bangka Indonesia Ilmenite Ore and Ilmenite Decomposed by NaOH." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.522.

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lmenite (FeO.TiO2) ore from Bangka island-Indonesia is a potential raw material for synthesizing titanium dioxide (TiO2), which can be used further as pigmen and photocatalyst. The fabrication of TiO2 particles from ilmenite can be carried out through the solvent extraction using sulfuric acid route. Therefore, the solubility of the ilmenite ore in sulfuric acid environment is one of the key factors to obtain the desired TiO2 particles. The current research is aimed at comparing the solubility of pristine Bangka ilmenite ore with that of precedingly decomposed by sodium hidroxide (NaOH) in pressurized and atmospheric reflux reactors. The dissolution of both precursors was carried out in those reactors under various temperatures of 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175°C. The results showed that the optimum dilution was achieved at 150°C. The obtained recovery of ilmenite was 88.8 % for the pressurized reactor and 75.5% for the atmospheric reflux reactor. The solubility of titanium (Ti) element increased steadily to reach a recovery of 68% at 150°C and decreased significantly afterwards. It was also found that the increase of iron (Fe) element solubility was proportional to the increase of processing temperatures.

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30

Sozańska, Maria. "Effect of a High-Temperature Hydrogen Treatment on a Microstructure and Surface Fracture in Titanium Ti-6Al-4V Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 191 (August 2012): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.191.243.

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Influence of hydrogen on the structure of titanium alloys is a complex phenomenon, depending on the circumstances, may be negative or positive [1,2]. The presence of hydrogen in titanium alloys usually results in degradation of their microstructure and properties, as well promote some undesirable effects such as hydrogen corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement [3]. Positive nature of the effects of hydrogen on the properties of titanium alloys is manifested in the high temperature hydrogen treatment (HTM - Hydrogen Treatment of Materials), where hydrogen is temporary alloying component [4-9]. This is possible because of the high values of diffusion coefficients can be easily introduced into the titanium and it just as easily removed. Titanium and its alloys show the absorbability of almost 60 at. % of hydrogen at 600°C. The limit hydrogen of solubility in Tiα is very low and does not exceed 0.05 at. % at room temperature. The limit hydrogen of solubility in Tiβ is much higher and its maximum value is 48 at. %. Since the beginning of the titanium industry, a great deal of attention has been paid to control the hydrogen content at titanium products – above 0.2 ppm. The paper presents the results of the possibilities of hydrogen using as a temporary alloying element in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Treatment of hydrogen alloy consisted of three stages: hydrogenation in hydrogen gas atmosphere at 650 °C, a cyclic hydrogen-treatment (3 cycles 650 °C to 250 °C) and a dehydrogenation in vacuum (550 °C). It was shown that hydrogen affects appreciably changes the microstructure of surface layer of the tested titanium alloy. The aim of this study is thus to determine the effect of hydrogen on the two-phase microstructure, hardness, and surface fracture of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V due to high-temperature hydrogen treatment.

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31

Kuge, Shigehiro, and Hiroshi Nakashima. "Solubility and Diffusion Coefficient of Electrically Active Titanium in Silicon." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 11A (November 15, 1991): 2659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.2659.

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32

Larson, D. J., C. T. Liu та M. K. Miller. "Boron solubility and boride compositions in α2 + γ titanium aluminides". Intermetallics 5, № 6 (січень 1997): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-9795(97)00016-2.

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33

Powell, G. L., and J. R. Kirkpatrick. "Solubility of hydrogen and deuterium in bcc uranium–titanium alloys." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 253-254 (May 1997): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(96)03093-9.

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34

Taylor, K. A. "Solubility products for titanium-, vanadium-, and niobium-carbide in ferrite." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 32, no. 1 (January 1995): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-716x(99)80002-8.

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35

Gorokhova, N. A., V. I. Sarrak, and S. O. Suvorova. "Solubility of titanium and niobium carbides in high-chromium ferrite." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 28, no. 4 (April 1986): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00707656.

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36

Lee, Eung-Kyu, Young Whan Cho, and Jong Kyu Yoon. "Ab-initio calculations of titanium solubility in NaAlH4 and Na3AlH6." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 416, no. 1-2 (June 2006): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.08.056.

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37

Yamanaka, Shinsuke, Taku Tanaka, Shinya Tsuboi, and Masanobu Miyake. "Effect of oxygen on solubility of hydrogen isotopes in titanium." Fusion Engineering and Design 10 (January 1989): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(89)90068-9.

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38

Prüßner, K., M. Decker та H. J. Christ. "Hydrogen Uptake, Diffusion and Solubility in Commercial β-Titanium Alloys". Advanced Engineering Materials 4, № 5 (3 травня 2002): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(20020503)4:5<308::aid-adem308>3.0.co;2-v.

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39

Edel, J., E. Marafante, and E. Sabbioni. "Retention and Tissue Binding of Titanium in the Rat." Human Toxicology 4, no. 2 (March 1985): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718500400208.

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1 The fate of a soluble form of titanium (Ti) was studied in rats injected intraperitoneally with 1 ?g of Ti per rat as [44Ti]ammonium oxalotitanate (IV). 2 After 16 h the Ti concentration in all tissues tested was of the order of 0.5 ng/g wet weight. After 19 days the Ti concentration increased in most tissues, especially in spleen, femur and kidney. By this time 55 ng had been excreted both via urine and faeces and the Ti concentration in blood plasma (mainly associated with plasma proteins) was three times lower than at 16 h postinjection. 3 Chromatographic separation of the day 19 liver cytosol showed the ability of biological macromolecules to incorporate Ti compounds. 4 Ti-labelled 'titanic acid' and 'titanium phosphate' showed low solubility which was, however, higher in human serum than in water and sodium chloride solution. The chromatographic profiles of plasma from incubated human blood in vitro with [ 44Ti]titanium oxalate showed the capacity of plasma proteins to complex Ti compounds. The results indicated that the long retention of Ti in the body may be due to its ability to form biocomplexes with cellular constituents.

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40

Zhang, Cai Jun, Hao Wu, Li Guang Zhu, and Ai Min Gao. ""Floater" Material Stability Calculation and Mould Power Optimization Analysis of 409l Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1078–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1078.

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For Containing Titanium Stainless Steel, in Liquid Steel the Existence of the Element such as Ti, N, O Are Easily Generating High Melting Point Compounds Tin, Tio2, Etc. the Compounds Easily Deteriorate Slag. the Relationship of Tin between Solubility Product and Temperature in 409 Stainless Steel Is lg([%Ti][%N])=4.6-17036.9/T . the Relationship of Tio2 between Solubility Product and Temperature in 409 Stainless Steel Is lg([%Ti][(%O)2])=11.6-35728/T .The Relationship of Al2O3 between Solubility Product and Temperature in 409 Stainless Steel Is lg（[%Al]2[%O]3）=20.2-62787.9/T .Protective Slag Contains Compounds of B2O3 Mno and Fe2O3 Can Solve the Problem of “floater”.

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41

Suryanarayana, C., and F. H. Froes. "Nanocrystalline titanium-magnesium alloys through mechanical alloying." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 9 (September 1990): 1880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1880.

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The solid solubility of magnesium in titanium under equilibrium conditions is reported to be extremely small. Mechanical alloying of a mixture of titanium and magnesium powders resulted in the formation of nanocrystalline (10–15 nm in size) grains of Ti–Mg solid solution. This solid solution has a metastable fcc structure with a = 0.426 nm and contains about 3 wt.% (6 at.%) magnesium in it. It is suggested that the fcc structure has formed as a result of the heavy mechanical deformation of the hep structure introduced during milling. High temperature annealing of the metastable solid solution led to its decomposition forming the equilibrium phases, viz., elemental titanium and magnesium.

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42

Beatriz Chevitarese, Ana, Orlando Chevitarese, Leila Maria Chevitarese, and Paulo Bechara Dutra. "Titanium penetration in human enamel after TiF4 application." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 28, no. 3 (April 1, 2004): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.28.3.jn86252876j75053.

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The TiF4 application produces a titanium coating on enamel surface, reducing solubility in presence of cariogenic challenge. However, it is not established if this titanium also penetrates inside the enamel. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the presence of this superficial coat and titanium penetration into human sound and decayed enamel after TiF4 application. Twenty-four unerupted third molars were mesiodistally cut and divided into two groups (GA - sound and GB – artificial decayed). After a 4% TiF4 application, each sample was fractured longitudinally (occlusal-cervical). Through microprobe analysis with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), titanium penetration could be observed inside the enamel. The McNemar test (p=0.267) showed that there was no difference between the groups analyzed regarding to titanium penetration, although in group A the titanium penetrated more deeply (Wilcoxon test, p=0.047). It could be concluded that there was no difference between the groups regarding the titanium penetration, but titanium penetrated more deeply into sound enamel compared to artificially decayed enamel.

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43

Afonin, N. N., and V. A. Logacheva. "Modeling of the reaction interdiffusion in the polycrystalline systems with limited component solubility." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 85, no. 9 (September 28, 2019): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-9-35-41.

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that may be accompanied by the processes of mutual diffusion and phase formation. Controlled technological process of forming coatings with the given properties entails the necessity of forecasting the evolution of the phase composition. This in turn requires the development of algorithms and quantitative models of the processes. Reactive mutual diffusion in polycrystalline metal (oxide film systems with limited component solubility) has not been simulated before. The simulation allows selecting the annealing conditions (time and temperature) necessary for the inclusion and uniform distribution of metal in the oxide lattice. A quantitative model of the interaction in a multi-layer system metal — polycrystalline oxide of the other metal under conditions of limited solubility is developed. The model is based on the concepts of mutual diffusion of the components and the bulk reactions of the formation of complex oxides. The developed model was applied to the analysis of the process of modifying thin films of titanium oxide with transition metals. The model allowed us to perform a numerical analysis of the experimental concentrations of the component distributions in polycrystalline Co - Ti02 and Fe - Ti02 thin-film systems. The individual diffusion coefficients of the studied metals and titanium under conditions of vacuum annealing were determined. The model provides a good description of the basic systematic features of the process: the appearance of titanium in the metal film and deep penetration of Fe and Co into the film of titanium oxide. It also explains the fact that complex oxides are formed not by layer-by-layer growth at the metal-oxide interface, but throughout the entire thickness of Ti02 film. The results of analysis of the processes of interracial interaction in layered systems accompanied by the reaction mutual diffusion can be used to predict the evolution of the phase composition, as well as to control the technological processes of obtaining materials with the desired properties.

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44

Aleksandrov, A. A., and V. Ya Dashevskii. "Effect of titanium on oxygen solubility IN Ni - Co - Cr melts." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 10 (November 14, 2018): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-827-831.

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45

Aleksandrov, A. A., and V. Ya Dashevskii. "Oxygen Solubility in Titanium-Containing Melts of the Ni–Co System." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2018, no. 11 (November 2018): 1081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029518110034.

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46

Kim, G. H., H. S. Kim, and Dong-Wha Kum. "Determination of titanium solubility in alpha-aluminum during high energy milling." Scripta Materialia 34, no. 3 (February 1996): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-716x(95)00521-v.

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47

Kim, G. "Determination of titanium solubility in alpha-aluminum during high energy milling." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 34, no. 3 (February 1, 1996): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(95)00521-v.

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48

Ariyaratnam, S. V., N. A. Surplice, and E. H. Adem. "Solubility of hydrogen in titanium wires and films at 300 K." Journal of Materials Science Letters 6, no. 11 (November 1987): 1349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01794615.

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49

Tseng, Wei-Tsu, and J. P. Stark. "First-principle calculations of solid solubility of titanium in aluminium alloys." Philosophical Magazine B 70, no. 4 (October 1994): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418639408240262.

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50

Tal-Gutelmacher, Ervin, Ryota Gemma, Eugen Nikitin, Astrid Pundt, and Reiner Kirchheim. "A Study on Hydrogen in Titanium Thin Films." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2950.

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Titanium and its conventional alloys reveal a high affinity for hydrogen, being capable to absorb up to 60 at.% hydrogen at 600°C, and even higher contents can be alloyed with titanium at lower temperatures. Hydrogen exhibits a low solubility in the low-temperature hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) α phase and a very high solubility (up to 50 at.%) in the high temperature body-centered cubic (bcc) β phase. The presence of hydrogen in the amount exceeding 200 ppm leads to formation of hydrides in α and α + β titanium alloys. While the aforementioned hydrogen behavior within bulk titanium has been well-established and reviewed, this is not the case with titanium thin films. The interpretation of results in these nanosized systems is complicated because the exact determination of the hydrogen concentration is difficult. However, using electrochemical hydrogen loading technique under the proper conditions, the hydrogen concentration can be accurately determined via Faraday’s law. In this study the thermodynamics of the titanium films during hydrogen absorption were investigated by electromotive force (EMF) measurements. Titanium films of different thicknesses were prepared on sapphire substrates in an UHV chamber with a base pressure of 10-8 mbar, using ion beam sputter deposition under Ar-atmosphere at the pressure of 1,5ּ10-4 mbar. The crystal structure was investigated by means of X-Ray diffraction using a Co-Kα radiation. For electrochemical hydrogen loading, the films were covered by a 30 nm thick layer of Pd in order to prevent oxidation and facilitate hydrogen absorption. The samples were step-by-step loaded with hydrogen by electrochemical charging, which was carried out in a mixed electrolyte of phosphoric acid and glycerin (1:2 in volume). An Ag/AgCl (sat.) and Pt wires were used as the reference and the counter electrode, respectively. XRD measurements were performed before and after hydrogenation in order to investigate the effect of hydrogen loading on the films microstructure. The role of varying thicknesses on the main characteristics of hydrogen's absorption behavior, as well as hydrogen-induced microstructural changes in titanium thin films, are discussed in detail.

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