Статті в журналах: "Threat responses"

1

Plant, E. Ashby, Joanna Goplen, and Jonathan W. Kunstman. "Selective Responses to Threat." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 9 (May 12, 2011): 1274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211408617.

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2

Baumann, Linda J., and Mary L. Keller. "Responses to Threat Information." Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship 23, no. 1 (March 1991): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1991.tb00628.x.

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3

Limberg, Holger. "Impoliteness and threat responses." Journal of Pragmatics 41, no. 7 (July 2009): 1376–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.02.003.

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4

Lamarche, Larkin, Brianne Ozimok, Kimberley L. Gammage, and Cameron Muir. "Men Respond Too: The Effects of a Social-Evaluative Body Image Threat on Shame and Cortisol in University Men." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 6 (September 11, 2017): 1791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317723406.

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Framed within social self-preservation theory, the present study investigated men’s psychobiological responses to social-evaluative body image threats. University men ( n = 66) were randomly assigned to either a high or low social-evaluative body image threat condition. Participants provided saliva samples (to assess cortisol) and completed measures of state body shame prior to and following their condition, during which anthropometric and strength measures were assessed. Baseline corrected values indicated men in the high social-evaluative body image threat condition had higher body shame and cortisol than men in the low social-evaluative body image threat condition. These findings suggest that social evaluation in the context of situations that threaten body image leads to potentially negative psychobiological responses in college men.

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5

Naaz, Farah, Lindsay K. Knight, and Brendan E. Depue. "Explicit and Ambiguous Threat Processing: Functionally Dissociable Roles of the Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01369.

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Highly influential models have proposed that responses to different types of threat are mediated by partially segregated neural systems, with the amygdala underlying phasic responses to explicit threat (fear) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) mediating sustained responses to ambiguous threat (anxiety). However, newer models have suggested similar recruitment of both regions across a wide spectrum of threat. Therefore, to empirically test these models and further elucidate the activation profiles and connectivity patterns of the amygdala and the BNST during threat processing, 20 participants were scanned using high-resolution fMRI (1.5 mm3). Using fearful faces and human screams as aversive stimuli, two threat conditions were created: Explicit Threat in which threats were certain and predictable (fear) and Ambiguous Threat in which threats were uncertain and unpredictable (anxiety). Results indicated that, although the amygdala and the BNST both showed heightened engagement across both threat conditions, the amygdala showed preferential engagement during Explicit Threat and displayed functional connectivity with regions involved in stimulus processing and motor response. By contrast, the BNST preferentially responded during Ambiguous Threat and exhibited functional connectivity with prefrontal regions underlying interoception and rumination. Furthermore, correlations with questionnaires measuring trait anxiety, worry, and rumination suggested that individual differences in affective style play a modulatory role in regional recruitment and network connectivity during threat processing.

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6

Holmes IV, Oscar, Marilyn V. Whitman, Kim S. Campbell, and Diane E. Johnson. "Exploring the social identity threat response framework." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 35, no. 3 (April 18, 2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-08-2015-0068.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore what individuals perceive as social identity threats, the sources of the threat, individuals’ responses, and the consequences of the threat. Design/methodology/approach – Narratives from 224 individuals were collected. A sample of 84 narratives were analyzed in depth using a qualitative content analysis approach. Findings – Initial support for identity threat response theory was found. Three new distinct threat responses – constructive action, ignore, and seek assistance – were uncovered. Additionally, harm/loss appraisals were found to be perceived and reacted to similarly to Petriglieri-defined identity threats. Originality/value – This study contributes to identity scholarship by shedding further light on the “theoretical black box” associated with identity threat. Such insight is necessary in further enhancing our understanding of the impact that identity threat has at the individual and organizational level.

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7

van Os, Annemiek, Dick de Gilder, Cathy van Dyck, and Peter Groenewegen. "Responses to professional identity threat." Journal of Health Organization and Management 29, no. 7 (November 16, 2015): 1011–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-12-2013-0273.

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8

Kellermanns, Franz W., and Tim Barnett. "Commentary: What Were They Thinking? The Role of Family Firm Mental Models on Threat Recognition." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32, no. 6 (November 2008): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00268.x.

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In this commentary, we extend Sirmon, Arregle, Hitt, and Webb's work in this issue by introducing shared mental models as antecedents of threat of imitability recognition and as moderators of the relationship between threat recognition and strategic action. Specifically, while Sirmon, Arregle, Hitt, and Webb focus on responses to threat recognition, we develop propositions on how shared mental models related to business issues affect the threat recognition process and on how shared mental models related to family issues influence strategic responses to recognized threats. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.

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9

Petriglieri, Jennifer Louise. "UNDER THREAT: RESPONSES TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THREATS TO INDIVIDUALS' IDENTITIES." Academy of Management Review 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 641–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.65554645.

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10

Kambouropoulos, Nicolas, Sarah Egan, Elodie J. O’Connor, and Petra K. Staiger. "Escaping Threat." Journal of Individual Differences 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000126.

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Individuals with a hypersensitivity to threatening stimuli in the environment may be more likely to experience a higher level of social anxiety. According to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), there are two important aspects of threat stimuli that influence subsequent emotional and behavioral responses. Specifically, perceptions pertaining to defensive direction and distance are considered critical factors in understanding threat responses. This paper aimed to determine whether threat perceptions mediate the relationship between threat sensitivity and social anxiety. Self-report measures of sensitivity to threat, social anxiety, and a vignette designed to assess threat perceptions were administered to a sample of 218 participants (73% female; M age = 33.75, SD age = 11.52). Data indicated a mediational influence of perceived escapability on the relationship between sensitivity to threat and social anxiety. Overall, these findings highlight the role of perceived escapability of threat in understanding the relationship between threat sensitivity and social anxiety.

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11

Vieira, Joana B., Sabine Schellhaas, Erik Enström, and Andreas Olsson. "Help or flight? Increased threat imminence promotes defensive helping in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1933 (August 26, 2020): 20201473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1473.

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In humans and other mammals, defensive responses to danger vary with threat imminence, but it is unknown how those responses affect decisions to help conspecifics. Here, we manipulated threat imminence to investigate the impact of different defensive states on human helping behaviour. Ninety-eight healthy adult participants made trial-by-trial decisions about whether to help a co-participant avoid an aversive shock, at the risk of receiving a shock themselves. Helping decisions were prompted under imminent or distal threat, based on temporal distance to the moment of shock administration to the co-participant. Results showed that, regardless of how likely participants were to also receive a shock, they helped the co-participant more under imminent than distal threat. Reaction times and cardiac changes during the task supported the efficacy of the threat imminence manipulation in eliciting dissociable defensive states, with faster responses and increased heart rate during imminent compared to distal threats. Individual differences in empathic concern were specifically correlated with helping during imminent threats. These results suggest that defensive states driving active escape from immediate danger may also facilitate decisions to help others, potentially by engaging neurocognitive systems implicated in caregiving across mammals.

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12

Meyer, Christian, Srikanth Padmala, and Luiz Pessoa. "Dynamic Threat Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 522–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01363.

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During real-life situations, multiple factors interact dynamically to determine threat level. In the current fMRI study involving healthy adult human volunteers, we investigated interactions between proximity, direction (approach vs. retreat), and speed during a dynamic threat-of-shock paradigm. As a measure of threat-evoked physiological arousal, skin conductance responses were recorded during fMRI scanning. Some brain regions tracked individual threat-related factors, and others were also sensitive to combinations of these variables. In particular, signals in the anterior insula tracked the interaction between proximity and direction where approach versus retreat responses were stronger when threat was closer compared with farther. A parallel proximity-by-direction interaction was also observed in physiological skin conductance responses. In the right amygdala, we observed a proximity by direction interaction, but intriguingly in the opposite direction as the anterior insula; retreat versus approach responses were stronger when threat was closer compared with farther. In the right bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, we observed an effect of threat proximity, whereas in the right periaqueductal gray/midbrain we observed an effect of threat direction and a proximity by direction by speed interaction (the latter was detected in exploratory analyses but not in a voxelwise fashion). Together, our study refines our understanding of the brain mechanisms involved during aversive anticipation in the human brain. Importantly, it emphasizes that threat processing should be understood in a manner that is both context-sensitive and dynamic.

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13

Hudson, Joanna. "Defining emotional responses in the Common Sense Self–Regulation Model of Illness – examined in the context of diabetes mellitus." Health Psychology Update 22, no. 2 (2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpu.2013.22.2.21.

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The Common Sense Self–Regulation Model (CS–SRM) of illness has made a significant contribution to our understanding of how a person’s cognitive illness representation provides a framework to inform their response to the health threat. Far less research has explored the role of a person’s emotional response to the health threat. This may be because of a less detailed conceptualisation in the CS–SRM of what an emotional response to a health threat consists of. This article explores the types of emotional responses that occur in long–term conditions focussing particularly on diabetes mellitus. It identifies the challenges in the measurement of emotional responses and provides suggestions for a clearer definition of emotional responses to health threats for the CS–SRM.

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14

Pärnamets, Philip, Lisa Espinosa, and Andreas Olsson. "Physiological synchrony predicts observational threat learning in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1927 (May 20, 2020): 20192779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2779.

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Understanding how information about threats in the environment is shared and transmitted between individuals is crucial for explaining adaptive, survival-related behaviour in humans and other animals, and for developing treatments for phobias and other anxiety disorders. Research across species has shown that observing a conspecific’s, a ‘demonstrator’s,’ threat responses causes strong and persistent threat memories in the ‘observer’. Here, we examined if physiological synchrony between demonstrator and observer can serve to predict the strength of observationally acquired conditioned responses. We measured synchrony between demonstrators’ and observers’ phasic electrodermal signals during learning, which directly reflects autonomic nervous system activity. Prior interpersonal synchrony predicted the strength of the observer’s later skin conductance responses to threat predicting stimuli, in the absence of the demonstrator. Dynamic coupling between an observer’s and a demonstrator’s autonomic nervous system activity may reflect experience sharing processes facilitating the formation of observational threat associations.

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15

Inbar, Yoel, and David Pizarro. "Disgust, politics, and responses to threat." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 3 (June 2014): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002598.

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AbstractWe address two questions regarding the relationship between political ideology and responses to threatening or aversive stimuli. The first concerns the reason for the connection between disgust and specific political and moral attitudes; the second concerns the observation that some responses to threat (i.e., neuroticism/anxiety) are associated with a more left-wing political orientation.

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16

Scholl, Annika, Korbinian Moeller, Daan Scheepers, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, and Kai Sassenberg. "Physiological threat responses predict number processing." Psychological Research 81, no. 1 (October 29, 2015): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0719-0.

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17

Petriglieri, Jennifer Louise. "Under Threat: Responses to and the Consequences of Threats to Individuals' Identities." Academy of Management Review 36, no. 4 (October 2011): 641–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0087.

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18

Tashjian, Sarah M., Virginia Fedrigo, Tanaz Molapour, Dean Mobbs, and Colin F. Camerer. "Physiological Responses to a Haunted-House Threat Experience: Distinct Tonic and Phasic Effects." Psychological Science 33, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976211032231.

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Threats elicit physiological responses, the frequency and intensity of which have implications for survival. Ethical and practical limitations on human laboratory manipulations present barriers to studying immersive threat. Furthermore, few investigations have examined group effects and concordance with subjective emotional experiences to threat. The current preregistered study measured electrodermal activity in 156 adults while they participated in small groups in a 30-min haunted-house experience involving various immersive threats. Results revealed positive associations between (a) friends and tonic arousal, (b) unexpected attacks and phasic activity (frequency and amplitude), (c) subjective fear and phasic frequency, and (d) dissociable sensitization effects linked to baseline orienting response. Findings demonstrate the relevance of (a) social dynamics (friends vs. strangers) for tonic arousal and (b) subjective fear and threat predictability for phasic arousal.

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19

White, Thomas H., Patricia Bickley, Cory Brown, Dave E. Busch, Guy Dutson, Holly Freifeld, Douglas Krofta, Sean Lawlor, Dan Polhemus, and Rachel Rounds. "Quantifying Threats to Biodiversity and Prioritizing Responses: An Example from Papua New Guinea." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060248.

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Accurately identifying threats to global biodiversity is the first step towards effectively countering or ameliorating them. However, such threats are usually only qualitatively categorized, without any comparative quantitative assessment of threat levels either within or across ecosystems. As part of recent efforts in Papua New Guinea to develop a long-term strategic plan for reducing threats to biodiversity at the national level, we developed a novel and quantitative method for not only assessing relative effects of specific biodiversity threats across multiple ecosystems, but also identifying and prioritizing conservation actions best suited for countering identified threats. To do so, we used an abbreviated quantitative SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis and multivariate cluster analysis to identify the most significant threats to biodiversity in Papua New Guinea. Of 27 specific threats identified, there were nine major threats (each >5% of total) which accounted for approximately 72% of the total quantified biodiversity threat in Papua New Guinea. We then used the information to identify underlying crosscutting threat drivers and specific conservation actions that would have the greatest probability of reducing biodiversity threats across multiple ecosystem realms. We categorized recommended actions within three strategic categories; with actions within each category targeting two different spatial scales. Our integrated quantitative approach to identifying and addressing biodiversity threats is intuitive, comprehensive, repeatable and computationally simple. Analyses of this nature can be invaluable for avoiding not only wasted resources, but also ineffective measures for conserving biodiversity.

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20

Cater, Tamra, Virgil Zeigler-Hill, and Avi Besser. "Exposure to an Infidelity Threat Manipulation." Journal of Individual Differences 37, no. 2 (April 2016): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000196.

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Abstract. The associations between adult attachment dimensions and responses to romantic relationship threats have been investigated in recent years. The present study extended the results of previous studies by examining whether attachment dimensions moderated the anticipated responses that individuals had to the imagined infidelity of their romantic partners. College student participants (N = 243) were randomly assigned to imagine either a high threat scenario (i.e., finding their partner having sex with someone else) or a low threat scenario (i.e., hearing a couple on television having sex) and report their anticipated responses to these scenarios. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the attachment dimensions moderated the anticipated responses of participants to the imagined infidelity of their romantic partners but the exact patterns of these results were different than we expected. For example, individuals with low levels of attachment avoidance provided more positive evaluations of their romantic relationships than individuals with high levels of attachment avoidance in the low threat condition but this difference did not emerge in the high threat condition. These findings suggest that low levels of attachment avoidance may be most beneficial for romantic relationships when there is relatively little threat to the relationship. Further, men with high levels of attachment anxiety reported relatively positive evaluations of their relationships in the high threat condition compared to men with low levels of attachment anxiety or women (regardless of their level of attachment anxiety). Discussion focuses on the implications these results may have for understanding the connections between attachment and relationship evaluations under conditions of threat.

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21

Biggs, Adam T., Joel Suss, Sarah Sherwood, Joseph A. Hamilton, and Tatana Olson. "Perception Over Personality in Lethal Force: Aggression, Impulsivity, and Big Five Traits in Threat Assessments and Behavioral Responses due to Weapon Presence and Posture." American Journal of Psychology 135, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19398298.135.2.06.

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Abstract The use of lethal force is a combination of threat perception and individual judgment that sometimes warrants a behavioral response. This simplified description implicates perceptual factors and individual differences in lethal force decision making, which ongoing research continues to address. However, personality-based factors have been less explored as to how they might affect either threat perception or behavioral responses in a lethal force decision. The current investigation examined multiple personality traits with the potential to influence lethal force decision making, including aggression, impulsivity, and the Big Five traits. These measures were compared to threat perception and behavioral responses made to a variety of lethal force stimuli broadly categorized as clear threats, ambiguous threats, and clear nonthreats. Samples were recruited from combat-trained infantry, military recruits, and the civilian community to control for prior lethal force training. Although there was a strong omnibus relationship between threat perception and the likelihood of a behavioral response, neither military training nor personality differences had any impact on threat perception or a binary (e.g., shoot/don't-shoot) behavioral response. Therefore, we conclude that perception dominates personality in lethal force decision making when the threat assessment decision is limited to factors such as weapon presence or posture rather than emotion.

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22

Straka, Tanja M., and Christian C. Voigt. "Threat Perception, Emotions and Social Trust of Global Bat Experts before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 11242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811242.

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Speculations about the origin of SARS-CoV-2 have catapulted bats into the spotlight of scientific and societal attention, with unforeseen consequences for bat conservation. In two global surveys with bat experts before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, we assessed their (i) threat perceptions, emotions towards bats and social trust in decision makers and (ii) the predictive potential of emotions, social trust and socio-demographic variables on threat perceptions. We also discuss (iii) the potential influence of the pandemic on threat perception and antecedents (emotions and social trust). We received 495 responses from 65 countries in September 2019 and 320 responses in June 2020 from 77 countries. We identified three major threat categories (indirect, direct and prejudice). Comparing threat perception, emotions and social trust between both surveys, we found that indirect threats (e.g., habitat modification) were considered as crucial, yet less so during the pandemic. During the pandemic, experts rated indirect threats lower and the perceived threat through prejudice (e.g., myths) higher than before the pandemic. During the pandemic, bat experts also expressed more compassion and sadness related to bats and trust in researchers and NGOs, but less trust in laypeople than before the pandemic. Emotions were particularly important predictors for threats through prejudice besides social trust. Socio-demographic variables (e.g., cultural and professional background) had predictive potential predominantly for direct threats (e.g., hunting and trade, wind turbines) and threats through prejudice. Our study highlights the role of emotions and social trust on threat perception among bat experts who remained relatively invisible during the pandemic despite their key role for bat conservation. More importantly, we echo previous calls to be more attentive to ecological grief also within the scientific community; especially as discussions around zoonotic spillover with valued study animals intensify.

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23

Lim, Shannon B., Taylor W. Cleworth, Brian C. Horslen, Jean-Sébastien Blouin, J. Timothy Inglis, and Mark G. Carpenter. "Postural threat influences vestibular-evoked muscular responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00712.2016.

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Standing balance is significantly influenced by postural threat. While this effect has been well established, the underlying mechanisms of the effect are less understood. The involvement of the vestibular system is under current debate, and recent studies that investigated the effects of height-induced postural threat on vestibular-evoked responses provide conflicting results based on kinetic (Horslen BC, Dakin CJ, Inglis JT, Blouin JS, Carpenter MG. J Physiol 592: 3671–3685, 2014) and kinematic (Osler CJ, Tersteeg MC, Reynolds RF, Loram ID. Eur J Neurosci 38: 3239–3247, 2013) data. We examined the effect of threat of perturbation, a different form of postural threat, on coupling (cross-correlation, coherence, and gain) of the vestibulo-muscular relationship in 25 participants who maintained standing balance. In the “No-Threat” conditions, participants stood quietly on a stable surface. In the “Threat” condition, participants' balance was threatened with unpredictable mediolateral support surface tilts. Quiet standing immediately before the surface tilts was compared to an equivalent time from the No-Threat conditions. Surface EMG was recorded from bilateral trunk, hip, and leg muscles. Hip and leg muscles exhibited significant increases in peak cross-correlation amplitudes, coherence, and gain (1.23–2.66×) in the Threat condition compared with No-Threat conditions, and significant correlations were observed between threat-related changes in physiological arousal and medium-latency peak cross-correlation amplitude in medial gastrocnemius ( r = 0.408) muscles. These findings show a clear threat effect on vestibular-evoked responses in muscles in the lower body, with less robust effects of threat on trunk muscles. Combined with previous work, the present results can provide insight into observed changes during balance control in threatening situations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to show increases in vestibular-evoked responses of the lower body muscles under conditions of increased threat of postural perturbation. While robust findings were observed in hip and leg muscles, less consistent results were found in muscles of the trunk. The present findings provide further support in the ongoing debate for arguments that vestibular-evoked balance responses are influenced by fear and anxiety and explain previous threat-related changes in balance.

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24

Anderson, RaeAnn E., and Shawn P. Cahill. "Use of the Response-Latency Paradigm for Eliciting and Evaluating Women’s Responses to the Threat of Date Rape." Violence and Victims 29, no. 2 (2014): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00101r1.

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This study evaluates the novel use of the response-latency paradigm to elicit women’s hypothetical behavioral responses to the threat of acquaintance rape. There were 146 college women recruited and randomly assigned to 4 study conditions. In 3 of the conditions, the threat to which participants responded was experimentally controlled; in the fourth control condition, participants selected the level of threat themselves, following standard procedure of the response-latency paradigm. Results indicated that participant’s responses became more intense as threat levels increased; this relationship was not moderated by whether the threat was controlled by the experimenter or the participant. These results indicate the response-latency paradigm is useful for eliciting and evaluating women’s hypothetical responses to the threat of acquaintance rape to learn more about this process.

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25

Cheng, Yujie, Matthijs Baas, and Carsten K. W. De Dreu. "Creative responses to imminent threats: The role of threat direction and perceived effectiveness." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 74 (January 2018): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.013.

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26

CASIS. "Canadian Supercomputer Threat Assessment and Potential Responses." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 2, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v2i1.955.

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Four key events are addressed in this briefing note. Key event one is the announcement in April and May of 2017 with the launch of two supercomputers in Canada (Graham at University of Waterloo; Cedar at Simon Fraser University) and a third (Niagara at The University of Toronto) using Compute Canada’s Resources Allocation (Compute Canada, 2018a). Key event two is the announcement that Huawei Canada is building Graham’s operating system (Feldman, 2017). Key event three entails CSIS being warned by the US Senators (Rep. Sen Marco Rubio and Dem. Sen Mark Warner) about the possibility of China and Russia spying on Canada. Key event four, the United States has reportedly banned sales of Huawei products on US military bases (Bronskill, 2018; Collins, 2018). This briefing note is particularly relevant as Compute Canada is now preparing for 2019 resource allocation; there may be a raised/elevated security risk of economic espionage intellectual property theft and abusing education access privileges which need to be considered (SFU Innovates Staff, 2018).

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Maddicott, J. R. "Responses to the Threat of Invasion, 1085." English Historical Review CXXII, no. 498 (September 1, 2007): 986–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem255.

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28

Davis, Mark D., and Walter G. Stephan. "Electromyographic Analyses of Responses to Intergroup Threat." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 41, no. 1 (January 2011): 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00709.x.

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29

Stein, Dan J., and Randolph M. Nesse. "Threat detection, precautionary responses, and anxiety disorders." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 4 (March 2011): 1075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.012.

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30

Radke, Sina, Inge Volman, Idil Kokal, Karin Roelofs, Ellen R. A. de Bruijn, and Ivan Toni. "Oxytocin reduces amygdala responses during threat approach." Psychoneuroendocrinology 79 (May 2017): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.028.

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31

Marcattilio, A. J. M., and John A. Nevin. "The Threat of Nuclear War: Some Responses." Behavior Analyst 9, no. 1 (April 1986): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03391930.

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32

A. Ali, Shurooq. "Impoliteness and Threat Responses in an Iraqi-Kurdish EFL Context." Arab World English Journal 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.3.

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This study shows impoliteness as a form of face-threatening that can be intentionally caused by verbal threats in a particular setting. It investigates: what strategies and mitigators do Iraqi-Kurdish English as a foreign language (EFL) learners use in situations of threat responses? The present investigation paper aims to examine impoliteness strategies and mitigators by these learners when they respond to threatening situations in their context. Thus, it fills a gap in pragmatics literature by investigating the reactions to threats in an Iraqi-Kurdish EFL context. To this end, 50 participants have participated in this study. An open-ended questionnaire in the form of a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) is used to elicit responses from the participants. Besides, a focus group interview is conducted to support the data analysis. The data are coded based on Limberg’s (2009) model of impoliteness and threat responses to figure out the strategies used by the learners. Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper’s (1989) taxonomy of mitigators is adapted to analyze the mitigators. Overall, the findings reveal that the preferred responses surpass those which indicate dispreference by the learners. They tend to use face-saving acts when they comply with the threatener’s demand and opt for face-threatening acts when they reject that demand indirectly. Moreover, these learners use mitigators to attenuate the illocutionary force of their responses. Finally, this study provides some recommendations and pedagogical implications.

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Sullivan, Daniel, and Isaac F. Young. "Place Attachment Style as a Predictor of Responses to the Environmental Threat of Water Contamination." Environment and Behavior 52, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916518786766.

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People are increasingly exposed to environmental threat in the form of “slow-scale” disaster, such as the water contamination at Flint, Michigan. Little is known about the role of place attachment in determining responses to such threats. The present research tests a comprehensive model linking place attachment style to patterns of environmental threat response. Two highly powered surveys (total N = 603) test this model in the context of a water contamination scenario. Across both studies, we find that a more communal and traditionalist place inherited style predicts defensive denial of the threat and compensatory identification with spiritual powers, while a more agentic and cosmopolitan place discovered style predicts identification with responsible institutions and collective action motivation. Place relativity style—characterized by high mobility and lack of attachment—predicts scapegoating of responsible institutions, especially when the threat occurs in a location other than one’s neighborhood (Study 2).

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Holbrook, Colin, Marco Iacoboni, Chelsea Gordon, Shannon Proksch, and Ramesh Balasubramaniam. "Posterior medial frontal cortex and threat-enhanced religious belief: a replication and extension." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 12 (November 12, 2020): 1361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa153.

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Abstract Research indicates that the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) functions as a ‘neural alarm’ complex broadly involved in registering threats and helping to muster relevant responses. Holbrook and colleagues investigated whether pMFC similarly mediates ideological threat responses, finding that downregulating pMFC via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) caused (i) less avowed religious belief despite being reminded of death and (ii) less group bias despite encountering a sharp critique of the national in-group. While suggestive, these findings were limited by the absence of a non-threat comparison condition and reliance on sham rather than control TMS. Here, in a pre-registered replication and extension, we downregulated pMFC or a control region (MT/V5) and then primed participants with either a reminder of death or a threat-neutral topic. As mentioned previously, participants reminded of death reported less religious belief when pMFC was downregulated. No such effect of pMFC downregulation was observed in the neutral condition, consistent with construing pMFC as monitoring for salient threats (e.g. death) and helping to recruit ideological responses (e.g. enhanced religious belief). However, no effect of downregulating pMFC on group bias was observed, possibly due to reliance on a collegiate in-group framing rather than a national framing as in the prior study.

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Van der Zee, Karen, and Ineke Van der Gang. "Personality, threat and affective responses to cultural diversity." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 4 (June 2007): 453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.619.

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The present study tried to reconcile assumptions from Terror Management Theory that individual differences in openness to diversity are enhanced by existential threat with own recent findings suggesting that individual differences are diminished by threat. A model was supported assuming that it is the nature of the threat that determines which pattern will hold. We predicted that for stress‐related but not for social traits, threat enhances individual differences in reactions to diversity. Students were confronted with a videotaped meeting of a homogeneous versus diverse work group. Threat was induced using a Terror Management Intervention. Indeed, whereas for Emotional Stability individual differ ences in responses to diversity were restricted to conditions of threat, for Social Initiative, individual differences solely occurred under normal circumstances. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Haaker, Jan, Lorenzo Diaz-Mataix, Gemma Guillazo-Blanch, Sara A. Stark, Lea Kern, Joseph E. LeDoux, and Andreas Olsson. "Observation of others’ threat reactions recovers memories previously shaped by firsthand experiences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 30 (July 23, 2021): e2101290118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101290118.

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Information about dangers can spread effectively by observation of others’ threat responses. Yet, it is unclear if such observational threat information interacts with associative memories that are shaped by the individual’s direct, firsthand experiences. Here, we show in humans and rats that the mere observation of a conspecific’s threat reactions reinstates previously learned and extinguished threat responses in the observer. In two experiments, human participants displayed elevated physiological responses to threat-conditioned cues after observational reinstatement in a context-specific manner. The elevation of physiological responses (arousal) was further specific to the context that was observed as dangerous. An analogous experiment in rats provided converging results by demonstrating reinstatement of defensive behavior after observing another rat’s threat reactions. Taken together, our findings provide cross-species evidence that observation of others’ threat reactions can recover associations previously shaped by direct, firsthand aversive experiences. Our study offers a perspective on how retrieval of threat memories draws from associative mechanisms that might underlie both observations of others’ and firsthand experiences.

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Weissman, David G., Amanda E. Guyer, Emilio Ferrer, Richard W. Robins, and Paul D. Hastings. "Tuning of brain–autonomic coupling by prior threat exposure: Implications for internalizing problems in Mexican-origin adolescents." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 1127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000646.

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AbstractExposure to threat increases the risk for internalizing problems in adolescence. Deficits in integrating bodily cues into representations of emotion are thought to contribute to internalizing problems. Given the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in regulating bodily responses and integrating them into representations of emotional states, coordination between activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and autonomic nervous system responses may be influenced by past threat exposure with consequences for the emergence of internalizing problems. A sample of 179 Mexican-origin adolescents (88 female) reported on neighborhood and school crime, peer victimization, and discrimination when they were 10–16 years old. At age 17, participants underwent a functional neuroimaging scan during which they viewed pictures of emotional faces while respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance responses were measured. Adolescents also reported symptoms of internalizing problems. Greater exposure to threats across adolescence was associated with more internalizing problems. Threat exposure was also associated with stronger negative coupling between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and RSA. Stronger negative ventromedial prefrontal cortex–RSA coupling was associated with fewer internalizing problems. These results suggest the degree of coordinated activity between the brain and parasympathetic nervous system is both enhanced by threat experiences and decreased in adolescents with more internalizing problems.

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Rouel, Melissa, Richard J. Stevenson, and Evelyn Smith. "Examination of Responses Involved in Contamination Aversion Based on Threat Type." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 2 (February 2018): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.2.83.

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There is evidence that different types of contaminants produce different responses and have different motivations for avoidance. Contaminants directly associated with disease (direct contaminants) are motivated by disgust avoidance, whereas contaminants indirectly associated with disease (indirect contaminants) and contaminants associated with harmful substances (harm contaminants) are motivated by harm avoidance and threat estimations. This study aims to confirm this distinction between contaminant types and examine the role of cognitive load, awareness and time on processing these threats. One hundred and four participants completed three chain of contagion tasks with direct, indirect, and harm contaminants. Cognitive load, awareness of contamination and time were manipulated during the tasks. Consistent with previous findings, direct contaminants produced stronger disgust responses, while harm and indirect contaminants produced stronger threat estimations. Increasing cognitive load did not impact processing of any type of contaminant. There was evidence that a time delay reduced the spread of contagion for all contaminants. This highlights the importance of time in altering the perception of contamination threat. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

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Rouel, Melissa, Richard J. Stevenson, Josephine Milne-Home, and Evelyn Smith. "Differences in emotions and cognitions experienced in contamination aversion." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 204380871879482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043808718794826.

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A current model of contamination aversion suggests that it has distinct affective and cognitive components that interact to respond to threats. The affective component involves disgust and responds preferentially to direct contaminants (e.g., feces). The cognitive component involves obsessive beliefs and responds preferentially to indirect contaminants (e.g., money). This study examined characteristics of the two components by comparing emotional and cognitive responses to different contaminants. In total, 47 participants completed behavioral avoidance tasks with direct, indirect, and harmful contaminants. Participants rated their disgust, fear of contamination, and threat estimation while in contact with each contaminant. The contaminants produced different emotional and cognitive responses, suggesting the differential involvement of affective and cognitive factors depending on the type of threat. Additionally, it was found that disgust did not habituate over time in contact with contaminants, whereas fear of contamination and threat estimation appeared to decline. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

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Berret, Emmanuelle, Michael Kintscher, Shriya Palchaudhuri, Wei Tang, Denys Osypenko, Olexiy Kochubey, and Ralf Schneggenburger. "Insular cortex processes aversive somatosensory information and is crucial for threat learning." Science 364, no. 6443 (May 16, 2019): eaaw0474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw0474.

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Learning about threats is essential for survival. During threat learning, an innocuous sensory percept such as a tone acquires an emotional meaning when paired with an aversive stimulus such as a mild footshock. The amygdala is critical for threat memory formation, but little is known about upstream brain areas that process aversive somatosensory information. Using optogenetic techniques in mice, we found that silencing of the posterior insula during footshock reduced acute fear behavior and impaired 1-day threat memory. Insular cortex neurons respond to footshocks, acquire responses to tones during threat learning, and project to distinct amygdala divisions to drive acute fear versus threat memory formation. Thus, the posterior insula conveys aversive footshock information to the amygdala and is crucial for learning about potential dangers in the environment.

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Elvidge, Chris K., Indar Ramnarine, and Grant E. Brown. "Compensatory foraging in Trinidadian guppies: Effects of acute and chronic predation threats." Current Zoology 60, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.3.323.

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Abstract In response to acute predation threats, prey may sacrifice foraging opportunities in favour of increased predator avoidance. Under conditions of high or frequent predation risk, such trade-offs may lead to reduced fitness. Here, we test the prediction that prey reduce the costs associated with lost opportunities following acute predation threats by exhibiting short-term compensatory foraging responses. Under semi-natural conditions, we exposed female guppies Poecilia reticulate from high and low predation risk sites to one of three levels of acute predation threat (high, intermediate or low concentrations of conspecific alarm cues). Our results confirm previous reports, demonstrating that guppies from a high predation site were consistently ‘bolder’ (shorter escape latencies) and exhibited graded threat-sensitive responses to different simulated threat levels while those from the low predation site were ‘shyer’ and exhibited non-graded responses. Most importantly, we found that when guppies from low predation sites resumed foraging, they did so at rates significantly lower than baseline rates. However, guppies from high predation sites resumed foraging either at rates equal to baseline (in response to low or intermediate risk stimuli) or significantly increased relative to baseline rates (in response to high risk stimuli). Together, these results highlight a complex compensatory behavioral mechanism that may allow prey to reduce the long-term costs associated with predator avoidance.

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Edstrom, Maria. "The Trolls Disappear in the Light: Swedish Experiences of Mediated Sexualised Hate Speech in the Aftermath of Behring Breivik." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.314.

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Feminist journalists have come to expect special resistance, and even threats, from men’s groups as part of their work as journalists. However, the biggest threats might not originate in men’s groups’ activities. A big threat currently comes from Internet trolls’ responses to individuals who engage in hate-provoked and hate-provoking attacks on women as women. This is exemplified in the case of Anders Behring Breivik, who blew up government buildings in Oslo in 2011 and murdered youth from the Labour Party at Utøya as part of his explicitly articulated xenophobic and misogynist campaign against the Islamification of Norway. His ideas are still being shared in social media responses to this tragedy across Nordic countries. This paper argues that this demonstrates that the harms to women and to society go well beyond the individual victims of an identifiable incident. Largely because of their role in condemning and rejecting the hateful ideas advanced across social media forums, troll responses to the Breivik tragedy constitute a particular threat to female and especially feminist journalists.

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Sirmon, David G., Jean–Luc Arregle, Michael A. Hitt, and Justin W. Webb. "The Role of Family Influence in Firms’ Strategic Responses to Threat of Imitation." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32, no. 6 (November 2008): 979–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00267.x.

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We integrate theory on the resource–based view and threat rigidity with family business research to explain the role family influence plays in responding to threats of imitation. As opposed to family control, we find that family influence affects resource management actions taken in response to threats of imitation. Specifically, results show that R&D investment and internationalization actions mediate the relationship between imitability and performance. However, we find that family–influenced firms are less rigid in their responses to such threats, reducing R&D and internationalization significantly less than firms without family influence.

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Peters, Brett J., Nickola C. Overall, Yuthika U. Girme, and Jeremy P. Jamieson. "Partners’ attachment insecurity predicts greater physiological threat in anticipation of attachment-relevant interactions." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517734655.

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This study examined whether anticipating interacting with a partner higher in attachment insecurity predicted greater physiological threat in an emotion regulation context. Eighty-eight couples watched an emotionally negative film clip, prepared to discuss the video with their partner, and then engaged in a conversation. One dyad member ( regulator) was randomly assigned to express versus suppress affective displays while his/ her partner ( target) was given no additional instructions. Greater partner avoidance was associated with stronger physiological responses consistent with the experience of threat—sympathetic arousal coupled with increased vascular resistance—when regulators anticipated suppressing versus expressing affective displays. Greater partner anxiety was associated with greater physiological threat responses regardless of the emotion regulation context. Threat responses also manifested during the conversation: Regulators and targets with highly avoidant partners exhibited greater threat responses when suppressing versus expressing affective displays. Additionally, more insecure partners found the conversation more difficult. These data are the first to show that anticipating attachment-relevant interactions with more insecure partners elicit cardiovascular responses diagnostic of threat.

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Cohen-Louck, Keren. "Perception of the Threat of Terrorism." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 5 (April 28, 2016): 887–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516646091.

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In light of the tense and ongoing security situation in Israel, one important issue that needs to be analyzed and understood is the perception of terrorism threats. Most studies focused mainly on the psychological implications of terrorist acts; this study examines the complexity of the manner in which the individual perceives the threat of terrorism. In all, 40 Israeli adults (22 women and 18 men) were interviewed using semistructured in-depth interviews. Qualitative analysis indicates that the components of the perception of terrorism that construct the evaluation and subjective perception of the participants are as follows: (a) perception of control, which is a feeling of loss of control and helplessness due to uncertainty, inability to predict threats, and the vagueness of the threat; (b) perception of vulnerability to the threat, such as a feeling of vulnerability to and potential victimization by terrorism; and (c) perception of fear of terrorism that includes responses of fear, anxiety, feeling of danger, and emotional distress. In addition, gender differences were found in the analysis. The findings of this study help gain a better understanding as to how people perceive the threat of terrorism. The findings also enable an understanding of the complexity of living under ongoing terrorism threats and may assist in understanding how citizens cope with and adjust to this threat.

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Lipka, Judith, Wolfgang H. R. Miltner, and Thomas Straube. "Vigilance for Threat Interacts with Amygdala Responses to Subliminal Threat Cues in Specific Phobia." Biological Psychiatry 70, no. 5 (September 2011): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.005.

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Krannich, Richard S., and Stan L. Albrecht. "Opportunity/Threat Responses to Nuclear Waste Disposal Facilities1." Rural Sociology 60, no. 3 (February 3, 2010): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1995.tb00582.x.

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Vagnoni, Eleonora, Stella F. Lourenco, and Matthew R. Longo. "Threat modulates neural responses to looming visual stimuli." European Journal of Neuroscience 42, no. 5 (July 28, 2015): 2190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12998.

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Dickerson, Sally S. "Emotional and Physiological Responses to Social-Evaluative Threat." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, no. 3 (March 26, 2008): 1362–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00095.x.

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Frank, Jerome D. "Psychological Responses to the Threat of Nuclear Annihilation." International Journal of Mental Health 15, no. 1-3 (March 1986): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1986.11449020.

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