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Статті в журналах з теми "Timber-framed"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 15 червня 2024

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1

Gonçalves, A. M., J. Gomes-Ferreira, L. Guerreiro, and F. Branco. "Seismic retrofitting of timber framed walls." Materiales de Construcción 64, no. 316 (December 2, 2014): e040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.06913.

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2

Meeson, Bob. "Richard Hayman, Timber-Framed Buildings." Vernacular Architecture 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2021.1992715.

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3

Walker, John. "A Square Medieval Timber-Framed Kitchen." Vernacular Architecture 31, no. 1 (June 2000): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/vea.2000.31.1.77.

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4

Goodburn, Damian. "A Roman Timber Framed Building Tradition." Archaeological Journal 148, no. 1 (January 1991): 182–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1991.11021375.

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5

Thurston, Stuart J. "Base isolation of timber-framed buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 40, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.40.4.183-189.

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This paper investigates the practicality of using base-isolation devices to protect lightweight buildings, such as timber-framed houses, against earthquakes. As the timber-framed buildings considered are designed to a lateral seismic force of 0.24W in Wellington (where W is building weight), it was considered that the appropriate isolation level should be significantly lower, say 0.1W, and lower still in Auckland where such buildings are designed for a lateral force of 0.12W. An analysis showed that houses which had a base-isolation yield set to yield at 0.1 W would have unacceptable deformations under the design wind load if the isolators were located beneath a timber floor, but may be satisfactory if located beneath a concrete slab. A large-scale test using isolators beneath pre-cast floor slabs showed the method used would work even if it was unduly expensive. However, an analysis indicated that there might be little protection for some building contents. A literature survey of alternative base-isolation solutions showed a wide range of innovative, but often impractical, concepts have been proposed. However, one concept showed promise for timber-framed structures. This used two layers of synthetic sheet beneath a concrete floor slab to provide a slip layer. The sheet materials recommended reputably gave a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.07. BRANZ measured the friction coefficient using large samples of both these and other sheet materials. It was concluded that the measured friction was too high for use for the planned buildings, although it may have application for low-rise heavy-brittle construction. Alternative base-isolation concepts are presented which will be useful to others interested in this topic.

6

Zhang, Tao, Qinian Hu, Bart Julien Dewancker, and Weijun Gao. "Comparative Assessment of Consumer Attitudes to Timber as a Construction Material in China and Japan." Forest Products Journal 74, no. 2 (March 1, 2024): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00059.

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Abstract Timber-framed architecture has a long history in both China and Japan. As an eco-friendly construction material, it is universally acknowledged that the use of timber can be conducive to the achievement of sustainable development for architecture. During the past decades, the development of timber-framed buildings in China and Japan appeared significantly different. Consumers’ cognition about timber as a construction material has been widely researched by European academics, while there are few such kinds of studies in China, especially the comparative study between China and Japan. To fill this gap, this study aims to figure out consumers’ acceptance and attitudes toward timber used as a construction material in China and Japan. By adopting a structured questionnaire method, this study analyzed consumers’ thoughts, knowledge, and awareness of modern timber-framed architecture from the consumer level. The results indicate that Chinese and Japanese consumers have the same prejudices regarding the deficiency of timber-frame houses, in terms of fire resistance, acoustic insulation, and durability, while having positive attitudes regarding health and nature, and doubts about environmentally friendly performance. Moreover, the background developing driving forces and developing obstacles have also been analyzed. These results help to provide a better understanding of the challenges and difficulties that the timber-framed house market is facing in China and Japan. Thus, some suggestions were proposed to policymakers, developers, and timber companies for the future development of timber-structure architecture.

7

Savolainen, Jussi Matias, Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Eveliina Oinas, and Markku Karjalainen. "Finnish Multi-Story Timber-Framed Apartment Buildings: Tampere Residents’ Perspectives." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111998.

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This study aims to understand the views and experiences of Tampere residents in Finland about multi-story timber-framed apartments and wooden structures through a questionnaire. The 151 responses highlighted two main issues: (1) multi-story timber-framed apartments were rated as a good product in terms of user satisfaction, which was based on the following findings: (1a) for most of the respondents, the apartment had fresh air and a suitable temperature on cold winter days; (1b) the majority felt safe living in a multi-story timber-framed apartment; (1c) respondents generally were satisfied with the soundproofing, except for the disturbing noises from the upper floor and the stairwells; (1d) residents’ opinions were mainly positive regarding most of the functional features such as storage facilities, the location and access roads of the building, exterior facade, and wood visibility level; (2) there exists a demand for multi-story timber-framed residential buildings in the market, especially in the customer segment, which is defined as ‘environmentalist’. This was based on the following findings: (2a) living in an environmentally friendly, low-carbon, natural-material apartment, cozier living in a timber-framed apartment, and meaningful use of wood in interiors were notably more important for the extremely satisfied residents; (2b) building facades, and floors and ceilings inside the apartment were the places where the use of wood was most desired in the apartment. This article is intended to be a guide for key construction experts, e.g., architectural designers and developers to better understand and meet the demands and needs of timber-framed apartment residents in Finland.

8

Stenning, D. F. "Timber-Framed Shops 1300-1600: Comparative Plans." Vernacular Architecture 16, no. 1 (June 1985): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/vea.1985.16.1.35.

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9

Walker, John. "An Unusual Timber-Framed House in Essex." Vernacular Architecture 27, no. 1 (June 1996): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/vea.1996.27.1.74.

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10

James, Duncan. "CARPENTERS’ ASSEMBLY MARKS IN TIMBER-FRAMED BUILDINGS." Vernacular Architecture 49, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2018.1523195.

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11

Bradford, Mark A., Amirhossein Hassanieh, Hamid R. Valipour, and Stephen J. Foster. "Sustainable Steel-timber Joints for Framed Structures." Procedia Engineering 172 (2017): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.011.

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12

Falk, Andreas, Dan Engström, and Sture Samuelsson. "Floors for Medium-rise Timber-Framed Buildings." IABSE Symposium Report 85, no. 7 (January 1, 2001): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137801796348692.

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13

Premrov, Miroslav, and Peter Dobrila. "Reinforcing Methods for Prefabricated Timber-Framed Walls." IABSE Symposium Report 88, no. 5 (January 1, 2004): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137804796302211.

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14

Sretenovic, Predrag, and Branko Glavonjic. "Market of innovative timber products in Europe and Serbia and their contribution to climate change mitigation." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 110 (2014): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1410159s.

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The paper shows results of researching the market of glued laminated timber as the most frequent innovative timber product in constructing timber framed residential facilities in Europe and Serbia. The research included the development of production, consumption and trade flows for the most significant countries in the European Union and Serbia. Additionally, the paper gives characteristics of this innovative timber product regarding dimensions, allowed deviations of dimensions defined in adequate European standard, wood species it is made of and fire resistance. The last part of the paper shows results of econometric modeling of the impact of building timber-framed houses on the consumption of glued laminated timber in Austria as one of the countries belonging to the group of the largest consumers of this innovative timber product in Europe. Taking into consideration that the substitution of classic building materials, primarily concrete, steel and aluminum, with glued laminated timber in residential construction contributes to the reduction of carbon-dioxide emission and climate change mitigation, research results of the effects of such substitution are presented in the last chapter in this paper.

15

Thomas, G. C., A. H. Buchanan, A. J. Carr, C. M. Fleischmann, and P. J. Moss. "Light Timber-Framed Walls Exposed to Compartment Fires." Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104239159500700102.

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16

Schumacher, Rolf, and Bernd Sass. "Flanking Sound Transmission by Timber-Framed Glass Facades." Building Acoustics 6, no. 3 (September 1999): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1351010991501365.

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17

Debailleux, Laurent. "Indexing System for Recognizing Traditional Timber-Framed Structures." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 9, no. 5 (September 9, 2014): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.824045.

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18

Kozem Šilih, E., and M. Premrov. "Analysis of timber-framed wall elements with openings." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 9 (September 2010): 1656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.026.

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19

Malesza, J. "Effective Model for Analysis of Wood-Framed Timber Structures." Archives of Civil Engineering 63, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0019.

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AbstractThis paper presents new procedure modeling based on finite element method analysis of wood-framed timber structures. The fasteners linking boards of sheathing with the timber frame both modeled applying shell finite element, with individual material parameters, remain the main objective of this manuscript. Material parameters are obtained from experimental tests and numerical identification. The main objective of the paper is the elaboration of the numerical model with high precision of mapping, and, at the same time, diminishing the number of the unknown simplifying the process of the modeling of timber structures. The new presented method leads to a simplification of analysis of multistory wood-framed multifamily building structures.

20

KUWAMURA, Hitoshi. "SPLITTING STRESSES IN NOTCHED TIMBER BEAMS : Study on steel-framed timber structures Part." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 72, no. 619 (2007): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.72.111_4.

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21

Aras, Fuat. "Timber-Framed Buildings and Structural Restoration of a Historic Timber Pavilion in Turkey." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 7, no. 4 (January 2013): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2011.640738.

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22

Premrov, Miroslav, and Erika Kozem Šilih. "Numerical Analysis of the Racking Behaviour of Multi-Storey Timber-Framed Buildings Considering Load-Bearing Function of Double-Skin Façade Elements." Sustainability 15, no. 8 (April 7, 2023): 6379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086379.

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The paper presents an innovative approach in the modelling of multi-storey timber-framed buildings, where double-skin façade elements (DSF) are additionally considered as load-bearing wall elements against a horizontal load impact. The mathematical model with a fictive diagonal element developed for timber-framed wall elements with classical oriented strand boards (OSB) or fibre–plaster sheathing boards (FPB) is upgraded for DSF elements. The diameter of the fictive diagonal is determined with either experimental results or numerically obtained results using the time-consuming FEM model with elastic spring elements, which simulates the bonding line between the timber frame and both glazing panes. In the second part of the study, the numerical analysis of a specially selected three-storey timber-framed building was performed using the developed mathematical model with fictive diagonal elements. Two alternative calculations were performed with the DSF elements as non-resisting and racking-resisting wall elements. It was demonstrated on the selected case that the racking resistance (R) of a building can essentially increase up to 35% if DSF elements are considered as resisting wall elements. As a secondary goal of the study, it is also important to point out that by using DSF elements as racking-resisting elements, the distortion in the first floor essentially decreased. It is demonstrated on the selected numerical example that this torsional influence decreased notably (by almost 18%) when the load-bearing DSF elements were used for seismic excitation in the X direction. Therefore, such an approach can open new perspectives in designing multi-storey timber-framed buildings with a more attractive and dynamic floor plan and structure.

23

Wu, Xian Feng. "Fire Resistance of Timber as a Building Material." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.415.

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The University of Nottingham's wooden framed laboratory, designed to be carbon neutral, was wrecked by the blaze on 12 September. The fire resistance of timber structure is concerned by all the researchers again. Firstly, this paper summarizes characters of timber structures; Secondly, the ordinances of different countries are compared; lastly, the fire resistance of timber material is proposed.

24

Laukkarinen, A., T. Jokela, T. Moisio, and J. Vinha. "Hygrothermal simulations of timber-framed walls with air leakages." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012094.

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Abstract Air leakages can create substantial excess moisture loads into envelope structures and degrade their hygrothermal performance. Multiple previous research projects have studied the behaviour and modelling of air leakages in building physics applications, but it is still quite rare to see air leakages being considered in practical building design simulations. The purpose of this paper is to present the selection of input parameters for air leakage simulations, utilisation of a factorial design to manage simulation cases and the results for a timber-frame wall with and without air leakages. According to the results, the air permeability of mineral wool and the air pressure difference over the envelope were the two most important factors for the dry air mass flow through the structure, as opposed to gap width and leakage route. An ideally airtight structure had a better hygrothermal performance compared to leaky structure. However, when leakages were present, the exact yearly average air flow rate in the range 70…420 dm3/(m2h) did not have a strong correlation to the performance indicators. For the other studied variables, the existence of a 50 mm thick mineral wool insulation on the exterior side of the gypsum board wind barrier and the impacts from climate change had the biggest effect on the moisture performance of the structure.

25

Piloto, Paulo A. G., Sergio Rodríguez-del-Río, and Diego Vergara. "Fire Analysis of Timber-Framed Walls Lined with Gypsum." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030741.

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This investigation analyses the influence of the depth and the distance between studs on the fire resistance of lightweight timber-framed (LTF) walls lined with gypsum plasterboards. The simplified model used to determine the fire resistance in Eurocode EN 1995-1-2 provides very conservative values, as few parameters are considered. The new generation of Eurocode EN 1995-1-2 includes an upgrade of the simplified model, allowing us to predict the fire resistance of LTF wall assemblies more accurately. This separating function method considers the number, the thickness and the material of the protection layers, but does not explicitly consider the variation of the depth and the distance between the studs for the calculation of the insulation time of the assembly, besides including some limitations for both parameters. To demonstrate the influence of these parameters, 36 numerical simulations were carried out using the finite element method previously validated with experimental tests. The results obtained from the parametric analyses confirmed that such parameters affect the fire resistance of the LTF wall assemblies in a significant way. In addition, the results revealed an important contribution in the study of LTF wall assemblies against fire resistance, demonstrating the need for including extra geometric parameters in the simplified model in order to increase the accuracy of current models.

26

Michálková, Daniela, and Pavol Ďurica. "Experimental Verification of Thermal Insulation in Timber Framed Walls." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062040.

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Current environmental crisis calls for sustainable solutions in the building industry. One of the possible solutions is to incorporate timber-framed constructions into designs. Among other benefits, these structures are well established in many countries, originating in traditional building systems. This paper focuses on experimental timber-frame walls. Different wall assemblies vary in thermal insulation materials and their combinations. We investigated ten experimental wall structures that have been exposed to natural external boundary conditions since 2015. The emphasis was on their state in terms of visual deterioration, mass moisture content, and thermal conductivity coefficient. We detected several issues, including defects caused by inappropriate realization, causing local moisture increase. Material settlement in loose-fill thermal insulation was another issue. Concerning was a significant change in the thermal conductivity of wood fiber insulation, where the current value almost doubled in one case compared to the design value determined by the producer.

27

Tülbentçi, Tuğşad. "Timber-framed house specimen found on Zahra street, Nicosia." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 6, no. 11 (November 2019): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2019.11.014.

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28

Wild, Rod, and Andy Moir. "KEY DATING FEATURES FOR TIMBER-FRAMED DWELLINGS IN SURREY." Vernacular Architecture 44, no. 1 (December 2013): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0305547713z.00000000015.

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29

Ferreira, J. G., M. J. Teixeira, A. Duţu, F. A. Branco, and A. M. Gonçalves. "Experimental Evaluation and Numerical Modelling of Timber-Framed Walls." Experimental Techniques 38, no. 4 (March 27, 2012): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2012.00820.x.

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30

Young, S. A., and P. Clancy. "Structural modelling of light-timber framed walls in fire." Fire Safety Journal 36, no. 3 (April 2001): 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(00)00053-9.

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31

Anil, Özgür, Abdullah Togay, Ümmü Karagöz Işleyen, Cevdet Söğütlü, and Nihat Döngel. "Hysteretic behavior of timber framed shear wall with openings." Construction and Building Materials 116 (July 2016): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.068.

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32

Goncalves, Ana Maria, Joao Gomes Ferreira, Luis Guerreiro, and Fernando Branco. "Experimental characterization of timber framed masonry walls cyclic behaviour." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 53, no. 2 (January 25, 2015): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.53.2.189.

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33

Vogrinec, Katja, Miroslav Premrov, and Erika Kozem Šilih. "Simplified modelling of timber-framed walls under lateral loads." Engineering Structures 111 (March 2016): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.029.

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34

Mahn, Jeffrey, Markus Müller-Trapet, Sabrina Skoda, and Iara Batista da Cunha. "Vibration reduction indices for junctions between cross-laminated timber floors and lightweight timber framed walls." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 3 (November 30, 2023): 5757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0822.

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Cross laminated timber elements are often used as the floors and the external walls in mass timber buildings in Canada, but the internal walls of these buildings are typically lightweight timber framed walls. The calculation of the flanking transmission loss and the apparent sound transmission class for the mix of lightweight and mass timber constructions requires the laboratory measured vibration reduction indices or flanking level differences of the different flanking paths. Junctions constructed in the new four room flanking facility at the National Research Council Canada have been used to evaluate both the vibration reduction indices and the flanking level differences of a cross laminated timber floor connected to lightweight timber walls.

35

Kechidi, Smail. "Optimising the structural design of modular housing by combining timber and lightweight steel framing." Structural Engineer 100, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/zdkr5562.

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Smail Kechidi describes his research into cold-formed steel (CFS)-framed shear walls sheathed in timber, which won the Institution’s Research into Practice essay competition in 2021. The research has focused on the lateral behaviour of CFS-framed shear walls and the performance of the sheathing-to-CFS screws.

36

Bhatta, Jitendra, Joshua Mulligan, Rajesh P. Dhakal, Timothy J. Sullivan, Hans Gerlich, and Frank Kang. "Theoretical and experimental evaluation of timber-framed partitions under lateral drift." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.54.4.263-281.

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This paper identifies the inherent strengths/weaknesses of rigid timber-framed partitions and quantifies the onset drifts for different damage thresholds under bi-directional seismic actions. It reports construction and quasi-static lateral cyclic testing of a multi-winged timber-framed partition wall specimen with details typical of New Zealand construction practice. Furthermore, the cyclic performance of the tested rigid timber-framed partition wall is also compared with that of similar partition walls incorporating ‘partly-sliding’ connectiondetails, and ‘seismic gaps’, previously tested under the same test setup. Based on the experimentally recorded cyclic performance measures, theoretical equations proposed/derived in the literature to predict the ultimate strength, initial stiffness, and drift capacity of different damage states are scrutinized, and some equations are updated in order to alleviate identified possible shortcomings. These theoretical estimates are then validated with the experimental results. It is found that the equations can reasonably predict the initial stiffness and ultimate shear strength of the partitions, as well as the onset-driftscorresponding to the screw damage and diagonal buckling failure mode of the plasterboard. The predicted bi-linear curve is also found to approximate the backbone curve of the tested partition wall sensibly.

37

Pimentel, Ricardo, Rui Simões, and Luís Simões da Silva. "HYBRID STEEL FRAMES WITH MASS TIMBER FLOORS: PERFORMANCE, CHALLENGES AND SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS." ce/papers 7, no. 1-2 (March 2024): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.3040.

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AbstractThere is a growing interest in the construction industry to use timber to make structures more sustainable. This article discusses using mass timber flooring panels as part of steel‐framed buildings, covering performance, behaviour and best practice, market challenges and sustainability benefits. Embodied carbon comparisons were completed to demonstrate the environmental benefits of hybrid steel frames with mass timber floors and how they perform against voluntary industry targets set to tackle the climate crisis.

38

Bağbancı, M. Bilal, and Özlem Köprülü Bağbancı. "The Dynamic Properties of Historic Timber-Framed Masonry Structures in Bursa, Turkey." Shock and Vibration 2018 (October 9, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3257434.

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Timber-framed masonry structures are known as an effective earthquake load resisting system in high seismicity regions such as Bursa, Turkey. Intense earthquakes have occurred throughout history; however, many of the traditional timber structures have been able to survive without significant damage until the present day. In this study, six historic two-storied timber-framed masonry structures dating from the nineteenth century in Bursa City are investigated by using laboratory and in situ structural health monitoring tests. Although the houses have the same construction techniques, different masonry infill materials are used inside the timber frames. Stone, adobe, and brick are used as infill materials. Mud and lime mortars are used as binding materials. Mud mortar is used with stone and adobe materials. Lime mortar is used with brick material. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic parameters such as density, specific gravity, porosity, elastic modulus, frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios of the studied structures were investigated and the results were comparatively discussed. It is understood that the use of different infill materials affects the dynamic behaviors of these structures.

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Vieux-Champagne, F., Y. Sieffert, S. Grange, C. Belinga Nko'ol, E. Bertrand, J. C. Duccini, C. Faye, and L. Daudeville. "Experimental Analysis of a Shake Table Test of Timber-Framed Structures with Stone and Earth Infill." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 3 (August 2017): 1075–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/010516eqs002m.

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The seismic performance of timber-framed structures filled with stones and earth mortar has been analyzed by introducing the structural subscales (cell, wall, house) at which monotonic and cyclic loadings were considered. This article aims to present the dynamic behavior of a house as determined through shaking table tests. Based on this experimental multiscale analysis, this paper confirms that timbered masonry structures offer effective seismic resistance; moreover, such a comprehensive analysis helps enhance understanding of the seismic-resistant behavior of timber-framed structures with infill. This paper also aids ongoing development of a numerical tool intended to predict the seismic-resistant behavior of this type of structure.

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Kościuch, Marcin, and Tomasz Osięgłowski. "Faház a réten." Metszet 13, no. 2 (2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33268/met.2022.2.3.

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This timber framed, timber clad home's design was initiated by the client request stating, "we would not like, to have timber elevations". Following traditional ideas for a low-rise home with a 45o roof pitch and south facing rooms a contemporary home has been developed that embraces local values without need for acts of nostalgia. Privacy is gained by orientating storage functions to the fenced street side of the home and lifestyle areas towards the extensive open garden.

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Clancy, Michael A., Sally Starbuck, Jean O’Dwyer, and Kenneth A. Byrne. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Three-Storey Terrace of Three Timber-Framed Residential Workplace Units." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030599.

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There is an urgent need to evaluate the environmental impacts of both traditional and more recent innovations in sustainable building materials. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a single three-storey (aboveground) terrace in Ireland composed of three timber-framed residential workplace units. The supply of raw materials, their transport to the manufacturing site, and the manufacturing processes for the materials used in the building account for 58% of the GWP during the production stage. The horizontal elements of the An Corrán building and roof account for the largest contribution (29.3%) to the GWP environmental impact. The LCA results show that the building’s 469 m2 gross internal floor area (GIFA) produced life cycle carbon emissions of 220 t CO2e and has an embodied carbon value of 398 kg CO2e m−2 and 6.63 kg CO2e m−2 a−1 for the building’s 60-year estimated cradle-to-grave life cycle. When compared to conventional (i.e., masonry) and timber-framed buildings in Europe, the An Corrán building shows that substantial GWP savings occurred during the Use Stage with a GWP footprint of 50.5 kg CO2e m2 compared to 375.65 and 386.6 kg CO2e m2 for previously reported masonry and timber-framed houses, respectively.

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Shahzaib, Muhammad, and Shahbaz Nasir Khan. "ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING DESIGN: TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION BASED IN HEMP FIBER INSULATION." Engineering Heritage Journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2022.31.33.

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Energy efficient building concerns to the structure and using the process that is environmental liable and material efficient all around a building lifecycle. The basic principle of this building to minimize the energy consumption for heating and cooling system. The paper investigates the thermal behavior of hemp fiber insulation in timber framed wall panels for which timber framed structures will be experimented. Steps to enhance the energy performance were applied to building structure, window area, window glazing, lightning, heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. We were measured the U-values of timber walls, hemp fiber insulation and window glazing. Results showed that energy efficient building enjoy the benefits of saving 40-50% energy by reducing greenhouse gases emissions into atmosphere. We have discussed about the rating system of energy efficient building or green building. In this paper, information pertaining to building life cycle and detailed explanation regarding fundamentals of building energy will be provided.

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Aloisio, Angelo. "The Timber-Framed (TF) Masonries in L’Aquila: The baraccato Aquilano." Heritage 3, no. 2 (May 6, 2020): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3020018.

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The reconstruction works following the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila evidenced the presence of numerous Timber-Framed (T-F) masonries dating back to the 18th century. These masonries, likely built after the destructive 1703 earthquake in L’Aquila, are quite diverse from each other. In the evolutionary process of the so-called Italian baraccato, the presences found in L’Aquila possibly update the record of Italian traditional T-F masonries: the baraccato Beneventano developed after the earthquake in 1627, the baraccato Calabro after the 1783 earthquake in Calabria and the baraccato Aquilano after the 1703 earthquake in L’Aquila. The authors attempt to classify the traditional T-F structures found in a limited area of the city centre, providing simple descriptions of their geometrical and functional features. Additionally, the authors present a map indicating the recorded presences so far.

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Villar, J. R., M. Guaita, and P. Vidal. "Numerical simulation of framed joints in sawn-timber roof trusses." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2008064-345.

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Stehn, Lars. "Environmental labelling of timber-framed dwellings and their building components." Building Research & Information 30, no. 4 (July 2002): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210210132946.

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Schumacher, Rolf, and Bernd Sass. "Vertical flanking sound transmission loss by timber‐framed‐glass facades." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.425657.

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Smith, Laurie. "A Three-Dimensional, Timber-Framed Encyclopaedia of Geometrical Carpentry Design." Vernacular Architecture 38, no. 1 (February 2007): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174962907x248029.

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Craik, Robert J. M., and Laurent Galbrun. "Vibration transmission through a frame typical of timber-framed buildings." Journal of Sound and Vibration 281, no. 3-5 (March 2005): 763–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.02.015.

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Kalamees, Targo, and Juha Vinha. "Hygrothermal calculations and laboratory tests on timber-framed wall structures." Building and Environment 38, no. 5 (May 2003): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(02)00207-x.

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Premrov, Miroslav, and Peter Dobrila. "Mathematical modelling of timber-framed walls strengthened with CFRP strips." Applied Mathematical Modelling 32, no. 5 (May 2008): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2007.02.009.

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