Дисертації з теми "Thought dynamics"

Cette thèse porte sur la pensée juridique des comparatistes euro-américains. Elle analyse les travaux d’un nombre important de comparatistes, qui ont eu une place significative au sein de la discipline en Europe et aux Etats-Unis entre les années 1860 et le début des années 2000. En examinant les représentations du monde non-occidental, elle met en avant les tensions entre l’inclusion et l’exclusion des spécificités non-occidentales, tout en insistant sur la nécessité de développer une pratique critique de résistance. En s’inspirant des théories postcoloniales, ce travail aborde les questions suivantes: comment le savoir sur les sociétés non-occidentales est-il construit dans la pensée juridique des comparatistes euro-américains ? Quelles sont les préconceptions qui facilitent la production de ce savoir ? Quel est le fondement théorique qui anime ces constructions et quelles sont leurs implications politiques ? Dans quelle mesure la pensée juridique comparative alimente-t-elle les attitudes de domination ou bien les remet-elle en question ? De quelle manière les réponses à ces questions sont-elles reproduites ou modifiées d’une époque à l’autre, d’un auteur à l’autre ?
This dissertation focuses on Euro-American comparative legal thought. It analyses the works of an important number of comparatists operating in Europe and in the United States, roughly from the 1860s to the early 2000s. Examining their representations of non-Western societies, it puts emphasis on the tensions between inclusion and exclusion of particularism and it argues in favor of a critical praxis of particularism. Inspired from postcolonial theories, it addresses the following questions: how are non-Western societies constructed in Euro-American comparative legal thought? What are the preconceptions that make the production of such knowledge possible? What is the theoretical framework that animates these constructions and what are their political implications? What elements internal to comparative legal knowledge fuel attitudes of domination or/and challenge them? How do they change and how are they reproduced from one epoch to another, from one author to another?

Les pensées humaines changent constamment : on regarde, on se souvient, on prévoit... Mais comment les gens accèdent-ils à cette succession de leur propres pensées ? Cette thèse a étudié l’introspection de la dynamique des pensées en capitalisant sur le phénomène saillant et surprenant de la rêverie éveillée (Chapitre 1). Les rêveries sont ces pensées spontanées à propos de nos préoccupations personnelles. Je décris d’abord comment des fluctuations lentes permettent de prédire ces épisodes de rêverie (Ch. 2, 3). Mais ces dynamiques pourraient aussi déterminer le contenu et l’introspection des pensées. En effet, les patients avec des troubles de l’attention (TDAH) rapportent plus de pensées “vides” : ce qui pourrait venir de troubles de la dynamique et/ou de l’introspection de leurs pensées (Ch. 4). Par ailleurs, deux expériences et une étude sur smartphone suggèrent que le langage intérieur facilite la conscience de la rêverie (Ch. 5). Le langage contribue aux capacités de contrôle : les pensées verbales pourraient donc être plus stables et plus vives. Finalement, je suggère que la détection des pensées n’est pas un accès direct à des éléments bien définis. Il s’agirait plutôt d’un mécanisme décisionnel ajustable, qui s’applique à des variables internes continues et dynamiques, comme dans la perception où une décision s’applique à des variables externes (Ch. 6). En somme, ces études jettent une lumière nouvelle sur l’introspection humaine et retrouvent des intuitions anciennes (Ch. 7). En effet, nos données appuient une proposition philosophique faite il y a 125 ans par William James, un des pères fondateurs de la psychologie scientifique : nos pensées sont un flux continu, et détecter la rêverie dépend aussi des dynamiques de ce flux
Humans’ conscious experience is always changing: now seeing, now remembering, now planning. Yet, how people notice the unfolding of their own thoughts remains unclear. The present thesis studied the dynamics and introspective monitoring of thoughts, by capitalizing on the salient and often unnoticed phenomenon of mind-wandering (Chapter 1). Mind-wandering is the rise of thoughts about personal concerns. Against the idea that this rise is unpredictable, I first describe the characteristics of slow rhythms that predict mind-wandering occurrences during goal-directed tasks (Ch. 2, 3). Interestingly, these dynamics may determine thought content and introspection. Indeed, patients with Attention deficits (ADHD), who would likely experience alterations in both the dynamics and introspection of mind-wandering, report more “empty thoughts” (Ch. 4). Also, two experiments and a study using smartphones suggest that inner speech facilitates awareness of mind-wandering (Ch. 5). Inner speech contributes to monitoring capacities, thus verbal thoughts could be better sustained in time, increasing their vividness. Finally, I suggest that the detection of inner thoughts is not a direct access to clear-cut elements, but rather an adjustable decision mechanism applied to internal continuous and dynamic variables, similar to what happens in perception (Ch. 6). In sum, these studies shed a new light on human’s introspection and confirm old insights (Ch. 7). Indeed, they provide empirical support to a philosophical claim made 125 years ago by William James, one of the fathers of scientific psychology: we experience a continuous stream of thought, and detecting mind-wandering may depend on these dynamics

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a noção fregeana de pensamento e discutir o problema da dinâmica cognitiva. Para tal, serão seguidos os seguintes passos. Inicialmente, faremos uma análise da noção de pensamento tal como elaborada por Gottlob Frege. A teoria fregeana será contrastada com sua principal teoria alternativa, a saber, a explicação de Bertrand Russell dos pensamentos ou proposições. Em seguida, será discutido o problema da dinâmica cognitiva, a questão que diz respeito à preservação de crenças e conhecimento por um indivíduo diante das mudanças de contexto. Entende-se ser este um problema com o qual qualquer teoria do pensamento deve lidar. Nosso objetivo é avaliar as soluções para o problema desenvolvidas tanto pelos fregeanos quanto pelos neo-fregeanos, mostrando que elas têm méritos, mas também fraquezas. Questionar-se-á também a viabilidade das propostas de solução avaliadas e será apontada qual delas parece ser a mais plausível. Por fim, discutimos um tipo específico de pensamento que também concerne à questão da dinâmica cognitiva: tratam-se dos pensamentos na primeira pessoa, ou pensamentos de se, ou seja, pensamentos que têm como seu objeto o sujeito referido pelo pronome da primeira pessoa eu . Eles são um caso especial de pensamentos para os quais a questão da dinâmica cognitiva também vale, embora apresentem atributos típicos. Um desses atributos é a imunidade ao erro por má-identificação, já discutida na obra de Gareth Evans. Outras características dos pensamentos na primeira pessoa também serão discutidas, buscando-se apontar para aquela que parece ser a melhor forma de explicar sua natureza e a dinâmica cognitiva que eles envolvem.
The aim of this essay is to analyze the fregean notion of thought and discuss the problem of cognitive dynamics. To this end, I shall take the following steps. To begin with, I analyze the very notion of thought as put forward by Gottlob Frege. Frege s theory is to be contrasted with its main alternative, that is, Russell s account of thoughts or propositions. I proceed, then, to discuss the issue of cognitive dynamics, which is the issue of how it is that the subject is able to maintain his beliefs through context changes. This is, I take it, a difficulty that any theory of thought has to face. My aim is to assess the solutions devised both by the Fregeans and the Neo-Fregeans, showing that they have merits as well as weaknesses. I also question the viability of the would-be solutions and tell which seems the soundest. Finally, I discuss a specific type of thought the issue of cognitive dynamics concerns too: the so-called I-thoughts, or de se thoughts, that is, thoughts that have as their object the very subject referred to by the first person pronoun I . They are a special case of thoughts for which the issue of cognitive dynamics holds too, although they present their own characteristic features. One of these features is the immunity to error through misidentification, already discussed in the work of Gareth Evans. Other characteristics of the I-thoughts will also be discussed, with a view to figure out what seems to be the best way to account for their nature and the cognitive dynamics they involve.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
COMITÊ FRANCÊS DE AVALIAÇÃO DA COOPERAÇÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA COM O BRASIL
O objetivo global deste trabalho é mostrar que precisamos explicar a dinâmica de pensamentos de se ou pensamentos em primeira pessoa (ou ainda, pensamentos normalmente expressos com o uso do pronome da primeira pessoa) dentro de um quadro mais amplo de uma teoria dinamista dos atos mentais – nos moldes da teoria defendida por Dokic (2001). Argumento que esse movimento é necessário se quisermos lidar com o assim chamado problema da dinâmica cognitiva de tal forma que a explicação seja capaz de capturar as características distintivas dos pensamentos de se e atitudes relacionadas. A tese está dividida em quatro partes principais. No Capítulo 1, faço uma revisão dos argumentos a favor da afirmação de que pensamentos de se são especiais e irredutíveis a outros tipos de pensamentos - de re e de dicto em particular. O Capítulo 2 lida com o problema da dinâmica cognitiva como este foi originalmente formulado por Kaplan (1989), e discute até que ponto ele se aplica a pensamentos de se enquanto pensamentos indexicais. No Capítulo 3, considero algumas das objeções levantadas por céticos com relação ao de se (notadamente, Cappelen e Dever 2013) contra a ideia de que o de se e a indexicalidade essencial como um todo são fenômenos profundos e interessantes e que precisamos dar respostas a eles. O Capítulo 4 mostra que os pensamentos de se apresentam características que não são capturadas por uma teoria dos indexicais. No entanto, dado que uma explicação de sua dinâmica ainda é necessária, aponto para a possibilidade de expandir o escopo do problema que foi formulado por Kaplan para pensamentos indexicais. Uma vez que, como argumento, o problema da dinâmica cognitiva está para além de pensamentos indexicais e tem a ver com o desenrolar de todos os estados intencionais no decorrer do tempo, podemos reformulá-lo como um problema da continuidade interna (mental). Concluo que um estudo das condições nas quais pensamentos de se são apreendidos com o passar do tempo equivale a elaboração de uma teoria (neo-Lockeana) da identidade pessoal.
The overall aim of this work is to show that we need to account for the dynamics of de se or I-thoughts (or else, thoughts usually expressed by the use of the first-person pronoun) within the broader picture of a dynamist theory of mental acts - of the kind advocated by Dokic (2001). I argue that the move is necessary if we are to deal with the so-called problem of cognitive dynamics in such a way that the account be able to capture the distinguishing features of de se thoughts and related attitudes. The doctoral dissertation is divided into four main parts. In Chapter One I review the arguments in support of the claim that de se thoughts are special and irreducible to other kinds of thoughts - in particular, de re and de dicto. Chapter Two tackles the issue of cognitive dynamics as originally put by Kaplan (1989) and discusses the extent to which it applies to de se thoughts qua indexical thoughts. Chapter Three considers some of the objections raised by de se skeptics (notably, Cappelen and Dever 2013) against the view that de se and essential indexicality on the whole are deep and interesting phenomena and tries to answer them. Chapter 4 shows that de se thoughts exhibit features not captured by a theory of indexicals. However, given that an account of their dynamics is still needed, I point toward the possibility of broadening the scope of the problem formulated by Kaplan for indexical thoughts. If the problem of cognitive dynamics, as I argue, outstrips indexical thoughts and concerns the unfolding of all intentional states over time, one might want to reformulate it as a problem of internal (mental) continuity. I conclude that a study of the conditions under which de se thinkings are entertained over time amounts to elaborating a (neo-Lockean) theory of personal identity.

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Universidade Federal Fluminense
Desde a primeira edição em 1936, o livro “Raízes do Brasil”, escrito por Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, é uma fonte importante para o pensamento social brasileiro, investigando as origens da fraca coesão social demonstrada pelos brasileiros, entre outras categorias de interesse para a ciência da Administração, que ele teceu, no esforço de explicar a partir das raízes históricas o tecido social brasileiro. Neste trabalho se encetou a revisitação daqueles insights junto com o modelo do Espaço-Dinâmica Organizacional de Paulo Emílio Martins, que proporciona um roteiro para a análise das organizações sociais, situando em cinco parâmetros primários em contínua mudança a historicidade das organizações.
Since the first edition in 1936, the book “Raízes do Brasil”, written by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, is a remarkable source for the Brazilian Social Thinking, investigating the origins of the poor social cohesion demonstrated by the Brazilians, among other categories of interest for the science of Management which he wove in an effort to explain since the historical roots the Brazilian social tissue. In the present work, it happened a revisiting of those insights, together with the model of Organizational Space-dynamic (Espaço-Dinâmica Organizacional), from Paulo Emílio Matos Martins, that provide a guide for analysis of social organizations, situating in five dynamic parameters in permanent transformation, the historicity of the organizations.

Neste trabalho de pesquisa, buscou-se detectar o modelo de gestão e a visão ética do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará Campus Iguatu, adotados para o período de 2009 a 2013, sob a ótica das escolas de pensamento estratégico. Para tanto, após o estudo bibliográfico e a construção dos capítulos teóricos, efetuou-se uma descrição do Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional (PDI) dessa instituição, assim como, uma análise documental desse PDI para o período citado, tomando-se como base as características principais das escolas de pensamento estratégico que estavam presentes no PDI para a constatação do modelo de gestão. Em seguida, tomando-se por base a ética corporativa, com ênfase na responsabilidade social corporativa, buscou-se constatar a visão ética da gestão do IFCE Campus Iguatu para o período já mencionado e realizou-se, também, uma confrontação entre o panorama histórico da gestão na escola pública e as características da escola estratégica com a qual a gestão da instituição teve semelhanças para se entender melhor a dinâmica dessa gestão. Por fim, foi possível concluir que a gestão do IFCE Campus Iguatu caracteriza-se como uma gestão de planejamento estratégico (a segunda das escolas de pensamento estratégico abordadas neste trabalho) e que a visão ética dessa gestão segue os preceitos da ética de responsabilidade social corporativa.
This research work aimed at detecting the specific administration model and the ethical vision of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the state of Ceará Campus Iguatu, adopted for the period from 2009 to 2013, from the perspective of the schools of strategic thought. To this end, after the bibliographical study and the construction of the theoretical chapters, a description of the Institutional Development Plan (PDI, in Portuguese) of the said institution follows, as well as a documental analysis of that PDI for the mentioned period, on the basis of the main characteristics of the schools of strategic thought that were present in the PDI, in order to identify the underlying administration model. As a next step, from the perspective of corporate ethics, with emphasis in corporate social responsibility, it was sought to verify the ethical vision of the administration of the IFCE Campus Iguatu for the period already mentioned. Furthermore, a confrontation between the historical panorama of the administration in the public school and the characteristics of the strategic school with which the administration of the institution had similarities was undertaken in order to better understand the dynamics of that administration. Finally, it was possible to end that the administration of the IFCE Campus Iguatu is characterized as an administration of strategic planning (second of the schools of strategic thought approached in this work) and that the ethical vision of that administration follows the precepts of the ethics of corporate social responsibility.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Zambon
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se no desenvolvimento de um método de aquisição de conhecimento de agentes textuais baseada em MORPH - Modelo Orientado à Representação do Pensamento Humano - que permite que se extraia o modelo mental de agentes textuais. O objetivo é evidenciar o conhecimento contido no agente textual, representá-lo graficamente para compreendê-lo, facilitando o processo de aprendizagem e refinando o estudo dos conteúdos de um texto. Pois considera-se que nem sempre autores deixam as ideias explícitas (suas estruturas mentais) em artigos científicos, de forma clara e objetiva. O MACAT é um processo composto por três etapas, estruturadas em diretrizes para a extração de objetos de agentes textuais diversos. Apresenta-se além do desenvolvimento do método, a aplicação do MACAT baseado em MORPH, para investigação de artigos científicos, visando à exemplificação de sua utilização e demonstrando sua utilidade na explicitação de conhecimento. Com isso, é póssível evidenciar a dinâmica dos processos contidos nos sistemas organizacionais, que apresentam dificuldades de construir o aprendizado, em razão da ausência de instrumentos pelos quais se possa avaliar a progressão do conhecimento. Como resultado, demonstra-se que o método torna possível a extração e representação do conhecimento de agentes humanos externalizados em agentes textuais, permitindo a compreensão de modelos mentais, alavancando a tomada de decisão em situações complexas
Abstract: This research is based on developing on a method for the Knowledge Acquisition of Textual Agents based on MORPH - Oriented Model to the Human Thought Representation - which allows you to extraction of a textual agent's mental model. The goal is to demonstrate the knowledge present in textual agent, representing it graphically by facilitating its understanding and the learning process and refining the study of the contents of a text. Because it is considered that the authors don't always make explicit ideas (mental structures) of scientific articles, clearly and objectively. The MACAT is a process composed of three steps, structured guidelines for the extraction of objects of various textual agents. It is presented in addition to method development, the application of MACAT based on MORPH for research papers, aimed at the exemplification of its use and demonstrating its usefulness in explicit knowledge. This makes it possible to demonstrate the dynamics organizational processes in computer systems in those which have difficulty in learning to build, due to the lack of instruments that can evaluate the evolution of knowledge. As a result, it is shown that the method makes possible the extraction and representation of knowledge into human agents that externalized in textual agents, able to understanding the mental models, leveraging the decision-making in complex situations
Mestrado
Tecnologia e Inovação
Mestre em Tecnologia

De nombreuses situations font intervenir la notion de communication ainsi que des restrictions sur cette communication. C'est le cas lorsque l'on pense à des informations militaires, des communications médicales, des normes morales, des jeux, etc. Dans certaines des ces situations, il se peut qu'existent des structures pour penser et organiser le droit de communiquer. Dans l'armée par exemple une telle structure est assez simple et facile à comprendre: plus on est haut-placé dans la hiérarchie militaire, plus on a le droit de savoir et moins on a l'autorisation de dire. Le champ médical est un exemple où des restrictions plus subtiles empêchent un patron d'avoir accès à des données médicales d'un de ses travailleurs, alors qu'un docteur devrait pouvoir y avoir accès. Souvent, ces structures sont présentées sous la forme d'un ensemble de règles informelles, ensemble qui peut être incomplet et même contradictoire, laissant la justice décider ce qu'il convient de faire en cas de conflits. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'apporter quelques éléments, dans le champ de la logique, pour une meilleure compréhension de la notion de `droit de savoir', éléments qui pourraient nous aider à comprendre et répondre aux problèmes pour lesquels cette notion rentre en jeu. On concentre notre réflexion sur la partie informative de la communication, ce qui amène notre sujet central à la notion de `droit de donner une information'
Many situations involve communication and some kind of restrictions on this communication. This is the case when we think about military information, medical communication, moral norms, games, etc. In some situations, we may have structures to think about and organize the right to communicate in such situations. In the army, for example, such a structure is quite simple and easy to understand: the higher you are in the hierarchy, the more you may know and the less you are allowed to say. Indeed, a general can know any secret information but have no right to reveal it to his soldiers, while a soldier can give any information he wants (and may have to give the information he has) without having the right to access most of the information. As another example, in the medical field, more subtle restrictions prevent a boss from getting one of his workers' medical information, while a doctor may have access to it. Often such structures are presented as an informal and incomplete set of rules, that may be contradictory (and let the justice decide what should be done in case of conflict). But we have no general framework to analyze such situations. The aim of this dissertation is to make some progress, in the field of logic, in the understanding of the notion of `right to say', progress that may help us understand and answer problems that involve such a notion. We focus on the informative part of communication (and not on its form) leading our topic to the notion of `right to give a piece of information'

The research undertaken for this largely qualitative dissertation draws on newspaper articles, oral histories, historical documentation, open-ended interviews, and to a lesser extent, questionnaires, in the effort to ultimately confirm the extent to which the benefitting forces of globalization have fractured any existing traditional-historical cultural body of knowledge and expression among the Caymanian people. Indeed, by 2009 some Caymanians had long been verbally denouncing the social and cultural ills of globalization – inclusive of multiculturalism – on their so-called traditional, unassuming way of life, some of them clamoring for an extensive purge of the many foreign nationals in “their” Cayman Islands. Yet, other Caymanians have become somewhat invested in the idea of multicultural “oneness” ostensibly for the sake of peaceful coexistence, harmony and prosperity as these work towards the promotion of a global, borderless cultural awareness. This dissertation relies on theoretical frames centred both on the discrete natures of, and the dualistic struggle between, these two opposing ideological-cultural forces. That this struggle is taking place in the present age, I anticipate the ways in which more modern understandings, which are potentially open to liberating subjectivities, must clash with “historical”, xenophobic and nationalistic viewpoints, viewpoints which have constantly proven contradictory given their adherents’ complacent acceptance of, and participation in, a localised economic prosperity substantively dependent on foreign input. Thus in aggregate terms, this dissertation pinpoints the various effects of an evolving scheme of values and counter-values on an ideologically torn Caymanianness whose contradictory traditional half is especially fighting for its “cultural purity” in an era where its ‘reinvented’ logic is being more and more regarded as anachronistic and somewhat irrational.

This study exposits Karl Barth's theological anthropology, and asks some leading questions regarding the relation of Barth's doctrine of the human person to the human sciences. Specific comparisons are drawn between Barth's doctrine of the person and the anthropology of British object relations psychology --especially as it has been articulated by the Scottish psychoanalyst, W. Ronald D. Fairburn. After a historical survey of the problems with which Barth dealt in formulating his doctrine of humanity, I show why it is important to focus upon Barth's mature anthropology. An accurate assessment of Barth's anthropology and its relation to the human sciences can only be undertaken after one acknowledges the extent to which Barth has made some significant modifications of his earlier dialectical theology. In Barth's more mature anthropology contained in volume III/2 of the Dogmatics he formulates his anthropology upon his understanding of God as triune. Barth achieves a very 'dynamic' understanding of the human person, based upon the idea that the human person reflects the dynamic nature of the triune God. Therefore, rather than stressing bodily and soulish substances, or innately endowed faculties, Barth emphasises that 'real man' is composed of certain vital relations to God, self and others. A leading question for this study is this: does a trinitarian theology such as Barth's necessarily exclude any dialogue between itself and other sciences? Based upon the evidence that Barth's mature theology shows an increasing amount of dialogue with the human sciences, I begin to question the attacks upon Barth's so-called 'positivity of revelation'. Furthermore, I build a case for the position that the dynamic anthropology which Barth espouses bears certain intriguing analogies to the dynamic anthropology of modern object relations psychology. Based upon these analogies, the relation between Barth's theology and the human sciences does not need to be seen as one of alienation or hostility. To the contrary, Barth's dynamic anthropology could open up the possibility of increased dialogue betwen theological anthropology and the findings of human science. This is because both indicate the importance of interpersonal relationships in the formulation of any adequate concept of the person. The parallels between Barth and object relations psychology build a case for a 'dynamic' understanding of the human person, demonstrating how the person is shaped at the deepest level by certain primary interpersonal relations. Both Barth's anthropology, and object relations psychology indicate, within their respective fields of study, how the human essence is social in origin. The faculties which differentiate human persons from all other creatures arise only within the shared experience of interpersonal relations. Barth discovered the relational character of human personhood by probing the nature of the triune God and expositing its implications for Christian anthropology. Object relations has discovered the same truth in an altogether different plane by examining the ways in which human behaviour develops--especially in the earliest stages of life. I propose that there exists an analogous relation between the two: each on its own level testifies to the fact that human personhood develops only as a shared experience between God, self and others.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The complex human behavior related to exercise involves cognitive, physical and emotional processing. The recent theories about exercise s intensity regulation have highlighted the role played by psychophysics aspects in controlling exercise s intensity. In this regard, recent evidences have shown that there is variability in human capacity in perceiving interoceptives clues. Thus, subjects more sensitive show higher physiological arousal to physical and/or emotional stress, and sensations with higher intensity. In fact, studies have evidenced that interoceptive feedback modifies behavior in exercise with free load. However, exercise recommendations are based in a constant load standard. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the influence of interoceptive sensibility on psychophysics responses during dynamic exercise performed with constant load. Twenty-four adult males were allocated into two groups accordingly with their interoceptive sensibility: high sensibility (n=11) and low sensibility (13). They underwent to an incremental test (IT) and then randomly to two sections of moderate and severe exercise intensity for 20 minutes. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), affective feelings (AF), alert state (AS), and percentage of associative thoughts were collect during exercise. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess differences between psychophysics responses. There were differences between group in RPE, AF, and AS in moderate intensity. There was no difference in any measure in severe intensity. We conclude that subjects with high interoceptive sensibility feel dynamic moderate exercise more intense than the subjecs with low interoceptive sensibility
INTRODU??O: O complexo comportamento humano de realizar exerc?cio f?sico envolve processamento cognitivo, f?sico e emocional. As recentes teorias sobre fadiga e reposta afetivas ao exerc?cio f?sico atribuem importante papel na regula??o da intensidade do esfor?o aos fatores interoceptivos. Al?m disso, Evid?ncias recentes tem apontado haver variabilidade na capacidade humana em perceber esses est?mulos interoceptivos. Dessa forma, pessoas mais sens?veis apresentam excita??o fisiol?gica mais acentuada ao estresse f?sico e/ou emocional, e maior intensifica??o dessas sensa??es. Adicionalmente, estudos tem relatado que feedback interoceptivo diminui a intensidade do esfor?o exercida, e que pessoas com maior sensibilidade interoceptiva controlam melhor a intensidade de esfor?o em tarefas com ritmo livre. Contudo, os modelos de prescri??o de exerc?cio f?sico din?mico apresentam padr?o de intensidade de esfor?o fechado, e n?o ? conhecida as repostas psicofisiol?gicas entre os grupos de variabilidade interoceptiva durante a realiza??o de exerc?cio f?sico. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo verificou a influ?ncia da sensibilidade interoceptiva sobre as repostas psicofisiol?gicas em exerc?cio din?mico com carga constante. M?TODOS: A amostra foi composta por 24 homens jovens adultos, insufientemente ativos, que foram designados a dois grupos de acordo com seus n?veis de sensibilidade interoceptiva: Alta sensibilidade (n=11) e Baixa sensibilidade (n=13). Todos foram submetidos a um teste incremental (TI) em cicloerg?metro para identifica??o do limiar de variabilidade da frequ?ncia card?aca (LiVFC) e da pot?ncia pico (PP). Posteriormente, os sujeitos foram submetidos (em ordem aleat?ria e cruzada) a dois protocolos experimentais de exerc?cio f?sico em cicloerg?metro durante 20 minutos com intensidade correspondente a 20% abaixo e 20% acima LiVFC. Durante os protocolos experimentais as respostas de Frequ?ncia Card?aca (FC), Percep??o Subjetiva de Esfor?o (PSE), Val?ncia Afetiva (VA), Estado de Alerta e N?vel de pensamento Dissociativo-Associativo ao exerc?cio f?sico foram registradas. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as an?lises da m?dia, assimetria e curtose verificaram a normalidade de distribui??o dos dados. O Teste de Mauchly verificou a esfericidade dos dados de medidas repetidas. O Teste t para amostra independente e o Teste de Mann Whitney verificaram as igualdade dos dados descritivos entre os grupos. A ANOVA two away (grupo x momentos) para medidas repetidas verificou as poss?veis diferen?as entre as respostas psicofisiol?gicas. RESULTADOS: Houve diferen?a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos na PSE (F(3,36)=18,50, p=0,000), VA (F(3,36)=4,14, p=0,01) e no Estado de Alerta (F(3,36)=4,03, p=0,01) no exerc?cio realizado em intensidade correspondente a 80% LiVFC. Na intensidade correspondente a 120% LiVFC n?o houve diferen?a entre os grupos, somente entre os momentos em cada grupo. CONCLUS?O: A sensibilidade interoceptiva modifica as respostas psicofisiol?gicas durante a realiza??o de exerc?cio f?sico din?mica com intensidade moderada (abaixo do LiVFC)

Positioned between writing and drawing, the diagram is proposed by John Berger as an alternative strategy for articulating encounters with landscape. A diagrammatic approach offers a schematic vocabulary that can compress time and offer a spatial reading of information. Situated within the contemporary field of direct data visualisation, my practice-led research interprets Berger’s ‘Field’ essay as a guide to producing four field | studies within a suburban park in Canberra. My seasonal investigations demonstrate how applying the conventions of the pictorial list, dot-distribution map, routing diagram and colour-wheel reveals subtle ecological and biographical narratives.

In the present work, we focused on mind-wandering (MW). MW is a multidimensional mental state that absorbs parts of our waking life and can be defined as a shift of attention away from a current activity towards internal thoughts unrelated to the ongoing activity. Although neurocognitive studies on MW have increased substantially over the last years, there are still a number of overlooked questions. In particular, a number of researchers have indicated a need for investigations of the dynamics of this process. To this end, it would be especially important to focus on the two basic elements of MW experiences, specifically, the moment of the onset of MW episodes (i.e., when the flow of thoughts starts) and the maintenance of these episodes over time (i.e., what happens during the continuation of the flow). In our studies, we focused on identifying the ignition moment (i.e., the onset) of MW experiences, as well as investigating its dynamics over time. Here we report three empirical studies employing a vigilance task that allowed elicitation and analysis of MW episodes in the laboratory. Pupillometry was also employed both in the second and third study to assess the association between physiological and self-report measures. The three studies used different versions of the vigilance task, in which participants were asked to detect infrequent target stimuli among a number of non-target stimuli and were eventually exposed to task-irrelevant verbal cues that could potentially act as triggers for MW episodes. MW was collected by using either a self-caught procedure (first and third studies) or a probe-caught procedure (second study). Specifically, the first study was carried out for investigating the cue-dependent nature of MW and verifying whether MW episodes could be linked to preceding triggers. Thus, in a between-subject design, we studied the causal role of meaningful external cues (i.e., verbal cues) in triggering MW experiences. We found that the exposure to the external cues increased the amount of MW and biased its temporal focus towards the past compared with a condition of no exposure to the cues. The second study was developed on the basis of the first one, with the main aim of associating a physiological measure (i.e., pupil diameter) to the onset and maintenance of MW experiences. The main finding was obtained by tracking pupil size over 6 seconds after MW triggers and non-triggers: we found a significantly larger pupil dilation following cues reported as triggers of the MW episodes compared to non-trigger cues. This suggested that the onset of MW and its unfolding over time were accompanied by a physiological marker (i.e., a pupil dilation). The third study was conducted with the main aim of replicating the results of the second study by using a different thought-sampling method, and extend them further. In particular, we used a self-caught procedure instead of a probe-caught procedure in order to track the pupil diameter following triggers of aware MW. We also examined whether and how the pupil dilation associated with MW was modulated by the emotional valence of MW. The main findings showed a significant increase in pupil diameter following triggers of aware MW compared to non-triggers, and this dilation appeared not to be modulated by the emotional content of MW. Collectively, these studies provided several contributions to neurocognitive research on MW. First, they demonstrated that the onset of MW episodes could be identified in the laboratory, since MW episodes were linked to external, meaningful and task-irrelevant stimuli. Second, they showed that a physiological index (i.e., pupil dilation) was associated with the onset of MW and accompanied its unfolding over time. Third, the use of the vigilance task with verbal cues and the self-caught procedure allowed us to also explore the latency of MW episodes (i.e., the time for the formation of thought and being aware of it). In the general discussion, we report some implications of these findings for further investigations in MW research.

Mestrado em Treino do Jovem Atleta
The objective of this work was the determination and characterization of the game critical moments of basketball in the younger player’s game. The multidimensional perspective of the phenomenon being studied led to the search of its relations with two of the game’s characteristics, balance and rhythm. The work starts with the characterization of the phenomenon and the description of the general methodologies used. Afterwards it carries on with the study of the relation between the balance of the games and the number of game critical moments, as well as with the characteristics of these. Next, follows the identical procedure for the study of the game rhythm. The thesis finishes with a conclusion with a strong orientation towards the basketball coach and its training procedures.
RESUMO : O objectivo da tese foi a determinação e caracterização dos momentos críticos do jogo de basquetebol em escalões jovens. A multidimensionalidade do fenómeno em estudo levou à procura da sua relação com duas características inerentes ao jogo, o equilíbrio e o ritmo desse mesmo jogo. O trabalho inicia-se com a caracterização deste fenómeno e descrição das metodologias gerais utilizadas. De seguida prossegue com o estudo da relação entre o equilíbrio dos jogos e o número de momentos críticos, bem como com as características dos mesmos. No capítulo seguinte é apresentado o procedimento idêntico para o estudo do ritmo. A tese finaliza com uma conclusão que apresenta uma forte orientação para o treinador de basquetebol e para o treino.

This dissertation develops a theory of cognition, driven by recent developments in the electrophysiological investigation of the neuronal mechanisms that support adaptive behavior. In the first chapter, I situate the theory in the conceptual landscape of the philosophy of mind, distinguishing componential from systemic dynamical theories of cognition. In the second chapter, I analyze two case studies from electrophysiological cognitive neuroscience, arguing that cognitive neuroscientists are beginning to uncover the dynamical components of cognition. Drawing on the recent literature on mechanisms and scientific explanation, I propose a revised definition of a mechanism that accommodates these dynamical mechanisms, as well as making room for their implementation by physical mechanisms. In the third chapter, I argue that the investigation of a particular class of intelligent behavior begins with the construction of a formal model of the processing problem for that behavior, where this model is distinct from the physical device and the functions performed by the device's components. In the third chapter, I argue that the component dynamical mechanisms of cognitive systems are distinct from though implemented by physical mechanisms. These dynamical mechanisms are described by sets of differential equations, possess a set of organized components and activities that execute the formal models of processing, and are implemented by the physical machinery of the cognitive system, such as the brain. After I argue that these multiple interacting dynamical mechanisms are the components of cognition, defending this componentiality claim against several objections, I define the implementation relation that holds between dynamical and physical mechanisms. I next discuss the grounds for inferring the existence of dynamical mechanisms that are type distinct from physical mechanisms, their implementing substrate. In the fourth chapter, I argue that these dynamical mechanisms are reused: they can execute different formal models and be implemented by different physical substrates. I define this concept of reuse, situating it in the debate on theories of reuse, and illustrate how dynamical mechanisms are reused in cognitive systems.

Dissertation

The objective of this multi-perspective qualitative research study was to explore the phenomenon of Inclusivity and to develop a theoretical Inclusivity Framework. Inclusivity is defined by the researcher as a radical transformational methodology with the intent to achieve sustainable results. A case study, in which an Inclusivity Transformational Strategy was implemented, was introduced to provide context. Six years after initial implementation of this strategy, with the purpose to investigate the sustainability thereof, in-depth interviews with a phenomenological nature were conducted with national leaders (n=4) responsible for the strategy and provincial leaders (n=13) that participated in the interventions. Furthermore, a round table discussion was conducted with the executive team (n=12), and three focus groups were held on regional leader level (n=32) and three on employee level (n=28). The essence of the phenomenon namely Inclusivity was synthesised through Phenomenology. Emerging theory was built through Grounded Theory principles. Meta-insights were derived through content analysis. Post Intervention Investigation was done in the case organisation. This strategy and the Inclusivity Framework, derived from literature, were adapted and presented as contributors to the theory of Inclusivity. Positive trends were found in the case organisation, in profitability, retention, compliance to legislation, levels of emotional intelligence of leaders and organisational climate indicators. Six years after the initial stages of the strategy were implemented, evidence of the principles of Inclusivity was still found. It was derived that Inclusivity leads to higher levels of commitment, trust and engagement. Fundamental to the achievement of success were leadership�s emotional intelligence, and willingness to allow differences. A key finding was that although aligned around strategy, individual styles were allowed to manifest in the case organisation. Creating Inclusivity in one system may however lead to the exclusion of other systems. It was concluded that Inclusivity as defined by this study is a radical transformational methodology that may result in sustainable transformation.
Graduate School of Business Leadership
D.B.L.

碩士
輔仁大學
宗教學系碩士在職專班
102
This study try to reflect from Catholic theological and philosophical aspect, on the meaning of Man as a union of body and soul, and Man's eschatological fullness in the Light of a Traditionally more Static and in Modern Times a more Dynamic Catholic Philosophical-Theological Thought.

The tension between top-down directives and local-level decision-making is a constant theme running through implementation studies. Through the case study of Sure Start (a UK early childhood program introduced in 1997, which brings together services for children under four and their families and has a particular focus on local level decision-making), this thesis provides a deeper understanding of these relationship tensions by examining the impact of the Localism Act 2011 (UK) on decision-making at the local level. (The aim of the Localism Act, introduced in November 2011, is to facilitate the devolution of decision-making powers from central government to individuals, communities and local councils). The research involved interviews with local-level service providers and bureaucrats, county- and national-level bureaucrats, government ministers and national peak bodies involved in the implementation of Sure Start. Interviews with key actors revealed little evidence of the Localism Act positively influencing decision making at the local level. As well as identifying the reasons why the Localism Act has had so little impact on local-level decision making, the thesis combines policy implementation and complexity leadership theories to develop a new way of thinking about the complex relationships that characterise implementation of local-level programs initiated and funded by central government. This new way of thinking about complex relationship tensions is based on three discoveries. The first is the importance of adequate resources in managing complexity and change. The second is the need for a generative leadership style to nurture an enabling approach to leadership. The third is that fragmentation can have positive as well as negative impacts.

The subject of teacher competencies or knowledge has been a key issue in mathematics education reform. This study attempts to identify and analyze teacher competencies necessary in the orchestration of a problem-centred approach to dynamic geometry teaching and learning. The advent of dynamic geometry environments into classrooms has placed new demands and expectations on mathematics teachers. In this study the Teacher Development Experiment was used as the main method of investigation. Twenty third-year mathematics major teachers participated in workshop and microteaching sessions involving the use of the Geometer's Sketchpad dynamic geometry software in the teaching and learning of the geometry of triangles and quadrilaterals. Five intersecting categories of teacher competencies were identified: mathematical/geometrical competencies. pedagogical competencies. computer and software competences, language and assessment competencies.
Mathematical Sciences
M. Ed. (Mathematical Education)

The subject of teacher competences or knowledge has been a key issue in mathematics education reform. This study attempts to identify and analyze teacher competences necessary in the orchestration of a problem-centred approach to dynamic geometry teaching and learning. The advent of dynamic geometry environments into classrooms has placed new demands and expectations on mathematics teachers. In this study the Teacher Development Experiment was used as the main method of investigation. Twenty third-year mathematics major teachers participated in workshop and microteaching sessions involving the use of the Geometer’s Sketchpad dynamic geometry software in the teaching and learning of the geometry of triangles and quadrilaterals. Five intersecting categories of teacher competences were identified: mathematical/geometrical competences, pedagogical competences, computer and software competences, language and assessment competencies.
Mathematics Education
M. Ed. (Mathematics Education)

Deux thématiques importantes des technologies de la santé: la pratique médicale fondée sur des preuves probantes et l’évaluation des interventions en médecine sont fondées sur une approche positiviste et une conception mécaniste des organisations en santé. Dans ce mémoire, nous soulevons l’hypothèse selon laquelle les théories de la complexité et la systémique permettent une conceptualisation différente de ces deux aspects de la gouvernance clinique d’une unité de Soins Intensifs Chirurgicaux (SIC), qui est considérée comme un système adaptatif dynamique non linéaire qui nécessite une approche systémique de la cognition. L’étude de cas d’une unité de SIC, permet de démontrer par de nombreux exemples et des analyses de micro-situations, toutes les caractéristiques de la complexité des patients critiques et instables et de la structure organisationnelle des SIC. Après une critique épistémologique de l’Evidence-Based Medicine nous proposons une pratique fondée sur des raisonnements cliniques alliant l’abduction, l’herméneutique et la systémique aux SIC. En nous inspirant des travaux de Karl Weick, nous suggérons aussi de repenser l’évaluation des modes d’interventions cliniques en s’inspirant de la notion d’organisation de haute fiabilité pour mettre en place les conditions nécessaires à l’amélioration des pratiques aux SIC.
In Health Technology Assessment and Management, Evidence-Based Medicine and many tools available for clinical assessment reflect a positivistic and mechanistic approach to Health Care Organizations and scientific knowledge. We argue that the Complexity Theories and the Systemic decision-making process give a different insight on those two aspects of Clinical Governance in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU). In a case-study, we describe the nature of critically ill and unstable patients and the organizational structure of a SICU in a university based hospital. We demonstrate all the characteristics of complexity in that setting, through the use of many examples and micro-situational analysis. After an epistemological critical appraisal of EBM, we suggest that if a SICU is conceptualized as a dynamic non-linear adaptative system, then clinical knowledge and scientific thought processes must include hermeneutical, systemic and abductive types of reasoning. Finally, we draw upon Karl Weick’s work and suggest that a SICU must be considered as a High Reliability Organization in order to aim for improving patient care and create better conditions for quality and performance in this complex environment.