Дисертації: "Time and distance judgments"

1

Nordhall, Ola. "Time on My Mind and My Moral Judgment : Effects of Time Perspective and Temporal Distance on Moral Judgment." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för hälsa och arbetsliv, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14249.

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The present study examined the effect of Time Perspective (TP), i.e. cognitive arrangement of the human experiences into temporal dimensions, and Temporal Distance (TD), i.e. the perceived proximity of an event in time, on moral judgment. The study included 132 participants that completed the Swedish version of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) and made moral judgments of transgression of ethical rules depicted in the near vs. distant future. A main effect of TP was revealed meaning that transgression of ethical rules, as predicted, was judged more immoral by Past-Positive and Future orientation compared to Present-Hedonistic and Past-Negative orientation. No main effect of TD was revealed. The interaction of TP x TD was significant and in the predicted direction, but only Present-Hedonistic orientation was significantly affected by TD: distant compared to near future scenarios were judged less immoral by this TP. Importance, limitations and elaborations of the present study were discussed.
I föreliggande studie undersöktes hur Tidsperspektiv (TP), d.v.s. kognitivt inordnande av mänskliga erfarenher i tidsmässiga dimensioner, och Tidmässigt Avstånd (TA), d.v.s. upplevd närhet av händelser i tid, påverkar moralisk bedömning. Studien omfattade 132 deltagare, vilka fyllde i den svenska versionen av Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) och gjorde moraliska bedömningar av överträdelser av etiska regler framställda i en nära vs. avlägsen framtid. En huvudeffekt av TP framkom, vilken innebar att överträdelse av etiska regler bedömdes som mer omoraliskt utifrån Positiv-Dåtidsorientering och Framtidsorientering jämfört med Hedonistisk-Nutidsorientering och Negativ-Dåtidsorientering. Ingen huvudeffekt av TA framkom. Interaktionen mellan TP och TA var signifikant och i linje med prediktionerna även om endast Hedonistisk-Nutidsorientering påverkades signifikant av TA: tidsmässigt avlägsna vs. närliggande scenarion bedömdes som mindre omoraliska utifrån detta TP. Vikten av studien samt begränsningar och tänkbara uppföljningar av studien diskuteras också.

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2

Fergusson, Janel. "Time judgments in dual-task conditions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27745.

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Every day we complete a number of tasks which require us to accurately time events, from estimating how long it will take us to drive to work in the morning to steeping our afternoon tea for the correct duration. Although timing is very important in our everyday lives, we know relatively little about how we process time information. Many models have been proposed to account for human timing, with the most prominent are the attentional gate model (AGM) and the multiple resources model. The AGM and the multiple resources model make many similar predictions about human timing, and it is often difficult to discriminate between the two. Toward this goal, the present research focused on a situation in which the two models make opposing predictions, that is, conditions which require participants two carry out two tasks concurrently with both of them requiring time-related processing.. Three experiments are reported, in which subjects were asked to estimate various shorter or longer intervals while concurrently carrying out a task that either required processing of time-related information or non-time based information. Results of all three studies seem more supportive of the multiple resources model of timing, rather than the AGM.

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3

Raap, Eric R. "The Influence of Spatial Distance Priming on Test Anxiety and Judgments." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1238.

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This paper examined the effects of distance priming on test anxiety and judgment. Research suggests that individuals’ perceived distance can impact their affect and judgments, which sheds light on the principle of “distance equals safety” (Williams & Bargh, 2008). Taking an exam invokes both cognitive and emotional anxiety, such as worry, panic, and tension. It is hypothesized that the distance priming may reduce test anxiety—particularly, the emotionality aspect—as well as perceived test difficulty. The results showed that, counter to the hypotheses, there was no significant difference among the three priming groups in their emotional test anxiety or perceived test difficulty. There is a significant correlation between ACT score and cognitive test anxiety, supporting past literature that as one’s intellectual ability increases, their cognitive test anxiety decreases. Further research needs to be conducted to replicate the efficacy of the priming method by Williams and Bargh (2008) and to use more effective ways of provoking performance anxiety.

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4

Ryder, Philippa Anne. "The role of subjective experience in judgments of time." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/5cb97740-1d42-4a96-bc14-8d2889a2f1cd.

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Previous research has shown that the subjective expenence of ease or difficulty evoked by memory retrieval operations can play an important role in shaping a range of people's judgments (e.g., Schwarz, 1998). Rather than basing their outputs on the products of the retrieval process, people use experiential cues to guide response generation. Extending work of this kind, the present research investigated the extent to which experiences associated with prior processing operations (e.g., memory encoding and memory retrieval) may affect people's judgments of elapsed time. In Experiments 1-5, participants committed material to memory under encoding conditions that varied in difficulty. Estimates were then taken of the duration and subjective difficulty of the encoding task. As predicted, the subjective ease or difficulty of prior processing operations was shown to guide people's retrospective duration judgments. Specifically, judgments of elapsed time were shorter under difficult processing conditions. In Experiments 6-8, this prediction was further supported when differential demands were placed on the memory retrieval process. That is, when retrieving information was experienced as difficult rather than easy, people judged that less time had elapsed. In Experiment 9, the same experiential effects emerged when immersive virtual environment technology was used to create a more dynamic task environment. These results are considered in the context of contemporary work on retrospective temporal estimation, with particular emphasis on the role of experiential factors in social cognition .

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5

Thompson, Nathan. "Inversion formulas for time-distance helioseismology." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/6423.

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6

Hughes, Stephen John. "Applications and diagnostics of time-distance helioseismology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414378.

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7

Panigrahi, Swapnesh. "Real-time imaging through fog over long distance." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S041/document.

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L'imagerie à travers les milieux turbides comme le brouillard, les tissus, les colloïdes, etc. répond à plusieurs besoins de la vie courante. L'imagerie à travers de tels milieux diffusants est un défi auquel peuvent répondre les nouveaux systèmes d'imagerie, la théorie de l'information et l'étude des lois de transport de la lumière dans les milieux aléatoires. La thèse est divisée en deux parties adressant deux modalités d'imagerie différentes, à savoir : l'imagerie de contraste polarimétrique et l'imagerie modulée en intensité. Dans les deux cas, des systèmes d'imagerie en temps réel sont proposés et mis au point. Leurs performances sont évaluées à la fois théoriquement et expérimentalement. Dans la première partie de la thèse, une caméra polarimétrique à deux canaux instantanés conçue autour d'un prisme de Wollaston est utilisée pour imager de manière optimale une source de lumière polarisée noyée dans un brouillard. Une expérience en situation réelle a été mise en place à proximité du campus de Beaulieu à Rennes. La source est placée sur une tour de télécommunication située à plus d'un kilomètre du système imageant. Les données acquises dans diverses conditions météorologiques montrent que l'efficacité de cette caméra polarimétrique dépend de la corrélation du bruit de fond dans les deux images initiales. Ceci a été confirmé grâce à une analyse fondée sur la théorie de l'information qui montre que le contraste polarimétriques maximal est obtenu par une combinaison linéaire des deux canaux polarimétriques dont la pondération dépendant de la corrélation du bruit de fond dans les deux canaux. Un système de détection, intégrant cette représentation polarimétrique optimale, a été développé pour explorer de bout en bout les capacités offertes par l'imagerie polarimétrique à deux canaux à travers le brouillard. Ces études trouvent des applications directes dans le transport par temps dégradé, y compris pour l'aide à l'atterrissage d'aéronefs. Dans la même logique, la deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur l'apport de la modulation d'intensité plein champ pour imager les photons balistiques dans les milieux diffusants. En utilisant de concert la théorie de la diffusion et la théorie de l'information, nous avons pu montrer que, pour un budget de photons donné, il existait une fréquence de modulation minimale pour laquelle le filtrage de photons balistique devient efficace. Cette fréquence dépend des propriétés de diffusion du milieu intermédiaire et se trouve être dans la gamme du MHz en situation réelle. L'imagerie en temps réel à de telles fréquences étant un vrai défi, nous avons proposé un système de démodulation plein champ inédit basé sur l'utilisation d'un cristal électro-optique. Ce système d'imagerie, dont nous avons breveté le principe, est en mesure de démoduler avec une caméra standard une scène en temps réel et en plein champ à des fréquences de plusieurs MHz (voire GHz) sans synchronisation de phase. Un prototype de ce système a été développé permettant de confirmer qu'il était robuste, portable et rentable. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse ouvre la voie à la mise en œuvre de systèmes d'imagerie de pointe fonctionnant dans des situations réelles, allant de l'imagerie biomédicale, à la sécurité
Imaging through turbid media like fog, tissues, colloids etc. has various applications in real-life situations. The problem of imaging through such scattering media presents a challenge that can be addressed by using novel imaging schemes, information theory and laws of light transport through random scattering media. The thesis is divided into two parts corresponding to two different imaging modalities, namely, polarimetric contrast imaging and intensity modulated light imaging. In both the cases, advanced imaging systems, capable of imaging in real-time are used and their performances are evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. In the first part of the thesis, a two-channel, snapshot polarimetric camera, based on a Wollaston prism is used to attain optimal imaging of polarized light source through fog. An original outdoor experiment is setup in the vicinity of the campus Beaulieu in Rennes, France, where a source is placed on a telecommunication tower more than a kilometer away from the imaging system. Data acquired in various weather conditions show that the efficiency of the two-channel polarimetric camera depends on the background noise correlation in the two images. Further, this was confirmed using an information theoretical analysis, which showed that a polarimetric contrast maximizing image representation is a linear combination of the two polarimetric images whose weights depend on the background noise correlation. Based on the derived optimal polarimetric representation, a detection scheme was presented, leading to an end-to-end study of two-channel polarimetric imaging through fog that may be useful in transport applications like aircraft landing/taxiing in degraded weather. The second part of the thesis deals with intensity modulated light and its potential for ballistic photon imaging through scattering media. First, using the diffusion theory of photon transport and information theory, it was shown that for a given photon budget, ballistic imaging can be achieved for a minimum modulation frequency that depends on the scattering properties of the intervening medium. In real-life situation, the minimum frequency can be in the range of MHz. Real-time imaging at these frequencies is a challenge. Hence, a novel demodulation camera system based on electro-optics was proposed and patented. The imaging system is capable of real-time, full-field demodulation at frequencies of several MHz (potentially, in GHz as well), without requiring a phase synchronized source. A prototype of the imaging system was developed and shown that a demodulation camera based on the proposed design is robust, portable and cost-effective. Finally, the work presented in this thesis pave way for implementation of advanced imaging systems in real-life situations, varying from biomedical imaging to transport safety

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8

Mattar, Andrew. "Generalization of dynamics learning across direction, distance and time." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86872.

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Humans demonstrate the ability to move with little error in a wide range of situations. To do so requires a high degree of plasticity in the neural control of movement. The study of dynamics learning, the process by which the nervous system learns neural signals that are needed to produce the forces underlying movement, is a well-known method for examining plasticity in motor control. This dissertation reports on a series of experiments on dynamics learning and its generalization. Our studies touch on two important features of the dynamics learning process. The first is that dynamics learning involves instances of local adaptation. The second is that generalization can occur based on interpolation between these instances of learning.
Following a General Introduction in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2 we examine whether having learned to move in multiple directions affects the extent of generalization. In Chapter 3, we examine generalization of dynamics learning across changes in movement amplitude. In Chapter 4, we note that generalization of learning does not depend only on the separation between training and test directions, as was shown in Chapter 2. In addition, generalization depends on the extent of learning during training. We examine the effect of impedance - a mechanical property of the arm under neural control - on dynamics learning and generalization. In Chapter 5, we examine generalization of dynamics learning over time. Overall, our findings suggest that dynamics learning is a process involving local adaptation of the neural control signals for movement, and that interpolation between these instances of local learning is possible. These findings suggest that the apparent ease with which humans move in new situations may depend on interpolation between instances of previous learning that were acquired in a range of nearby situations. We elaborate on this idea in a General Discussion in Chapter 6.
La capacité de l'être humain à adapter ses mouvements à une grande variété de situations témoigne de la grande plasticité du contrôle neuronal du mouvement. Cette plasticité peut s'étudier via l'apprentissage dynamique qui correspond au processus par lequel le système nerveux met en place les signaux neuronaux nécessaires à la production des forces qui génèrent le mouvement. La présente thèse reporte une série d'expériences étudiant l'apprentissage dynamique et sa généralisation. Dans ces expériences, l'apprentissage dynamique est obtenu en amenant le sujet à compenser une perturbation mécanique systématiquement appliquée sur le bras par un robot au cours de l'exécution d'un mouvement d'atteinte de cible. Plus particulièrement, nos études sont centrées sur deux propriétés importantes de l'apprentissage dynamique: (1) le fait que l'apprentissage dynamique impliquerait des instances d'adaptation locales et (2) le fait que la généralisation de cet apprentissage se fonderait sur une interpolation entre ces instances d'adaptation locales.
Après une introduction générale dans le Chapitre 1, le Chapitre 2 examine si l'étendue de la généralisation de l'apprentissage dynamique dépend de l'étendue des situations rencontrées lors de la phase d'apprentissage. Le Chapitre 3 est consacré à l'étude de la généralisation de l'apprentissage dynamique à des mouvements de différentes amplitudes. Au Chapitre 4, nous montrons ensuite que la généralisation de l'apprentissage ne relève pas seulement de ces aspects méthodologiques. Comme le rapporte le Chapitre 2, la généralisation dépend aussi de l'étendue de l'apprentissage, elle-même liée aux propriétés biomécaniques des effecteurs. Le Chapitre 5 est consacré à l'évolution de la généralisation de l'apprentissage dynamique au cours du temps. L'ensemble de nos travaux suggère que l'apprentissage dynamique est un processus impliquant une adaptation locale des signaux du contrôle neuronal du mouvement et que l'interpolation de ces instances d'apprentissage local est possible. Ainsi, comme nous le discutons au Chapitre 6, l'apparente facilité de l'être humain à adapter ses mouvements à des situations nouvelles pourrait en réalité être le fruit de l'interpolation entre les instances d'apprentissages antérieurs acquis dans une gamme de situations similaires.

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9

Holmlund, Erik. "Perceptual fluency and duration judgments : An experimental study regarding the effect of fluency on perception of time." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-121835.

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This study investigated whether perceptual fluency could affect duration judgments. Fluency refers to levels of subjective ease, in which stimuli can be processed (Lanska, Olds, & Westerman, 2014). The study was conducted with experimental within group factorial design. Visual stimuli were selected from Snodgrass and Vanderwarts (1980) standardized set of 260 pictures. Pairs were made with low and high levels of complexity. Duration was about 1000 milliseconds with .10 variations. 1/3 of pairs were without variation. Participants were asked to judge which image was presented for longest time. Total amount of participants was 37. Main hypothesis was that low levels of complexity would be judged, to a greater frequency, as having been presented for longer duration. Observed mean (M= 20.27, SD = 2.90) was slightly lower than level of chance (M = 21) and the difference was non significant, t(36) = -1.53, p > .13. The null hypothesis was not rejected.

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10

Nordhall, Ola. "Saving five by killing one : Effects of in- vs. out-group membership on moral judgments of acts and omissions." Thesis, University of Gävle, University of Gävle, Department of Education and Psychology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5065.

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This study examined if social distance, i.e. in- vs. out-group membership, had an effect on moral judgments of acts vs. omissions. 164 participants judged the morality of acts vs. omissions of lethal harm, that affected an in- vs. out-group member of the participant, in order to save five other people. The results showed that acts of lethal, but utilitarian, harm were judged more immoral than omissions of equivalent harm. It was also shown that if the victim was an in- group member of the participant the behavior was judged more immoral than if the victim was an out-group member of the participant. However, the acts and omissions of harm were not judged differently when the victim was an in.- vs. out-group member of the participant, indicating that this kind of social distance might not influence the moral judgment of acts and omissions.

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11

Borrego, Dulce Armonía. "Value Equivalency Analysis: Quantity Compensation, Distance Decay, And Time Treatment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/42010.

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La compensación ambiental se refiere a la provisión adicional de recursos naturales, servicios ecológicos o de bienestar social a través de proyectos de reparación que son equivalentes en magnitud a las pérdidas producidas por daños ambientales. En la Unión Europea, la Directiva de Responsabilidad Medioambiental establece el marco legal para introducir responsabilidad ambiental debido a daños producidos al medio ambiente por actividades industriales. La responsabilidad ambiental establece que los recursos naturales dañados deben devolverse al estado que hubieran tenido de no producirse el daño en cuestión (restauración primaria) así como la provisión de una compensación por pérdidas acumuladas (o pérdidas provisionales) producidas desde el momento en que ha ocurrido el incidente hasta que el medio ambiente ha vuelto a su estado original (restauración compensatoria). Los Análisis de Equivalencia representan un instrumento que se utiliza para determinar la cuantía por daños al medio ambiente. Esta investigación aplica una metodología de análisis de equivalencia conocida como método valor-a-valor como una herramienta para escalar la cantidad de remediación requerida y de esta manera estimar la cantidad de reparación para compensar las pérdidas ambientales producidas tras un incendio forestal ocurrido en el noreste de España. Para efectos del Análisis de Equivalencia de Valor (AEV) se ha diseñado un ejercicio de Valoración Contingente (VC) que estima la media de la cantidad mínima de compensación física requerida para compensar los daños producidos según las preferencias sociales. A continuación, el estudio explora cuestiones que tienen que ver con la localización del proyecto de remediación cuando éste se sitúa a cierta distancia del sitio dañado. Intuitivamente, la idea de que la ubicación de un proyecto de restauración se encuentre alejado de la ubicación inicial (la zona dañada) podría implicar una mayor cantidad de compensación en comparación a un proyecto de reparación localizado más próximo al sitio del daño. Para este fin se ha diseñado un ejercicio adicional que utiliza modelos de elección que permite estimar la cantidad de compensación requerida cuando el proyecto de reparación se localiza en un sitio distinto al de la zona afectada. Finalmente, la última parte de esta investigación explora los efectos en la disposición a pagar de la información proporcionada en el cuestionario relacionada con los pagos de un programa de reparación; específicamente, cómo pagarán por el programa y si los pagos corresponden a valores nominales o reales. Con el fin de analizar este tema la pregunta de valoración toma una forma dicotómica simple en la cual los pagos deben hacerse anualmente, durante diez años, y con incrementos anuales de acuerdo a la inflación.
Environmental compensation implies the provision of additional natural resources, services or social welfare through restoration projects that are scaled to equal the losses due to environmental damage. The Environmental Liability Directive provides legal framework in the European Union for introducing environmental liability due to damages to the environment caused by industrial operators. Environmental liability requires that harmed natural resources be restored to baseline conditions (primary restoration) and compensated for the accumulated losses (interim losses) produced from the time of the incident until the environment reaches baseline conditions (compensatory restoration). Equivalency Analysis is a methodology used to determine compensation for environmental damage. This study uses an Equivalency Analysis (EA) approach namely the value-to-value approach as a tool to scale remediation and to estimate the amount of compensatory restoration to off-set an environmental damage following a wild forest fire in the northeast of Spain. Value Equivalency Analysis (VEA) is undertaken by a Contingent Valuation (CV) exercise to determine the welfare loss from the initial damage and interim loss and then a remediation project that can be established based on that information. The study elicits the minimum amount of compensation required to make individuals as well off as they would be in the baseline situation. After this the study explores remediation located at a geographical distance from the site of damage. In some cases displacement between damaged resources and restored resources is allowed, this study explores whether longer distance from the damaged site could imply a larger amount of compensation to offset the change in natural resource location. For this, an additional exercise was designed to estimate the trade-off rate for compensating in a farther away site using choice experiment techniques. Finally, the last section focuses on the information provided to respondents regarding payments in the survey instrument. This includes informing respondents how they would pay for the restoration program and whether payments correspond to nominal or real values. The survey instrument takes the form of a single bounded dichotomous choice where the payments are to be made every year over a ten year period and they would go up every year according to inflation.

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12

Hipp, John R. Bollen Kenneth A. "Social distance and social change how neighborhoods change over time /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,404.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.

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13

Minteer, Timothy Michael. "Electromagnetic modeling based on directional time-distance energy transfer analogies." Thesis, Washington State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3587146.

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A new electromagnetic model is established based on an average rate of directional time-distance energy transfers. A directional time-distance energy transfer is defined as an energy carrier mediator (boson) exchange. Electromagnetic force is modeled as mean valued, continual emission and absorption of energy carrier mediators.

For an isolated, spherically symmetric static charge distribution, Maxwell's stress equation is recast using a variant of Stokes' Theorem. The recast stress equation eliminates the stress normal to the electric field and establishes a stress only aligned with the electric field. The remaining stress is identified as an external omnidirectional Poincaré stress, inwardly directed towards the charge distribution. The Poincaré stress is modeled as a mean valued, continual exchange of bosons between the charge distribution and the distant matter of the universe.

For two separated, spherically symmetric static charge distributions, Maxwell's stress equation is recast using a variant of Stokes' Theorem. The recast stress equation develops a line stress that only exists on the straight path between the two charge distributions. The line stress is identified as a Coulomb stress modeled as a mean valued, continual exchange of photons back and forth between two like-charge distributions.

For an isolated, differential current element, Maxwell's stress equation is recast using a variant of Stokes' Theorem. The recast stress equation establishes a pinch stress that is normal to the magnetic field and is directed inward toward the differential current element. Similar to the Poincaré stress, the pinch stress is omnidirectional and is modeled as a mean valued, continual exchange of bosons between the current element and the distant matter of the universe.

For two separated, static differential current elements, a Neumann stress is established by analyzing the historical current force formulas known to be compatible with Maxwell's equations for closed circuits. The term Neumann stress is assigned to the line stress that only exists at each point on the straight path between two separated, differential current elements. Similar to the Coulomb stress, the Neumann stress is modeled as a mean valued, continual exchange of photons back and forth between two differential current elements in opposite directions.

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14

Yener, Haluk. "Portfolio optimisation for distance to barrier and survival time maximisation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538683.

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15

Caiado, Aníbal Jorge da Costa Cristóvão. "Distance-based methods for classification and clustering of time series." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3531.

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16

Alavi, Bardia. "Distance measurement error modeling for time-of-arrival based indoor geolocation." Link to electronic disseration, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050306-231312/.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: Ranging Error, Ranging, Positioning, Indoor Geolocation, Distance Measurement Error. Includes bibliographical references (p.168-171).

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17

McKean, James R. "First-time Beginning Student Attainment: Examining the Role of Distance Education." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1304540285.

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18

Sheail, Philippa. "Time-shifting in the digital university : temporality and online distance education." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15815.

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This thesis is situated in the context of the emergence of the ‘digital university’ in higher education. It addresses research questions which focus on organizational change, particularly on how a strategic shift to increase the provision of online distance education in a traditional, research-intensive, campus-focused university, affects the existing temporal and spatial practices of the institution. The research undertaken focuses on a UK university, during a period of strategic digital expansion in its postgraduate taught degree programmes, where funding is allocated by the institution to support a number of new courses and programmes, developed and designed to be available to students on a fully online basis. I take a narrative ethnographic research approach, which draws on interviews with university staff and students, alongside higher education policy and think-tank documents, and institutional websites. Particular attention is paid to the temporal aspects of each narrative account, in order to surface temporality over what I consider to be the spatial preoccupations of the literature and practices of online ‘distance’ education. Sustaining a critique of ‘anytime, anywhere’ accounts of online education, with a reminder that education takes place over time and in particular times and spaces, I draw on Sharma’s (2013) work on ‘critical time’, and particularly her notion of temporal ‘recalibration’ (2014), to think about complex temporal relations in the digital university. I go on to explore the idea of the digital university as transtemporal, as an alternative conceptualisation which opens up possibilities for imagining the university beyond its traditional temporal and spatial boundaries. I argue that understanding the dominant times and spaces of the university campus as central, and those accessing the campus in asynchronous or asymmetric ways as peripheral, may not just lead to spatially biased practices of distancing, but to a lack of recognition of emergent inequalities which are digitally reconfigured and potentially invisible. I conclude with some reflections on theoretical and methodological approaches to time and the digital in higher education and propose areas for future research.

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19

McGinley, Susan. "Going the Distance: Real-time Internet Course from Arizona to Jordan." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295901.

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20

Kraus, Benjamin James. "Time and distance coding by the hippocampus and medical entorhinal cortex." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12801.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Episodic memory, the ability to store and later recall individual experiences, plays a fundamental role in our day-to-day lives1 and reflects a temporal organization of events that form an experience. Numerous studies have shown that the hippocampus plays a crucial role in episodic memory. Recent studies have reported the existence of hippocampal "time cells", neurons that fire at particular moments during temporally extended periods when behavior and location are relatively constant. However, the origin of these hippocampal firing patterns, and the extent to which they are primarily determined by time, or instead by variations in behavior, location, or distance traveled over time, remains uncertain. Here we introduce a novel behavioral paradigm that allowed us to investigate firing patterns in the hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) as rats ran in place on a treadmill, thus "clamping" behavior and location while varying treadmill speed to distinguish time and distance traveled. We recorded activity in dorsal hippocampal CA1 and showed that "time cells" exist in this task and that their firing could not be explained by movement through space alone. Instead, we found that hippocampal neurons were heavily influenced by both time and distance, with different neurons reflecting these parameters to varying extents. These findings demonstrated that hippocampal neuronal networks capture the organization of time and distance in situations where these dimensions dominate an ongoing experience. We next recorded neural activity in the MEC a dominant source of input into the hippocampus, to determine whether the MEC is also involved in temporal processing. We found many MEC neurons exhibiting temporally-modulated firing that could not be explained by either movement through space or changes in head direction. This included neurons with single and multiple temporal firing fields, as well as neurons exhibiting temporally-periodic firing during treadmill running. In addition, we found that neurons classified as grid cells during open-field foraging often fired with one or more temporal firing fields during treadmill running. Together, these findings suggest that both hippocampal and MEC neurons code for temporal, as well as spatial and other environmental regularities.

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21

Carlberg, Joakim. "Are normative probabilty judgments a "system two"-operation?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130722.

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Previous research on human judgment and decision making has demonstrated systematic and predictable biases of judgment in experimental settings. One example of this is the tendency to intuitively violate the conjunction rule - a simple rule of probability. This was well illustrated in the famous Linda-problem. (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). According to the dual-process theory of reasoning, (Kahneman, 2011) reasoning fallacies such as the conjunction fallacy occurs when people fail to use analytic reasoning and instead overly rely on their intuition. The dual process theory proposes that cognitive processes underlying our intuitive impulses and our conscious reasoning constitutes two different modes in the mind –system 1 and system 2- and that the intuitive system 1 are not able to compute probabilities. Furthermore, it is assumed that processes that are labeled system 1 are fast whereas system 2 are thought to be slow. We tested these time course assumptions of dual process theory in a within-subject design by comparing response time latencies between conjunction fallacy judgments and accurate probability judgments. The results showed that inducing accurate responding did not result in delayed response latency. This indicates that making accurate probability judgments does not require more processing time which goes against what would be expected by the dual-process framework.
Tidigare forskning om mänskligt beslutsfattande och bedömningar har i experiment påvisat systematiska och förutsägbara bias. Ett exempel på detta är tendensen att intuitivt gå emot konjuktionsregeln- en enkel regel gällande sannolikhet. Detta illustrerades väl i det berömda Linda- problemet (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). Enligt två-systemsteorin (Kahneman, 2011) om problemlösning, uppstår bedömningsfel såsom konjuktionsfelet när människor inte använder sig av analytiskt tänkande och istället förlitar sig för mycket på sin intuition. Två-systemsteorin menar att de kognitiva processer som ligger till grund för våra intuitiva impulser och vårt medvetna resonerande utgör två olika aktörer i vårt tänkande- system 1 och system 2- och att det intuitiva system 1 inte kan beräkna sannolikheter. Processer som betecknas som tillhörande system 1 är enligt två-systemsteorin snabba medan system 2 föreställs vara ett långsamt system. I denna studie testades antagandet om tidsåtgång för de två systemen i en inomgruppsdesign genom att jämföra responstider mellan bedömningar där konjunktionsfelet begåtts och bedömningar där det inte begåtts. Resultaten visar att korrekta sannolikhetsbedömningar inte resulterar i långsammare responstider. Detta indikerar att det inte tycks vara mer tidskrävande att göra riktiga sannolikhetsbedömningar, vilket motsäger två-systemsteorins antagande om snabbt och långsamt processande.

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22

Retsa, Chryssoula. "Sub-second temporal processing : effects of modality and spatial change on brief visual and auditory time judgments." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8021.

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The present thesis set out to investigate how sensory modality and spatial presentation influence visual and auditory duration judgments in the millisecond range. The effects of modality and spatial location were explored by considering right and left side presentations of mixed or blocked visual and auditory stimuli. Several studies have shown that perceived duration of a stimulus can be affected by various extra-temporal factors such as modality and spatial position. Auditory stimuli lead to more precise duration judgments than visual stimuli and often last subjectively longer than visual stimuli of equal duration. The circumstances under which these modality differences occur are not clear yet. Recent studies indicated an interaction between temporal and spatial processing. Overestimation of durations was associated with right side presentation of visual stimuli, underestimation with left side presentation. However, the effect of spatial presentation has not been explored in the auditory temporal judgments. Furthermore, there is a debate concerning the mechanisms underlying processing of visual and auditory intervals with some researchers supporting the view that there is a central, amodal temporal mechanism and others arguing in favour of distinct, modality specific temporal mechanisms. The above issues were examined in a series of experiments using the duration discrimination paradigm. Processing demands where varied between experiments by varying the number of stimuli positions and the way that different modality trials were presented (mixed or blocked). Across all experiments we found no effect of location either in visual or auditory domain. However, in experiments in which different modality trials were intermixed, participants in the visual versions of the task tended to overestimate durations of comparison stimuli that were presented at different locations to the standard stimuli. In such conditions, visual stimuli were also judged to be longer than the auditory. However, when the location of the comparison stimulus was at the same side as the standard a reverse effect was observed. These findings call into question an influence of the position per se on temporal judgments as the visual duration judgments were affected rather by the change of the location. Auditory judgments were not affected by location manipulations, suggesting that different mechanisms might underlie visual and auditory temporal processing. Based on these results, we propose the existence of an error-correction mechanism, according to which a specific duration is added in order to compensate for the loss of time caused by spatial attention shifts. This mechanism is revealed under some circumstances (such as mixed modality) where it is over-activated, resulting into a systematic bias. This work has important implications for the contemporary research in time perception as it is shedding new light on the possible ways that a unified experience of timing arises from modally and spatially specific temporal mechanisms.

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23

Galbraith, Andy. "The distance-time relationship and its use in endurance training and performance." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47903/.

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The aims of this thesis were to develop a time efficient field test of the distance-time relationship, assess its validity, reliability and sensitivity and utilise the test to monitor and prescribe endurance training in distance runners. Laboratory-based tests of the distance-time relationship often use lengthy recovery periods between trials, resulting in multiple visits and limiting their practical application. A field-based test, completed in a single visit, could improve the utility of the distance-time relationship. A novel single visit field test comprising of 3 constant-distance trials, separated by a 30-minute recovery, was designed. This test estimates the highest sustainable rate of aerobic metabolism, or critical speed (CS), and the modelled maximum distance performed above CS (D’). When compared to a traditional multi-visit laboratory protocol, field test CS was highly correlated (r=0.89, P0.05) and high typical error (334-1709 s). Non-linear modelling of recovery did not improve the accuracy. A high variability in D’ may in part explain the low predictive ability of the models. The conclusion from this thesis is that the single visit field test is a valid, reliable and sensitive test for CS, which provides a favourable alternative to multi-visit laboratory-based testing.

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24

Khan, Adnan Umar. "Distributive time division multiplexed localization technique for WLANs." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/7102.

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This thesis presents the research work regarding the solution of a localization problem in indoor WLANs by introducing a distributive time division multiplexed localization technique based on the convex semidefinite programming. Convex optimizations have proven to give promising results but have limitations of computational complexity for a larger problem size. In the case of localization problem the size is determined depending on the number of nodes to be localized. Thus a convex localization technique could not be applied to real time tracking of mobile nodes within the WLANs that are already providing computationally intensive real time multimedia services. Here we have developed a distributive technique to circumvent this problem such that we divide a larger network into computationally manageable smaller subnets. The division of a larger network is based on the mobility levels of the nodes. There are two types of nodes in a network; mobile, and stationery. We have placed the mobile nodes into separate subnets which are tagged as mobile whereas the stationary nodes are placed into subnets tagged as stationary. The purpose of this classification of networks into subnets is to achieve a priority-based localization with a higher priority given to mobile subnets. Then the classified subnets are localized by scheduling them in a time division multiplexed way. For this purpose a time-frame is defined consisting of finite number of fixed duration time-slots such that within the slot duration a subnet could be localized. The subnets are scheduled within the frames with a 1:n ratio pattern that is within n number of frames each mobile subnet is localized n times while each stationary subnet consisting of stationary nodes is localized once. By using this priority-based scheduling we have achieved a real time tracking of mobile node positions by using the computationally intensive convex optimization technique. In addition, we present that the resultant distributive technique can be applied to a network having diverse node density that is a network with its nodes varying from very few to large numbers can be localized by increasing frame duration. This results in a scalable technique. In addition to computational complexity, another problem that arises while formulating the distance based localization as a convex optimization problem is the high-rank solution. We have also developed the solution based on virtual nodes to circumvent this problem. Virtual nodes are not real nodes but these are nodes that are only added within the network to achieve low rank realization. Finally, we developed a distributive 3D real-time localization technique that exploited the mobile user behaviour within the multi-storey indoor environments. The estimates of heights by using this technique were found to be coarse. Therefore, it can only be used to identify floors in which a node is located.

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25

Erikson, Mathias, and Haraldsson Ebba-Lotta Granbom. "Time, Abstraction and Morality : A quantitative study investigating the interactive effect of time perspective and abstraction on moral concern." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32153.

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Based on Construal Level Theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), the present study examines the impact of temporal distance on moral concern. A manipulation on individuals’ mind-set has been made in to abstract (High level) versus concrete (Low level) mentality to inspect the ability to effect peoples’ moral concern. Our first hypothesis is that future-oriented people should show more moral concern than present-oriented individuals. Present-oriented people should, however, after an abstract manipulation show a higher moral concern, correspondent with future-oriented individual’s moral concern. 176 undergraduates from a Swedish university participated in the study. The respondents were asked to answer a questionnaire, and a scale was used to measure the individual temporal perspective (Consideration of Future Consequences scale, CFC) and then a manipulation was made. Half of the participants were allotted an abstract (high level) manipulation, and the other half were given a concrete (low level) manipulation. The manipulation was followed by a questionnaire that measured the moral concern, in the form of blame, attributed to morally questionable actions. We found a positive correlation between temporal focus and moral concern. The manipulation however showed no effect of abstraction on peoples’ moral concern. Nor did a two-way between subjects ANOVA show a significant interaction between temporal perspective and abstraction, providing no support for our second and third hypotheses. An environmental impact on the respondents is discussed as a possible reason for the results not being fully consistent with previous studies. For future research we suggest similar longitudinal studies, which would supply researchers with the opportunity to study the long-term effect on different types of moral.

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26

Buckingham, David 1962. "The developmental course of distance, time, and velocity concepts : a generative connectionist model." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68076.

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Two sets of connectionist simulations of children's acquisition of distance (d), time (t), and velocity (v) concepts using a generative algorithm, cascade-correlation (Fahlman & Lebiere, 1990), are reported. Pure condition simulations represent a situation in which memory demands across the concepts are equal. The limited memory condition explores the effects of differing memory demands.
It was found that the rules that correlated most highly with network responses during training were consistent with the developmental course of children's concepts (Wilkening, 1981; 1982). Networks integrated the defining dimensions of the concepts first by identity rules (e.g., v = d), then additive rules (e.g., v = d-t), and finally multiplicative rules (e.g., v = d $ div$ t).
The results are discussed in terms of similarity to children's development, the effects of memory demands, the contribution of connectionism to cognitive development, and directions for future research. It is argued that cascade-correlation provides an explicit mechanism of developmental change--weight adjustment and hidden unit recruitment.

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27

Hiromi, Itaru. "Hybrid intensity and time-of-flight signal processing techniques for intelligent distance sensors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85809.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 155).
With the advent of "smart" consumer electronics, distance sensing is an increasingly important field in optical sensing. A novel approach to active infrared(IR) 1D distance sensing is proposed, employing both intensity and time-of-flight information. Conventional intensity based sensors lack in distance accuracy, and conventional time-of- flight sensors suffer from crosstalk and backscatter issues. The purpose of this work is to explore the solution space to these issues that hybrid intensity/time-of-flight systems enable, and to investigate their characteristics. Optical behavior of time-of-flight and intensity of an active IR system is analyzed, and a comprehensive reflection model is created. This model is then applied to describe discrete objects, and a parameterized object model is developed. Techniques such as the use of differentiated signals, least square estimation, and optimization algorithms are introduced and applied to the object model. A range of techniques based on specific use cases are developed, and their capabilities and limitations are discussed. Results show that in a limited set of conditions, combining time-of-flight and intensity information can allow the extraction of distance in conditions that are typically unfavorable for conventional methods, such as high crosstalk or high backscatter environments. Used in the right conditions, these techniques can gain immunity to these sources of error, at the cost of higher computational complexity.
by Itaru Hiromi.
M. Eng.

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28

Keppel, Robert D. "An analysis of the effect of time and distance relationships in murder investigations /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10313.

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29

Voskuilen, Chelsea E. "Modeling Confidence and Response Time in Associative Recognition: A Single Process Explanation of Non-Linear z-ROC Functions." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338294529.

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30

Rye, Ståle Angen. "Conditions of Connectivity : The Internet and the time-space of distance education in Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Geografisk institutt, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-5247.

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This thesis is about how the use of the Internet in distance education has both intended and unintended consequences for people and places in a developing country. The main perspective is the relation between students, educators and the Internet, and how these relations are embedded in the material and social features of the place where the technology is used. Empirically, the research builds on a qualitative case study of distance education in Indonesia and focuses on Universitas Terbuka, one of the world’s largest educational institutions, and students participating in three different Internet supported distance master’s programmes offered by this university. Together with an introduction (Part 1), the thesis consists of four papers (Part 2). The first paper discusses the importance of the symbolic and political powers of new technology when distance education is developed and spread. The main conclusion is that the symbolic dimension is important in order to realise such projects in the first place, and that concrete results are expected to become more evident in the long run. The second paper discusses how the Internet influences the flexibility of students living in remote areas. It is concluded that the Internet may reduce rather than enhance students’ flexibility in technologically less-advanced places. The third paper reveals how students in a mega-city opt for Internet-supported distance education due to short comings in conventional transportation systems, and how such education influences the social segregation of the city. The fourth and last paper compares the situation for urban students with those living in more remote areas from the perspective of the digital divide. The conclusion is reached that the Internet may be useful for remote areas despite the fact that positive results for students are limited. A main contribution of this thesis’ research on the Internet and distance education is that it demonstrates how access and the use of Internet for communication are deeply rooted in local practices. It is evident from this thesis that Internet communication in distance education is not merely something happening online between teachers and students, but is inherently related to social, political and material surroundings. What can be learned is that the Internet may help to overcome friction created by space. Nevertheless, people using the technology are always located in some place, and this place matters for the results from Internet-supported distance education. This thesis therefore suggests that development of Internet-supported distance education should show great awareness of local conditions at the places were such programmes are located.

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31

Jee, Inh [Verfasser], and Eiichiro [Akademischer Betreuer] Komatsu. "Time-delay cosmography with new angular diameter distance measurements / Inh Jee ; Betreuer: Eiichiro Komatsu." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1174142979/34.

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32

Rye, Ståle Angen. "Conditions of connectivity : the Internet and the time-space of distance education in Indonesia /." Trondheim : Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Department of Geography, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:174183/FULLTEXT02.

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33

Cooper, Alexandra Christine. "Change in Female Elephant Calf (Loxodonta africana) Distance to Different Family Members Over Time." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579148.

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At Reid Park Zoo, Tucson Arizona, spatial distances of the female African elephant calf (Loxodonta africana) were compared to the other five members of her herd for 14 weeks. Looking at average distances, maximum distances, and percent change it can be seen overall that the mother was the closest to the calf, then the 4-year old brother, 7-year old brother, father, and aunt. It was concluded that the calf spent most of her time with her mother and younger siblings compared to her father and aunt. Also, the mother and 7-year old brother were the only two members of the herd that had a statistically significant positive increase in distance away from the calf. Trends for the other members of the herd were not statistically significant. Results from this study were compared to P.C. Lee's study on wild elephants, which had similar conclusions in strong mother to calf bonds.

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34

Romero, Marisabel. "An Altered Sense of Magnitude: Exploring How the Visual Presentation of Time, Space, and Numbers Can Influence Consumer Judgments and Behaviors." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6371.

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Consumers are constantly evaluating quantitative information, such as the prices of different products, the time spent on an activity, or the distance covered during one day. Substantial research in psychology has demonstrated that judgments of quantity in one dimension (e.g., numbers) influence subsequent judgments on another dimension (e.g., time). The present research contributes to a growing body of work by exploring how the shared representation of time, space, and numbers affects consumer perceptions and behaviors. My first dissertation essay explores how the organization of time on a spatial plane affects temporal judgments, product evaluations, and intertemporal discounting (i.e., time-space interaction). It has been well documented that Western consumers typically arrange temporal sequences following a past-left, future-right spatial pattern. Merging insights gained from numerical cognition and time psychology, the author develops a framework to explain how displaying temporal sequences congruently with this spatial organization of time increases subjective estimations of time and biases consumers toward present rewards. My second dissertation essay seeks to understand how and why expressing quantitative information in symbolic code (i.e., “6”) compared to verbal code (i.e., “six”) affects magnitude judgments and product evaluations (i.e., time-number interaction). Two rival accounts to explain the symbol-verbal effect are described and tested: (1) a systematic processing account based on Arabic symbols’ perceptual and cognitive features and (2) a fluency account based on the frequency of use and facilitation of processing Arabic symbols. This research has important managerial implications related to the effective communication of quantitative information.

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35

Braasch, Michael S. "Current developments in signal modeling of the precision distance measuring equipment." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182283477.

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36

Godwin, Ian Chandler Paterson. "Distance delivered education at Montana State University - supplementing or supplanting campus registrations an exploration of changing patterns over time /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/godwin/GodwinI1208.pdf.

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The problem addressed in this study was that university system and institutional administrators need to know who (geographically and demographically) the consumers of online courses and programs are. The purpose of this comparative study was to identify student populations and registration patterns over an eight year period in on-campus and online courses offered by Montana State University. Whether or not distinct student populations could be identified based on the mode of course delivery (on-campus vs. online) was established through analysis of spatial and demographic data. The design of this project used a comparative approach to identify differences in population demographics and a spatially sensitive correlational approach to identify associations between the spatial nature of on-campus and online registrations over time. The population included all on-campus and online course registrations offered through MSU from academic year 2000-2001 through 2007-2008. A Chi Square test was used to provide a spatially unweighted assessment of \"spatial\" proportionality. The exploratory spatial data analysis tool GeoDa was used to assess the global and local spatial dimension of the research while ANOVAs, factorial ANOVAs, and logistic regression were used to assess the demographic research questions. The Chi Square tests indicated that there are significant differences in the proportion of registrations over time at the local, state and national level. Global spatial autocorrelation tests provide statistically significant, but moderately weak results. The Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) analyses point to considerable overlap in registration \"footprints\" between on-campus and online registrations. Those tests also indicated that changes in spatial patterns have been more evolutionary for online registrations than for on-campus registrations which showed less variation over time. The demographic tests indicated that on-campus and online populations differ both in age and gender composition. The conclusion based on the results is that online courses are likely supplementing, not supplanting campus registrations at MSU. While the geographic analysis points to significant, fairly extensive, and growing geographic overlap between the home-of-origin locations of online and on-campus populations, the age and gender differences clearly indicate that the online population is older and more female than the on-campus population.

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37

Huang, Kyman. "DISTANCE ESTIMATION USING OFDM SIGNALS FOR ULTRASONIC POSITIONING." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2147.

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This paper describes a method of estimating distance via Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement using ultrasonic Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. Using OFDM signals allows the signals and their sub-carriers to remain orthogonal to each other while continuously transmitting. This estimation method is based on the change of phase of a traveling wave as it propagates through a medium (air for ultrasonic signals). By using signals containing multiple tones, the phase change between each frequency component is slightly different. This phase difference is dependent on the distance traveled and can thus be used to estimate distance. This paper studies the impact of tone (OFDM sub-carriers) separation on accuracy, maximum distance, and computation for two-tone and three-tone systems. The effects of the transducer channel bandwidth and channel noise are accounted for to build an accurate model for a single-transmitter single-receiver system. This study found that each additional tone provides one extra independent distance measurement which improves accuracy in the presence of noise. The inclusion of an additional tone while maintaining the same overall signal strength shows improved performance with a reduction in standard deviation of estimated distance from 5.64 mm to 3.42 mm in simulation. A four-tone system is also examined to show that this effect holds for additional tones.

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38

Almhagen, Jimmy. "Anuran colonization of newly constructed ponds : The importance of time and distance to source populations." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-960.

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Dispersal is an important factor in animal ecology. Anurans (frogs and toads) are often philopatric (home loving) but some specimens in a population usually have the capacity to disperse relatively long distances. In this study I investigated the colonization of newly constructed ponds in the southwest of Sweden by three anuran species: The common toad (Bufo bufo), the moor frog (Rana arvalis) and the common frog (Rana temporaria). The ponds were constructed between two and five years ago and were now as frequently occupied as older source ponds in the area. For the common toad and the common frog there was no correlation between distance to source populations and degree of colonization. The moor frog was more common in ponds that were situated in the vicinity of older source ponds with ample populations. The main impression was that these species rapidly colonize newly constructed ponds, at least within moderate distances from source populations. There were some differences between the species though and it seems like the moor frog have more limited dispersal abilities than the other two species.

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39

Shanmugam, Divy. "A tale of two time series methods : representation learning for improved distance and risk metrics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119575.

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Анотація:

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 43-49).
In this thesis, we present methods in representation learning for time series in two areas: metric learning and risk stratification. We focus on metric learning due to the importance of computing distances between examples in learning algorithms and present Jiffy, a simple and scalable distance metric learning method for multivariate time series. Our approach is to reframe the task as a representation learning problem -- rather than design an elaborate distance function, we use a CNN to learn an embedding such that the Euclidean distance is effective. Experiments on a diverse set of multivariate time series datasets show that our approach consistently outperforms existing methods. We then focus on risk stratification because of its clinical importance in identifying patients at high risk for an adverse outcome. We use segments of a patient's ECG signal to predict that patient's risk of cardiovascular death within 90 days. In contrast to other work, we work directly with the raw ECG signal to learn a representation with predictive power. Our method produces a risk metric for cardiovascular death with state-of-the-art performance when compared to methods that rely on expert-designed representations.
by Divya Shanmugam.
M. Eng.

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40

Graham, Gerhard. "An estimation of seismic anisotropy in the crust from three different time and distance scales." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12056.

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In this thesis shear-wave splitting is analyzed in shear-wave arrivals from three different time and distance scales to identify the occurrence and extent of anisotropy in the crust. The refracted shear waves recorded by the closely spaced seismic network of the third Turkish Dilatancy Project from regional earthquakes in western Turkey have similar polarizations to those previously observed above local earthquakes, but with less scatter and substantially greater time delays (up to 1.0 s) between the split shear waves. This is interpreted as indicative of the presence of anisotropy in the lower crust with similar anisotropic symmetry to the crack-induced anisotropy of the upper half of the crust. Mine tremors in the deep gold mine of South Africa have seismic magnitudes ranging from M_L -4 to M_L more than 5. An examination of three-component acceleration and velocity seismograms recorded on the surface above an active gold mine indicates that the shear-wave polarizations have a nearly uniform alignment. This combined with the measured time delays are consistent with shear waves propagating through the effective anisotropy of parallel, vertical microcracks throughout the rockmass. It is concluded that the dry fractures caused by the high stresses during normal mining processes have negligible effect on the shear-wave polarizations at the wavelengths at which shear waves are recorded at the surface. The anisotropy observed at the surface appears to be due to microcracks aligned by the regional stress regime rather than disturbances in the local stress regime due to mining operations. High frequency subsurface recordings of mine tremors that occur in confined volumes surrounding the work face of the mining excavations show shear-wave splitting over distances of a few hundred metres. Plate Carée cylindrical projections of the observed shear-wave polarizations and time delays were compared with theoretical patterns of polarizations and time delays from different synthetic models. From this comparison it became clear that a model containing fluid-filled, non-vertical cracks striking approximately north-south could be used to produce the observed polarizations and time delays to some extent.

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41

Gandhi, Harith Suman. "Important Extrema of Time Series: Theory and Applications." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000317.

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42

Mulligan, Kerry-Jane. "A distance too far away : a novel and exegesis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61025/1/Kerry_Mulligan_Thesis.pdf.

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This practice-led research examines the generative function of loss in fiction that explores themes of grief and longing. This research considers how loss may be understood as a structuring mechanism through which characters evaluate time, resolve loss and affect future change. The creative work is a work of literary fiction titled A Distance Too Far Away. Aubrey, the story’s protagonist, is a woman in her twenties living in Brisbane in the early 1980s, carving out an independent life for herself away from her family. Through a flashback narrative sequence, told from the perspective of the twelve year narrator, Aubrey retraces a significant point of rupture in her life following a series of family tragedies. A Distance Too Far Away explores the tension between belonging and freedom, and considers how the past provides a malleable space for illuminating desire in order to traverse the gap between the world as it is and the world as we want it to be. The exegetical component of this research considers an alternative critical frame for interpreting the work of American author Anne Tyler, a writer who has had a significant influence on my own practice. Frequently criticised for creating sentimental and inert characters, many critics observe that nothing happens in Tyler’s circular plots. This research challenges these assertions, and through a contextual analysis of Tyler’s Ladder of Years (1995) investigates how Tyler engages with memory and nostalgia in order to move across time and resolve loss.

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Pathirana, Vindya Kumari. "Nearest Neighbor Foreign Exchange Rate Forecasting with Mahalanobis Distance." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5757.

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Foreign exchange (FX) rate forecasting has been a challenging area of study in the past. Various linear and nonlinear methods have been used to forecast FX rates. As the currency data are nonlinear and highly correlated, forecasting through nonlinear dynamical systems is becoming more relevant. The nearest neighbor (NN) algorithm is one of the most commonly used nonlinear pattern recognition and forecasting methods that outperforms the available linear forecasting methods for the high frequency foreign exchange data. The basic idea behind the NN is to capture the local behavior of the data by selecting the instances having similar dynamic behavior. The most relevant k number of histories to the present dynamical structure are the only past values used to predict the future. Due to this reason, NN algorithm is also known as the k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN). Here k represents the number of chosen neighbors. In the k-nearest neighbor forecasting procedure, similar instances are captured through a distance function. Since the forecasts completely depend on the chosen nearest neighbors, the distance plays a key role in the k-NN algorithm. By choosing an appropriate distance, we can improve the performance of the algorithm significantly. The most commonly used distance for k-NN forecasting in the past was the Euclidean distance. Due to possible correlation among vectors at different time frames, distances based on deterministic vectors, such as Euclidean, are not very appropriate when applying for foreign exchange data. Since Mahalanobis distance captures the correlations, we suggest using this distance in the selection of neighbors. In the present study, we used five different foreign currencies, which are among the most traded currencies, to compare the performances of the k-NN algorithm with traditional Euclidean and Absolute distances to performances with the proposed Mahalanobis distance. The performances were compared in two ways: (i) forecast accuracy and (ii) transforming their forecasts in to a more effective technical trading rule. The results were obtained with real FX trading data, and the results showed that the method introduced in this work outperforms the other popular methods. Furthermore, we conducted a thorough investigation of optimal parameter choice with different distance measures. We adopted the concept of distance based weighting to the NN and compared the performances with traditional unweighted NN algorithm based forecasting. Time series forecasting methods, such as Auto regressive integrated moving average process (ARIMA), are widely used in many ares of time series as a forecasting technique. We compared the performances of proposed Mahalanobis distance based k-NN forecasting procedure with the traditional general ARIM- based forecasting algorithm. In this case the forecasts were also transformed into a technical trading strategy to create buy and sell signals. The two methods were evaluated for their forecasting accuracy and trading performances. Multi-step ahead forecasting is an important aspect of time series forecasting. Even though many researchers claim that the k-Nearest Neighbor forecasting procedure outperforms the linear forecasting methods for financial time series data, and the available work in the literature supports this claim with one step ahead forecasting. One of our goals in this work was to improve FX trading with multi-step ahead forecasting. A popular multi-step ahead forecasting strategy was adopted in our work to obtain more than one day ahead forecasts. We performed a comparative study on the performance of single step ahead trading strategy and multi-step ahead trading strategy by using five foreign currency data with Mahalanobis distance based k-nearest neighbor algorithm.

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44

Merolla, Andrew J. "Relational dynamics across time and space modeling the relational continuity of interpersonal relationships /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1176761101.

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45

Zhang, Guilin. "Clustering Algorithms for Time Series Gene Expression in Microarray Data." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc177269/.

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Clustering techniques are important for gene expression data analysis. However, efficient computational algorithms for clustering time-series data are still lacking. This work documents two improvements on an existing profile-based greedy algorithm for short time-series data; the first one is implementation of a scaling method on the pre-processing of the raw data to handle some extreme cases; the second improvement is modifying the strategy to generate better clusters. Simulation data and real microarray data were used to evaluate these improvements; this approach could efficiently generate more accurate clusters. A new feature-based algorithm was also developed in which steady state value; overshoot, rise time, settling time and peak time are generated by the 2nd order control system for the clustering purpose. This feature-based approach is much faster and more accurate than the existing profile-based algorithm for long time-series data.

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46

Glennie, Richard. "Incorporating animal movement with distance sampling and spatial capture-recapture." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16467.

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Distance sampling and spatial capture-recapture are statistical methods to estimate the number of animals in a wild population based on encounters between these animals and scientific detectors. Both methods estimate the probability an animal is detected during a survey, but do not explicitly model animal movement. The primary challenge is that animal movement in these surveys is unobserved; one must average over all possible paths each animal could have travelled during the survey. In this thesis, a general statistical model, with distance sampling and spatial capture-recapture as special cases, is presented that explicitly incorporates animal movement. An efficient algorithm to integrate over all possible movement paths, based on quadrature and hidden Markov modelling, is given to overcome the computational obstacles. For distance sampling, simulation studies and case studies show that incorporating animal movement can reduce the bias in estimated abundance found in conventional models and expand application of distance sampling to surveys that violate the assumption of no animal movement. For spatial capture-recapture, continuous-time encounter records are used to make detailed inference on where animals spend their time during the survey. In surveys conducted in discrete occasions, maximum likelihood models that allow for mobile activity centres are presented to account for transience, dispersal, and heterogeneous space use. These methods provide an alternative when animal movement causes bias in standard methods and the opportunity to gain richer inference on how animals move, where they spend their time, and how they interact.

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47

Shappee, B. J., A. L. Piro, T. W. S. Holoien, J. L. Prieto, C. Contreras, K. Itagaki, C. R. Burns, et al. "THE YOUNG AND BRIGHT TYPE IA SUPERNOVA ASASSN-14lp: DISCOVERY, EARLY-TIME OBSERVATIONS, FIRST-LIGHT TIME, DISTANCE TO NGC 4666, AND PROGENITOR CONSTRAINTS." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621393.

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On 2014 December 9.61, the All-sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN or "Assassin") discovered ASASSN-141p just similar to 2 days after first light using a global array of 14 cm diameter telescopes. ASASSN-141p went on to become a bright supernova (V = 11.94 mag), second only to SN 2014J for the year. We present prediscovery photometry (with a detection less than a day after first light) and ultraviolet through near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic data covering the rise and fall of ASASSN-141p for more than 100 days. We find that ASASSN-141p had a broad light curve (Delta m(15) (B) = 0.80 +/- 0.05), a B-band maximum at 2457015.82 +/- 0.03, a rise time of 16.941(-0.10)(+0.11) days, and moderate host-galaxy extinction (E (B - V)host = 0.33 +/- 0.06). Using ASASSN-141p, we derive a distance modulus for NGC 4666 of mu = 30.8 +/- 0.2, corresponding to a distance of 14.7 +/- 1.5 Mpc. However, adding ASASSN-141p to the calibrating sample of Type Ia supernovae still requires an independent distance to the host galaxy. Finally, using our early-time photometric and spectroscopic observations, we rule out red giant secondaries and, assuming a favorable viewing angle and explosion time, any nondegenerate companion larger than 0.34 RG(circle dot).

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Lange, Robert. "3D time of flight distance measurement with custom solid state image sensors in CMOS, CCD technology." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=960293825.

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49

Aldoulah, Zaid. "Application of Ultrasonic Radars in a Real-time Distance Detection System for Individuals with Visual Impairment." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1513249880764934.

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50

Hirji, Karim K. (Karim Khan) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. "Concurrent engineering across distance and time: managing the interface between engineering/R & D and manufacturing." Ottawa, 1994.

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Дисертації з теми "Time and distance judgments"

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