Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Thymol – Effet retard"

There is evidence that oregano essential oil has a significant antioxidant effect on the process of lipid oxidation. In order to obtain fractions enriched in antioxidant properties, oregano essential oil samples were processed by molecular distillation. Molecular distillation experiments were done in two groups of tests, using an evaporating temperature between 22 and 30 ºC. Pressure was varied between 0.7 and 53 mbar. Antioxidant activity, specifically radical scavenging capacity, was analyzed in the essential oil and the distillates and residues obtained by a free radical scavenging method, using DPPH* (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl). The results obtained allowed to conclude that the free radical scavenging capacity was increased in the residue fractions obtained by molecular distillation. These fractions were concentrated in thymol. The IC50 values of the residues were similar to the synthetic antioxidant BHT, suggesting that fractions concentrated in oxygen derivatives obtained by molecular distillation could be used in the food industry to retard lipid degradation.

The essential oils from aromatic plants are today considered a suitable tool to protect stored grains from fungal attacks. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of formulations of thyme and oregano essential oil (EO) adsorbed on purified (Gh-P) and sulfuric acid-activated (Gh-A) ghassoul on the biological activity of fungal pathogens. Purified and activated ghassoul were characterized by XRD and FTIR, and EOs used in this study were issued from two medicinal plants known in Morocco and commercially available. Their chemical compositions were analyzed by the GC-MS technique. The main constituents of thyme EO were thymol (67.13%), ρ-cymene (4.85%), Z-caryophyllene (1.77%), and γ-terpinene (2.74%). Oregano EO contained carvacrol (59.82%), γ-terpinene (10.85%), and α-pinene (9.89%). This work focused on the study of the antifungal activity of EOs mixed with purified and sulfuric acid-activated ghassoul, in order to look for new natural bioactive products and assess their antifungal activity. Penicillium sp. was used as a pathogen agent for biological activity on Czapek agar medium. The results showed that the active ghassoul formulations had significant antifungal activity against Penicillium sp. Gh-A-thyme, Gh-A-thymol, and Gh-A-oregano had an inhibitory potential of more than 75% and excelled to retain it over time even after five months. On the other hand, the three purified ghassoul formulations (Gh-P-thyme, Gh-P-thymol, and Gh-P-oregano) showed an initial inhibitory power of less than 22%, which was decreasing over time.

Abstract Most primitive thymic progenitors, termed CD4(low) cells (CD25- CD44+ CD117+), retain the ability to generate multiple lymphoid lineages. T cell lineage commitment occurs as CD4(low) cells differentiate into pro-T cells (CD25+ CD44+ CD117+). We previously reported that the in vitro cytokine responses of CD4(low) and pro-T cells differ. While Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3L) has been shown to be involved in early bone marrow hemopoiesis, its role in thymopoiesis has not been thoroughly examined. Here, we report that Flt-3L has no significant effect on pro-T cells, either by in vitro proliferation or in fetal thymic organ culture repopulation. In contrast, CD4(low) cells cultured in vitro for 3 days in IL-3 + IL-6 + IL-7 + Flt-3L generated a twofold increase in cell number 21 days after transfer into fetal thymic organ culture that increased to sixfold by day 35 when compared with the corresponding CD4(low) cells cultured in IL-3 + IL-6 + IL-7 + stem cell factor. Additionally, the Flt-3L-cultured CD4(low) cells displayed fetal thymic organ culture repopulation kinetics that more closely approximated those seen with freshly isolated CD4(low) cells. These data suggest that Flt-3L serves as a self-renewal or proliferation/expansion signal for CD4(low) cells, while the effect of stem cell factor is more likely to transduce a differentiation signal, resulting in more rapid repopulation at the expense of cell expansion.

Proper differentiation of T cells in the thymus is inevitable for the establishment of acquired immunity. Lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors (LMPPs) emigrate from the bone marrow (BM) to the thymus for becoming earliest T cell progenitors, so-called early T cell progenitors (ETPs). Previous studies have shown that ETPs retain not only T cell but also innate immune cell (i.e., myeloid cells) differentiation potentials. Therefore, ETPs might be the bifurcation point of innate and adaptive immunity in thymus. However, still little is known about the mechanism by which the differentiation fates are determined in ETPs and the cellular heterogeneity in ETP subset. Since transcription factors that possess important roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may play significant roles in the early differentiation of T cells as legacy stem cell genes, we sought to investigate the roles for GATA2, which is known to regulate the HSPC maintenance and myeloid differentiation, in ETPs. First, we revealed the GATA2 expression is preserved in ETPs and sharply disappear with their differentiation (GATA2 expressions were almost undetectable from double-negative 2 cells even by qPCR). To reveal the roles for GATA2 in T cell hematopoiesis, we analyzed Gata2 fl/fl; Mx1-Cre mice in which GATA2 was deletable in hematopoietic cells by polyI:C administration ( Gata2 KO). Gata2 KO mice showed a smaller thymus and a lower number of thymic T cells, including ETPs and double-positive (DP; CD4 +CD8 +) cells, than control. To rule out contributions of potential GATA2 deletions in non-hematopoietic cells, CD45.1 + wild-type unfractionated BM cells were transplanted into Gata2 KO or control mice. There were no particular differences in T cell hematopoiesis from CD45.1 + donor cells between them, supporting the notion that hematopoietic cell intrinsic GATA2 are inevitable for the proper T cell hematopoiesis. To further reveal the roles for GATA2 in ETPs, we performed global transcriptomic analysis of ETPs (RNA-seq; Gata2 KO vs control). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that signatures associated with cell cycle regulation, hematopoietic progenitor cells and myeloid cells were down-regulated in Gata2 KO ETPs, suggesting that GATA2 is involved in the survival and myeloid differentiation potentials in ETPs. By taking the advantage of novel GATA2 reporter mice (GATA2-VENUS mice) in which GATA2 protein levels are detectable by flow cytometry, we revealed that the ETP fraction contained a mixture of cells with high or low GATA2 expression. To be noted, the protein expression intensity of GATA2 in GATA2-high ETPs was almost equivalent to that of LMPPs. These observations suggest that GATA2-high ETPs might be a thymic multipotent progenitors (T-MPPs), the earliest thymic progenitors in which T or myeloid cell differentiation commitment is defined. To elucidate the mechanism by which GATA2 regulates the survival and differentiation of T-MPPs, we integrated publicly available chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing data targeting GATA2 (GATA2 ChIP-seq) and our ETP RNA-seq data. We found several key genes in HSPCs maintenance (i.e. Lyl1) or myeloid differentiation (i.e. Itga2b) as potential targets of GATA2. Furthermore, we sought to reveal the effect of GATA2 deletion in progenitor cells to their progenies. To this end, we performed RNA-seq of DP cells ( Gata2 KO vs control). GSEA revealed that cell cycle related gene signature was repressed in Gata2 KO DP cells compared to control. To be noted, in CD4-Cre dependent GATA2 deletion model ( Gata2 fl/fl:CD4-Cre mice), there were almost no particular cell number and transcriptomic differences, which was also analyzed by RNA-seq, in DP cells compared to control. These results suggest that GATA2 in GATA2-high ETPs, but not in DP cells, may affect the feature of DP cells, potentially by epigenetic memory. Collectively, this study revealed that GATA2 contributes to T cell hematopoiesis. GATA2 expression was maintained in a part of the ETP subset (GATA2-high ETPs) which might be equivalent to T-MPPs. GATA2 may affect the differentiation trajectory and function from GATA2-high ETPs to their progenies. Further study of this mechanism will help us to understand how the acquired and innate immune bifurcation is defined, which might pave the way to overcome T cell development related disorders, such as T-cell/myeloid mixed-phenotype acute leukemia.

The quality of blueberry fruit is easily altered after harvest. We investigated the regulatory mechanism of heat-shock (postharvest treatment) and edible coating (preharvest treatment) on the post-harvest physiological quality of blueberry from the perspective of physiological, biochemical and organoleptic characteristics. In our research, the optimal TKL concentration and the appropriate range of heat-shock temperatures were first screened based on actual application results, and then a combination of heat-shock temperature and TKL coating with significant differences in preservation effects was selected to investigate the effects of different heat-shock temperatures and TKL60 composite coating on post-harvest quality and volatile compound concentration of blueberries under refrigerated conditions. Our results showed that TKL with 60 mg/L thymol can retard the development of the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation and effectively reduce the incidence of fruit decay and the severity of blueberries infected with major pathogens at 25 °C. Meanwhile, heat-shock treatments were effective in maintaining the quality of blueberries, with a certain advantage from 45 °C to 65 °C after 8 d of storage at ambient temperature, but these treated groups were slightly inferior to TKL60 groups for fresh-keeping effect. Remarkably, the combination of heat-shock treatment and edible coating application could extend the shelf life of blueberries by 7–14 d compared to the results obtained with coating alone under low temperature storage. Specifically, heat treatment at 45 °C for 60 min after TKL60 coating (HT2) retarded the decrease in the levels of ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin, total acid and soluble solids. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry hierarchical clustering analysis showed that this treatment also improved the aroma of the fruit, which maintained a certain similarity with that of fresh blueberries after 14 d. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the results of the evaluations carried out using an electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue) showed that blueberries of the HT2 treated group did not show a large placement change of the PC1 distribution area from that of the fresh and blank control group. Accordingly, the combination of coating with heat-shock treatment can effectively improve the post-harvest quality and aroma compound concentration of blueberries, showing good application potential in storage and preservation of fresh fruits such as blueberries.

Abstract AML1/Runx1 is a frequent target of leukemia-associated gene aberration, and it encodes a transcription factor essential for definitive hematopoiesis. We previously reported that the AML1 molecules with trans-activation subdomains retained can rescue in vitro hematopoietic defects of AML1-deficient mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells when expressed by using a knock-in approach. Extending this notion to in vivo conditions, we found that the knock-in ES cell clones with AML1 mutants, which retain trans-activation subdomains but lack C-terminal repression subdomains including the conserved VWRPY motif, contribute to hematopoietic tissues in chimera mice. We also found that germline mice homozygous for the mutated AML1 allele, which lacks the VWRPY motif, exhibit a minimal effect on hematopoietic development, as was observed in control knock-in mice with full-length AML1. On the other hand, reduced cell numbers and deviant CD4 expression were observed during early T-lymphoid ontogeny in the VWRPY-deficient mice, whereas the contribution to the thymus by the corresponding ES cell clones was inadequate. These findings demonstrate that AML1 with its trans-activating subdomains is essential and sufficient for hematopoietic development in the context of the entire mouse. In addition, its trans-repression activity, depending on the C-terminal VWRPY motif, plays a role in early thymocyte development.

Medicinal plants are tremendous source in herbal medicine for treatment of diverse range of disease, due to increasing rate of microbial infections their in vitro antimicrobial activity was analyzed. Mycotoxic effect of aqueous extract of medicinal plants Zatartia multiflora, Thymus vulgaris and Psammogeton canescens on asexual life cycle of Aspergillus nigar ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 1015 were analyzed. To investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of Z. multiflora, T. vulgaris and P. canescens aqueous extract with three dilutions 0.13, 0.25 and 0.50% were prepared and their antifungal activity on three reproductive stages spore germination, mycelia elongation and sporulation (spore viability) of Aspergillus nigar ATCC 1015 were checked and compare with standard drug Miconazole. Plants under study possess antifungal activity that varied at different stages of reproduction, the intensity of inhibitory effects varied with the species and the concentration of extract used. P. canescens has remarkable inhibitory effects on spore germination and mycelia elongation with increase in concentration as compared to T. vulgaris and Z. multiflora. P. canescens also has well enough antifungal activity on sporulation it completely retards the spore formation at 0.50% and linear decrease in spores viability was recorded with the rise in extract amount in the medium while T. vulgaris and Z. multiflora also significantly affect spore formation and viability of spores. The maximum reduction in spore formation and viability of spore was recorded at 0.50% extract concentration i.e., 35.10 %and 64.31 %, respectively, in Zataria multiflora extract with respect to control. The standard drug Miconazole possesses splendid antifungal activity at all three stages of Aspergillus nigar strain. Hence A. nigar is extremely sensitive to Miconazole and P. canescens while T. vulgaris and Z. multiflora have significant inhibitory effects on spore germination, sporulation and on spore viability reproductive stages of Aspergillus nigar ATCC 1015.

T cell hybridomas were established by fusing a CD8+ V beta 8.1+ CTL clone and a CD4+ V beta 8.1+ helper T lymphocyte (HTL) clone to the thymoma cell line BW5147. In contrast to the HTL x BW hybridomas, which retain the same antigen specificity as the original T cell clone, the CTL x BW hybridomas lost the class I MHC-restricted antigen response but acquired a new specificity to Mlsa antigen. Mlsa reactivity of CTL x BW hybridomas was shown to be mediated by the CTL TCR as assayed by inhibition using an anticlonotypic antibody to the CTL clone. Since hybridomas established with BW5147 lose CD8 expression, we have introduced the CD8 molecule into CTL x BW5147 hybridomas by gene transfection. The CD8+ V beta 8.1+ hybridoma was no longer capable of reacting to Mlsa antigen but exhibited the same antigen specificity as the parental CTL clone. Furthermore, the presence of the transfected CD8 molecule in the HTL x BW hybridomas was found to be inhibitory to class II MHC-restricted antigen reactivity. These results demonstrate that, besides its role in increasing the overall avidity of T cell-class I MHC/antigen interaction, the CD8 molecule inhibits T cell-class II MHC gene product/antigen interaction. This negative effect of the CD8 molecule on a class II MHC-restricted response may account for the failure of CD8+ T cells using either V beta 8.1 or V beta 6, which impart reactivity to the Mlsa antigen on CD4+ T cells, to respond to the Mlsa antigen.

La persistance des biofilms reste un problème mondial rencontré dans l'industrie agro-alimentaire. En raison de la résistance adaptative associée aux propriétés physiques de la matrice du biofilm, l'échec de l'éradication totale des biofilms à l'aide de désinfectants conventionnels souligne la nécessité de trouver des stratégies alternatives efficaces. La méthodologie développée dans ce travail est axée sur l'utilisation de terpènes d'huiles essentielles biosourcées, à savoir le carvacrol (CAR) et le thymol (THY), qui représentent de puissants antimicrobiens face aux biofilms. La nanoencapsulation des terpènes est une approche innovante et proactive qui permet de stabiliser les terpènes et d'améliorer leurs fonctionnalités en les protégeant dans une structure d'enveloppe et en assurant une libération contrôlée rémanente. Les résultats de ce travail révèlent une plus grande activité du CAR et du THY nanoencapsulés contre les biofilms de Salmonella Enteritidis et Listeria innocua formés sur des surfaces en acier inoxydable (AI) par rapport à l'activité des terpènes libres. Les propriétés antimicrobiennes puissantes des nanocapsules ont été mises en évidence en induisant des dommages majeurs et évidents aux structures des cellules bactériennes avec une augmentation ultérieure de la perméabilité membranaire, favorisant la fuite des constituants vitaux intracellulaires vers le milieu extérieur. Après avoir confirmé l'activité antibiofilm prometteuse des nanocapsules monocouches (MC) obtenues par séchage par atomisation en utilisant de la maltodextrine comme matériau de support et le caséinate de sodium comme émulsifiant, un autre type de nanocapsules couche-par-couche (CPC) a été développé en ajoutant de la pectine comme couche interfaciale supplémentaire. L'augmentation de l'épaisseur de la structure interfaciale des capsules CPC a été observée au microscope et confirmée par l'augmentation de leur taille. La cinétique de relargage des terpènes des capsules MC et CPC suit un modèle mathématique de Korsmeyer-Peppas dominé par un mécanisme de diffusion Fickien. La libération du THY et du CAR à partir des capsules a montré un profil biphasique commençant par une libération initiale rapide des terpènes, suivie d'une deuxième phase de libération régulière pour les capsules MC, et d'une libération progressive et soutenue dans le temps pour les capsules CPC. Les activités antibiofilms des THY et CAR encapsulés sont cohérentes avec les courbes de libération, mettant en évidence une désinfection durable des surfaces en contact avec les aliments. Une exposition successive aux capsules MC et CPC a assuré une éradication de 99,99 % des biofilms avec une protection des surfaces d'AI contre la recontamination pendant plusieurs heures. L'inhibition a été induite par les nanocapsules MC qui ont assuré une désinfection initiale des surfaces avec une réduction des biofilms dans les premières minutes d'exposition, combinées aux capsules CPC qui ont continué à libérer des terpènes de manière contrôlée pendant plusieurs heures favorisant une désinfection prolongée des surfaces en contact avec les aliments et une protection contre la recontamination bactérienne. L'importante activité de désinfection rémanente obtenue par un traitement successif par des nanocapsules MC et CPC a également été validée sur des biofilms formés dans différentes conditions hydrodynamiques dans un système de canalisation de laboratoire reproduisant certaines des conditions d'écoulement réelles rencontrées dans les industries agro-alimentaires
The persistence of biofilms remains a worldwide problematic encountered in the agro-food industry. As a result of the adaptive resistance coupled with the physical properties of biofilm matrix, the failure to eradicate totally biofilms using conventional disinfectants urges the need to find alternative effective strategies. The current methodology developed in this work is focused on the use of biosourced essential oil terpenes, namely carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY) that represent powerful antimicrobial tools facing biofilms. Nanoencapsulation of terpenes is an innovative and proactive approach that stabilizes terpenes and enhances their functionalities by protecting them within a carrier shell structure and by ensuring a sustained controlled release. The results of this work reveal a greater activity of nanoencapsulated CAR and THY against Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria innocua biofilms developed on stainless steel (SS) surfaces as compared to the activity of free terpenes. The potent antimicrobial prospects of nanocapsules were highlighted by inducing major obvious structural damages to bacterial cells with subsequent increase in permeability, promoting the leakage of intracellular vital constituents to the outer medium. After confirming the promising antibiofilm activity of monolayer (ML) nanocapsules developed by spray-drying using maltodextrin as carrier material and sodium caseinate as emulsifier, another layer-by-layer (LBL) nanocapsule was developed by adding pectin as an additional interfacial layer. The increased shell structure thickness of the LBL capsules was observed microscopically and confirmed by the increase in size. The release kinetics of terpenes from the ML and LBL capsules fitted into a Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model dominated by a Fickian-diffusion mechanism. The diffusion of THY and CAR out of the ML and LBL capsules was ascribed to a biphasic release profile starting with an initial rapid burst release of terpenes, followed by a second phase of steady release from the ML capsules compared to a gradual sustained release over time from the LBL capsules. The antibiofilm activities of encapsulated THY and CAR were consistent with the release curves, highlighting a promising sustained disinfection of food contact surfaces. A successive exposure to ML and LBL capsules ensured a 99.99 % eradication of biofilms with a protection of SS surfaces from recontamination for several hours. The inhibition was induced by the ML nanocapsules that ensured an initial disinfection of surfaces with a reduction of bacterial biofilms within the first exposure minutes, combined with the LBL capsules that kept releasing terpenes in a controlled manner over several hours favoring a sustained prolonged disinfection of food contact surfaces and a protection from bacterial recontamination. The prominent persistent disinfection activity using a successive treatment of ML and LBL nanocapsules was also validated on biofilms developed under different hydrodynamic conditions in a lab-scale pipeline system set-up to mimic some of the real flow conditions encountered in agro-food industries