Статті в журналах з теми "Time and distance judgments"
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1
Achtemeier, Jacob, Curtis M. Craig, and Nichole L. Morris. "The Effects of Restricted Sight Distances on Drivers at Simulated Rural Intersections." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631497.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Short sight distances at rural intersections can result in reduced safety including drivers choosing smaller gaps between oncoming vehicles (Yan & Richards, 2010). Conversely, increased sight distances may result in improved driver confidence, but not safety as seen at rail crossings (Ward & Wilde, 1996). Thus, simply increasing sight distances may not result in linear gains in safety. Establishing appropriate lower and upper-visibility limits at rural intersections will minimize operational costs for clearing and grubbing labor and may reduce serious injury and fatal crashes by promoting safer crossing behavior around rural thru-STOP intersections. This driving simulation study will examine intersection visibility and other intersection design factors that influence driver behavior at rural thru-STOPs. Time to collision, or TTC, is a primary motivating factor on driver decisions to cross intersections. Drivers’ TTC perception is a function of oncoming vehicle speed, distance, and rate of retinal expansion (tau; Hancock & Manser, 1997). We hypothesize TTC factors may interact with confidence in intersection crossing judgments. Specifically, when people must quickly make judgments, their confidence must be estimated after the decision has been made, but if the time pressure is not high and the decision is not immediate, people’s judgments and their confidence in those judgments can both be considered prior to action. This can be problematic because people are normally overconfident in their judgments (Harvey, 1997). The present study comprised a crossing judgment block, and a mainline drive block. The experimental stimuli were validated by engineers with experience in rural intersections, who rated the simulated intersections as “significantly representative” to real-world intersections through an average rating score of 5.25 ( SD = 0.5) on a 7-pt scale. This was done to ensure that the study findings would be more likely to be applicable to world intersections. The goal of the study is to identify whether sight distance and other variables, including speed for the judgment task and vehicle proximity to the intersection for the mainline drive task, impact safety at rural intersections.
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Smeets, Jeroen B. J., Eli Brenner, Sonia Trébuchet, and Daniel R. Mestre. "Is Judging Time-to-Contact Based on ‘Tau’?" Perception 25, no. 5 (May 1996): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p250583.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An investigation was undertaken into whether judgments of time-to-contact between a laterally moving object and a bar are based on the direct perception of an optical variable (tau), or on the ratio between the perceived distance and perceived velocity of the object. A moving background was used to induce changes in the perceived velocities without changing the optical variables that specify time-to-contact. Background motion induced large systematic errors in the estimated time-to-contact. It is concluded that the judgment of time-to-contact is primarily based on the ratio between the perceived distance and the perceived velocity, and not on tau.
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Kang, Yong-Soon, Paul M. Herr, and Christine M. Page. "Time and Distance: Asymmetries in Consumer Trip Knowledge and Judgments." Journal of Consumer Research 30, no. 3 (December 2003): 420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/378618.
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Joe Lin, Chiuhsiang, Betsha Tizazu Abreham, Dino Caesaron, and Bereket Haile Woldegiorgis. "Exocentric Distance Judgment and Accuracy of Head-Mounted and Stereoscopic Widescreen Displays in Frontal Planes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041427.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experiment was done to explore the effects of two virtual display systems on the accuracy of exocentric distance judgment and position. Sixteen participants viewed animated virtual targets using either a head-mounted display (HMD) or a stereoscopic widescreen display (SWD). The virtual targets have been shown, one at a time, at three depth levels and with two corresponding exocentric distances and three target sizes at each target distance and, afterward, via pointing by holding a stick to estimate the exocentric distance and position of each target. The position data were collected using an OptiTrack motion capture system. The results showed that the accuracy of exocentric distance judgment was higher with the head-mounted displays than with the stereoscopic widescreen displays. In addition, higher position accuracy in the X-direction was obtained from the stereoscopic widescreen displays, whereas no significant difference was observed in position accuracy in the Y-direction. However, it is possible that the HMD could give better accuracy in both exocentric distance and position judgments in the frontal plane, if the HMD had been perfectly mounted and flawlessly fit the participant’s eyes. The result also revealed that exocentric distance judgment was significantly higher at the farthest target distances than at the nearest distance. Similarly, the position accuracy significantly increased as exocentric distance decreased. Moreover, engineers may allude to the findings as the evidence from the study suggests that the intermediate target distances might be fitting or ideal distances to design and structure 3D applications.
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Sebald, Colleen A., and Christopher D. Wickens. "Subjective Estimates of Velocity, Distance and Time: Implications in Helicopter Navigation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 1 (October 1993): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study assessed the sorts of biases induced in a pilot's estimates of velocity, elapsed time, and distance traveled in a flight simulation environment. The validity of an “internal equation” relating the concepts of subjective distance, velocity, and time was assessed. Pilots flew a series of flight legs which varied in their distance, time and velocity, during which they were asked to make judgments of time passage (group 1), speed (group 2), and distance traveled (group 3). These judgments were made under both single and dual task conditions. There was little consistent effect of task loading on any of the subjective estimates, but variations in interval duration, speed, and distance effected the subjective estimates of these quantities in different ways. There was no evidence found for support of an internal equation.
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LeBoeuf, Robyn A., and Eldar Shafir. "Anchoring on the "here" and "now" in time and distance judgments." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 35, no. 1 (2009): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013665.
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Pavlich, George. "Legal Judgment and Cape Colonial Law." Law, Culture and the Humanities 8, no. 2 (November 25, 2010): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872110378707.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Judgment is a complex matter, with particular nuances in the context of juridical decision-making. The following commentary explores legal judgment at a particular juncture via a Cape colonial case in 1798 and through Foucault’s often overlooked essay, “Truth and Juridical Forms.” Noting the legacy of the test and the inquiry as knowledge formations that have significantly influenced judgment in European and colonial law, this discussion highlights how legal judgment might usefully be viewed as a shifting product of local and wider power-knowledge formations. Viewing a Cape record at some historical distance enables one to see colonial legal judgment as a process of its time and place. It also enables a more general, if admittedly exploratory, comment on judgment as an authorized, violent process that cuts and countersigns itself through complex transcriptions. As well, a performative contradiction attaches indecision to the heart of legal decisions, thereby disabling apodictic judgments and intimating a potential escape from totalitarian judgmental systems.
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Cowan, Kirsten, and Atefeh Yazdanparast. "Moral foundations and judgment: conceptualizing boundaries." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-01-2018-2548.
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Purpose Even though the definitions of morality may seem to provide straightforward criteria to assess the morality of individuals, moral judgments are challenging and less exact. This paper aims to advance extant work on morality and moral judgment by providing a conceptualization of boundary conditions in the relationship between moral judgments and consumer behavior. Design/methodology/approach An interdisciplinary literature review is conducted to integrate extant knowledge on morality, moral judgment and consumer behavior to identify and conceptualize boundary conditions affecting moral judgments and decision-making. The research draws on moral foundation theory and norm activation model, and the proposed factors and relationships are grounded in construal level theory and regulatory focus theory. Findings The research identifies cultural, individual and situational factors that influence moral judgments and decision-making and argues that moral judgments exhibit a similar pattern across types, but cultural factors determine the salience of each moral foundation type. Moreover, construal factors relevant to the situation (i.e. proximity vs distance) affect the extent and manner of moral judgments, and individual mindsets and their associated information processing styles (e.g. money vs time orientation and promotion vs prevention orientation) make moral judgments more malleable, adding a degree of variability to judgments within similar cultures and situations. Originality/value The research makes a rather unique contribution to consumer morality literature by identifying and discussing three different groups of factors with the potential to impact individuals’ judgments of, and reactions to, moral foundation violation information.
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Pomales-García, Cristina, Yili Liu, and David Mendez. "Web-Based Distance Learning Technology: Does Appearance Matter?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 7 (September 2005): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research examines the impact of several aesthetic/appearance characteristics of web-based distance learning environments on information recall and perceived content difficulty. Six webbased instructional modules were used, which consisted of fragments of different lectures, each containing a different topic and ranging between three to six minutes in length. The results show that appearance/aesthetic judgments do matter and they offer additional insights into the effectiveness of instructional methods beyond traditional performance measures. In this study the appearance/aesthetic judgments changed as participants were exposed to a series of modules over time in a way that is different from the corresponding performance changes. The integration of aesthetic/appearance judgments in the evaluation of web-based distance learning technology gives us valuable insights to deepen our understanding of what characteristics of the technology make it more appealing and successful.
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Saberi, Kourosh, David R. Perrott, and Toktam Sadralodabai. "Judgments of lateral distance using transients presented with interaural differences of time." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29, no. 1 (January 1991): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334770.
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Wilkening, Friedrich, and Claudia Martin. "How to speed up to be in time: Action-judgment dissociations in children and adults." Swiss Journal of Psychology 63, no. 1 (March 2004): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.63.1.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Children 6 and 10 years of age and adults were asked how fast a toy car had to be to catch up with another car, the latter moving with a constant speed throughout. The speed change was required either after half of the time (linear condition) or half of the distance (nonlinear condition), and responses were given either on a rating scale (judgment condition) or by actually producing the motion (action condition). In the linear condition, the data patterns for both judgments and actions were in accordance with the normative rule at all ages. This was not true for the nonlinear condition, where children’s and adults’ judgment and also children’s action patterns were linear, and only adults’ action patterns were in line with the nonlinearity principle. Discussing the reasons for the misconceptions and for the action-judgment dissociations, a claim is made for a new view on the development of children’s concepts of time and speed.
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Säisä, Jouko, Anita Svensson-Gärling, Tommy Gärling, and Erik Lindberg. "Intraurban Cognitive Distance: The Relationship between Judgments of Straight-Line Distances, Travel Distances, and Travel Times." Geographical Analysis 18, no. 2 (September 3, 2010): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1986.tb00090.x.
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Peer, Eyal, and Eyal Gamliel. "Pace yourself: Improving time-saving judgments when increasing activity speed." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 2 (March 2013): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe time-saving bias describes people’s tendency to misestimate the time they can save by increasing the speed in which they perform an activity such as driving or completing a task. People typically underestimate time saved when increasing from a low speed and overestimate time saved when increasing from an already high speed. We suggest that this bias is the result of people’s failure to recognize the curvilinear relationship between increasing speed and reducing activity time: As initial speed rises, the same speed increases will yield smaller reductions in time. We explore a new technique to de-bias these faulty estimations: converting measurements of speed to a pace measure (e.g., minutes per fixed distance). Utilizing common driving scenarios, we show that participants who received pace data made more accurate estimations of journey duration at various speeds, time-savings at various speed increases and the required speed to complete a journey.
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Svenson, Ola, Nichel Gonzalez, and Gabriella Eriksson. "Different heuristics and same bias: A spectral analysis of biased judgments and individual decision rules." Judgment and Decision Making 13, no. 5 (September 2018): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500008688.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWe used correlation and spectral analyses to investigate the cognitive structures and processes producing biased judgments. We used 5 different sets of driving problems to exemplify problems that trigger biases, specifically: (1) underestimation of the impact of occasional slow speeds on mean speed judgments, (2) overestimation of braking capacity after a speed increase, (3) the time saving bias (overestimation of the time saved by increasing a high speed further, and underestimation of time saved when increasing a low speed), (4) underestimation of increase of fatal accident risk when speed is increased, and (5) underestimation of the increase of stopping distance when speed is increased. The results verified the predicted biases. A correlation analysis found no strong links between biases; only accident risk and stopping distance biases were correlated significantly. Spectral analysis of judgments was used to identify different decision rules. Most participants were consistent in their use of a single rule within a problem set with the same bias. The participants used difference, average, weighed average and ratio rules, all producing biased judgments. Among the rules, difference rules were used most frequently across the different biases. We found no personal consistency in the rules used across problem sets. The complexity of rules varied across problem sets for most participants.
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Ericson, Mark A. "Velocity Judgments of Moving Sounds in Virtual Acoustic Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 22 (July 2000): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402256.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A pure tone sound source, moving along a linear left-to-right trajectory, was simulated over headphones. Six attributes of the object motion were varied independently in a randomized block, factorial design experiment. The independent variables included: 1) sound source velocity, 2) distance from the observer, 3) interaural time delays, 4) Doppler frequency shifts, 5) overall intensity and 6) signal duration. Eight listeners estimated the magnitude of the velocity of the simulated moving sound source in miles per hour. Five of the six independent variables were found to make statistically significant (p<.05) contributions to estimates of velocity magnitude. Correct velocity estimates were found to be moderately correlated with the minimal distance between the trajectory path and the observer, Doppler frequency shifts, and intensity changes. The simulated velocity of the sound source and interaural time delay variables, although statistically significant, explained less than ten percent of the variance in the data. Implications of these research findings for virtual acoustic display design are discussed.
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Mershon, Donald H., William L. Ballenger, Alex D. Little, Patrick L. McMurtry, and Judith L. Buchanan. "Effects of Room Reflectance and Background Noise on Perceived Auditory Distance." Perception 18, no. 3 (June 1989): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p180403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Perceptions of egocentric auditory distance were investigated within an environment for which the reverberation time could be systematically varied without changes in the size or shape of the room. Two levels of wide-band background noise, differing by 20 dB, were used as a masking stimulus. Target sounds were presented from distances between 0.75 and 6.0 m and verbal reports of distance were collected from 288 listeners in two separate experiments. Changes in physical distance produced variation in reported distance in each configuration. Reported distance was generally proportional to real distance, but considerably underestimated when room reflectance was low. When room reflectance was high ( T60 ≈ 1.7 s for the range of frequencies used), initial reports of distance were often overestimates; upon repeated presentation, judgments in the high reflectance room became more nearly veridical. The effect of increasing the background noise level was to decrease the perceived distance. These findings are in accord with expectations based upon the importance of reverberation cue(s) to distance and upon previous analyses from this laboratory.
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Moyer, Todd O. "Mathematical Exploration: Keeping All the Trains on the Tracks." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 16, no. 2 (September 2010): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.16.2.0116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many eighth-grade and algebra 1 textbooks explore the formula distance = rate × time. Problems involving this formula can help students learn to write expressions, solve equations, and make judgments as to the reasonableness of the answers found.
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Marcos, Encarni, Satoshi Tsujimoto, and Aldo Genovesio. "Independent coding of absolute duration and distance magnitudes in the prefrontal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00245.2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The estimation of space and time can interfere with each other, and neuroimaging studies have shown overlapping activation in the parietal and prefrontal cortical areas. We used duration and distance discrimination tasks to determine whether space and time share resources in prefrontal cortex (PF) neurons. Monkeys were required to report which of two stimuli, a red circle or blue square, presented sequentially, were longer and farther, respectively, in the duration and distance tasks. In a previous study, we showed that relative duration and distance are coded by different populations of neurons and that the only common representation is related to goal coding. Here, we examined the coding of absolute duration and distance. Our results support a model of independent coding of absolute duration and distance metrics by demonstrating that not only relative magnitude but also absolute magnitude are independently coded in the PF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human behavioral studies have shown that spatial and duration judgments can interfere with each other. We investigated the neural representation of such magnitudes in the prefrontal cortex. We found that the two magnitudes are independently coded by prefrontal neurons. We suggest that the interference among magnitude judgments might depend on the goal rather than the perceptual resource sharing.
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Eriksson, Gabriella, Ola Svenson, and Lars Eriksson. "The time-saving bias: Judgements, cognition and perception." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 4 (July 2013): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractBiases in people’s judgments of time saved by increasing the speed of an activity have been studied mainly with hypothetical scenarios (Svenson, 2008). The present study asked whether the classic time-saving bias persists as a perceptual bias when we control the speed of an activity and assess the perceived time elapsed at different speeds. Specifically, we investigated the time-saving bias in a driving simulator. Each participant was asked to first drive a distance at a given speed and then drive the same distance again at the speed she or he judged necessary to gain exactly three minutes in travel time compared to the first trip. We found that that the time-saving bias applies to active driving and that it affects the choice of driving speed. The drivers’ time-saving judgements show that the perception of the time elapsed while driving does not eliminate the time-saving bias.
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Braly, Adam M., and Patricia R. DeLucia. "Can Stroboscopic Training Improve Time-to-Collision Judgments of Approaching Objects?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601859.
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Prior studies have shown that training with stroboscopic viewing improved performance on visual tasks, such as motion coherence thresholds, and performance on coincident anticipation tasks (Appelbaum, Schroeder, Cain, & Mitroff, 2011; Smith & Mitroff, 2012). In stroboscopic viewing, individuals wear occlusion goggles which present an intermittent view of the environment. It is assumed that training during “degraded” viewing will enhance subsequent performance during unimpaired viewing. We examined whether training with stroboscopic viewing can improve time-to-collision (TTC) judgments, which have importance in real-world tasks such as driving, using a prediction motion (PM) task (Schiff & Detwiler, 1979). The PM task is particularly well- suited for stroboscopic training because the task involves extrapolation of the object’s motion after it disappears (DeLucia & Liddell, 1998; Schiff & Oldak, 1990). In stroboscopic viewing, the object appears and then disappears, but does so repeatedly throughout the object’s approach. During periods of occlusion, observers putatively extrapolate the object’s motion. When the object reappears, observers get feedback on their extrapolation. Thus, they get feedback on their extrapolation throughout the object’s entire approach. Participants viewed computer simulations of an object that approached them and then disappeared. They judged TTC by pressing a button when they thought the object would hit them. Mean constant error of TTC judgments were compared among intervention conditions of stroboscopic training (5 minutes), continuous viewing (practice without feedback), and a control filler task. Performance was measured during four sessions—pre-test, intervention, immediately after intervention, and 10 minutes after intervention. Differences among the interventions were not significant, and judgment accuracy decreased across sessions. In contrast to Smith and Mitroff’s (2012) study of anticipatory timing of lateral motion, five minutes of stroboscopic training was not sufficient to improve TTC judgments of approaching objects. We considered several reasons why stroboscopic training did not improve TTC judgments. First, participants may not have mentally extrapolated the object’s motion when its view was occluded and thus did not benefit from its reappearance throughout the stroboscopic viewing. This seems unlikely, because research has shown that PM tasks involve motion extrapolation (DeLucia & Liddell, 1998). Second, the occlusion period may have been too short to allow observers to get feedback on their extrapolation of the object’s motion. We employed a strobe frequency of 4 Hz based on prior literature, but longer occlusion periods may be needed to see performance benefits and should be examined in future studies. Third, training that is more than 5 minutes may be required to show benefits for TTC judgments of approach motion (current study) than for lateral motion (Smith & Mitroff’s study). This may occur because the optical pattern is linear in lateral motion (the object’s change in position is the same throughout its trajectory) and non-linear in approach motion (the object’s change in optical size increases as it gets closer to the eye) and may result in the less accurate TTC judgments of approach compared to lateral motion (Schiff & Oldak, 1990). In conclusion, it is important to determine the conditions under which training can improve TTC judgments of approaching objects. If individuals can be trained to make more accurate TTC judgements, there are important implications for driver training programs. Drivers must anticipate the future position of vehicles that are around them when changing lanes, turning left, or overtaking vehicles, in traffic. Importantly, research has shown that observers have difficulty making these judgments and may misperceive the distance and speed of other vehicles (e.g., Caird & Hancock, 1994; Gray & Regan, 2005; Levulis, DeLucia, & Jupe, 2015). Driver training programs designed to improve observers’ abilities to judge TTC may help to reduce accidents.
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Buchner, Axel, Martin Brandt, Raoul Bell, and Judith Weise. "Car Backlight Position and Fog Density Bias Observer-Car Distance Estimates and Time-to-Collision Judgments." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48, no. 2 (June 2006): 300–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872006777724363.
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Braly, Adam M., and Patricia R. DeLucia. "Can Stroboscopic Training Improve Time-to-Collision Judgments of Laterally Moving Objects?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1975–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigated whether effects of stroboscopic training on time-to-collision (TTC) judgments depend on the optical flow pattern. Prior research showed that TTC judgments of lateral motion reflected benefits of stroboscopic viewing (Ballester, Huertas, Uji, & Bennett, 2017; Smith & Mitroff, 2012), but TTC judgments of approach motion did not reflect such benefits (Braly & DeLucia, 2017). This discrepancy may be due to differences in the optical flow patterns between lateral and approach motion. In lateral motion, the optical flow pattern is linear; the change in the object’s optical position is the same throughout its trajectory. In approach motion, the optical flow pattern is non-linear; the change in the object’s optical size increases as it gets closer to the eye. It has been proposed that this difference in the optical flow pattern underlies the greater accuracy of TTC judgments that occur with lateral motion compared to approach motion (Schiff & Oldak, 1990). In the current study, we measured effects of stroboscopic viewing on TTC judgments of lateral motion using identical methods in our prior study of approach motion. Although prior research demonstrated potential benefits of stroboscopic viewing for judgments of lateral motion, the stimulus was visible when the response was made. Prior demonstrations that the object’s trajectory (and thus nature of the optic flow) affects TTC judgments were demonstrated with prediction-motion (PM) tasks in which the object disappeared before a response was made. The two types of tasks are putatively based on different visual information and cognitive processes (Tresilian, 1995). Thus, we used a PM task in the current study. Participants viewed computer simulations of an object that moved laterally toward a target and then disappeared. They pressed a mouse button at the exact time that they thought the object would hit the target. Mean constant error and variable error of TTC judgments were compared among intervention conditions of stroboscopic training (5 minutes in duration), continuous viewing (practice without feedback), and a control filler task. Performance was measured during four sessions—pre-test, intervention, immediately after intervention, and 10 minutes after intervention. When distance was far, participants in the stroboscopic intervention condition were, on average, less variable at the 10-minute posttest compared to the pretest. Although the difference was not statistically significant, it is noteworthy that performance did not significantly degrade over time as it did in the filler condition, and in our prior study of approach motion (Braly & DeLucia, 2017). Such results suggest that stroboscopic training can protect against performance degradation over time (due to fatigue, monotony, etc). A protective effect also was observed in the continuous vision condition (performance did not degrade over time); however, observations of the means suggest that performance would have degraded over time if longer training was completed. When TTC was 3.0 s, performance in the stroboscopic intervention was not more variable in the immediate posttest compared to the pretest and, more importantly, was less variable at the ten-minute posttest (although p = 0.0515). Our results show that under specific conditions (when TTC was 3.0 s; when distance was far) stroboscopic training can protect against performance degradation over time; that is, variable error did not increase. Such protective effects of stroboscopic training were not observed in our earlier study of approach motion (Braly & DeLucia, 2017). Neither study showed a significant effect of stroboscopic training on constant error. The implication is that the effects of stroboscopic training depend on the nature of the optical flow pattern. In future studies, it is important to systematically determine the conditions under which stroboscopic training can improve performance. Results will have important implications for traffic safety and for driver training programs.
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Hurts, Karel. "Common Region and Spatial Performance Using Map-Like Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 17 (September 2005): 1593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901720.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three techniques of perceptual grouping were compared in terms of their effect on people's ability to read maps that always remained visible. The techniques differ in the way they create clusters of objects on map-like displays: by using boundary lines to form adjacent “countries” (Common Region), by coloring “city” symbols that belong to the same, contiguous, country in a unique way (Adjacent Color), or by using color to create spatially non-contiguous, overlapping, clusters (Color Only). Subjects were asked to compare the horizontal orientations of two cities at a time, and, in another task, to compare two distances corresponding to three map cities. Results show that orientation statements were verified faster for same-cluster cities than for differentcluster cities, but only in the Common Region condition. Neither distance estimations nor orientation judgments were distorted by any grouping technique, as indicated by an effect on judgment accuracy. The implications of these results for our understanding of map reading ability in relation to techniques for perceptual grouping are discussed.
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Zhang, Nan. "The Measurement Method of Distance from Vehicle Ahead Based on Infrared Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1028 (September 2014): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1028.223.
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In this paper, the infrared signal is collected through the Cassegrain optical system, and then before exhaust thermistor detector is collected infrared signal into a voltage signal in the converted voltage signal corresponding processing, such as signal amplification, filtering and demodulation processing, the processed signal and system parameters in real-time control of the comparisons of the relative distance of the vehicle in front, followed by the MCU through the vehicle in front distance value judgments and to follow up the speed of vehicles, in order to achieve the use of infrared technology to detect the distance of the vehicle in front, and unmanned exploration technology focal car fleet .
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Caird, J. K., and P. A. Hancock. "Perception of Oncoming Vehicle Time-to-Arrival." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 18 (October 1992): 1378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601804.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experiment was conducted in a fixed-base driving simulator which manipulated the time-to-arrival (Ta) of an oncoming vehicle, the viewing distance to that vehicle and the type of oncoming vehicle to determine the perceptual basis for a left-turn decision. Forty-eight participants were randomly assigned to a group where either a motorcycle, a compact car, a full-size car, or delivery truck represented the oncoming vehicle. There were an equal number of participants of each gender in the four groups. As Ta was increased, underestimation of vehicle arrival time also increased. Significant main effects were found for Ta, gender of participants, vehicle type, and viewing distance, and for interactions for gender x Ta and gender x vehicle type. Males and females differed in their accuracy of judgments for vehicle types, where males were more accurate in estimating the arrival of delivery vans and motorcycles than their female peers. The pattern of results for the size of the approach vehicle were consistent with a margin-of-safety explanation which argues that driver underestimation of the arrival times of larger vehicles generally allows larger margins-of-safety than for smaller vehicles. The importance of these findings for the development of advanced in-vehicle collision avoidance and warning systems is briefly considered.
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Juffs, Alan, and Michael Harrington. "Parsing Effects in Second Language Sentence Processing." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17, no. 4 (December 1995): 483–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226310001442x.
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This paper reexamines claims that second language learners are more accurate at judging long-distance object extraction than subject extraction and that the difference in accuracy is due to processing factors rather than differences in underlying competence. Although previous studies have reported robust effects for the subject/object asymmetry, the global nature of the response measures leaves open the question of whether the subject gap is in fact the locus of difficulty for second language learners. Using many of the same stimuli sentences from original research in combination with a theory of principle-based parsing, this study employs the moving window display technique to collect on-line measures of processing long-distancewh-extraction. Twenty-five advanced Chinese-speaking ESL learners provided grammaticality judgments in two presentation conditions: full-sentence, where judgment reaction times are measured from sentence onset to the learner's judgment; and word-by-word reading, where word-by-word latencies are collected in addition to judgments. The accuracy and reaction time results from the full-sentence condition replicated previous findings. The word-by-word results confirm that it is the subject gap that is the source of difficulty for the learners. Claims in the literature that principles of Universal Grammar are not available to adult learners are not supported by these results, which show that parsing, and not grammatical competence, is the source of difficulty on performance with subject extraction sentences.
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McCandless, Jeffrey W., Stephen R. Ellis, and Bernard D. Adelstein. "Localization of a Time-Delayed, Monocular Virtual Object Superimposed on a Real Environment." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474600566583.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Observers adjusted a pointer to match the depicted distance of a monocular virtual object viewed in a see-through, had-mounted display. Distance information was available through motion parallax produced as the observers rocked side to side. The apparent stability of the virtual object was impaired by a time delay between the observers' head motions and the corresponding change in the object position on the display. Localizations were made for four time delays (31 ms, 64 ms, 131 ms, and 197 ms) and three depicted distances (75 cm, 95 cm, and 113 cm). The errors in localizations increased systematically with time delay and depicted distance. A model of the results shows that the judgment error and lateral projected position of the virtual object are each linearly related to time delay.
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Toiviainen, Petri, and Carol L. Krumhansl. "Measuring and Modeling Real-Time Responses to Music: The Dynamics of Tonality Induction." Perception 32, no. 6 (June 2003): 741–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3312.
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We examined a variety of real-time responses evoked by a single piece of music, the organ Duetto BWV 805 by J S Bach. The primary data came from a concurrent probe-tone method in which the probe-tone is sounded continuously with the music. Listeners judged how well the probe tone fit with the music at each point in time. The process was repeated for all probe tones of the chromatic scale. A self-organizing map (SOM) [Kohonen 1997 Self-organizing Maps (Berlin: Springer)] was used to represent the developing and changing sense of key reflected in these judgments. The SOM was trained on the probe-tone profiles for 24 major and minor keys (Krumhansl and Kessler 1982 Psychological Review89 334–368). Projecting the concurrent probe-tone data onto the map showed changes both in the perceived keys and in their strengths. Two dynamic models of tonality induction were tested. Model 1 is based on pitch class distributions. Model 2 is based on the tone-transition distributions; it tested the idea that the order of tones might provide additional information about tonality. Both models contained dynamic components for characterizing pitch strength and creating pitch memory representations. Both models produced results closely matching those of the concurrent probe-tone data. Finally realtime judgments of tension were measured. Tension correlated with distance away from the predominant key in the direction of keys built on the dominant and supertonic tones, and also correlated with dissonance.
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Martin, Jeffrey J., and Diane L. Gill. "The Relationships Among Competitive Orientation, Sport-Confidence, Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Performance." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, no. 2 (June 1991): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.2.149.
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We examined the relationships among trait and state psychological variables and performance in male high school distance runners using the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ; Gill & Deeter, 1988), the Competitive Orientation Inventory (COI; Vealey, 1986), the Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (TSCI; Vealey, 1986), the State Sport-Confidence Inventory (SSCI; Vealey, 1986), the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2; Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990), and separate self-efficacy scales for performance (time) and outcome (place). As hypothesized, trait sport-confidence predicted state sport-confidence and outcome self-efficacy. However, competitive orientation did not contribute to the prediction of state measures. State sport-confidence and self-efficacy predicted performance, as hypothesized. Surprisingly, outcome self-efficacy was a stronger predictor than performance self-efficacy, which did not contribute to the prediction of performance time or place. The runners' youth and lack of competitive track experience may have prevented them from forming accurate performance self-efficacy judgments. In contrast, the familiar and small competitive field may have allowed these athletes to form accurate outcome self-efficacy judgments.
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Zhao, Youqun, Wenxin Zhang, Xinglong Zhang, and Fen Lin. "Minimum time overtaking problem of vehicle handling inverse dynamics based on interval mathematics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 6 (April 23, 2018): 1534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018766808.
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To analyze the influence of uncertain factors on minimum time overtaking, interval mathematics is used to describe the uncertainties, and the overtaking safety distance is calculated using interval analysis method. In addition, vehicle handling inverse dynamics is proposed in this paper. In this method, the driver-handling input can be obtained without the modeling of driver. The optimal control problem is first converted into a nonlinear programming problem based on Gauss pseudospectral method. Then sequential quadratic programming is applied to get the solution. The simulation results show that the overtaking behavior will be significantly different, if the drivers’ age groups or vehicles’ braking system parameters are different. Besides, the influence of different drivers’ estimate time is critical. The subjective judgments of the drivers are considered in this paper to realize the user-friendly design. This method may provide a reference for the research of unmanned vehicles and driving assistance system.
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Smith, Nicholas A., and Lolal Cuddy. "Perceptions of Musical Dimensions in Beethoven's Waldsiein Sonata: An Application of Tonal Pitch Space Theory." Musicae Scientiae 7, no. 1 (March 2003): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490300700102.
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This study conducted a perceptual analysis of an excerpt from Beethoven's Waldstein piano sonata in four experiments. The experiments were followed by an application of Lerdahl's (2001) Tonal Pitch Space theory, or TPS, to perceptual judgments of musical tension over the course of the excerpt. In the experiments, data were obtained for each of 15 time points corresponding to the 15 successive sonorities in the excerpt. Listeners in the first three experiments were piano students who learned and performed the excerpt before participating in the experimental tasks. In Experiment 1, judgments of phrase structure permitted examination of the perceptual segmentation of the excerpt. In Experiment 2, probe-tone ratings (Krumhansl and Kessler, 1982) were used to derive both a measure of perceived distance traveled in key space as well as a measure of temporal orientation — the degree to which listening at each time point was retrospective or prospective. In Experiment 3, a tension contour over the 15 time points was derived from listeners' continuous responding to perceived tension throughout the excerpt. In Experiment 4, judgments of consonance/dissonance for each sonority, isolated from context and presented in random order in a randomly selected transposition, were obtained from piano students unfamiliar with the excerpt. Strong correspondences were found between the perceptual measures and related music-theoretic predictors generated from TPS. The tension contour was regressed on TPS predictors. Both sensitivity to hierarchical structure and expectancies arising from voice leading, as well as the overall melodic contour, significantly contributed to the prediction of perceived tension.
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Thompson, Sommer N., Nathan R. Bailey, and Mark W. Scerbo. "Magnitude Estimation of Velocity in the X, Y, and Z Axes." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 17 (September 2005): 1630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901728.
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The present study examined the perception of velocity along different axes. Participants viewed the movement of two small circles on a computer display and gave verbal responses for the perceived velocity of one of the circles relative to the other using the psychophysical method of magnitude estimation. Stimuli were presented along the x, y, and z axes. Other variables included direction traveled, time and distance constant, and velocity. Movement in the z axis was represented through angular expansion. As expected, results indicated that velocity judgments increased with increases in stimulus velocity. Perceived velocity was expected to be higher for vertical as compared to horizontal stimuli. The results provided partial support for this hypothesis. Estimates for velocity along the z axis were qualitatively different than for the other two axes. Further, velocity estimates depended upon whether the time or distance was held constant and suggest that the perception of velocity is tied to both spatial and temporal properties of the stimuli.
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He, Zhang, Hao Yuanyuan, Xu Cheng, and Qin Luying. "MODEL OF WORKING SHIP CROSSING CHANNEL." Brodogradnja 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21278/brod72107.
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An application method for working ship crossing safely is proposed to determine how to make navigation scheme at a certain time. This method makes it possible for decision makers to make reasonable judgments at different times. In this paper, the position relationship between working ship and navigation vessel in waterway is analysed by considering the ship size, hydrological conditions of waterway, ship arrival model and ship navigation trajectory. Using genetic algorithm, the operation scheme of keeping a safe distance between the working ship and the vessel in the channel is solved by taking the speed and direction of the working ship as genetic factors. By analysing the crossing scheme at each starting time in a given time range, the optimal crossing scheme with the farthest distance between the working ship and the vessels in the channel is obtained. According to the measured data, the simulation is carried out with MATLAB to verify the model of working ship crossing channel. The results show that it is safe and reliable to choose the navigation scheme proposed in this paper, which has strong application value.
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Mohovic, Djani, Robert Mohovic, Marko Suljic, and Marko Njegovan. "Reducing the risk of collision between ships in a close-quarters situation by simulating collision avoidance actions." Journal of Navigation 74, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 558–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463321000114.
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Abstract‘Close-quarters situation’ is a term used in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. As the term is not precisely defined, this paper analyses the interpretations and definitions of the term by various authors or courts, based on judicial processes and judgments. In the end, the authors suggest their own definition of the term ‘close-quarters situation’. Knowing the minimum distance from another ship and the time to the closest point of approach at which collision may still be avoided by one's own manoeuvre is information that every ship's officer needs to know. In accordance with the proposed definition of the term ‘close-quarters situation’, minimum distances between ships and time to the closest point of approach in which the ship can still take action to avoid a collision by its own manoeuvring are determined by means of simulations on a navigational simulator. A total of 168 simulations were performed with three fine-form vessel sizes and three full-form vessel sizes. Due to the extensive amount of data, the paper presents the results for one vessel only.
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Johnston, Kathryn, and Joseph Baker. "Sources of information used by elite distance running coaches for selection decisions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): e0268554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268554.
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Talent identification and selection are critical components of competitive sport success. Despite the time, effort, and resources invested, the accuracy of selection decisions remains generally poor. While much of the scholarship in this area has focused on the factors discriminating skilled and less-skilled individuals, limited research exists on what information is used in the decision-making process for athlete selection. The current study seeks to gain a better understanding of the information used by elite distance running coaches when forming judgements for athlete selection. Ten semi-structured interviews with elite distance running coaches from across Canada were transcribed and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. It was interpreted that coaches mainly gather information using their coach’s eye to determine an athlete’s ‘fit’ to the team. Coaches also use more objective information such as race times and movement analyses to assess performance and judge future ‘potential’. As well, the decisions were believed to be influenced by situational considerations at the time of the selection procedure. Specifically, these considerations affecting a coach’s selection included length of time to make a decision, personal limitations in decision-making abilities, and team circumstances. Interestingly, coaches recognized limitations in their selection practices and procedures and discussed some of their personal and system-level biases, highlighting their awareness of potential selection inefficiencies/inaccuracies. Overall, distance running coaches used a variety of techniques to gather information before a selection was made, relying on both subjective and objective information for crafting judgments. Findings are discussed in relation to implications for coaches, sport organizations, and talent identification and selection programs.
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Li, You, Lei Mo, and Qi Chen. "Differential contribution of velocity and distance to time estimation during self-initiated time-to-collision judgment." Neuropsychologia 73 (July 2015): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.017.
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Zhang, Yi, Xiao Song Li, and Yang Song. "A Recognition Judgment Method of Isolated-Word Speech-Recognition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 2337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.2337.
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Isolated-word speech-recognition system adopted the shortest distance of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to make recognition judgment, which has the disadvantage of high False Accept Rate (FAR), poor anti-noise and robustness. This paper proposes a new method based on DTW distance Threshold Estimation for recognition judgment. This method processes the maximum distance between template speech and training input speech multiplying adjusting coefficient, then plus noise DTW distance, which regard the final result as distance Threshold Estimation. At the time of doing speech recognition, if the distance between testing speech and template speech exceeds the Threshold Estimation, then the system will not recognize this speech. The experiment shows that this method can greatly improve the anti-noise and robustness performance of the Isolated-word speech-recognition system and solve the problem of high FAR.
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DeLucia, Patricia R., and Anand Tharanathan. "Effects of Optical Flow and Discrete Warnings on Deceleration Detection during Car Following." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 17 (September 2005): 1673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901737.
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Tau specifies time-to-contact between a driver and a lead car, and is potentially useful to prevent rear-end collisions. However, studies suggest that time-to-contact judgments are based on multiple information sources and that effective information varies with distance. We focused on three questions: Does a driver's response to a lead car's deceleration occur when the car's optical size, expansion rate, or tau reaches a “critical” value? Does effective information differ for near and far lead cars? Is a driver's response affected by discrete warnings (brake lights and auditory warnings) that occur independently of optical flow information? Results suggested that responses were not based on a critical value of the optical parameters considered here, and were affected by discrete warnings. Further, effective information varied with the distance and deceleration rate of the lead car. Results were consistent with prior proposals that advanced brake warning systems and collision-avoidance warning systems can reduce the incidence of rear-end collisions. Future studies of this kind will help to improve the design of collision-avoidance systems and to reduce rear-end collisions.
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VanHorn, Daniel R. "Adaptive Psychological Distance: A Survival Perceived Temporal Distance Effect." Evolutionary Psychology 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 147470492094878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704920948785.
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Perceived temporal distance is explored using an evolutionary-functionalist perspective. Participants imagine themselves in one of three future scenarios: a survival scenario, a high-effort scenario, and a low-effort scenario. After imagining themselves in a future scenario, participants make a judgment of perceived temporal distance. Results suggest a survival perceived temporal distance effect (SPTD effect). Participants report the survival scenario feels closer to them in time than the high-effort and low-effort scenarios in experiments using a within-subjects design (Experiment 1) and a between-subjects design (Experiment 2). The perceived temporal closeness of a future survival scenario is highly adaptive as it motivates effective preparation for a future event of great importance. Furthermore, the perceived temporal distance findings reported here taken together with past research on perceived spatial distance illustrate the value of the functional perspective when conducting research on psychological distance. The SPTD effect is likely related to the well-documented survival-processing memory effect and is consistent with research demonstrating the cognitive overlap between remembering past events and imagining future events.
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Hale, Joseph P., and Mary Lynne Dittmar. "Virtual Reality as a Human Factors Design Analysis Tool for Architectural Spaces - Control Rooms to Space Stations I: Objective Measures." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 4 (October 1994): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800419.
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One class of Virtual Reality (VR) applications is as a Human Factors design analysis tool for work areas and other architectural spaces. A study was conducted to compare subjects' qualitative and quantitative judgments of two “real” world control rooms at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and their corresponding virtual counterparts. The overall Independent Variables (IVs) were World (Real/Virtual) and Room (PCR/SIM) with Gender and World Order (Virtual-Real/Real-Virtual) as blocking variables. Nested within Room were range and relative range estimations. Range estimations were comprised of two IVs: 1) Item (Object/Surface) and 2) the Item's Range from the observer (Near/Far). The relative range estimations were comprised of two IVs: 1) Field-of-View (FOV) (Same/Different, i.e., whether or not the subject can see both objects simultaneously in the same FOV) and 2) the objects' Distance from the observer (Close/Away). There appears little difference between real and virtual worlds in one's ability to differentiate and estimate gross distances and to discriminate small relative range differentials within the same FOV. For different FOVs, this discrimination ability starts to deteriorate in the real world and is lost in the virtual world. There is also a clear World main effect of increased time to make judgments in the virtual world. The different perceptions, and the longer response times, point to a level of filtering occurring in the virtual environment that must be carefully considered when deciding where and how to use VR as a Human Factors analytical tool.
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Cauffman, Stephen J., and Douglas J. Gillan. "Eye in the Sky: Investigating Spatial Performance Following Perspective Change." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601563.
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Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) are becoming more prevalent in civilian use, such as emergency response and public safety. As a result, UASs pose issues of remote perception for human users (Eyerman, 2013). The purpose of this experiment was to test the effects of combining aerial and ground perspectives on spatial judgments of object positions in an urban environment. Participants were shown randomly ordered image pairs of aerial and ground views of objects in a virtual city and were asked to make judgments about where a missing object was in the second image of the pair. Response times and error were collected with error being calculated using the Euclidean distance formula. The results were consistent with previous research and showed that congruent trials (aerial-aerial and ground-ground) resulted in less error and response time. It was also shown that there was a significant four-way interaction between stimulus image, response image, object density, and stimulus duration. The results of this study are intended to provide the basis for future work in understanding the underlying reasons behind spatial errors that might occur during use of UASs and lead to design implementations for interfaces to reduce these errors.
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McGehee, Daniel V., Thomas A. Dingus, and Avraham D. Horowitz. "The Potential Value of a Front-to-Rear-End Collision Warning System Based on Factors of Driver Behavior, Visual Perception and Brake Reaction Time." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 13 (October 1992): 1003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601318.
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The potential value of a front-to-rear-end collision warning system based on factors of driver behavior, visual perception and brake reaction time is examined in this paper. Twenty-four percent of all motor vehicle crashes involving two or more vehicles are front-to-rear-end collisions. These collisions demonstrate that several driver performance factors are common. The literature indicates that drivers use the relative size and the visual angle of the vehicle ahead when making judgments regarding depth. In addition, drivers often have difficulty gauging velocity differences and depth cues between themselves and the vehicle they are following. Finally, drivers often follow at distances that are closer than brake-reaction time permits for accident avoidance. It is apparent that the comfort level of close following behavior increases over time due to the rarity of consequences. Experience also teaches drivers that the vehicle in front does not suddenly slow down very often. On the basis of these driver behavior and human performance issues, a front-to-rear-end collision warning system that provides headway/following distance and velocity change information is considered. Based on the driver performance issues, display design recommendations are outlined. The value of such a device may be demonstrated by the added driver safety and situation awareness provided. The long-term goal would ultimately be the reduction of one of the most frequent type of automobile crashes.
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Sims, Valerie K., Matthew G. Chin, Ryan E. Yordon, David J. Sushil, Daniel J. Barber, Clint W. Owens, Hana S. Smith, Michael J. Dolezal, Randall Shumaker, and Neal Finkelstein. "When Function Follows Form: Anthropomorphism of Artifact “Faces”." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 3 (September 2005): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900381.
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Participants rated machine “faces” which varied in terms of eye size, eye shape, distance between eyes, and relationship to background color (white on black or black on white). Ratings were made for aggression, friendliness, intelligence, trustworthiness, and degree of animation. In addition, reaction time was collected for all ratings. Large, round, and close-set eyes were perceived most negatively across ratings. Aggression ratings were predicted by simple variables, whereas trustworthiness ratings were predicted by interactions among variables. Some judgments of form require the assessment of specific features, whereas others rely on a “gestalt” assessment of many features simultaneously. Humans attribute personality characteristics to minimal features, suggesting that form of intelligent artifacts is important in predicting human interactions with that item.
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Chotsrisuparat, Chayada, Arno Koning, Richard Jacobs, and Rob van Lier. "Effects of Auditory Patterns on Judged Displacements of an Occluded Moving Object." Multisensory Research 31, no. 7 (2018): 623–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-18001294.
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Abstract Using displays in which a moving disk disappeared behind an occluder, we examined whether an accompanying auditory rhythm influenced the perceived displacement of the disk during occlusion. We manipulated a baseline rhythm, comprising a relatively fast alternation of equal sound and pause durations. We had two different manipulations to create auditory sequences with a slower rhythm: either the pause durations or the sound durations were increased. In the trial, a disk moved at a constant speed, and at a certain point moved behind an occluder during which an auditory rhythm was played. Participants were instructed to track the occluded disk, and judge the expected position of the disk at the moment that the auditory rhythm ended by touching the judged position on a touch screen. We investigated the influence of the auditory rhythm, i.e., ratio of sound to pause duration, and the influence of auditory density, i.e., the number of sound onsets per time unit, on the judged distance. The results showed that the temporal characteristics affected the spatial judgments. Overall, we found that in the current paradigm relatively slow rhythms led to shorter judged distance as compared to relatively fast rhythms for both pause and sound variations. There was no main effect of auditory density on the judged distance of an expected visual event. That is, whereas the speed of the auditory rhythm appears crucial, the number of sound onsets per time unit as such, i.e., the auditory density, appears a much weaker factor.
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Bootsma, Reinoud J., and Cathy M. Craig. "Global and Local Contributions to the Optical Specification of Time to Contact: Observer Sensitivity to Composite Tau." Perception 31, no. 8 (August 2002): 901–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3230.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
First-order time remaining until a moving observer will pass an environmental element is optically specified in two different ways. The specification provided by global tau (based on the pattern of change of angular bearing) requires that the element is stationary and that the direction of motion is accurately detected, whereas the specification provided by composite tau (based on the patterns of change of optical size and optical distance) does not require either of these. We obtained converging evidence for our hypothesis that observers are sensitive to composite tau in four experiments involving relative judgments of time to passage with forced-choice methodology. Discrimination performance was enhanced in the presence of a local expansion component, while being unaffected when the detection of the direction of heading was impaired. Observers relied on the information carried in composite tau rather than on the information carried in its constituent components. Finally, performance was similar under conditions of observer motion and conditions of object motion. Because composite tau specifies first-order time remaining for a large number of situations, the different ways in which it may be detected are discussed.
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Friedman, William J., and Simon Kemp. "The effects of elapsed time and retrieval on young children's judgments of the temporal distances of past events." Cognitive Development 13, no. 3 (July 1998): 335–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-2014(98)90015-6.
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Roostaee, Razieh, Mohammad Izadikhah, Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, and Mohsen Rostamy-Malkhalifeh. "A Multi-Criteria Intuitionistic Fuzzy Group Decision Making Method for Supplier Selection with VIKOR Method." International Journal of Fuzzy System Applications 2, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfsa.2012010101.
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Supplier selection, the process of finding the right suppliers who are able to provide the buyer with the right quality products and/or services at the right price, at the right time and in the right quantities, is one of the most critical activities for establishing an effective supply chain, and is typically a multi-criteria group decision problem. In many practical situations, there usually exists incomplete and uncertain information, and the decision makers cannot easily express their judgments on the candidates with exact and crisp values. Therefore, in this paper an extended VIKOR method for group decision making with intuitionistic fuzzy numbers is proposed to solve the supplier selection problem under incomplete and uncertain information environment. In other researches in this area, the weights of each decision makers and in many of them the weights of criteria are pre-determined, but these weights have been calculated in this paper by using the decision matrix of each decision maker. Also, normalized Hamming distance is proposed to calculate the distance between intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Finally, a numerical example for supplier selection is given to clarify the main results developed in this paper.
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Grabowski, Adam, and Philip Broemer. "Temporal Self-Extension: Implications for Temporal Comparison and Autobiographical Memory." Polish Psychological Bulletin 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0033.
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Abstract Research on temporal comparison has shown that people dissociate themselves from their past to attain a positive self view. Social comparison research has demonstrated that the distinctness of contextually activated information determines whether a recalled self exerts assimilation or contrast effects on the current self. However, hardly any study addressed individual differences. Also, very little is known about whether the ease or difficulty to date past events and experiences influences current self-judgments. We present a new scale capturing the degree of the current self time extension. Three studies support the notion that temporal self-extension determines how past selves are accessed and processed, regarding both the abstractness with which self-knowledge is retrieved and the experienced temporal distance to the past. These findings have important implications for temporal as well as social comparison processes.
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Wen, Olivia Xin, and Carol Lynne Krumhansl. "Perception of Pitch and Time in the Structurally Isomorphic Standard Rhythmic and Diatonic Scale Patterns." Music & Science 2 (January 1, 2019): 205920431987330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204319873308.
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The three experiments reported here investigate how pitch and time interact in perception using the standard rhythmic pattern and the diatonic scale pattern, which share the intervallic structure of 2 2 1 2 2 2 1. They share a number of theoretical properties, including being cyclic with seven unique rotations. Experiment 1 measured rhythmic stability by dynamically accenting each of the events in each rhythm, called the probe accent; listeners rated how well the probe accent fit the rhythm. Listeners heard the rhythms in subgroups and with reference to a syncopation-shifted metrical hierarchy. Experiment 2 used the probe tone technique to measure the tonal stability of each tone in each mode beginning and ending on C. Higher ratings were given to tones earlier in the contexts and tones closer to C on both the chroma circle and the circle of fifths; influences were also found of tonal hierarchies of diatonic scales with corresponding accidentals. A measure of similarity derived from the probe ratings found the same order for the rhythms and modes which matched theoretical proposals of inter-rhythm and inter-mode distances. Experiment 3 presented all combinations of rhythms and modes; listeners judged how well the rhythm fit the mode. These judgments did not depend on the intervallic isomorphism between tone duration and interval size. Instead, the judgments depended on whether tonally stable events occurred where accents were judged as fitting well with the rhythm. Overall, the standard and diatonic patterns follow different perceptual hierarchies while sharing similar cognitive principles between rhythms, between modes, and across dimensions.
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Dinkin, Aaron J. "Weakening resistance: Progress toward the low back merger in New York State." Language Variation and Change 23, no. 3 (October 2011): 315–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394511000147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper examines the status of the low back caught-cot merger in Upstate New York. Most of this region is subject to the Northern Cities Shift (NCS) and therefore, according to Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006), ostensibly “resists” the spread of this merger. It is found that the phonology of this region is indeed trending toward the merger in apparent time, in terms of both phonetic distance between the two phonemes and speakers' explicit judgments. It is argued that the fronting of the cot vowel in the NCS region is not sufficient to withstand the spread of the merger because fronting a low vowel is a “reversible” sound change (Labov, 2010). It is further argued that the expansion of a merger to new communities may take place indirectly, through launching a sound change in the direction of merger rather than causing merger to take place immediately in the new community.