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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Timber composite"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 1 листопада 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Timber composite"

1

Sandhyavitri, Ari, Fakhri Fakhri, Rizki Ramadhan Husaini, Indra Kuswoyo, and Manyuk Fauzi. "Added values of the local timbers materials for main bridge frame structures utilizing laminating composites technology." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2, no. 1 (2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.2.1.50-58.

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Анотація:
The objectives of this article are to seek the opportunity to enhance the local Indonesia timber material physical performances (encompassing the low-class quality of III and IV timbers with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) = 5,000 - 9,000 MPa) utilizing laminated composite technology to become higher-class timber quality (class II) with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)> 15,000 MPa so that it can be used as an alternative material for constructing the bridge mainframe structures (girder beams) especially for the Indragiri Hilir regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This regency needs several hundred small-medium bridges for connecting 20 districts, 39 wards, and 197 villages using local materials such as local timbers. This laminating technology is not a new technology but the utilization of this technology for constructing the main bridges structures is challenging and limited to the implementation in the civil construction industrial sector. This study composed 2 types of the low-class quality (lcq) of timber materials (such as Shorea sp and Shorea peltata Sym) and 2 types of medium class-quality (mcq) ones (Dipterocarpus and Calophyllum) for constructing the main bridge structures. Based on the laboratory test results utilizing 80% of lcq materials and 20% mcq ones, these composite timber materials may increase the timbers MOE by 145% to 166% from the existing MOE value of the mcq solid timbers. Based on the simulations these laminated composites wooden bridge girders 2 x (70x20) m2, these timber materials have passed all the tests and the application of this technology may improve the lcq timber values and it could be used for an alternative material of the bridge girder's main structures.
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2

Buyuktaskin, Halet Almila Arda, Mehmet Serkan Yatagan, Gulseren Erol Soyoz, Leyla Tanacan, and Morvarid Dilmaghani. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DURABILITY OF LOAD BEARING TIMBER-GLASS COMPOSITES UNDER THE EFFECTS OF ACCELERATED AGING." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 2 (2019): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.2.45.

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Анотація:
Although timber was used extensively as a structural material for traditional buildings in Turkey in the past, usage of structural timber decreased significantly over time and timber has been largely replaced by other materials. As timber is a natural, durable and sustainable material, it would be desirable to re-introduce timber structural elements to contemporary construction in a form that is appealing to industry. Timber-glass composite structural elements are potentially a good candidate for this purpose. To that end, a series of tests were conducted on load-bearing timber-glass composites in order to understand the long–term structural performance of the composite material under atmospheric conditions; to decrease the recurring cost of repair and maintenance; and to minimize the exhaustion of raw materials and energy. In this paper, the first part of this experimental work is presented, which focuses on the durability of timber-glass composite under the effects of accelerated aging, carried out on small-sized timber-glass composite specimens. Accelerated aging effects were observed under wetting-drying, freezing-thawing, UV effects, resistance to acids and high temperature. The mechanical strength of the timber-glass composite specimens before and after the effect of accelerated aging was measured by adhesion and shear strength tests and a comparative analysis of the results was carried out. The results of the experiments indicate that timber-glass composite is suitable to be used under protection from environmental conditions.
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3

Soalih, Hussien Alkasim, and Serhat Demir. "Current practice and recent developments of shear connectors for timber concrete composite applications: A state of the art review." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 6, no. 5 (2023): 422–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.05422440.

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Анотація:
Several studies have been made on timber concrete composite shear connectors and most of these connectors are brittle at failure. Ductile shear connectors are not studied as extensively as ordinary shear connectors and the interest to study high ductility shear connectors increased in the past two decades. Recent literature references were chosen and reviewed on construction techniques of timber concrete composite shear connectors. A detailed summary of timber concrete composites, the mechanical properties of connectors, and types of connection systems are presented. Experimentally validated design guides available for timber concrete composite systems are presented and the potential for the development of new simplified connectors is discussed. Finally, recent applications of timber concrete composite connectors and possible areas of future research regarding the development of high ductility and energy dissipation capacity shear connectors are stated.
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Xie, Lan, Guojing He, Xiaodong (Alice) Wang, Xiao Tang, and Roberto Crocetti. "Hysteretic performance of angle steel connections in a timber-concrete composite system." BioResources 17, no. 1 (2022): 1270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.1270-1284.

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Анотація:
Timber–concrete composite systems are widely used in Europe, North America, and Australasia, primarily due to their good mechanical performance in terms of statics, dynamics, and seismic response. In addition, the concrete slab provides excellent protection to the timber, making such systems suitable for outdoor application. The seismic performance of timber–concrete composites is normally governed by their ductility and energy dissipation capacity. However, few design codes address the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of timber–concrete composite systems, owing to a lack of reliable performance data. Therefore, further research on the hysteretic performance of timber–concrete composite systems is necessary. In this study, six timber–concrete composite specimens with an angle steel connection of the same size were investigated using reversed cyclic tests. The corresponding failure modes were observed, and the salient features of the connection, i.e., the stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation, were computed from the test results. The force mechanism of the timber–concrete composite specimens under reversed cyclic load was analyzed. Equations were presented to calculate the yield force and negative force in the same load step. A comparison of the test results and the theoretical results indicated good agreement.
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5

Senashov, Sergey I., Irina L. Savostyanova, and Alexander N. Yakhno. "Bending of composite timber." Siberian Aerospace Journal 25, no. 1 (2024): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31772/2712-8970-2024-25-1-25-32.

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Анотація:
Technologies and production widely use composite materials now. “Mechanics of deformable solids” was formed as a science based on the study of materials used in the 19th and 20th centuries. Modern composite materials require new theoretical and experimental studies. Determining the stresses and deformations that occur at the points of contact of the matrix with the fibers is a special problem. Composites with a plastic matrix play an important role in modern technology. These materials successfully cope with cracking and significantly slow down the growth of cracks. In this article, the problem of the stress state of a composite beam with an elastic-plastic matrix and elastic fibers located along the axis of the beam is solved. It is assumed that in the zone of contact of the matrix with the fibers, according to the model of Yu. N. Worknov, a constant tangential stress is realized, less than the yield strength of the fiber. One end of the beam is fixed, and a constant force applied to the center of gravity coinciding with the origin of coordinates acts on the second. It is assumed that at the free boundary of the beam and at the points of contact of the beam with the fibers, the stresses reach the plasticity limit. The problem is solved with the help of conservation laws. This makes it possible to find the stress state at an arbitrary point of the section as a calculation of integrals along the outer boundary of the beam and the boundaries of the matrix and fibers.
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6

Utkin, V. A., and I. I. Gotovtsev. "CRESTED SHEAR CONNECTORS APPLICATION TO COMBINE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB AND PLANK-NAILED STRUCTURE OF BRIDGE SPAN." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 3 (2020): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-3-414-427.

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Анотація:
Introduction. The construction of bridges using timber materials is experiencing a real boom throughout the world .The USA is considered to be a leader, where 80% of the bridges are made of timber or materials based on it. In Russia timber bridge construction has been stagnating for the last 50 years, although there is a need for these bridges. Timber structures could solve many problems with Russian roads, especially in remote areas. Timber structures are widely considered to be outdated, so they cannot meet current requirements of load capacity and durability, also they are vulnerable to atmospheric influences, etc. But foreign experience proves the contrary. The article is devoted to the implementation of new plank-nailed spans that meet current requirements of load capacity, reliability and durability.Materials and methods. The authors suggest and describe a new span structure. The span consists of planktimber- nailed-dowel blocks and a reinforced concrete slab generating a composite action. Some special crested shear connectors are suggested as combining elements. The top part works as flexible shear connectors in a reinforced concrete slab. The bottom part works as dowels with steel joints and timbers structures. The investigation of the stress-strain state of the structure has been completed within “compound beam” theory.Results. The application of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab allows to protect supporting timber structures against atmospheric influences, dirt, cracking from the sun rays, radiation and provides at least 50-year durability. The timber preservation provides a specified service life. The application of suggested connection with composite action between a reinforced concrete slab and supporting timber structures increases effectiveness of the composite timber concrete structure compared to steel and reinforced concrete structures. Trans-Baikal territory, Irkutsk and Arkhangelsk Regions, Khabarovsk Territory, the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Buriatia, Karelia are in the greatest need of the timber concrete composite spans, because they have a lot of forest resources and old timber bridges that are still in service.
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Ceccotti, Ario. "Composite concrete-timber structures." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 4, no. 3 (2002): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.126.

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8

Buka-Vaivade, Karina, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, and Leonids Pakrastins. "Cost Factor Analysis for Timber–Concrete Composite with a Lightweight Plywood Rib Floor Panel." Buildings 12, no. 6 (2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060761.

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Анотація:
With the growing importance of the principle of sustainability, there is an increasing interest in the use of timber–concrete composite for floors, especially for medium and large span buildings. Timber–concrete composite combines the better properties of both materials and reduces their disadvantages. The most common choice is to use a cross-laminated timber panel as a base for a timber–concrete composite. But a timber–concrete composite solution with plywood rib panels with an adhesive connection between the timber base and fibre reinforced concrete layer is offered as the more cost-effective constructive solution. An algorithm for determining the rational parameters of the panel cross-section has been developed. The software was written based on the proposed algorithm to compare timber–concrete composite panels with cross-laminated timber and plywood rib panel bases. The developed algorithm includes recommendations of forthcoming Eurocode 5 for timber–concrete composite design and an innovative approach to vibration calculations. The obtained data conclude that the proposed structural solution has up to 73% lower cost and up to 71% smaller self-weight. Thus, the proposed timber–concrete composite construction can meet the needs of society for cost-effective and sustainable innovative floor solutions.
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Owens, Frank C., R. Daniel Seale, and Rubin Shmulsky. "Strength and stiffness of 8-inch deep mixed hardwood composite timber mats." BioResources 15, no. 2 (2020): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2495-2500.

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Анотація:
There is a current and pressing need to develop engineering standards for timber- and other wood-based mats. In 2018 a group of mat producers and users began discussing a potential grading specification standard specific to mats. There are large gaps in the literature regarding the performance of the available raw materials as well as bolt-laminated mat systems. This work represents a novel attempt to begin to assess the mechanical properties of timber mats. Eight-inch deep mixed hardwood timbers were graded according to an experimental specification standard. Then, they were drilled and bolt laminated into 28 three-timber composite mats that were 24 inches (60.96 cm) in width. The bending stiffness (modulus of elasticity [MOE]) and strength (modulus of rupture [MOR]) performance were evaluated with a static bending test. The 5th percentile nonparametric tolerance limit (5% NTL) and design value for fiber stress in bending (Fb) were calculated. The nonparametric design value compared favorably with that of graded timbers, as described in the 2018 National Design Specification (NDS) for wood.
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10

Mlote, Doreen Steven, and Michael Budig. "Load-Bearing Capacities and Pseudo-Ductility of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced New Zealand Pine Timber Beams." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080239.

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Анотація:
Building construction contributes a significant portion to the global consumption of energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and decarbonization has become one of the main targets. This has turned much attention to renewable materials, particularly timber construction. Wood is a natural composite, and it causes challenges in its natural state due to its mechanical properties and functionality, which has constrained its use in construction. Laminating wood sections into glue-laminated (glulam) and cross-laminated timber (CLT) components overcomes limitations in dimensions and inconsistencies in its properties. We went beyond these technologies and explored the potential of combining timber of the radiata pine species with synthetic fibers, aiming for hybrid natural–synthetic composite beams. This research illustrated various reinforcement mechanisms and analyzed their structural properties. The results from the experiments showed that carbon fiber-reinforced timber composites have up to 49% additional increase in load-bearing capacity compared to unreinforced beams. An identical amount of strain required less stress, and the composite portrayed a metal-like ductility property, a characteristic referred to as pseudo-ductility. It reduces the material consumption in beams through a more efficient use of materials, particularly around compression areas before tensile rupture. The resulting composites are sustainable yet structurally capable, contributing to the reduction in CO2 emissions in timber construction systems.
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Дисертації з теми "Timber composite"

1

Skinner, Jonathan. "Thin topping timber-concrete composite floors." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606665.

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Анотація:
A timber-concrete composite (TCC) combines timber and concrete, utilising the complementary properties of each material. The composite is designed in such a way that the timber resists combined tension and bending, whilst the concrete resists combined compression and bending. This construction technique can be used either in new build construction, or in refurbishment, for upgrading existing timber structures. Its use is most prolific in continental Europe, Australasia, and the United States of America but has yet to be widely used in the United Kingdom. To date, the topping upgrades used have been 40mm thick or greater. Depending on the choice of shear connection, this can lead to a four-fold increase in strength and stiffness of the floor. However, in many practical refurbishment situations, such a large increase in stiffness is not required, therefore a thinner topping can suffice. The overarching aim of this study has been to develop a thin (20mm) topping timber-concrete composite upgrade with a view to improving the serviceability performance of existing timber floors. Particular emphasis was given to developing an understanding of how the upgrade changes the stiffness and transient vibration response of a timber floor. Initially, an analytical study was carried out to define an appropriate topping thickness. An experimental testing programme was then completed to: characterise suitable shear connectors under static and cyclic loads, assess the benefit of the upgrade to the short-term bending performance of panels and floors, and evaluate the influence of the upgrade on the transient vibration response of a floor. For refurbishing timber floors, a 20mm thick topping sufficiently increased the bending stiffness and improved the transient vibration response. The stiffness of the screw connectors was influenced by the thickness of the topping and the inclination of the screws. During the short-term bending tests, the gamma method provided a non-conservative prediction of composite bending stiffness. In the majority of cases the modal frequencies of the floors tested increased after upgrade, whilst the damping ratios decreased. The upgrade system was shown to be robust as cracking of the topping did not influence the short-term bending performance of panels. Thin topping TCC upgrades offer a practical and effective solution to building practitioners, for improving the serviceability performance of existing timber floors.
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2

Skaare, Mathilde Korvald. "Vibrations in Composite Timber-Concrete Floor Systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23327.

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Анотація:
Timber-concrete composite structures were originally developed for bridges and strengthening existing timber floors, but is today used extensively also in new buildings. The objective of this thesis was to look at the dynamic behavior of a timber-concrete composite system, where the concrete deck consisted of several prefabricated elements glued together. The shear connector used was a glued-in steel mesh, which had shown strong capacity in previous studies. The concrete was fibre reinforced concrete.A full-scale model was built in the laboratory, and the following tests were performed: A dynamic test (hammer impact test) and a deflection test with 1 kN load. In addition a direct shear test was performed on two asymmetrical specimen to find the stiffness of the shear connector. The fibre reinforced concrete was tested separately to find its characteristic properties. There was also made a numerical model in ABAQUS, to estimate the behavior of the composite beam.The hammer impact test showed that the composite beam satisfied the dynamic requirements sat for the beam. The shear connector proved to be weaker and more ductile than expected. It was discovered this was due to insufficient gluing during the assembly. The numerical analyses done in combination with the empirical tests proved to give good estimates on the behavior of the composite beam. The stiffness of the shear connector proved to be more decisive of the deflection of the beam than the frequency. Expanding the beam to a full-size floor in ABAQUS indicated that the composite beam gave smaller values for the frequency than what would be the case for a full floor. The overall performance of the timber-concrete composite system tested in this thesis was good. However, some adjustments should be made and more research has to be done, before developing this into a new floor system.
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3

Churchill, C. E. "Direct and flanking transmission across timber concrete composite floors with cross laminated timber walls." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3021424/.

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Анотація:
Timber-concrete composite (HBV) floors are widely manufactured by many construction companies. Cross laminated timber (CLT) elements are an effective way to produce more homogenised timber building elements. In this thesis, the applicability of measurement-based prediction methods to calculate the apparent sound reduction index (R’) for these two types of elements was investigated. A prediction model using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) was developed and validated to calculate the airborne sound transmission of a HBV floor. There was additional complexity in modelling this floor system compared with other SEA models found in the literature therefore two types of model were compared. To determine the stiffness of the floor it was proposed that bending stiffness predicted using the theories of Huffington and Troitsky provide a more suitable and flexible approach than that of Kimura and Inoue. All SEA models predicted a weighted sound reduction index to within 2.0dB of the measurements. For CLT plates, an accurate measure of the elastic moduli was sought to determine direct sound transmission. A low-frequency stiffness can be determined by modal measurement and optimisation of the material constants (≤ 100Hz a thin plate model is adequate). At mid to high frequencies (>300Hz) sound transmission of CLT was predicted using a frequency-dependant modulus determined from directly measuring the bending wavespeed. Elastic moduli were extracted from wavespeed data (the Young’s modulus was measured to be approximately 50% less stiff than the low-frequency stiffness) and in the y-direction the value of the shear modulus Gyz determined that a thick plate model should be applied in this direction. Finite Element Method (FEM) models of CLT plates and junctions using the elastic moduli determined using the methods described above were validated using measurements of freely and simply supported plates and three simple junctions (L-junction, rotated L-junction and T-junction). The contribution of residual modes (higher than the frequency range of interest) to the calculated point mobility was assessed. The transition to thick plate theory occurs within the frequency range of interest (100-5000Hz). This resulted in a modal density which increases with frequency and some implications of this are discussed. The best agreement between FEM model and measured data was obtained for the simplest (unrotated) L-junction. Finally, measurement based prediction methods to assess the flanking performance of CLT combined with the HBV floor were investigated. Agreement was obtained between the structure-borne and airborne methodologies if a correction factor, which accounts both for the thick plate properties of the CLT and the fit of measured results to the HBV model, was used. The Df path was the strongest transmission path and the most accurately predicted and hence it was possible to predict the apparent sound reduction index (R’) by summing the paths.
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4

O'Neill, James William. "The Fire Performance of Timber-Concrete Composite Floors." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3912.

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Анотація:
Timber-concrete composite floors are a combination of timber joists and concrete topping, creating a flooring system to best utilise the advantages each material has to offer. Timber is used as the main tensile load bearing material due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, while concrete is used in floor slabs for its advantages in stiffness and acoustic separation. The strength of the system is dependent on the connection between timber and concrete, thus the connection must be strong, stiff, and economical to manufacture, to ensure that the flooring system is economically viable. This research investigated the fire performance and failure behaviour of timber-concrete composite floor systems currently under development in New Zealand, resulting in a calculation method for evaluating the fire resistance of these floors. Furnace tests were performed on two full-size floor specimens at the Building Research Association of New Zealand (BRANZ). Both floor specimens were 4 m long and 3 m wide, consisting of 65 mm concrete topping on plywood formwork, connected to double LVL floor joists. They were tested over a 4 m span, subjected to a nominal design live load of 2.5 kPa. Both floors were subjected to the ISO 834 test fire for over 60 minutes. Two separate connection types were tested; concrete notches cut into the timber beams with an incorporated shear key, and metal toothed plates pressed between the double beams. It was found that the reduction in section size of the timber beams due to the fire governed the failure mode of the floors. Due to the composite action achieved by the connections, the floor units were able to withstand prolonged exposure to the test fire, well exceeding one hour. The test data and visual observations aided in the development of a numerical model for evaluating the fire resistance of the floors. This was developed in a spreadsheet that is able to predict the expected fire resistance of these floors, taking into account some major time dependent variable properties that can have an effect on the overall performance. Load-span tables have been produced to give the estimated fire resistance of floors with differing floor dimensions, span lengths and applied loads.
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5

Hong, Kwan Eui Marcel. "Structural performance of nail-laminated timber-concrete composite floors." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62710.

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Анотація:
Nail-laminated timber-concrete composite (TCC) is a system composed of a nail-laminated timber (NLT) panel connected to a concrete slab through shear connections. When used as flexural elements such as floors, the concrete and NLT are located in the compression and tension zones, respectively. NLT panels, being constructed out of inexpensive lumber planks nailed on their sides, offer an economical advantage in mass-timber constructions that complement the structural and building physics advantages of TCC. However, the performance of nail-laminated TCC as well as efficient shear connectors for this system have not been investigated. This thesis presents the experimental study conducted on the performance of TCC panels constructed out of NLT, mechanical fasteners, and cast-in-place concrete. First, nine different sizes of truss-plates and two configurations of self-tapping screws installed in small-scale TCC specimens were tested under shear load. The connections’ strength and stiffness were determined to evaluate its performance as TCC shear connectors. Second, four truss-plate configurations were selected for implementation in full-scale TCC panels. Two panels for each shear connection systems were tested under impact loading and a quasi-static monotonic loading to determine the vibration bending properties, respectively. Panel specifications and layouts of the connectors were designed based on the established γ-method. The test results show that nail-laminated TCC panels reached slightly higher fundamental natural frequency and elastic bending stiffness than predicted. Furthermore, failure did not occur until loading reached 5 to 7 times the serviceability requirements. The selected truss-plates shear connection demonstrated to be an efficient solution for nail-laminated TCC panels.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Civil Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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6

Inniss, Clifton F. "Analytical and experimental modelling of timber-concrete composite beams." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842780/.

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Анотація:
This thesis investigates the behaviour of timber-concrete composite beams with mechanical shear connectors. The analysis of these structures is complex due to the discontinuity caused by slip at the interface between the timber and concrete and can only be achieved by the use of sophisticated analytical techniques. A literature review has been carried out highlighting the fact that only a limited amount of theoretical and experimental work exists on timber- concrete composite beams. The fundamental objectives of this study were to develop suitable analytical and experimental models so as to better understand the behaviour of these structures. Fifty seven push-out specimens and seven beams were tested in order to determine the load/slip characteristics of the coach screw connectors and how these influence the behaviour of the beams. It was found that the bond and friction at the timber-concrete interface had a significant effect on the behaviour of the joints and beams. Analyses were carried out using a fully non-linear finite element package, LUSAS. The finite element model developed consisted of standard two dimensional elements and the results from the beam tests were used in a validation exercise. In general, good agreement was obtained for the stiffness of the beams throughout their loading history. Studies were carried out using the analytical model to determine the influence of the main parameters on the stiffness of the beams. The connector stiffness and timber properties were found to have a strong influence while the concrete properties were not significant at working load level. Further analytical studies were carried out for a wide range of geometric properties. The information obtained was used in the formulation of a design procedure which allowed for slip at the interface of the beams. Recommendations are included for future research on timber-concrete composite beams.
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7

Yeoh, David Eng Chuan. "Behaviour and Design of Timber-Concrete Composite Floor System." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Civil and Natural Resources, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4428.

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Анотація:
This Ph.D. thesis represents a summative report detailing research processes and outcomes from investigating the ultimate and serviceability limit state short- and long-term behaviour and design of timber-concrete composite floors. The project enables the realization of a semi-prefabricated LVL-concrete composite floor system of up to 15 m long using 3 types of connection. Design span tables which satisfy the ultimate and serviceability limit state short- and long-term verifications for this system form the novel contribution of this thesis. In quantifying the behaviour of timber-concrete composite floors, 5 different experimental phases have been carried. 9 major achievements in meeting 9 sub-objectives have been concluded: 1) Three best types of connection system for timber-concrete composite floors have been identified; 2) The characteristic strength and secant slip moduli for these connections have been determined; 3) The short-term behaviour of the selected connections defined by their pre- and post-peak responses under collapse load has been established; 4) An analytical model for the strength evaluation of the selected connections based on the different possible modes of failure has been derived; 5) Easy and fast erected semi-prefabricated timber-concrete composite floor has been proposed; 6) The short-term ultimate and serviceability limit state behaviour of timber-concrete composite floor beams under collapse load has been investigated; 7) The long-term behaviour of chosen connections defined by their creep coefficient has been determined; 8) The long-term behaviour of timber-concrete composite floor beams under sustained load at serviceability limit state condition has been investigated; and 9) Design example and span tables for semi-prefabricated timber-concrete composite floors that satisfy both the ultimate and serviceability limit state in the short- and long-term using the gamma-method have been developed.
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8

Ribbenstedt, Marcus, and Nick Salvati. "Simulation driven design of timber bolster in fibre composite." Thesis, KTH, Lättkonstruktioner, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-203367.

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Анотація:
The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate a simulation and optimisation based methodology using fibre composite materials to lower the weight of timber bolsters. The timber bolsters secure the timber from falling off the truck during loading and transport. A lighter forestry truck is beneficial for several reasons such as increased payload and fuel efficiency and a decreased environmental impact. This thesis includes a concept study for a bolster made of fibre composites. Carbon and glass fibres together with polyurethane were chosen as material system and the recommended manufacturing methods were pultrusion and resin transfer moulding. A study of the economy related to the timber transport was conducted during the concept phase to investigate the potential business case. The thesis also includes an optimisation of the generated concept. The optimisation focused on geometry and fibre layup. By the use of optimisation the weight was reduced from the initial 136 kg of aluminium to 87 kg of glass and carbon fibre. The optimised design was compared with today’s aluminium bolsters and indicated that the composite bolster is realistic from an economic perspective. A methodology for analysing bolted joints in fibre composites was developed. The analysis was made using the finite element method and resulted in a comparison between different failure criteria. Based on the results it can be concluded that the prediction of failure differs significantly depending on used failure criterion and tests are needed for verification. Finally a simulation was made to verify the structures response to an impact. The simulation was compared with calculations using energy equations showing a fairly good agreement.<br>Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta examensarbete var att använda metodik baserad på simulering och optimering samt fiberkompositmaterial för att minska vikten på timmerbankar. Timmerbankar används för att lastsäkra timmer på lastbilar under lastning och transport. En lättare lastbil är fördelaktig av flera anledningar som t.ex. ökad kapacitet för nyttolast och bränsleeffektivitet samt en minskad miljöpåverkan. Examensarbetet inkluderar en konceptstudie för en timmerbanke i fiberkomposit. Kolfiber och glasfiber tillsammans med polyuretan valdes som material. Pultrusion och resin transfer moulding rekommenderades som tillverkningsmetoder. En studie av ekonomin relaterad till timmertransport genomfördes under konceptstudien för att undersöka om konceptet har potential att vara ekonomiskt gångbart. Examensarbetet innehåller även en optimering av det genererade konceptet. Optimeringen fokuserade på geometri samt kompositlaminatets fiberriktningar och stackningsordning. Genom användning av optimering minskades vikten på banken från dagens 136 kg i aluminium till 87 kg med glas och kolfiber. Den optimerade banken jämfördes med en existerande aluminiumbanke ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv och slutsatsen är att med de givna antagandena har den optimerade konstruktionen större ekonomisk potential. En metod för att analysera skruvförband i komposit utvecklades och olika brottkriterier har undersökts. Analysen genomfördes med finita elementmetoden och resulterade i en jämförelse mellan olika brottkriterier. Baserat på resultaten kan det konstateras att prediktering av brott påverkas avsevärt av använt brottkriterium och att verifierande provning behövs. Slutligen genomfördes en simulering för att verifiera strukturens respons vid en slag last. Simuleringen jämfördes med beräkningar baserade på energiekvationer och på påvisade skaplig överenstämmelse.
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Cameron, Tony Ray. "Alaskan timber resources for wood-plastic composites." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/t_cameron_070209.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, August 2009.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 12, 2009). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references.
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10

Mohamed, Ahmed S. "Photogrammetric and stereo vision techniques for evaluating material properties in timber and timber-based composite structures." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2016. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/462281.

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A fundamental requirement for efficient use of a glulam beam is an accurate knowledge of its mechanical behaviour and the material properties characterising that behaviour. It becomes extremely important to obtain accurate measurements of material properties ofglulam, but this can be challengeable, especially for commonly used properties, such as the modulus of elasticity and shear modulus. Experiment testing is the way to determine elastic properties, however, the problem of experimentally determining appropriatevalues of these properties for timber-based composite is not as simple and straightforward as in isotropic materials, and care must be taken in the experimental methods used in determining their values. There is a need to develop an appropriate method in order to evaluate these properties. Unlike the traditional methods in whichcontact devices such as inclinometers or linear variable differential transducers are used to identify the material properties of glulam by utilizing their measurements of displacements and rotations at specific points, the optical methods provide an efficient and accurate approach for measuring these properties at multi-location so that more regions of interest can be monitored simultaneously without contact. Moreover, the traditional devices are limited to give measurements in one or two dimensions whereas the optical methods can be used to gain measurements in three dimensions. Although the optical techniques were successfully applied to different structural applications, little work has been done on the area of evaluating material properties of timber, especially modulus of elasticity and shear modulus. Therefore, the primary motivation of this project will be allocated to evaluate those properties utilizing the stereo vision approach. This thesis describes the research work in which a stereo camera system combined with a photogrammetric approach was proposed to evaluate material properties of timber and timber-based composite joists. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the applicability of the approach to evaluate different material properties of glulam beams under different types of tests, including the torsion and the compression. Remarkable findings were obtained which might help for developing an outline for a future research programme in the field of evaluating material properties of glulam, allowing investigating the relationship between these properties. The results also showed that the optical system not only allowed assessing performance and reliabilityof the traditional sensors, but also allowed monitoring the deformation of the samples at various locations by providing more information which would not be possible to obtain using the traditional techniques.
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Книги з теми "Timber composite"

1

Radford, D. W. Composite repair of timber structures. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, 2000.

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2

Wolfe, Ronald W. Timber rivets in structural composite lumber. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004.

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B, Manbeck H., and Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Performance of Red Maple glulam timber beams. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1993.

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4

Alling, Joseph. Timber vs. composite/plastic pile fender systems in Pearl Harbor maintenance cost comparison. Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996.

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5

May, Dennis M. The north central forest inventory and analysis timber product output database: A regional composite approach. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1998.

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6

United States. Forest Service. North Central Research Station, ed. The north central forest inventory and analysis timber product output database: A regional composite approach. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1998.

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7

Kenel, Albin. Zur Berechnung von Holz/Beton-Verbundkonstruktionen: Entwicklung und Vergleich verschiedener Berechnungsmethoden = Calculation and dimensioning of timber concrete composite structural elements : development and comparison of various methods. EMPA, Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt, Abt. Holz, 2000.

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8

Mettem, C. J. Structural timber composites: Design guide. Trada Technology, 1996.

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9

Ranzi, Gianluca, ed. Time-dependent behaviour and design of composite steel-concrete structures. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed018.

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&lt;p&gt;Steel-concrete composite structures are widely used throughout the world for buildings and bridges. A distinguishing feature of this form of construction is the combination of concrete and steel components to achieve enhanced structural performance. &lt;p&gt;The time-dependent response of concrete and its infl uence on the service behaviour and design of composite structures are the main focus of this SED. For the fi rst time, a publication combines a state-of-the-art review of the research with the available design specifi cations of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and USA. This publication intends to enhance the awareness of the service response of composite structures and of the latest research and standards’ developments. It is aimed at designers and researchers alike. &lt;p&gt;The review of research available in open literature is provided and arranged according to structural typologies, i. e. slabs, beams, and columns. It serves as background information for current service design rules and provides insight into the most recent research advancements. The review of available design guidelines presents the similarities and differences of the recommended service design procedures infl uenced by concrete time effects. Selected case studies of building and bridge projects show possible design approaches and the rationale required when dealing with the time-dependent response and design of composite structures. The authors of this publication are design engineers and academics involved in the service design and research on the time-dependent response of composite structures.
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10

Scialdone, John J. Gravimetric measurements of materials outgassing applied to graphite-epoxy laminates. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "Timber composite"

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Shahnewaz, Md, Carla Dickof, and Thomas Tannert. "Bending Performance of Timber-Timber Composite Floors." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0656-5_43.

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McAllister, E., and D. McPolin. "Development of cross-laminated timber composite panels from C16 timber." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348443-276.

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McAllister, E., and D. McPolin. "Development of cross-laminated timber composite panels from C16 timber." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348450-276.

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Holschemacher, K. "Recent developments in timber-concrete composite construction." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348443-272.

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Holschemacher, K. "Recent developments in timber-concrete composite construction." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348450-272.

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Kuklík, Petr, Pavel Nechanický, and Anna Kuklíková. "Development of Prefabricated Timber-Concrete Composite Floors." In Materials and Joints in Timber Structures. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_42.

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Crocetti, Roberto, Tiziano Sartori, Roberto Tomasi, and José L. F. Cabo. "An Innovative Prefabricated Timber-Concrete Composite System." In Materials and Joints in Timber Structures. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_47.

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8

Popov, Egor, Tatiana Nikitina, Valery Cherednichenko, et al. "Timber-Composite Panels with Discontinuity in Cladding." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2022). Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36960-5_75.

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9

Liu, MingYu. "Analytical and Numerical Analysis for the Vibrational Response of Timber-Concrete Composite Floor." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_1.

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AbstractThis study investigates the vibration characteristics of composite timber-concrete floor systems to provide a reliable benchmark for optimizing composite floor system designs. This paper uses the numerical and analytical methods for evaluation to support more detailed study results and to build a comprehensive model for future research. Through Strand7 and ABAQUS numerical finite element analysis, geometrical layout and beam material effects on the timber-concrete composite floor are thoroughly explored. Meanwhile, the analytical results are further compared with the analytical solution based on the Dunkerley method and AISC. Then 15 kinds of timber-concrete composite floor designs are simulated and numerically tested. It was found that the dimensions of the timber beams and their composition might affect the natural frequencies of the floors. On this basis, this paper proposes future design schemes to provide reliable suggestions for further research.
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Walgenbach-Albat, F., T. Göckel, A. Laubach, G. Kusser, F. Miebach, and J. Schaffitzel. "Investigations on shear-connections of timber-granite-composite structures." In Structures and Architecture A Viable Urban Perspective? CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023555-164.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Timber composite"

1

NOURI, FARSHID, MARK A. BRADFORD, and HAMID VALIPOUR. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TIMBER–TIMBER COMPOSITE MEMBERS." In HPSM/OPTI 2018. WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hpsm180091.

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Brieden, Matthias, Max Braun, Werner Seim, Kristina Schramm, and Philipp Eversmann. "SEGMENTED COMPOSITE SECTIONS WITH WOOD DOWELS." In World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 (WCTE2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/069179-0453.

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Fadai, Alireza, Johann Scheibenreiter, Alex Müllner, and Marie Theres Brunauer. "DEVELOPMENT OF LVL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE FLOOR SYSTEMS." In World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 (WCTE2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/069179-0437.

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4

Mainey, Alexander J., Benoit P. Gilbert, Dilum Fernando, and Henri Bailleres. "Thin-walled timber and FRP-timber veneer composite CEE-sections." In International Conference on Performance-based and Life-cycle Structural Engineering. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2016.422.

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Matsushita, Shizuka, and Shinichi Shioya. "BURNING TEST OF STEEL BAR - TIMBER COMPOSITE BEAM." In World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 (WCTE2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/069179-0216.

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Shahin, Alireza, Craig J. L. Cowled, Henri Bailleres, and Sabrina Fawzia. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF TIMBER-STEEL COMPOSITE CONNECTION SYSTEMS." In World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 (WCTE2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/069179-0414.

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Bradford, Mark, Amirhossein Hassanieh, and Hamid Valipour. "Composite Beams of Steel and Timber." In IABSE Symposium, Vancouver 2017: Engineering the Future. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/vancouver.2017.1918.

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Frohnmüller, Jens, Werner Seim, and Ann-Charlotte Spangenberg. "FIBRE-OPTIC MEASUREMENTS FOR MONITORING ADHESIVELY BONDED COMPOSITE BEAMS." In World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 (WCTE2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/069179-0103.

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C., Adam, and Milner H. "Prefabricated Composite Timber Bridge Deck with Steel Shear Connectors." In 4th International Conference on Steel & Composite Structures. Research Publishing Services, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-6218-3_bs-we001.

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10

Bottaro, Sara, David Owolabi, and Cristiano Loss. "Vibration serviceability performance of prefabricated cross-laminated timber steel rib composite floors." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1590.

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&lt;p&gt;Timber-based composite floors are gaining ascendancy as potential competitors with mainstream steel-concrete composites due to the increasing emphasis on sustainability in the construction industry. This paper investigates the vibration serviceability performance of an innovative prefabricated timber-steel composite floor module. The floor features a cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel joined to cold-formed steel beams using self-tapping screws as shear connectors. The vibration response of the floor module is simulated through the finite element method considering both modal and transient analyses, and its structural performance is evaluated using criteria specified in international design codes and standards. The results provide insight into the vibration behaviour of steel-timber composite floors in residential applications.&lt;/p&gt;
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Звіти організацій з теми "Timber composite"

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Wolfe, Ronald W., Marshall Begel, and Bruce Craig. Timber rivets in structural composite lumber. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-153.

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2

May, Dennis M. The North Central Forest Inventory and Analysis timber product output database--a regional composite approach. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-gtr-200.

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3

Alexander, Chris. L52318 State of the Art Assessment of Composite Repair Systems. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000005.

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Composite materials have been used to repair high pressure transmission pipelines. Over this time period a wide variety of composite systems have been developed and evaluated. With the increased demands being placed on pipeline systems around the world, it is expected that the market potential for composite repair systems will continue to expand. Additionally, as composite technology is further developed the opportunities for new applications will expand. An assessment of this composite repair technology is needed. This report has been developed to provide industry with a state of the art assessment of composite pipeline repair technology as it currently stands.
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4

Perez-Rivera, Anthony, Jonathan Trovillion, Peter Stynoski, and Jeffrey Ryan. Simulated barge impacts on fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) composite sandwich panels : dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) to develop force time histories to be used on experimental testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48080.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic response of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite sandwich panels subjected to typical barge impact masses and velocities to develop force time histories that can be used in controlled experimental testing. Dynamic analyses were performed on FRP composite sandwich panels using the finite element method software Abaqus/Explicit. The “traction-separation” law in the Abaqus software is used to define the cohesive surface interaction properties to evaluate the damage between FRP composite laminate layers as well as the core separation within the sandwich panels. Numerical models were developed to better under-stand the damage caused by barge impacts and the effects of impacts on the dynamic response of composite structures. Force, displacement, and velocity time histories were obtained with finite element modeling for several mass and velocity cases to develop experimental testing procedures for these types of structures.
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5

Hammerand, Daniel Carl. Critical time step for a bilinear laminated composite Mindlin shell element. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919205.

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6

Alexander, Chris. PR652-184505-R01 Evaluating Installation Techniques for Pipeline Repair Methods. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012029.

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A testing program was conducted to evaluate the effects of internal pressure during the installation of composite and steel sleeves repair systems on pipelines with plain dents. The testing program included cyclic pressure testing a group of 12.75-inch OD x 0.188-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with plain dents having residual dent depths on the order of 3% to 4% of the pipe's outside diameter. The dent samples were repaired using four (4) different composite repair systems, type-A steel sleeves, and steel thermal compression sleeves. The composite repair systems included a carbon fiber wet-layup, an E-glass wet-layup, a system with precured plies, and a hybrid composite-steel repair system. To determine the effect internal pressure has on repair installation for dents, all repairs were installed with an internal pressure of 64% SMYS (793 psig) in the pipe sample. The dent samples were then pressure cycled between 8 - 80% SMSY ( and Delta;P = 900 psig) until failure or reaching the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. Only three (3) out of the fourteen (14) repaired dents reached the 250,000 pressure cycle runout condition and these samples were all repaired using steel sleeves. The maximum number of cycles reached by any composite repair was approximately 200,000 cycles while the least number of cycles reached was approximately 24,000 cycles. In addition to the dent repairs, two (2) 12.75-inch OD x 0.375-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with a 6-inch x 8-inch corrosion defect were repaired with an E-glass wet-layup. These two (2) samples were a continuation of a previous study that investigated the effects of a 50% SMYS (1,235 psig) installation pressure on the fatigue performance of corrosion repairs. Both samples reached the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. The body of work is seminal in that it is the first time that industry was evaluated a wide range of repair technologies to determine the effects of pressure during installation in reinforcing plain dents. It has been speculated for some time that internal pressure present during installation of composite repair technologies has an impact on fatigue performance. Although corrosion features do not appear to be a concern, the reinforcement of dents with internal pressure requires careful consideration. Because gas transmission pipelines do not experience aggressive pressure cycling, the effects of pressure present during installation are not a major concern. However, liquid transmission pipeline operators should be cognizant of the pressure effects and respond accordingly. Namely, pressure should be reduced during installation as much as possible.
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Whisler, Daniel, Rafael Gomez Consarnau, and Ryan Coy. Novel Eco-Friendly, Recycled Composites for Improved CA Road Surfaces. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2046.

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The continued use of structural plastics in consumer products, industry, and transportation represents a potential source for durable, long lasting, and recyclable roadways. Costs to dispose of reinforced plastics can be similar to procuring new asphalt with mechanical performance exceeding that of the traditional road surface. This project examines improved material development times by leveraging advanced computational material models based on validated experimental data. By testing traditional asphalt and select carbon and glass reinforced composites, both new and recycled, it is possible to develop a finite element simulation that can predict the material characteristics under a number of loads virtually, and with less lead time compared to experimental testing. From the tested specimens, composites show minimal strength degradation when recycled and used within the asphalt design envelopes considered, with an average of 49% less wear, two orders of magnitude higher compressive strength, and three orders for tensile strength. Predictive computational analysis using the validated material models developed for this investigation confirms the long-term durability.
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8

Salamo, Gregory J. Nondestructive Real-Time Sensing of Stress Defects, and Flaws in Composite Materials. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada313729.

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Mayas, Magda. Creating with timbre. Norges Musikkhøgskole, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.686088.

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Unfolding processes of timbre and memory in improvisational piano performance This exposition is an introduction to my research and practice as a pianist, in which I unfold processes of timbre and memory in improvised music from a performer’s perspective. Timbre is often understood as a purely sonic perceptual phenomenon. However, this is not in accordance with a site-specific improvisational practice with changing spatial circumstances impacting the listening experience, nor does it take into account the agency of the instrument and objects used or the performer’s movements and gestures. In my practice, I have found a concept as part of the creating process in improvised music which has compelling potential: Timbre orchestration. My research takes the many and complex aspects of a performance environment into account and offers an extended understanding of timbre, which embraces spatial, material and bodily aspects of sound in improvised music performance. The investigative projects described in this exposition offer a methodology to explore timbral improvisational processes integrated into my practice, which is further extended through collaborations with sound engineers, an instrument builder and a choreographer: -experiments in amplification and recording, resulting in Memory piece, a series of works for amplified piano and multichannel playback - Piano mapping, a performance approach, with a custom-built device for live spatialization as means to expand and deepen spatio-timbral relationships; - Accretion, a project with choreographer Toby Kassell for three grand pianos and a pianist, where gestural approaches are used to activate and compose timbre in space. Together, the projects explore memory as a structural, reflective and performative tool and the creation of performing and listening modes as integrated parts of timbre orchestration. Orchestration and choreography of timbre turn into an open and hybrid compositional approach, which can be applied to various contexts, engaging with dynamic relationships and re-configuring them.
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Hinrichs, Susan. A Compile Time Model for Composing Parallel Programs. Defense Technical Information Center, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada278896.

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