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Статті в журналах з теми "Tilletia caries"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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1

Kochanová, M., M. Zouhar, E. Prokinová, and P. Ryšánek. "Detection of Tilletia controversa and Tilletia caries in wheat by PCR method." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 2 (November 21, 2011): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3684-pse.

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Анотація:

Tilletia controversa and Tilletia caries were specifically detected in wheat plants by PCR using primers TILf (5´-CAC AAG ACT ACG GAG GGG TG-3´) and TILr (5´-CTC CAA GCA ACC TTC TCT TTC-3´). DNAs from uninfected wheat, rye, barley and triticale were not amplified. Natural infection of control plants by other species of fungi as Alternaria spp., Erysiphe graminis and Fusarium spp. proved the specificity of the test because even in this case no unspecific products were formed. This method can be very useful both for seed producers and for state officers checking the seed quality.

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2

Zouhar, M., J. Mazáková, E. Prokinová, M. Váňová, and P. Ryšánek. "Quantification of Tilletia caries and Tilletia controversa mycelium in wheat apical meristem by real-time PCR." Plant Protection Science 46, No. 3 (August 25, 2010): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/50/2009-pps.

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Анотація:

In the Czech Republic, three closely related species of the genus Tilletia belong to pathogens that cause significant losses of wheat crops by replacing grains with a mass of teliospores. A quantitative real-time qPCR assay using SYBR Green I has been developed to quantify the amount of T. caries and T. controversa mycelium in apical meristems of different wheat varieties. The real-time PCR reaction was validated by evaluating selected extraction methods, examining the specificity of designed target-specific IGS primers and verifying the optimised amplification reaction on naturally infected wheat plants. The PCR detection limit for the specific identification of fungal DNA was 0.22 ng of mycelium, and the negative correlation between the target DNA quantity and cycle threshold (Ct) was high with a coefficient of determination of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.992. The developed method was used to quantify pathogens mycelium in five wheat varieties in the range from 0.34 ng to 15 µg per one growing tip.

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3

Shevchuk, O., T. Kyslykh, L. Holosna, and O. Afanasieva. "Tilletia species on winter wheat grain." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 10-12 (December 14, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.10-12.3-7.

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Goal. To determine the species composition of the complex of pathogens of bunt diseases of the genus Tilletia on winter wheat grain. Methods. The research was conducted during 2017—2020. 315 samples of winter wheat grain from different soil and climatic zones were analyzed. Seed contamination was determined by washing the grains and centrifuging the spore suspension, followed by counting their number in the Goryaev chamber. Identification of the pathogen was performed in the laboratory by microscopic examination, taking into account the morphological features of teliospores. Results. In 2017 and 2018, the presence of spores of fungi of the genus Tilletia was detected in 23.5 and 28.6% of the analyzed wheat grain samples, respectively. The number of spores per grain varied between 11—388.9 and 2.8—214.8 and averaged 72.5 and 33.7 correspondingly. The largest number of infected samples was observed in 2019 — 47.4%. In the same period, the highest level of seed contamination was observed — up to 1089 spores per grain, in average — 124.6 spores per grain. The lowest level of grain contamination was detected in 2020 — 6.3% of samples with an average of 3.7 spores per grain. Mostly spores of bunt pathogens were found in grain samples from Ternopil, Kyiv, Chernihiv, Lviv, Vinnytsia regions. The following species have been identified: Tilletia caries, T. controversa, T. laevis. Pathogen T. caries was detected annually. It dominated in 2020 and ranked second in detection rate in 2017—2019. T. controversa was found on grain in 2017—2019 and prevailed among other species. Its part in the complex of pathogens varied from 77.1 to 87.5%. In 2018, T. laevis was also detected. Conclusions. In most samples, spores of fungi of the genus Tilletia were not detected. On average, according to the years of research, grain contamination by bunt fungi were detected in 6.3—47.4% of samples with an average spore load of 3.7—124.6 of grain. The highest number of infected samples and the level of contamination were observed in 2019, the lowest — in 2020. The complex of pathogens is represented by three species: T. caries, T. laevis, T. controversa. T. controversa dominated in 2017—2019 and T. caries — in 2020. T. laevis occurred sporadically.

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4

Pieczul, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Perek, and Krzysztof Kubiak. "Detection of Tilletia caries, Tilletia laevis and Tilletia controversa wheat grain contamination using loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP)." Journal of Microbiological Methods 154 (November 2018): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.018.

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5

Gardner, John S., and W. M. Hess. "Microscopy studies of Tilletia teliospore sheaths." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 706–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100161084.

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Анотація:

Teliospores of bunts of wheat and rice have a complex multilayered wall. The outer wall layer or sheath may be absent from some Tilletia controversa teliospores and may be difficult to characterize unless it is hydrated. It may also contain surface rodlets. The sheath has been characterized with freeze fracture and thin sectioning studies. By altering the sample processing procedures and by using thin sectioning the sheath can be used to distinguish T. caries teliospores from T. controversa teliospores which is important for wheat marketing. Earlier attempts were made to distinguish the two species using SEM at low kV settings without the use of special procedures to hydrate the sheath. When many samples of each species were studied, variations in wall structure within species were evident, but at 1-15 kV the electrons penetrated the porous outer sheath and imaged the impermeable exospore layer. The purpose of these investigations was to use SEM to study hydrated sheaths of samples of T. caries and T. controversa teliospores at different kV settings.

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6

O'donnell, Kerry. "A reevaluation of the mitotic spindle pole body cycle in Tilletia caries based on freeze-substitution techniques." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-174.

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Анотація:

Mitosis in the wheat pathogen Tilletia caries (Basidiomycota, Tilletiales) was investigated by electron microscopy of serially sectioned, fast-frozen, freeze-substituted mitotic cells called ballistospores. A duplicated spindle pole body consisting of two identical, three-layered globular elements connected by a middle piece was attached to the extranuclear face of each nucleus at interphase. During mitosis, astral and spindle microtubules radiated from the globular elements that form the poles of an intranuclear spindle. At metaphase, chromosomes were interspersed with the nonkinetochore microtubules, and they were spread along the central two-thirds of the spindle. Each chromatid was attached to a spindle pole by a single, continuous, kinetochore microtubule. Postmitotic replication of the spindle pole body occurred during late telophase to interphase. Results from this study are presented in the form of a model of the mitotic spindle pole body cycle in Tilletia, and this model is compared with the one previously reported for Tilletia and other basidiomycetes. Key words: electron microscopy, freeze substitution, mitosis, spindle pole body, Tilletia.

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7

Madenova, A. K., K. Galymbek, A. M. Kokhmetova, M. N. Atishova, S. B. Bakirov, and Zh S. Keishilov. "SEARCHING FOR RESISTANCE SOURCES TO WHEAT COMMON BUNT (Tilletia caries (DC.)." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.7.

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Анотація:

Common bunt (Tilletia caries (DC.) the disease occurs in areas where autumn wheat is grown. In our country, most of the zoned wheat varieties are infected with this disease. Therefore, foreign germoplasm should look for sources of strength. In our research in the field of artificial epizootic environment, the Hungarian 21 varieties of soft wheat Tilletia caries (DC.) of the pathogen was made the phytopathological and genetic-selection analysis. The study revealed that 15 wheat varieties are resistant to diseases, of which 8 wheat varieties were highly resistant to diseases (IT-0). They are; Ati, Békés, Berény, Csillag, Futár, Pilis, Szala and Rege. We say 7 varieties that are resistant to common bunt (IT-1), they are Kalász, Mentor, Göncöl, Fény, Garaboly, Szemes and Vitorlás. The indicator of the biomass index (NDVI) was determined at the stages of vegetative development of plants in ears, flowering phase and milky stage. The average value of the biomass index is higher than 0.70, with a high score of 9 varieties that have Ati, Mentor, Hajnal, Göncöl, Tisza, Csillag, Futár, Garaboly and Szala. As a result of the analysis of structural characteristics, the varieties Körös, Mentor, Tisza, Szala, Szemes and Rege showed a high index for all characteristics. As a result, disease-resistant and high-performance varieties can be presented as common bunt resistant specimens in immune selection.

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8

Rowe, Kimberly A., John S. Gardner, and W. M. Hess. "Correlative SEM, freeze-fracture, and laser scanning microscopy of Tilletia controversa teliospore sheath morphology." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 850–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100124653.

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Анотація:

The bunts of wheat are infected by Tilletia which have teliospores with complex multilayered walls. The outer layer or sheath of Tilletia controversa teliospores is difficult to characterize unless it is hydrated. The morphology of the sheath has been characterized with freeze-fracture, thin sectioninging and SEM studies. By using specialized, time-consuming thin-sectioning specimen preparation procedures the sheath can be a factor in distinguishing T. caries and T. controversa teliospores. Distinguishing the species is important for marketing wheat. The purpose of these investigations was to develop better methods to characterize the sheath which will help to distinguish teliospores of these two species and races of Tilletia much more easily and quickly.

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9

Babayants, L. T., O. V. Babayants, V. L. Baranovskaya, and L. A. Dubinina. "Tilletia caries and resistance of wheat to this pathogen in Ukraine ." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, Special Issue (August 1, 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6228-cjgpb.

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10

Willingale, Julia, and P. G. Mantle. "Establishment and culture of dikaryotic hyphae of Tilletia caries." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84, no. 4 (January 1985): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80113-3.

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11

Willingale, Julia, and P. G. Mantle. "Interaction between Claviceps purpurea and Tilletia caries in wheat." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 89, no. 2 (September 1987): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80146-8.

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12

Knox, R. E., R. M. De Pauw, T. N. McCaig, J. M. Clarke, J. G. McLeod, and R. J. Morrison. "AC Taber red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-154.

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Анотація:

AC Taber, red-kernelled spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), resembles Biggar but has improved resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz.) and common bunt [caused by Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.]. AC Taber also has a higher protein content, better milling quality and more gluten strength than Biggar. AC Tabor is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (red) wheat class.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, disease resistance, high yield

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13

Váňová, M., P. Matušinský, and J. Benada. "Survey of incidence of bunts (Tilletia caries and Tilletia controversa) in the Czech Republic and susceptibility of winter wheat cultivars." Plant Protection Science 42, No. 1 (February 7, 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2692-pps.

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Анотація:

Bunts (caused by <i>Tilletia caries</i> and <i>T. controversa</i>) belong to very important diseases of winter wheat because contaminated commodities (seeds, foods and feeds) affect the marketability of the crop on both domestic and export markets. They can be relatively easily controlled by chemical seed treatments. Due to the availability of effective chemical control, the reaction of wheat cultivars to bunts has so far not been an important trait for plant breeders in some areas of the world. However, if synthetic chemicals are not allowed, like in organic farming, untreated seed may quickly lead to a build-up of bunt to levels that render the crop unmarketable. The use of wheat cultivars partially or fully resistant to bunts could greatly contribute to ease the bunt problem. The reaction of winter wheat cultivars was evaluated in field tests. Seeds of winter wheat were inoculated with teliospores of <i>T. caries</i>. The reaction to <i>T. controversa</i> was studied under heavy natural infestation with spores in the soil. With <i>T. caries</i>, the heaviest infection was found in cvs Drifter and Ebi, while cvs Nela, Brea and Samanta had the lowest. The average level of infection with <i>T. controversa</i> was higher than that of <i>T. caries</i>. The cvs Niagara, Brea and Versailles had significantly lower numbers of bunt ears of <i>T. controversa</i> in 2002. The incidence of both bunts in grain samples that had not been cleaned and sorted after harvest was monitored for 4 years. A total of 1 058 samples collected from various locations in the Czech Republic were analysed for the presence of bunt spores and the species determined. The investigation demonstrated a rather widespread occurrence of bunts across the Czech Republic, with <i>T. controversa</i> being more frequent.

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14

GAUDET, D. A., and B. J. PUCHALSKI. "STATUS OF BUNT RESISTANCE IN WESTERN CANADIAN SPRING WHEAT AND TRITICALE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-095.

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The reaction of western Canadian spring wheat and triticale to a composite of races of common bunt (Tilletia caries and T. foetida) was assessed in field studies conducted over 2 yr at three locations. Triticale and durum wheat were designated immune or highly resistant. Among cultivars of hard red spring wheat, Columbus was the most resistant followed by Katepwa, Leader, and Lancer. Neepawa, Park, and Marquis were intermediate in resistance. Roblin and Laura were susceptible. The Canadian Prairie Spring wheats HY320 and HY360 were highly susceptible and susceptible, respectively, whereas Oslo was intermediate in resistance. The utility wheats Wildcat and Glenlea were highly susceptible and intermediate, respectively. The soft white wheats Owens and Fielder were susceptible. The reaction of the cultivars to individual bunt races was evaluated under controlled environment conditions to identify specific Bt resistance genes. This revealed the presence of Bt1 in the cultivar Canuck and Bt10 in the line BW-553. Resistance in the other cultivars of hard red spring wheat appeared to be race nonspecific in nature. Race specificity was apparent in durum wheat but the virulence pattern could not be employed to identify specific Bt resistance genes. The potential impact of seeding large acreages to spring wheat cultivars that are highly susceptible to common bunt is discussed.Key words: Tilletia caries, Tilletia foetida, bunt (common)

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15

Churchill, A. C. L., and Dallice Mills. "Heterokaryon formation in planta by genetically marked strains of Tilletia caries." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-271.

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Анотація:

Genetically marked and wild-type haploid cultures of Tilletia caries were mixed and used as inocula to analyze their potential for heterokaryon formation in the susceptible spring wheat variety 'Red Bobs' (Triticum aestivum L.). Of the fungus-treated plants inoculated by hypodermic needle injection into the boot at the flag leaf stage, 30 to 64% proceeded to maturity; the remainder failed to head. Tilletia caries was recovered from each of 38 representative plants which failed to head and from 3 plants which headed but showed no visible signs of infection. None of the inoculations resulted in teliospore formation within mature heads or other plant tissues. Genetic analysis of hyphal fragments obtained from mycelium in infected plants indicated that a heterokaryon had formed in each of two pairings of different auxotrophic strains of the fungus. The number of nuclei present in hyphal cells was variable. However, secondary sporidia derived from the heterokaryon were mononucleate with one exception and exhibited the nutritional requirement of one or the other parental strain. Results are discussed in relation to the development of a system for mitotic and meiotic analysis of single gene traits in the bunt fungi.

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16

Madenova, A. M., A. K. Kokhmetova, M. A. Kokhmetova, K. G. Galymbek, and Z. K. Keishilov. "Molecular screening for resistance to common bunt (Tilletia caries) of wheat." Journal of Biotechnology 305 (November 2019): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.05.185.

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17

Hess, W. M., and D. J. Weber. "The Partition Layer of Common Bunt Teliospores." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026945.

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Анотація:

The basidiomycete fungus, Tilletia constitutes the most important group of smuts economically as they infect cereal grains which provide a major portion of the world’s food supply. The teliospores of the smuts which have been studied have a spore wall layer called the partition layer or the striated zone which is very resistant to fixatives and resins used for electron microscopy. We assume that the chemical nature of this wall layer is the primary factor to prevent spore desiccation and to maintain spore viability for many years. Teliospores of Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) Wint. (formerly T. caries), T. controversa Kühn, T. indica Mitra, and Neovossia horrida (Tak.) Padwick and Khan all have a reticulated exterior spore layer (sheath). Common bunt, Tilletia laevis Kühn (formerly T. foetida) teliospores lack this exterior reticulated layer, but are also resistant to spore desiccation and maintain viability for many years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the ultrastructural characteristics of the partition layer of T. laevis teliospores with the partition layer of other teliospores of smut fungi which have been studied.

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18

DePauw, R. M., R. S. Sadasivaiah, J. M. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, R. E. Knox, T. N. McCaig, and J. G. McLeod. "AC2000 hard white spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-108.

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Анотація:

AC2000 is a hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with resistance to preharvest sprouting and prevalent races of common bunt [Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.]. It is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (White) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, white wheat, bunt resistance, preharvest sprouting resistance, noodle color

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19

WAINWRIGHT, A., M. A. KENNY, and D. J. YARHAM. "Increased susceptibility to Septoria nodorum in winter wheat infected by Tilletia caries." Plant Pathology 35, no. 4 (December 1986): 582–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1986.tb02058.x.

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20

Holosna, L. "The defeat of wheat varieties by the pathogen Tilletia caries (DC) Tul." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 11-12 (December 6, 2019): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.11-12.22-24.

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Анотація:

Goal. To determine the degree of resistance of collection samples of winter wheat to the pathogen of the common bunt Tilletia caries in the conditions of the Right forest-steppe of Ukraine. Research Methods. Field. The studies were conducted on the sites of the experimental farm «Glevakha» Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region in 2015—2017. The infectious background of the pathogen of solid bunt was created according to the method of Krivchenko V.I. Sustainability was assessed by counting the number of healthy and diseased ears. The results were differentiated in points on a 9-point scale. Results. Against an artificial infectious background of the pathogen of hard bunt, the stability of 115 winter wheat cultivars was evaluated. The collection was obtained from the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of the Institute of Plant Production and included varietal samples from 15 countries: Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Romania, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Iran, Georgia, Hungary, Bulgaria and the USA. Among the varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection, highly resistant (score 9—8) to the causative agent of bunt was not found, resistance (score 7—6) was shown by the varieties Niva and Syaivo (Ukraine). Varieties of foreign selection that showed high resistance (score 9—8) — Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57 (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD and Miranda (Romania), resistant (score 7—6) were — Course (Russia), Noroc (Romania) and MV-Toldi (Hungary). Conclusions. Varieties of winter wheat Niva, Syaivo, Hvulya, Veteran, L 59, Schedrost and Pobeda of Ukrainian selection, Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57, Course (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD, Miranda, Noroc (Romania ), MV-Toldi (Hungary) in the years of research showed a high resistance to the causative agent of bunt T. caries on an artificial infectious background. All of them can be used in the selection of new productive, disease-resistant varieties.

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21

Pospisil, A., J. Benada, and I. Polisenská. "Variability of resistance to common bunt of wheat." Plant Protection Science 35, No. 1 (January 1, 1999): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9670-pps.

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Анотація:

During 1997–1998, the reaction of the collections of winter and spring wheat varieties to Tilletia caries was determined. In both years the most diseased winter varieties were Simona and Sparta, the least diseased were Samara and Ilona. High variability in the level of infection was observed in some varieties (VIada, Estica, Regina, Vega). No winter wheat variety was completely resistant. The most diseased spring wheat variety was Alexandria in both years, while Grandur showed no infection. High variability in the level of infection was observed in the special trials with cv. Ina and Contra. In trials of the efficacy of seed dressing against T. caries and T. laevis there was variability only in the controls, but not in dressed variants.

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22

Мурашко, Л. А. "Стійкість сортів пшениці озимої до збудника Tilletia caries tul. У Лісос-тепу України". Plant Breeding and Seed Production, № 103 (23 листопада 2015): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30835/2413-7510.2013.54134.

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23

YARHAM, D. "Soil-borne spores as a source of inoculum for wheat bunt (Tilletia caries)." Plant Pathology 42, no. 4 (August 1993): 654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01546.x.

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24

Liatukas, Ž., and V. Ruzgas. "Effect of air temperature on common bunt (Tilletia caries) infection in winter wheat." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science 59, no. 3 (May 2009): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710802022929.

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25

Knox, R. E., R. M. DePauw, J. M. Clarke, F. R. Clarke, T. N. McCaig, and M. R. Fernandez. "Snowhite476 hard white spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06070.

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Анотація:

Snowhite476 hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first Canadian wheat cultivar to deploy the gene Bt8, which confers resistance to prevalent races of common bunt [Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.]. The productivity traits of Snowhite476 were intermediate to the check cultivars. Snowhite476 had intermediate kernel hardness combined with yellow alkaline and white salted noodle colour and textural attributes comparable to AC Vista. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, grain yield, disease resistance, Bt8

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26

Trione, E. J., W. M. Hess, and V. O. Stockwell. "Growth and sporulation of the dikaryons of the dwarf bunt fungus in wheat plants and in culture." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-211.

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In the wheat plants infected with dwarf bunt, sporulation occurs only in developing kernels. The dikaryon was isolated from infected kernels and from the rachis of infected spikes. The development of pathogenic hyphae and teliosporogenesis in vivo and in vitro is described. Ultrastructural studies indicated that in vivo teliospore primordia detach from sporogenous hyphae in the hymenium layer and develop into mature teliospores. Teliospores were borne terminally on sporogenous hyphae in vitro. Substances that stimulate hyphal branching and inhibit teliospore formation of the dikaryon were isolated from vegetative wheat tissues but not from bunt-infected spikes containing the sporulating dikaryon. The dikaryon resumed sporulation only when transferred to rich nutrient media without extracts. Extracts from infected wheat spikes containing the sporulating dikaryon induced the vegetative dikaryon to sporulate. The bioregulators involved in these phenomena were not identified. Bioactive extracts had no apparent effect on the growth of the monokaryon. A fluorochrome, mithramycin, was used to detect nuclei in monokaryotic and dikaryotic hyphae. New approaches to bunt control are discussed. Key words: Tilletia caries, Tilletia controversa, monokaryon, teliospores, bioregulators.

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27

Mamluk, O. F., and M. M. Nachit. "Sources of Resistance to Common Bunt (Tilletia foetida and T. caries) in Durum Wheat." Journal of Phytopathology 142, no. 2 (October 1994): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1994.tb04522.x.

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28

McNeil, M., A. M. I. Roberts, V. Cockerell, and V. Mulholland. "Real-time PCR assay for quantification of Tilletia caries contamination of UK wheat seed." Plant Pathology 53, no. 6 (December 2004): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01094.x.

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29

YARHAM, D. J., and B. M. McKEOWN. "Airborne spores of Tilletia caries as a source of wheat bunt through soil contamination." Plant Pathology 38, no. 4 (December 1989): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01459.x.

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30

Gaudet, D. A., and B. L. Puchalski. "Races of common bunt (Tilletia caries and T. foetida) of wheat in western Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 11, no. 4 (December 1989): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060668909501089.

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31

Matanguihan, Janet B., and Stephen S. Jones. "A New Pathogenic Race of Tilletia caries Possessing the Broadest Virulence Spectrum of Known Races." Plant Health Progress 12, no. 1 (January 2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0520-01-rs.

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Common bunt, caused by the fungi Tilletia caries and T. laevis, is one of the most destructive seedborne diseases of wheat. In conventional agriculture, common bunt is managed almost exclusively with chemical seed treatments. However, in organic farming, synthetic chemicals are prohibited. Because of this, there has been a resurgence of this disease in organic wheat. In order to maintain high yields and excellent seed quality, organic growers must rely heavily on resistant wheat cultivars. To breed cultivars with resistance against common bunt, and to effectively deploy resistance genes, it is necessary to identify and monitor the pathogenic races of the local pathogen population. Towards this goal, races of T. caries present in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho were identified by inoculating field collections of the pathogen on 13 differential wheat cultivars. Results of three years' testing show that there is a new pathogenic race in Washington State, which possesses the broadest virulence spectrum to date compared with known bunt races. Furthermore, two-year data indicates the presence of other new races in Washington, California, and Oregon. Accepted for publication 5 April 2011. Published 20 May 2011.

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Miczyński, K. "Wrażliwość odmian pszenicy jarej na śnieć cuchnącą (Tilletia caries Tul.) przy sztucznym zakażeniu [The Susceptibility of the Varieties of Spring Wheats to Bunt (Tilletia caries Tul.) Investigated by Means of an Artificial Inoculation]." Acta Agrobotanica 5, no. 1 (2017): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1956.008.

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Schlaich, T., B. Urbaniak, N. Malgras, E. Ehler, C. Birrer, L. Meier, and C. Sautter. "Increased field resistance to Tilletia caries provided by a specific anti-fungal virus gene in genetically engineered wheat." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, Special Issue (August 1, 2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6219-cjgpb.

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34

Goates, Blair J., and James A. Hoffmann. "Nuclear behavior during teliospore germination and sporidial development in Tilletia caries, T. foetida, and T. controversa." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-065.

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Germinating teliopspores of Tilletia caries, T. foetida, and T. controversa were stained with acetic orcein and examined with light microscopy. The general nuclear events were the same in the three species. Nuclei in teliospores stained only after a period of incubation. Teliospores contained a single interphase nucleus, which underwent meiosis and then zero to two synchronous mitotic divisions. At metaphase I – anaphase I, approximately four chromosomes were visible in each species. The nuclei migrated from the teliospore into the promycelium and then each migrated into a primary sporidium. At this stage there were usually fewer nuclei than primary sporidia. The nuclei divided almost synchronously in the primary sporidia, after which one of the daughter nuclei in each primary sporidium migrated to the tip of the promycelium and then into any remaining anucleate primary sporidia. Supernumerary nuclei remained in the promycelium or in the primary sporidia and eventually lysed. Mature primary sporidia usually contained one interphase nucleus. When T. caries and T. foetida were germinated at 5 as compared with 15 °C, the nuclei in most teliospores underwent one less synchronous division and the number of primary sporidia was reduced.

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35

Eibel, P., G. A. Wolf, and E. Koch. "Detection of Tilletia caries, Causal Agent of Common Bunt of Wheat, by ELISA and PCR." Journal of Phytopathology 153, no. 5 (May 2005): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00973.x.

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Maksimov, I. V., and R. M. Khairullin. "Activity of trypsin inhibitors in wheat seedlings exposed to pathogenic fungus Tilletia caries and phytohormones." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 59, no. 6 (October 13, 2012): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443712050111.

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37

Li, Chao, Xiaoqing Wei, Li Gao, Wanquan Chen, Taiguo Liu, and Bo Liu. "iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Bunt Fungi Tilletia controversa, T. caries, and T. foetida." Current Microbiology 75, no. 8 (April 24, 2018): 1103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-018-1490-4.

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Knox, R. E., R. M. De Pauw, T. N. McCaig, J. M. Clarke, J. G. McLeod, and M. R. Fernandez. "AC Karma white spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 899–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-150.

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AC Karma, white seeded spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), combines high grain yield with resistance to common bunt [caused by Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.] and loose smut [caused by Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.] in a semidwarf, photoperiod insensitive background. AC Karma has improved leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Roberg ex Desmaz.) and stem rust (caused by P. graminis Pers.:Pers.) resistance, stronger straw and earlier maturity compared to Genesis. AC Karma is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (white) wheat class. Key words:Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, loose smut resistance, common bunt resistance, high yield, white kernel, spring wheat

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39

Luttrell, E. S. "Relations of hyphae to host cells in smut galls caused by species of Tilletia, Tolyposporium, and Ustilago." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-348.

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Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the mycelium in developing galls induced by smut fungi in the Tilletiaceae (Tilletia caries on Triticum aestivum) and Ustilaginaceae (Ustilago nuda on Hordeum vulgare, U. maydis on Zea mays, and Tolyposporium penicillariae on Pennisetum glaucum) may be both intercellular and intracellular. In T. caries the mycelium is mostly intercellular, in U. nuda it is both intercellular and intracellular, and in U. maydis and T. penicillariae it is mostly intracellular. Unconstricted hyphae penetrate the host cell wall, invaginate the host plasmalemma, and become surrounded by a tubular encasement as they cross the host cell. The encasement fuses with the wall on both sides of the host cell, and points of entry and exit have the same appearance. Hyphae traversing host cells resemble infection threads of nodule bacteria. None of these fungi form haustoria. Prior to sporulation masses of hyphae develop in cavities produced by differential growth of host tissues or by disintegration of host cells. Hyphae in such extracellular masses are designated “lacunal hyphae.”

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40

Zeleneva, Y. V., V. V. Plahotnik, and V. P. Sudnikova. "The structure of pathogenic properties of the population of the wheat ball smut agent Tilletia caries (d.c.) tul) in the Central Black-Earth Region." Tambov University Reports. Series: Natural and Technical Sciences 22, no. 2 (2017): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0198-2017-22-2-399-403.

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41

Schlaich, Thomas, Bartosz M. Urbaniak, Nicole Malgras, Elisabeth Ehler, Christof Birrer, Lukas Meier, and Christof Sautter. "Increased field resistance to Tilletia caries provided by a specific antifungal virus gene in genetically engineered wheat." Plant Biotechnology Journal 4, no. 1 (January 2006): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00158.x.

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., هارون رشيد أحمد, та عبد الله عبد الكريم حسن . "تقييم الفعالية البيولوجية للبكتريا المعزولة من داخل النبات في مقاومة مرضي التفحم المغطى وتعفن الجذور وموت البادرات في الحنطة Triticum aestivum L." Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science 3, № 1 (24 вересня 2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54153/sjpas.2021.v3i1.177.

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أجريت الدراسة لتقييم فعالية بكتريا داخل النبات في السيطرة على المسببات المرضية Pythium aphanidermatum المسبب لمرض تعفن الجذور وموت البادرات و T. caries /Tilletia laevis المسبب لمرض التفحم المغطى، إذ عزلت 50 عزلة من البكتريا من أنسجة نبات الحنطة من بعض مناطق محافظة صلاح الدين. أشارت نتائج إختبار التضاد المباشر للبكتريا المعزولة مع المسبب المرضي P. aphanidermatum إلى أن مدى التثبيط قد تراوح بين (0.3 - 9.3 ملم) إذ بلغ أعلى معدل تثبيط في العزلة SHSt2 بمنطقة تثبيط بلغت 9.3 ملم وشخصت هذه العزلة الى مستوى النوع Pseudomonas flvescens (SHSt2) . أن المعاملة (بذور + رش 1012 خلية بكتيرية/ مل) في التجربة الحقلية قد أبدت تفوقاً معنوياً في مؤشرات النبات الخضرية كمحتوى الكلوروفيل وارتفاع النباتات. أثرت المعاملة ببكتريا P.flvescensفي نسبة الاصابة بالفطرين الممرضين P.aphanidermatum و T. laevis/T. caries إذ بلغت ادنى نسبة اصابة في معاملة البكتريا (بذور + رش 1012 خلية بكتيرية/ مل) بنسبة إصابة بلغت 19.94 و11.13% على التوالي مقارنة باعلى نسبة اصابة في معاملتي السيطرة بوجود الممرضين فقط إذ بلغت نسبة الإصابة 81.57 و 58.47 % على التوالي. في المؤشرات الانتاجية ، رفعت المعاملة بالبكتريا P. flvescens من الوزن الكلي للنبات بوجود الممرضين P. aphanidermatum و T. laevis/T. caries إذ بلغ أعلى وزن 60.4 و 58.71 غم على التوالي في معاملة (بذور + رش 1012 خلية بكتيرية/ مل)، مقارنة بأدنى وزن في معاملتي السيطرة للممرضين إذ بلغ 26.47 و 20.56 غم على التوالي، إضافة إلى ذلك فقد إنعكس تأثير المعاملة بالبكتريا P. flvescens على دليل الحصاد إذ بلغت أعلى نسبة 36.5 و28.75% بوجود الممرضين P. aphanidermatum و T. laevis/T. caries على التوالي في معاملة (بذور + رش 1012 خلية بكتيرية/ مل) مقارنة بأدنى نسبة في معاملة السيطرة للممرضين إذ بلغت 22.42 و18.42 %على التوالي .

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43

Thomas, J. B., R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, E. Czarnecki, A. B. Campbell, J. Nielsen, R. I. H. McKenzie, K. J. Degenhardt, and R. J. Morrison. "AC Foremost red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-194.

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AC Foremost, red-seeded spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), combines high grain yield with resistance to prevalent races of common bunt (caused by Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.), and loose smut except T9 (caused by Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr. in a semidwarf, photoperiod insensitive background. AC Foremost has improved pre-harvest sprouting tolerance compared with Biggar, AC Taber, and Genesis; improved resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Roberg ex Desmaz.) and leaf spots (caused by Septoria spp. and Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Died.) Drechs.) compared with Neepawa and Biggar, and earlier maturity compared with Biggar, AC Taber, and Genesis. AC Foremost is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (Red) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, loose smut resistance, common bunt resistance, high yield, red spring wheat

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44

Maksimov, I. V., E. A. Cherepanova, O. B. Surina, and A. R. Sakhabutdinova. "The Effect of Salicylic Acid on Peroxidase Activity in Wheat Calli Cocultured with the Bunt Pathogen Tilletia caries." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 51, no. 4 (July 2004): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:rupp.0000035740.63278.af.

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45

Goates, Blair J. "Identification of New Pathogenic Races of Common Bunt and Dwarf Bunt Fungi, and Evaluation of Known Races Using an Expanded Set of Differential Wheat Lines." Plant Disease 96, no. 3 (March 2012): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0339.

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Pathogenic races of Tilletia caries and T. foetida, which cause common bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum), and Tilletia contraversa, which causes dwarf bunt of wheat, have been identified previously by their reaction to 10 differential wheat lines, each containing single bunt resistance genes Bt1 through Bt10. The reactions of races to the differential wheat lines follow the classic gene-for gene system for host–pathogen interactions. The pathogens are closely related and resistance to both diseases in wheat is controlled by the same genes. To better define pathogenic races, six additional wheat lines containing the genes Bt11 through Bt15 and a wheat line with a resistance factor designated as Btp were added to the set of 10 differentials and tested with all named U.S. races of common bunt and dwarf bunt. In addition, new isolates of dwarf bunt, and common bunt from hybrids and field collections, were tested with all 16 differentials for race identification. Six new races of T. caries, five new races of T. foetida, and two new races of T. contraversa were identified. Races of common bunt virulent to Bt8 or Bt12, and dwarf bunt races virulent to the combinations of Bt11 and Bt12, and Bt8, Bt9, Bt10, Bt11, and Bt12, were identified for the first time. Comparison of the reactions of the common bunt races with the Bt14 and Bt15 differentials grown in different environments after initial infection showed that these genes are temperature sensitive, indicating they should be excluded from the set of differential lines to avoid ambiguity in determining virulent or avirulent reactions. In the previous list of bunt races, there were races that had the same reaction to the set of 10 differentials but were designated as different races. These races were not differentiated further with the six additional differentials, indicating that the duplicate races should be dropped from the list of pathogenic races. The new races of common bunt and dwarf bunt identified have unique patterns of virulence that allow specific targeting and elucidation of bunt resistance genes in wheat and will aid the development of bunt-resistant wheat cultivars.

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46

Shakirova, Farida, Dilara Maslennikova, Marina Bezrukova, Rimma Fatkhutdinova, Azamat Avalbaev, Rustem Isaev, and Vyacheslav Kuznetsov. "Endogenous cytokinins mediate growth-stimulating and protective action of the HUMI preparation on wheat plants inoculated with Tilletia caries." Journal of Plant Interactions 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2013): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2013.792018.

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47

Preugschat, Karin, Susanne Kersten, Thomas Ettle, Wolfgang Richter, Horst Karl, Gerhard Breves, Peter Büttner, and Sven Dänicke. "Effects of feeding diets containing increasing proportions of bunt-infected wheat (Tilletia caries) on performance and health of pigs." Archives of Animal Nutrition 68, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2014.881065.

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48

Kim, W. K., E. Whitmore, and G. R. Klassen. "Homologous linear plasmids in mitochondria of three species of wheat bunt fungi, Tilletia caries, T. laevis and T. controversa." Current Genetics 17, no. 3 (March 1990): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312614.

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49

Яруллина, Л. Г., Г. Ф. Бурханова та В. О. Цветков. "Влияние бактерий рода Bacillus на активность патогениндуцируемых белков и устойчивость пшеницы к возбудителю твердой головни Tilletia caries (DC.) Tull". Физиология растений 67, № 3 (2020): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0015330320030215.

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50

McLeod, J. G., R. M. DePauw, J. M. Clarke, and W. H. Pfeiffer. "AC Certa spring triticale." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-058.

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AC Certa, a spring triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack) was developed at CIMMYT and introduced by the Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, via the 21st ITSN in 1989. It is widely adapted to the Prairie Provinces. AC Certa represents a significant improvement in test weight. AC Certa has an improved Hagberg Falling Number which is usually associated with improved harvest-time sprouting resistance AC Certa is very resistant to the prevalent races of stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.); leaf rust (caused by P. recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici); highly resistant to common bunt [caused by Tilletia foetida Wallr.) Liro and T. caries (DC) Tul.], and resistant to common root rot [caused primarily by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoemaker]. Key words: Cultivar description, test weight, sprouting resistance, triticale (spring, X Triticosecale Wittmack)

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