Статті в журналах: "Thylacinus cynocephalus"

1

J. "A specialised thylacinid , Thylacinus macknessi, (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) from Miocene deposits of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland." Australian Mammalogy 15, no. 1 (1992): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am92009.

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Thylacinus macknessi is described from Miocene sediments of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. Comparisons with other thylacinids and dasyurids reveal it to be a new species of Thylacinus. In most features it is as specialised as T. cynocephalus and it is not considered to be ancestral to any other taxon. The presence of such a specialised thylacine in the Riversleigh deposits argues for a pre-Late Oligocene divergence of this group from the Dasyuridae.

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2

Wroe, S., and A. Musser. "The skull of Nimbacinus dicksoni (Thylacinidae : Marsupialia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 5 (2001): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00032.

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The exceptionally well preserved skull and mandible of the Miocene thylacinid Nimbacinus dicksoni is described. Phylogenetic analysis supports the contention that, within the family, the dentition of N. dicksoni is unspecialised, less derived than the recent Thylacinus cynocephalus for at least 12 features. However, relatively few cranial specialisations evident in T. cynocephalus clearly distinguish it from N. dicksoni. These two taxa share at least three derived cranial features not present in the most generalised thylacinid known from significant cranial material, the late Oligocene Badjcinus turnbulli. On the other hand, where comparison is possible, even the most specialised thylacinid, T. cynocephalus, is plesiomorphic for at least 10 cranial features common to modern dasyurids and five present in the Miocene dasyurid, Barinya wangala. Two character states found in thylacinids are more derived than in B. wangala. Relative to the remaining dasyuromorphian family, Myrmecobiidae, represented by the monotypic Myrmecobius fasciatus, thylacinids are derived for five cranial features and plesiomorphic for five. It appears that despite considerable anatomical diversity among the dentitia of thylacinids and the presence of many highly specialised dental features in some species, the crania of thylacinids have remained remarkably conservative. Even with respect to dentitia, in terms of overall similarity, the Miocene Thylacinus macknessiand late Oligocene material referred to Thylacinus does not differ greatly from the recently extinct T. cynocephalus. It now also seems probable that T. macknessi was also very similar to T. cynocephalus with respect to cranial anatomy. Numerical parsimony analysis incorporating this new material produced moderate bootstrap and Bremer support for a monophyletic Thylacinidae. In this same treatment strict consensus placed Myrmecobius fasciatus as the sister taxon to Thylacinidae–Dasyuridae, but bootstrap and Bremer support was lacking. Both of these results are contra those of the most recent attempt to resolve dasyuromorphian relationships using numerical parsimony and anatomical data. In the present analysis, the early Eocene Australian taxon, Djarthia murgonensis, fell outside a clade inclusive of all other Australian taxa and was monophyletic with the borhyaeniod, Mayulestes ferox. This latter relationship is based on limited material, poorly supported and considered highly unlikely, but it does strengthen the argument that formal placement of D. murgonensis beyond the level of Marsupialia incertae sedisis unwarranted at present.

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3

Figueirido, Borja, and Christine M. Janis. "The predatory behaviour of the thylacine: Tasmanian tiger or marsupial wolf?" Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (May 4, 2011): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0364.

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The extinct thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) and the extant grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) are textbook examples of convergence between marsupials and placentals. Craniodental studies confirm the thylacine's carnivorous diet, but little attention has been paid to its postcranial skeleton, which would confirm or refute rare eyewitness reports of a more ambushing predatory mode than the pack-hunting pursuit mode of wolves and other large canids. Here we show that thylacines had the elbow morphology typical of an ambush predator, and propose that the ‘Tasmanian tiger’ vernacular name might be more apt than the ‘marsupial wolf’. The ‘ niche overlap hypothesis ’ with dingoes ( Canis lupus dingo ) as a main cause of thylacine extinction in mainland Australia is discussed in the light of this new information.

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4

Sleightholme, Stephen R., Tammy J. Gordon, and Cameron R. Campbell. "The Kaine capture - questioning the history of the last Thylacine in captivity." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2019.032.

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ABSTRACT With the passage of time, first-hand accounts of the Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) are now rare, and those that challenge the established historical narrative, rarer still. Recent recollections by one of the last living witnesses to a Thylacine capture have enabled us to piece together the life history of one of the last captive specimens. This account raises important questions over the accepted sequencing of the final two Thylacines on display at the Hobart Zoo.

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5

Sleightholme, Stephen R., and Cameron R. Campbell. "Reverend George H. Judd’s Thylacines." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.010.

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ABSTRACT A rare photograph by the Reverend George H. Judd of two Thylacines (Thylacinus cynocephalus) within their enclosure at the old Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart is published for the first time, and the probable date the photograph was taken and the identity of the Thylacines portrayed is discussed.

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6

Sleightholme, Stephen R., and Cameron R. Campbell. "Stripe pattern variation in the coat of the Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 2 (December 2019): 290–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.024.

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As with human fingerprints, the stripe pattern of the Thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) is unique to each individual, with a marked degree of variation and asymmetry. This paper examines the stripe pattern variation in 141 of the 180 known Thylacine skin and taxidermy specimens listed in the sixth revision of the International Thylacine Specimen Database (2017).

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7

McOrist, S., A. C. Kitchener, and D. L. Obendorf. "Skin lesions in two preserved thylacines, Thylacinus cynocephalus." Australian Mammalogy 16, no. 1 (1993): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am93018.

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8

White, Lauren C., Frédérik Saltré, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, and Jeremy J. Austin. "High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia." Biology Letters 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 20170642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0642.

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The last large marsupial carnivores—the Tasmanian devil ( Sarcophilis harrisii ) and thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus )—went extinct on mainland Australia during the mid-Holocene. Based on the youngest fossil dates (approx. 3500 years before present, BP), these extinctions are often considered synchronous and driven by a common cause. However, many published devil dates have recently been rejected as unreliable, shifting the youngest mainland fossil age to 25 500 years BP and challenging the synchronous-extinction hypothesis. Here we provide 24 and 20 new ages for devils and thylacines, respectively, and collate existing, reliable radiocarbon dates by quality-filtering available records. We use this new dataset to estimate an extinction time for both species by applying the Gaussian-resampled, inverse-weighted McInerney (GRIWM) method. Our new data and analysis definitively support the synchronous-extinction hypothesis, estimating that the mainland devil and thylacine extinctions occurred between 3179 and 3227 years BP.

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9

Rueff, Martin. "Orphée en Tasmanie (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Po&sie 155, no. 1 (2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poesi.155.0080.

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10

Case, J. A. "Differences in prey utilization by Pleistocene marsupial carnivores, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae) and Thylacinus cynocephalus (Thylacinidae)." Australian Mammalogy 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am85002.

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A case for the partitioning of prey items based upon both the body size of the predator and the prey can be made. Thylacoleo carnifex appears to have been selecting animals of large body size (though probably not Diprotodon) all of which were elements of the Australian Pleistocene megafauna. Thylacinus cynocephalus, on the other hand, seems to have been selecting animals of medium to small body size. This would suggest that the two Pleistocene marsupial carnivores, Thylacoleo carnifex and Thylacinus cynocephalus, could have coexisted within a single community because their dietary niches did not overlap.

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11

Peel, Emma, Stephen Frankenberg, Carolyn J. Hogg, Andrew Pask, and Katherine Belov. "Annotation of immune genes in the extinct thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Immunogenetics 73, no. 3 (February 5, 2021): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-020-01197-z.

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12

Muirhead, J., and A. K. Gillespie. "Additional Parts of The Type Specimen of Thylacinus macknessi (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) From Miocene Deposits of Riversleigh, Northwestern Queensland." Australian Mammalogy 18, no. 1 (1995): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95055.

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A revised diagnosis and description of Thylacinus macknessi Muirhead, 1992 is presented following recovery of the previously unknown anterior half of the holotype. This provides the most completely represented lower dentition of a species of thylacinid other than T. cynocephalus. The new part of the holotype further confirms the thylacinid nature of this taxon by displaying additional features that in combination are only known in that family. The molar and premolar region suggest that selection pressure to elongate the face and shearing crest system were greater at the front of the dentition. This specialisation differs significantly from that of most dasyurids which appear to have been under pressure to shorten the facial region by premolar Joss.

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13

Newton, Axel H., Frantisek Spoutil, Jan Prochazka, Jay R. Black, Kathryn Medlock, Robert N. Paddle, Marketa Knitlova, Christy A. Hipsley, and Andrew J. Pask. "Letting the ‘cat’ out of the bag: pouch young development of the extinct Tasmanian tiger revealed by X-ray computed tomography." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171914.

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The Tasmanian tiger or thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) was an iconic Australian marsupial predator that was hunted to extinction in the early 1900s. Despite sharing striking similarities with canids, they failed to evolve many of the specialized anatomical features that characterize carnivorous placental mammals. These evolutionary limitations are thought to arise from functional constraints associated with the marsupial mode of reproduction, in which otherwise highly altricial young use their well-developed forelimbs to climb to the pouch and mouth to suckle. Here we present the first three-dimensional digital developmental series of the thylacine throughout its pouch life using X-ray computed tomography on all known ethanol-preserved specimens. Based on detailed skeletal measurements, we refine the species growth curve to improve age estimates for the individuals. Comparison of allometric growth trends in the appendicular skeleton (fore- and hindlimbs) with that of other placental and marsupial mammals revealed that despite their unique adult morphologies, thylacines retained a generalized early marsupial ontogeny. Our approach also revealed mislabelled specimens that possessed large epipubic bones (vestigial in thylacine) and differing vertebral numbers. All of our generated CT models are publicly available, preserving their developmental morphology and providing a novel digital resource for future studies of this unique marsupial.

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14

Obendorf, DL, and SJ Smith. "A re-examination of Dithyridium cynocephali Ransom 1905, a metacestode parasite from the thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus." Papers and Proceedings of The Royal Society of Tasmania 123 (1989): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.123.133.

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15

Jones, Menna E., and D. Michael Stoddart. "Reconstruction of the predatory behaviour of the extinct marsupial thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Journal of Zoology 246, no. 2 (October 1998): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00152.x.

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16

Sleightholme, Stephen R., and Cameron R. Campbell. "The International Thylacine Specimen Database (6th Revision - Project Summary & Final Report)." Australian Zoologist 39, no. 3 (September 2018): 480–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2017.011.

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The International Thylacine Specimen Database (ITSD) is the culmination of a major cooperative effort between museums and universities that hold specimens of the thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ), to produce the first comprehensive study of all that is known to physically remain of this unique species. The ITSD was first published in April 2005 as a digital resource on CD-ROM. It was subsequently revised in 2006 (2nd rev.), 2009 (3rd rev.), 2011 (4th rev.) and 2013 (5th rev.) The sixth revision (2017) will be accessible as an online resource and currently totals some 6.09GB of data and images. This paper details its findings, describes the specimen types, and gives a brief review of the sources of many of the specimens and the collectors who collected them.

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17

Sleightholme, Stephen R., and Cameron R. Campbell. "Two recently discovered photographs of a thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) at the London Zoo." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 2 (December 2019): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.014.

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Two recently discovered lantern slide photographs of a thylacine taken from outside of its enclosure at the London Zoo are published for the first time, and the probable date they were taken and the identity of the thylacine depicted is discussed.

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18

Miller, W., D. I. Drautz, J. E. Janecka, A. M. Lesk, A. Ratan, L. P. Tomsho, M. Packard, et al. "The mitochondrial genome sequence of the Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Genome Research 19, no. 2 (December 3, 2008): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.082628.108.

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19

Hughes, R. Leon. "Structure of the female reproductive tract of an adult parous Tasmanian tiger, Thylacinus cynocephalus." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 5 (2000): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00022.

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The present observations on the now-extinct Thylacinus are based on the reproductive system of an adult thylacine discovered among the specimens of the Hill collection at the Hubrecht Laboratory in the Netherlands. As in other marsupials, the reproductive tract was characterised by the presence of a uterus duplex and a vaginal complex where the ureters passed dorsally over each lateral vaginal canal to enter the bladder. The lateral vaginal canals each entered a urogenital sinus that terminated in a shallow cloaca. The gross dimensions of the reproductive tract of the thylacine were greater than those of any extant dasyurid marsupial. The distance from the rostral pole of the ovaries to the most caudal extremity of the urogenital sinus measured 25 cm. The distinctive aspects of the reproductive tract included a disproportionate enlargement of the corpus uteri that is without parallel in any other marsupial species. The bodies of the right and left uteri measured 10.4 cm 1.2 cm 0.9 cm and 9.1 cm 0.8 cm 0.7 cm respectively. The rostro-caudal length of the right and left cervices measured 2.7 cm and 1.7 cm respectively. The cervical canals entered the vaginal complex by way of a thick median vaginal septum. The elongated caudal component of the vaginal culs-de-sac lacked a median vaginal septum. As in other dasyurid marsupials, the lateral vaginae and associated vaginal complex were of diminutive proportions in relation to the typical marsupial pattern. The histology of the tract was remarkably good for tissue preserved since 1902 and indicated that the tissues were free of pathological changes. A characteristic marsupial pattern of ovarian folliculogenesis was evident where all but a thin peripheral zone of the cytoplasm of the primary oocyte became vacuolated during the pre-antral stage of ovarian follicle development.

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20

White, Lauren C., Kieren J. Mitchell, and Jeremy J. Austin. "Ancient mitochondrial genomes reveal the demographic history and phylogeography of the extinct, enigmatic thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Journal of Biogeography 45, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13101.

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21

Robson, SK, and WG Young. "A Comparison of Tooth Microwear Between an Extinct Marsupial Predator, the Tasmanian Tiger Thylacinus-Cynocephalus (Thylacinidae) and an Extant Scavenger, the Tasmanian Devil Sarcophilus-Harrisii (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 5 (1989): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890575.

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Tooth microwear patterns in the predator Thylacinus cynocephalus and the scavenger Sarcophilus harrisii were examined as potentical indicators of dietary differences and occlusal mechanics. Homologous proximal facets on the metacrista of the maxillary right 3rd molar of each species were examined as gold coated replicas under the SEM. The density, dimensions and relative abundances of microwear features were recorded. Significant intrafacet microwear variation exists relative to the direction of the occlusal stroke in Thylacinus. Striation and pit frequency are inversely correlated down the facet, with striations being more frequent at the leading edge; pits are larger and more frequent at the trailing edge. This pattern supports proposed models of the carnassial chewing stroke, where it is predicted that the shearing component, that produces striations, is greater at the leading edge of the facet, while the compression component of the occlusal stroke, which results in relatively more pits, is greater at the trailing edge of the facet. Significant intraspecific and interspecific variation is found in microwear feature dimensions, and densities. Pit diameters and densities are significantly greater in Thylacinus, although only approximately 11% of the total variance in these features was attributable to species differences. The remaining variance was distributed equally between individuals of the same species, and the leading and trailing regions of the facet. The high degree of intraspecific variability indicates that in carnivorous species at least, a sufficient number of individuals must be examined before accurate dietary interpretations and comparisons with other species can be made.

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22

Old, Julie M. "Immunological Insights into the Life and Times of the Extinct Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." PLOS ONE 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2015): e0144091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144091.

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23

Rounsevell, DE, RJ Taylor, and GJ Hocking. "Distribution records of native terrestrial mammals in Tasmania." Wildlife Research 18, no. 6 (1991): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910699.

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The distributions of 34 species of terrestrial mammals native to Tasmania are presented as presence/ absence records on 10 x 10 km grid maps. All native species and the possibly introduced Petaurus breviceps are included except Thylacinus cynocephalus, which is probably extinct. The distribution maps were prepared from approximately 10 000 recent (1967-89) mammal records held on computer, selected literature records and other sources. Twenty-six species are widely distributed across the State. Five species have more limited distributions confined to the east or west of the State, depending upon the occurrence of their habitats. The three remaining species are bats that are little-recorded and their distributions are unclear. Notes on the ease of recording species and their habitats are provided to supplement and assist the interpretation of their distributions. Further records of all species are needed, especially from islands.

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24

Meek, Paul D., Guy-Anthony Ballard, Karl Vernes, and Peter J. S. Fleming. "The history of wildlife camera trapping as a survey tool in Australia." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14021.

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This paper provides an historical review of the technological evolution of camera trapping as a zoological survey tool in Australia. Camera trapping in Australia began in the 1950s when purpose-built remotely placed cameras were used in attempts to rediscover the thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus). However, camera traps did not appear in Australian research papers and Australasian conference proceedings until 1989–91, and usage became common only after 2008, with an exponential increase in usage since 2010. Initially, Australian publications under-reported camera trapping methods, often failing to provide fundamental details about deployment and use. However, rigour in reporting of key methods has increased during the recent widespread adoption of camera trapping. Our analysis also reveals a change in camera trap use in Australia, from simple presence–absence studies, to more theoretical and experimental approaches related to population ecology, behavioural ecology, conservation biology and wildlife management. Practitioners require further research to refine and standardise camera trap methods to ensure that unbiased and scientifically rigorous data are obtained from quantitative research. The recent change in emphasis of camera trapping research use is reflected in the decreasing range of camera trap models being used in Australian research. Practitioners are moving away from less effective models that have slow reaction times between detection and image capture, and inherent bias in detectability of fauna, to more expensive brands that offer faster speeds, greater functionality and more reliability.

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25

Kyne, Peter M., and Vanessa M. Adams. "Extinct flagships: linking extinct and threatened species." Oryx 51, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000041.

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AbstractDespite much effort to promote the conservation and recovery of threatened species, the extent of the current list of threatened vertebrates (> 7,600 species) underscores the need to develop novel communication and marketing tools to raise awareness and funding for their conservation. Although flagship species have been widely used in conservation marketing, the flagship role of extinct species has been largely overlooked and the status of lost species is rarely associated with the status of extant species facing a high risk of extinction. Some extinct species (e.g. the dodo Raphus cucullatus and the thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus) are cultural and commercial icons and therefore familiar, and may appeal to the public as conservation flagships. We propose a wider use of extinct flagships to raise awareness for the conservation of threatened species by making a direct link between already extinct species and extant species at risk of extinction. We present examples of publicly recognized and iconic extinct species that could be used in marketing for the conservation of threatened species. These extinct species are familiar and may be readily linked to threatened species or species groups. We outline a roadmap for testing their appeal under the extinct flagship concept, through market research. If research identifies that a cognitive link is made between the fate of an extinct species (i.e. they went extinct from human causes) and what may happen to threatened species (i.e. they are at risk of extinction from human causes), extinct species may well have a wider role to play as conservation flagships.

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Werdelin, L. "Comparison of Skull Shape in Marsupial and Placental Carnivores." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 2 (1986): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860109.

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A set of 11 measurements on 40 species of placental (Order Carnivora) and marsupial (Order Dasyurida) carnivores is analysed by means of correspondence analysis. Dasyurida have long mandibles and tooth rows, large muscle attachment areas on the mandible, long moment arms of the temporalis and masseter, and a low occiput and short temporal fossa. Skull shape is uniform in Dasyurida, with about the same variability as in a family of Carnivora. The temporalis of Dasyurida is relatively small, but this may be compensated for by the more rounded shape and longer moment arm. The Tasmanian tiger, Thylacinus cynocephalus, is more similar in skull shape to the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, than to the placental wolf, Canis lupus. The M5 of Dasyurida occupies the same geometric position as the MI in Carnivora, providing a possible explanation for the greater variability in cheek teeth in Carnivora. The Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, is similar to the Hyaenidae in having a shorter distance between the ultimate sectorial molar and the condyle. It is suggested that this is an adaptation to cracking open bones, as this mandible geometry brings the main bone-cracking teeth closer to the region of greatest muscle force.

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Denyer, Alice L., Sophie Regnault, and John R. Hutchinson. "Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals." PeerJ 8 (August 19, 2020): e9760. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9760.

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The musculoskeletal system of marsupial mammals has numerous unusual features beyond the pouch and epipubic bones. One example is the widespread absence or reduction (to a fibrous “patelloid”) of the patella (“kneecap”) sesamoid bone, but prior studies with coarse sampling indicated complex patterns of evolution of this absence or reduction. Here, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the form of the patella of extant marsupial species and used the assembled dataset to reconstruct the likely pattern of evolution of the marsupial patella. Critical assessment of the available literature was followed by examination and imaging of museum specimens, as well as CT scanning and histological examination of dissected wet specimens. Our results, from sampling about 19% of extant marsupial species-level diversity, include new images and descriptions of the fibrocartilaginous patelloid in Thylacinus cynocephalus (the thylacine or “marsupial wolf”) and other marsupials as well as the ossified patella in Notoryctes ‘marsupial moles’, Caenolestes shrew opossums, bandicoots and bilbies. We found novel evidence of an ossified patella in one specimen of Macropus rufogriseus (Bennett’s wallaby), with hints of similar variation in other species. It remains uncertain whether such ossifications are ontogenetic variation, unusual individual variation, pathological or otherwise, but future studies must continue to be conscious of variation in metatherian patellar sesamoid morphology. Our evolutionary reconstructions using our assembled data vary, too, depending on the reconstruction algorithm used. A maximum likelihood algorithm favours ancestral fibrocartilaginous “patelloid” for crown clade Marsupialia and independent origins of ossified patellae in extinct sparassodonts, peramelids, notoryctids and caenolestids. A maximum parsimony algorithm favours ancestral ossified patella for the clade [Marsupialia + sparassodonts] and subsequent reductions into fibrocartilage in didelphids, dasyuromorphs and diprotodonts; but this result changed to agree more with the maximum likelihood results if the character state reconstructions were ordered. Thus, there is substantial homoplasy in marsupial patellae regardless of the evolutionary algorithm adopted. We contend that the most plausible inference, however, is that metatherians independently ossified their patellae at least three times in their evolution. Furthermore, the variability of the patellar state we observed, even within single species (e.g. M. rufogriseus), is fascinating and warrants further investigation, especially as it hints at developmental plasticity that might have been harnessed in marsupial evolution to drive the complex patterns inferred here.

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LUCKETT, W. PATRICK, Nancy Hong Luckett, and Tony Harper. "Microscopic analysis of the developing dentition in the pouch young of the extinct marsupial Thylacinus cynocephalus, with an assessment of other developmental stages and eruption." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 78 (2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2019.77.01.

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29

Luckett, W. Patrick, Nancy Hong Luckett, and Tony Harper. "Microscopic analysis of the developing dentition in the pouch young of the extinct marsupial Thylacinus cynocephalus, with an assessment of other developmental stages and eruption." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 78 (2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2019.78.01.

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Sleightholme, Stephen R., and Cameron R. Campbell. "A catalogue of the motion picture films of the Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Australian Zoologist, August 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2021.026.

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ABSTRACT As a companion to the Thylacine Image Registry (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2021), the authors present the first comprehensive catalogue of the thirteen known motion picture films of the Thylacine or Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus). The films date from 1911 to 1935, are all black and white, and range from 5 to 59 seconds in duration. The authors provide detail on the content and history behind each of the films, the cinematographers responsible for their creation, the locations in which they were filmed, and the identity, or probable identity, of each of the Thylacines shown.

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Warburton, Natalie, Kenny Travouillon, and Aaron Camens. "Skeletal atlas of the Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Palaeontologia Electronica, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/947.

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Sleightholme, Stephen R., and Cameron R. Campbell. "A Catalogue of the Thylacine captured on film." Australian Zoologist, September 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.032.

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The authors present a comprehensive catalogue of 112 known photographs of the Thylacine or Tasmanian tiger ( Thylacinus cynocephalus), both from zoological collections and the small number of images that were taken in the wild. Throughout the literature, numerous inaccuracies relating to the provenance of the photographs have entered into publication. These errors often go unchallenged and are blindly replicated in subsequent publications as truths. The perpetuation of such errors can only frustrate or complicate future research effort into the species, hence the need for a reliable reference. This paper provides a summary of the work involved in developing the catalogue, together with a synopsis of the findings. The catalogue has been named the Thylacine Image Registry [TIR], and is published here for the first time.

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Feigin, Charles, Stephen Frankenberg, and Andrew Pask. "A Chromosome-Scale Hybrid Genome Assembly of the Extinct Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus)." Genome Biology and Evolution 14, no. 4 (March 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evac048.

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Abstract The extinct Tasmanian tiger or thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) was a large marsupial carnivore native to Australia. Once ranging across parts of the mainland, the species remained only on the island of Tasmania by the time of European colonization. It was driven to extinction in the early 20th century and is an emblem of native species loss in Australia. The thylacine was a striking example of convergent evolution with placental canids, with which it shared a similar skull morphology. Consequently, it has been the subject of extensive study. While the original thylacine assemblies published in 2018 enabled the first exploration of the species’ genome biology, further progress is hindered by the lack of high-quality genomic resources. Here, we present a new chromosome-scale hybrid genome assembly for the thylacine, which compares favorably with many recent de novo marsupial genomes. In addition, we provide homology-based gene annotations, characterize the repeat content of the thylacine genome, and show that consistent with demographic decline, the species possessed a low rate of heterozygosity even compared to extant, threatened marsupials.

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Rovinsky, Douglass S., Alistair R. Evans, and Justin W. Adams. "Functional ecological convergence between the thylacine and small prey-focused canids." BMC Ecology and Evolution 21, no. 1 (April 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01788-8.

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Abstract Background Morphological convergence is a fundamental aspect of evolution, allowing for inference of the biology and ecology of extinct species by comparison with the form and function of living species as analogues. The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), the iconic recently extinct marsupial, is considered a classic example of convergent evolution with the distantly related placental wolf or dog, though almost nothing is actually known regarding its ecology. This lack of data leads to questions regarding the degree of convergence with, and the similarity of, the functional ecology of the thylacine and the wolf/dog. Here, we examined the cranium of the thylacine using 3D geometric morphometrics and two quantitative tests of convergence to more precisely determine convergent analogues, within a phylogenetically informed dataset of 56 comparative species across 12 families of marsupial and placental faunivorous mammals. Using this dataset, we investigated patterns of correlation between cranial shape and diet, phylogeny, and relative prey size across these terrestrial faunivores. Results We find a correlation between cranial, facial, and neurocranial shape and the ratio of prey-to-predator body mass, though neurocranial shape may not correlate with prey size within marsupials. The thylacine was found to group with predators that routinely take prey smaller than 45% of their own body mass, not with predators that take subequal-sized or larger prey. Both convergence tests find significant levels of convergence between the thylacine and the African jackals and South American ‘foxes’, with lesser support for the coyote and red fox. We find little support for convergence between the thylacine and the wolf or dog. Conclusions Our study finds little support for a wolf/dog-like functional ecology in the thylacine, with it instead being most similar to mid-sized canids such as African jackals and South American ‘foxes’ that mainly take prey less than half their size. This work suggests that concepts of convergence should extend beyond superficial similarity, and broader comparisons can lead to false interpretations of functional ecology. The thylacine was a predator of small to mid-sized prey, not a big-game specialist like the placental wolf.

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Hazkani-Covo, Einat. "A Burst of Numt Insertion in the Dasyuridae Family During Marsupial Evolution." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (February 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.844443.

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Nuclear pseudogenes of mitochondrial origin (numts) are common in all eukaryotes. Our previous scan of numts in sequenced nuclear genomes suggested that the highest numt content currently known in animals is that in the gray short-tailed opossum. The present work sought to determine numt content in marsupials and to compare it to those in placental and monothematic mammals as well as in non-mammalian vertebrates. To achieve this, 70 vertebrate species with available nuclear and mitochondrial genomes were scanned for numt content. An extreme numt content was found in the Dasyuridae, with 3,450 in Sarcophilus harrisii (1,955 kb) and 2,813 in Antechinus flavipes (847 kb). The evolutionarily closest species analyzed, the extinct Thylacinus cynocephalus belonging to the Thylacindae family, had only 435 numts (238 kb). These two Dasyuridae genomes featured the highest numt content identified in animals to date. A phylogenetic analysis of numts longer than 300 bp, using a Diprotodonita mitochondrial tree, indicated a burst of numt insertion that began before the divergence of the Dasyurini and Phascogalini, reaching a peak in the early evolution of the two tribes. No comparable increase was found in the early divergent species T. cynocephalus. Divergence of the Dasyuridae tribes has been previously dated to shortly after the Miocene climate transition, characterized by a rapid temperature decline. Interestingly, deviation from optimal growth temperature is one of the environmental factors reported to increase numt insertions in a laboratory setting.

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