Статті в журналах: "Thickness gage"

1

Bruver, V. I., and A. P. Budanov. "X-ray thickness gage." Metallurgist 33, no. 12 (December 1989): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00750278.

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2

Dmitriev, Sergey, Vladimir Malikov, and Anatoly Sagalakov. "Subminiature eddy current transducers for thickness measurement." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822403007.

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A new gage system was made based on the eddy-current transducer. The system makes it possible to evaluate the possibility of using the eddy current method to measure the thickness of conductive and dielectric coatings applied on a conductive base material. One of the important advantages of the developed gage system is the possibility of local measurement of the thicknesses of conductive and non-conductive coatings. In this article, in particular, the measurement features are described in detail, as well as the specificity of the gage system. Also it represents data, showing the dependence of signal amplitude on objects of different thicknesses, and experiments proved the limiting dimensions, at which measuring data are useful.

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3

Malikov, Vladimir N., Nikolay D. Tihonskii, and Alexey V. Ishkov. "Thin Ni/Al Metal Films Characterization Using a High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-digld4.

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The paper presents methods of obtaining and studying new materials - thin metal films of the Ni/Al system. The technique and main parameters of the resistive method of thermal evaporation of the alloy using a vacuum universal station are briefly presented. Samples of thin films of various thicknesses were obtained. The thickness of the material was determined both using a scanning electron microscope and a developed eddy-current gage system operating under a hardware-software complex. In the course of the research, the limit the film thickness gauging capabilities of the developed gage system was established (400 nm). The ability of the gage system to detect differences in the thickness of the same film was shown using the developed method. Also, the possibility of determining the thickness of an undoubtedly unknown thin film by an eddy-current transducer signal amplitude has been demonstrated.

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4

Hager, J. M., S. Simmons, D. Smith, S. Onishi, L. W. Langley, and T. E. Diller. "Experimental Performance of a Heat Flux Microsensor." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906555.

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The performance characteristics of a heat flux microsensor have been measured and analyzed. This is a new heat flux gage system that is made using microfabrication techniques. The gages are small, have high frequency response, can measure very high heat flux, and output a voltage directly proportional to the heat flux. Each gage consists of a thin thermal resistance layer sandwiched between many thermocouple pairs forming a differential thermopile. Because the gage is made directly on the measurement surface and the total thickness is less than 2 μm, the presence of the gage contributes negligible flow and thermal disruption. The active surface area of the gage is 3 mm by 4 mm, with the leads attached outside this area to relay the surface heat flux and temperature signals. Gages were made and tested on glass and silicon substrates. The steady and unsteady response was measured experimentally and compared with analytical predictions. The analysis was performed using a one-dimensional, transient, finite-difference model of the six layers comprising the gage plus the substrate. Steady-state calibrations were done on a convection heat transfer apparatus and the transient response was measured to step changes of the imposed radiative flux. As an example of the potential capabilities, the time-resolved heat flux was measured at a stagnation point with imposed free-stream turbulence. A hot-film probe placed outside the boundary layer was used to provide a simultaneous signal showing the corresponding turbulent velocity fluctuations.

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5

Ludwick, S. J., H. E. Jenkins, and T. R. Kurfess. "Design and Implementation of a Tube Wall Thickness Measurement System." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830149.

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This paper describes the design and implementation of a gage for measuring the wall thickness of hot rolled steel tubing at an actual production facility. The design is based upon a statistical analysis of the tube samples, and upon the economic realities of mill operating conditions. Issues relating to time constraints, uneven sample preparation, a mill operating environment, and differences between gage operators are addressed. The gage records more data from the tubes than could be taken manually, and therefore allows the accompanying software to apply unique algorithms for the calculation of hexing and eccentricity in each sample. All results are recorded and stored in a database for continuous use in statistical process control.

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6

KIMURA, Kazuyoshi, Tsuyoshi NUNOKAWA, Motoi HONJYO, and Ryoichi TAKAHASHI. "Development of Gage Control System with Interstand Thickness Gage for Hot Strip Mill." Tetsu-to-Hagane 77, no. 4 (1991): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.77.4_528.

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7

Korotkevich, A. M., V. B. Nemtinov, and A. N. Subin. "Diffraction Laser-Electronic Fourier Thickness Gage for Monitoring the Thickness of a Large Diameter Lens." Measurement Techniques 48, no. 10 (October 2005): 978–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-006-0007-x.

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8

Tomlinson, K., and D. G. Schroen. "Using an Interferometric Profiler and Gage Block to Determine Sample Thickness." Fusion Science and Technology 63, no. 2 (April 2013): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst13-a16352.

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9

Yashin, Vasiliy V., Evgenii V. Aryshenskii, Erkin D. Beglov, Maksim S. Tepterev, and Anna F. Grechnikova. "Development of a Mathematical Model of Plate Rolling on Hot Reversing Mills." Key Engineering Materials 746 (July 2017): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.746.48.

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Objective of the work: develop a model for calculation of plate exit thickness. This model is supposed to improve process reliability in obtaining specified thickness with +/- 0.5 mm tolerance. The work identifies major influences on obtaining specified thickness and relationship of their effects. Based on derived relationships, the work develops rolling force calculation model with the following inputs: alloy grade, feedstock temperature, feedstock entry and exit gage, feedstock width, rotational speed of the rolls. Mill stand characteristics, like mill stiffness, backlash, work roll behavior, were studied in relation to force and temperature. The resulting model allows to predict the value of work roll gap increase during rolling. The model was validated in production environment and demonstrated high confidence level of calculation results.

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10

Wang, Jenn-Chyuan, Catey Bunce, and Hung-Ming Lee. "Intraoperative Corneal Thickness Measurement Using Optical Coherence Pachymetry and Corneo-Gage Plus Ultrasound Pachymetry." Journal of Refractive Surgery 24, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081597x-20080601-10.

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11

Bougherara, Habiba, Muhammad Saleem, Suraj Shah, Lotfi Toubal, Ahmed Sarwar, Emil H. Schemitsch, and Radovan Zdero. "Stress analysis of a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy plate with a hole undergoing tension: A comparison of finite element analysis, strain gages, and infrared thermography." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 19 (January 10, 2018): 2679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317752501.

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This is the first study, to the authors' knowledge, to simultaneously perform a direct comparison of finite element analysis, strain gage measurements, and infrared thermography for stress analysis under both static and dynamics tensile loads of the classic geometry of a composite plate with a center hole. The plate was made from a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with dimensions of 250 mm length × 25 mm width × 2.2 mm thickness and a 5 mm diameter center hole. Using static tensile loads of 1000 N, 2000 N, and 3000 N, the plate Von Mises stress field was evaluated using strain gages versus finite element analysis. Using cyclic tensile loads of 1000 N and 1600 N at 5 Hz, the plate Von Mises stress field was assessed using strain gages versus infrared thermography. The strain gages versus finite element analysis line-of-best-fit showed poor agreement (slope = 2.1, R = 0.81), although the slope could easily be applied as a correction factor when comparing the two methods. The strain gages versus infrared thermography showed much better agreement (slope = 0.95, R = 0.91). Finite element analysis displayed a “butterfly” stress field around the hole with peaks of 73.5 MPa (at 1000 N), 147 MPa (at 2000 N), and 220.5 MPa (at 3000 N). Infrared thermography showed a “ring” of high stress around the hole with peaks of 74.8 MPa (at 1000 N) and 102.9 MPa (at 1600 N). All three methods showed similar relative trends for the carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy plate.

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12

Lee, Matthew J., and Michael R. Hill. "Effect of Strain Gage Length When Determining Residual Stress by Slitting." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 129, no. 1 (July 12, 2006): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2400263.

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This paper investigates the effect of strain gage length on residual stress estimated by the slitting (or crack compliance) method. This effect is quantified for a range of gage length normalized by sample thickness, l∕t, between 0.005 and 0.100. For specific l∕t values, compliance matrix elements are determined by finite element methods for a range of crack depth and polynomial basis functions for residual stress. Resulting compliance matrices are shown and used to determine error in residual stress that may arise due to differences in l∕t assumed in data reduction and existing in the slitting experiment. Errors increase monotonically with increasing difference between assumed and actual l∕t and reach a root-mean-square error of 14% of peak stress. In order to avoid such errors, a scheme is presented that allows compliance matrices to be computed for 0.005⩽l∕t⩽0.100 from tabulated coefficients and limits root-mean-square error to <2% of peak stress. An example is provided to illustrate the application of the data reduction scheme to laboratory data.

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13

Jonnalagadda, K. N., and I. Chasiotis. "Strength and Fracture Resistance of Amorphous Diamond-Like Carbon Films for MEMS." Journal of Nanomaterials 2009 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/204281.

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The mechanical strength and mixed mode I/II fracture toughness of hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C) films, grown by pulsed laser deposition, are discussed in connection to material flaws and its microstructure. The failure properties of ta-C were obtained from films with thicknesses 0.5–3 μm and specimen widths 10–20 μm. The smallest test samples with 10 μm gage section averaged a strength of 7.3±1.2 GPa, while the strength of 20-μm specimens with thicknesses 0.5–3 μm varied between 2.2–5.7 GPa. The scaling of the mechanical strength with specimen thickness and dimensions was owed to deposition-induced surface flaws, and, only in the smallest specimens, RIE patterning generated specimen sidewall flaws. The mode I fracture toughness of ta-C films isKIc=4.4±0.4 MPam, while the results from mixed mode I/II fracture experiments with cracks arbitrarily oriented in the plane of the film compared very well with theoretical predictions.

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14

Yokota, Yasuhiro, Hatsujiro Hashimoto, and Terutoshi Yamaguchi. "Electron radiation damage of natural zeolites at room and low temperature." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 808–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177179.

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Zeolites are easily changed to amorphous under electron beam irradiation. Bando reported that this phenomena take place at low temperature with 1/20 dose of room temperature. In the present work this phenomena was investigated using two kinds of specimens, by changing temperature, electron energy (100 kV-350 kV) and also by applying an electron energy loss spectrometer.Mesolite is from Yaizu, Sizuoka Prefecture and Thomsonite is from Nishijima, Yamanasi Pref. , Japan. The specimen were ground to fine powder and dispersed on a microgrid. A Faraday gage which was installed in the observing chamber of the microscope was used for measure the dose rate. Decomposition was determined by measuring the current of a diffracted spot by the Faraday gage. Observation at low temperature was carried out using low temperature specimen holders fabricated to 200 kV and 400 kV electron microscopes.Fig. 1 (a), (b) are high resolution lattice images of Mesolite by 200 kV TEM operated in room temperature, (b) was taken 20 second after the same part of (a). The thickness of amorphous region in (a) is 8 nm, in (b) the amorphous region increased to 30 nm.

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15

Salleh, Siti Hawa Mohamed, Mohd Zaidi Omar, Mohd Nazree Derman, and Che Abdullah Salmie Suhana. "Microstructural Characterization of ZrO₂ Layer Coating on Martensitic Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.88.

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High carbon steel stainless steel such as 440C martensitic stainless steel, are commonly used for automotive components, such as ball bearings, races, gage blocks and valve. In this study, 440C steel was coated with ZrO2 by electrolytic deposition in ZrO(NO3)2 aqueous solution. After annealing, the ZrO2 coated specimens were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Scanning electron micrograph showed that thickness of the coated sample was approximately 0.7µm. Besides that, secondary hardening effect occurred on the annealed SS440C substrate and it might be due to the presence of secondary carbide.

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16

Atkinson, M. "An Approximate Explicit Solution for Polar Strain of Hydraulically Bulged Circular Diaphragms." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 109, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269413.

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Requirements for practical bulging tests of sheet metals favor small die aperture and surface extensometry with relatively large gage length. The practice of equating the meridional strain at the pole with the hoop strain indicated by the extensometer introduces significant error into the evaluation of representative strain under these conditions. Exact solutions, based on the measured chord and the embraced segment height, are implicit functions of the diaphragm thickness and require prior knowledge of the material’s properties: they are, therefore, unsuitable for materials testing purposes. An approximate explicit expression for representative polar strain is developed and shown to have good accuracy.

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17

Zhao, Yangyang, Wurong Wang, and Xicheng Wei. "Optimization of Resistance Spot Welding with Inserted Strips via FEM and Response Surface Methodology." Materials 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 7489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237489.

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Resistance spot welding (RSW) with inserted strips, a recent variant of traditional RSW, was usually adopted in joining thin gage steels to lower the temperature developed at the electrode surface and to extend electrode life. In order to understand the influencing mechanism how the inserted strips affect the heat transfer behavior and to optimize the selection of suitable strips, an approach integrated with FEM and response surface methodology (RSM) was employed. FEM results showed that the inserted strips would not only lead to earlier initiation of weld and bigger weld size in both diameter and thickness but also lower the electrode surface temperature. Based on FEM, uniform design and RSM were further employed to build a regression model between the strip properties (i.e., electrical/thermal conductivity, thickness) and the responses (i.e., electrode tip temperature, weld diameter, and temperature at strip/sheet interface). A graphical optimization was conducted to identify a preferable strip, and a Cu55Ni45 strip with a thickness of 0.12 mm was recommended for a 0.4 mm steel sheet.

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18

Ozkara, Isa Metin, and Murat Baydogan. "Effect of Processing Parameters on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Micro Arc Oxidized Aluminium Alloy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.942.

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The micro arc oxidation process (MAO) was applied to a 2024 ingot aluminium alloy by an AC MAO equipment using an alkali based electrolyte. The processing parameters of the process were positive and negative voltage pulse durations. Structural and morphological characterization of the coating were made by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a surface profilometer and a thickness gage operating according to the Eddy current principle. Cross sectional hardness of the coatings was measured, and reciprocating wear and immersion corrosion tests were performed. XRD analysis showed that an oxide layer comprising - and -Al2O3 phases was produced on the surface, whose thickness and surface roughness varied by the processing parameters applied. Wear and corrosion resistance of the original alloy significantly improved upon the MAO process. Variation of hardness, wear and corrosion resistance with respect to the processing parameters was discussed based on the experimental data obtained.

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19

Lee, Dong Joo. "Measuring Elastic Properties of Circular Tube Made with Thermoplastic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1713.

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Five methods are used to measure values of circumferential Young’s modulus and three methods are used to obtain shear modulus using the closed and open ring specimens. Based on the assumption that the technique using a strain gage must yield the correct value of Young’s modulus, the technique using a closed ring specimen gives more consistent results than the technique using an open ring specimen. For the simplicity of measurement, the technique using a closed ring specimen under compression can be used as long as the thickness of the used specimen remains thin enough to neglect the effects of shear deformation. To measure the shear modulus, G12, both techniques using the open and closed ring seems to have the same trend as a function of thickness. As expected from the loading scheme, the technique using an open ring gives more consistent results for the shear modulus.

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20

Voinov, S. I., I. V. Zelenina, M. I. Valueva, and I. N. Gulyaev. "Determination of the compression test method for high temperature-resistant carbon fiber reinforced plastics." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 3(103) (November 30, 2020): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-103-3-103-113.

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The article presents the results of studies of carbon fiber reinforced plastic VS-51/VTkU-2.200. The influence of the thickness of the specimens and the size of working gage on the compressive strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastic specimens was evaluated; tests were done in accordance with different standards. The results of compression strength tests at high temperature (300–320°С) are given: carbon fiber reinforced plastic VS-51/VTkU-2.200 shows high heat resistance and keeps compressive strength at high temperature tests. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic VS-51/VTkU-2.200 is of increasing interest for application in aircraft structural parts requiring high temperature resistance.

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21

Zhao, Dongchu. "Study of Direct Measuring of Lubricant Condition in Rolling Element Bearings With Microcomputer Technique." Journal of Tribology 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920236.

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A method for measuring the lubricant condition with strain gage in rolling element bearings and the instrument used are introduced. In order to illustrate the method and the instrument, the theory of measuring lubricant films in rolling element bearings using strain technique, test apparatus, microcomputer hardware as well as software, flow charts for the main program and subprograms, are first described in detail. In addition, the lubricant film thickness is measured for several different lubricants and results are compared with theoretical ones. It is demonstrated that using the method and the instrument introduced in this paper, one can measure the lubricant condition inside bearings very accurately.

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22

Hosono, Yumiko, Yuji Sato, Noboru Kitagawa, Osamu Shimodaira, and Satoshi Hara. "Assessment of Biomechanical Characteristic of Denture Supporting Tissue using an Ultrasonic Thickness Gage and a Tactile Sensor." Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 51, no. 2 (2007): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2186/jjps.51.291.

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23

Kim, Yoon Sang, and Sung Young. "A Parameter Study for the Test Condition of Kolsky Bar Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.477.

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When the cross-sectional area of the specimen for the Kosky bar experiment (Split Hopkinson bar) is very small compared to the area of the input bar, most stress wave will be reflected and the signal detected by the strain gage attached on the output bar is very weak. The signal to noise ratio is very significant so that smoothing process is necessary to obtain meaningful results. To improve the design of the experiment, 2-dimensional finite element calculations are carried out for various specimen thickness and length and elastic stiffness of the bar. It is found that short specimen with large contact area and bar material with low stiffness give better results.

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24

Redza, Mohd Ridhwan Mohammed, Yupiter H. P. Manurung, Robert Ngendang A. Lidam, Mohd Shahar Sulaiman, Mohammad Ridzwan Abdul Rahim, Noor Syahadah Yussoff, and Abdul Ghalib Tham. "Transversed Residual Stress Analysis on Multipassed Fillet Weld 2D-Using FEM and Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.181.

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In this project, the residual stress due to multipassed welding process at the fillet weld will be studied using 2D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation method and experimental investigation. Due to the extensive capabilities and dedicated tools for the simulation of welding, including material deposit via element activation or deactivation and predefined or customized moving heat sources, SYSWELD 2010 was chosen as the FEA software. The material with a thickness of 9 mm was structural steel S355J2G3 for simulation and low carbon steel for the experiment. The clamping condition was selected to obtain the best relationship between simulation and experiment by using Strain Gage. The model was dedicated to multipassed welding using the robotic welding system

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25

Ya, Min, Fulong Dai, and Jian Lu. "Study of Nonuniform In-Plane and In-Depth Residual Stress of Friction Stir Welding." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 125, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1545767.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) is a newly developed welding technique that can join aluminum alloys of low fusion weldability. The conventional hole-drilling method does not consider the nonuniform in-plane stress around the drilled hole, it is no longer valid for the residual stress of FSW which has high stress gradient. However, assuming the relaxation of in-plane nonuniform residual stress to be uniform on a small increment of the boundary of the hole, the recently developed Moire´ interferometry incremental hole-drilling (MIIHD) method can be used. Residual stress of a thin plate of friction stir welded aluminum alloy was studied by MIIHD. The longitudinal residual stress distribution in the transversal direction and through the thickness was obtained and compared with results by strain gage method.

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26

Firrao, Donato, Paolo Matteis, Giovanni M. M. Mortarino, P. Russo Spena, Giorgio Scavino, and F. D'Aiuto. "Room Temperature Plastic Flow Localization in a Mn-Alloyed Austenitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 604-605 (October 2008): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.604-605.139.

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A fully austenitic steel containing 0.5 wt.% C and 22 wt.% Mn was recently proposed for the fabrication of automotive body structures by room-temperature sheet forming, the goal being weight reduction and better crash performance owing to its much higher yield stress and elongation (as compared to presently employed ferritic and multiphase steels). Full-thickness tensile specimens, cut from as-produced sheets, were polished and tested at different strain rates, and the macroscopic surface relief eventually induced by the plastic deformation was recorded with a video camera. Between 0.3 and 0.4 true strain, successive macroscopic deformation bands (forming about 45° angle with the tensile axis and involving the full specimen width) travel along the specimen, a new one being nucleated as the previous reaches one of the specimen heads, whereas the gage displacement vs. stress curve shows a series of steps, each corresponding to the transit of a band through the gage length, and the cross-head displacement vs. stress curve shows isolated stress peaks, each immediately preceding the nucleation of a new band. Afterwards, and up to rupture, a series of stationary deformation bands appear, most being immediately adjacent to the preceding ones, with the stress vs. strain curve showing a series of serrations with large stress drops. As the strain rate is increased from 0.0004 to 0.4 s-1, the overall flow stress slightly decreases and the mentioned plastic localization phenomena become less evident.

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27

Karandaev, Alexander, Vadim Khramshin, Vadim Gasiyarov, Stanislav Voronin, and Boris Loginov. "Improving Algorithms for Control Thickness and Profile of Roll Gap in Reversing Rolling Stand at Thick-Gage Rolling Mill." Известия высших учебных заведений. Электромеханика 62, no. 4 (2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/0136-3360-2019-4-53-64.

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28

Mohidin, Norhani, and Lau Chean Ling. "Central and peripheral corneal thickness in Malays and its variation with age." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 17, no. 4 (September 19, 2018): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v17i4.38322.

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Background: Corneal thickness (CT) is an important parameter in refractive surgery but available data is scanty on corneal thickness of normal Malays. The purpose of this study is to determine central and peripheral CT in a sample of Malays and find its effect on age.Methods: Seventy–two (72) participants were invited to participate in this study. Their age ranged from 15 to 65 years old. CT was measured using an ultrasonic pachometer (Corneo-Gage TM Plus2) at 5 different locations namely central, superior, temporal, inferior and nasal regions of the cornea. A total of three readings were taken for each location of the cornea and the mean was calculated. CT was presented as total, epithelial and stromal thickness for three age groups, namely <20years, 21-40years and >40 years for comparison.Results: Mean value for central CT for Malays was 597.9 ± 35.2 μm and peripheral CT was significantly thicker than the centre at all locations. There was significant thinning in CT as age advanced at all locations except at the centre. The epithelial layers do not show any changes with respect to location and age which implied that changes in CT at different location and as results of advancing age were mainly due to the stroma.Conclusion: The values of CT in normal Malays was 597.9 ± 35.2 μm and CT was thinnest at the central region. Except at the central region CT decreased with advancing age. These values can be a suitable reference when planning for refractive surgery and penetrating keratoplasty among Malays.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(4) 2018 p.600-605

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29

Abdurohman, Kosim, and Aryandi Marta. "KAJIAN EKSPERIMENTAL TENSILE PROPERTIES KOMPOSIT POLIESTER BERPENGUAT SERAT KARBON SEARAH HASIL MANUFAKTUR VACUUM INFUSION SEBAGAI MATERIAL STRUKTUR LSU." Jurnal Teknologi Dirgantara 14, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.jtd.2016.v14.a2568.

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Vacuum infusion is a manufacturing method to improve mechanical properties of composite. Before apply this in LSU structure, it should be experimented using tensile test to know mechanical properties of the composite. Tensile test is an experimental to know tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and failure modes of composite. Experimental process of CFRP composite using unidirectional carbon fiber and polyester matrix was done using vacuum infusion technology, strart from specimens preparation until testing steps. Manufacturing results gave the values of composite density and thickness; mass and volume fraction of fiber and matrix materials. Specimens and testing process are refer to ASTM D3039 tensile test standard for composite matrix polymers. The testing results showed 1011.67 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 59074.96 MPa modulus of elasticity, and SGV (long spliting, gage, various) failure mode . Abstrak Vacuum infusion merupakan salah satu metode manufaktur yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik komposit. Untuk mengaplikasikan metode ini dalam pembuatan struktur LAPAN Surveillance UAV (LSU), perlu diketahui terlebih dahulu sifat mekanik dari komposit hasil metode ini secara eksperimen. Salah satu eksperimen yang dilakukan yaitu pengujian tarik untuk mendapatkan tensile strength, modulus elastisitas, dan failure mode yang terjadi pada komposit.Eksperimen dilakukan terhadap komposit CFRP menggunakan material serat karbon searah (UD) 0⁰ dan matriks poliester dibuat dengan metode vacuum infusion mulai dari tahap preparasi sampai tahap pengujian. Dari hasil manufaktur didapat nilai densitas dan ketebalan komposit serta fraksi massa dan fraksi volume material penyusun komposit. Spesimen dan proses pengujian mengikuti standar ASTM D3039 yang merupakan standar pengujian tarik untuk komposit dengan matriks polimer. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan nilai ultimate tensile strength 1011,67 MPa, modulus elastisitas 59074,96 MPa, dan failure mode SGV (Long Spliting, Gage, Various).

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Abdurohman, Kosim, and Aryandi Marta. "KAJIAN EKSPERIMENTAL TENSILE PROPERTIES KOMPOSIT POLIESTER BERPENGUAT SERAT KARBON SEARAH HASIL MANUFAKTUR VACUUM INFUSION SEBAGAI MATERIAL STRUKTUR LSU." Jurnal Teknologi Dirgantara 14, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.jtd.2016.v14.a2948.

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Анотація:

Vacuum infusion is a manufacturing method to improve mechanical properties of composite. Before apply this in LSU structure, it should be experimented using tensile test to know mechanical properties of the composite. Tensile test is an experimental to know tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and failure modes of composite. Experimental process of CFRP composite using unidirectional carbon fiber and polyester matrix was done using vacuum infusion technology, strart from specimens preparation until testing steps. Manufacturing results gave the values of composite density and thickness; mass and volume fraction of fiber and matrix materials. Specimens and testing process are refer to ASTM D3039 tensile test standard for composite matrix polymers. The testing results showed 1011.67 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 59074.96 MPa modulus of elasticity, and SGV (long spliting, gage, various) failure mode . ABSTRAKVacuum infusion merupakan salah satu metode manufaktur yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik komposit. Untuk mengaplikasikan metode ini dalam pembuatan struktur LAPAN Surveillance UAV (LSU), perlu diketahui terlebih dahulu sifat mekanik dari komposit hasil metode ini secara eksperimen. Salah satu eksperimen yang dilakukan yaitu pengujian tarik untuk mendapatkan tensile strength, modulus elastisitas, dan failure mode yang terjadi pada komposit. Eksperimen dilakukan terhadap komposit CFRP menggunakan material serat karbon searah (UD) 0⁰ dan matriks poliester dibuat dengan metode vacuum infusion mulai dari tahap preparasi sampai tahap pengujian. Dari hasil manufaktur didapat nilai densitas dan ketebalan komposit serta fraksi massa dan fraksi volume material penyusun komposit. Spesimen dan proses pengujian mengikuti standar ASTM D3039 yang merupakan standar pengujian tarik untuk komposit dengan matriks polimer. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan nilai ultimate tensile strength 1011,67 MPa, modulus elastisitas 59074,96 MPa, dan failure mode SGV (Long Spliting, Gage, Various).

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31

Delijaicov, Sergio, Carlos Eddy Valdez Salazar, Éd Claudio Bordinassi, and Linilsson Rodrigues Padovese. "Analysis of Surface Integrity for DIN 100Cr6 Steel Conical Bearing Rings after Hard Turning." Advanced Materials Research 223 (April 2011): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.223.473.

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This work studies the influence of machining parameters, such as cutting speed and forces, feed rate, cutting depth, and tool flank wear, on the generation of surface residual stresses in DIN 100Cr6 steel conical bearing rings submitted to a hard turning process. A complete factorial planning was used to perform the tests and projected measurement. Cutting forces were measured by a piezoelectric dynamometer and residual stresses were determined by the hole-drilling method using strain gage. Results showed that after 2000 m of tool machining, phase transformations had been observed on sample surfaces, with white layer formation, and deeper, a dark layer whose thickness varied depending on the severity level of turning and the tool wear (in machined distance). Increase in tool wear generated minor values of compressive residual stresses and the surface roughness presented almost the same values in all experiments, except when the bigger parameters were used.

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32

Detkov, A. Yu, V. F. Muzhitskii та V. B. Remezov. "The Noncontact Portable Electromagnetic Acoustic ЭMAT-100 Thickness Gage: Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Acoustic Fields of a Single-Phase Transmitter". Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 41, № 6 (червень 2005): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11181-005-0178-6.

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33

Horbach, Eduardo, Josivaldo Godoy Da Silva, Daniela Araújo de Almeida, and Iandara Schettert Silva. "Development of Biomedical Dynamometer for Measurement of Grip Strength in Mice Modeled with Cerebral Palsy." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss11.3538.

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This research aimed to develop a biomedical dynamometer capable of measuring the grip strength of the forepaws of laboratory mices to verify the posterior phase, the effect of modeled cerebral palsy in the animal. The equipment was developed using a stainless steel blade, two double strain gages, a signal conditioning circuit that was connected to a software for acquisition, processing and plotting of graphs and tables in Excel. The metal blade has a length of 18.5 cm, a width of 1.5 cm and a thickness of 2 mm and a double strain gage model pa-09-125ha-350-l8 from Excel Sensors (Brazil), was glued to each face. The two double strain gages were connected in a Wheatstone bridge, which produces an analog response due to mechanical deformation of the blade, with force applied by the mice. This response was submitted to a signal conditioning circuit developed with Arduino that modulated the input wave, generated 10000 times amplification and performed filtering 4th order using Butterworth filter. Finally, a software developed in Labview 2019 of National Instruments (USA) was used for acquisition, processing and plotting of graphs and tables in Excel of the measurements performed. In the next step, the dynamometer was calibrated for sequential loading of masses of 0, 15.48 g, 31.53 g, 46.88 g to 62.47 g and also for sequential unloading of the same masses. For this, the masses were hung on a nylon string that was attached to the free end of the metal sheet. The final test was to measure the response time of the dynamometer with a stopwatch, when hanging a mass of 62.47 g on the nylon thread that was cut abruptly with scissors. Some of the main results of the calibration were as follows: 15.48 g generated 3.70 V, 31.53 g generated 7.48 V and 62.47 g gene rated 14.80 V and the response time was 0.3 s. These answers show that the dynamometer can be used to measure the grip strength of mice and can be modified for use in humans.

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Perl, M., and R. Arone´. "An Axisymmetric Stress Release Method for Measuring the Autofrettage Level in Thick-Walled Cylinders—Part II: Experimental Validation." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 116, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929606.

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The basic concept of a new experimental method for measuring the level of autofrettage in thick-walled cylinders as well as a comprehensive numerical simulation were presented in Part I of this paper. A pilot test is conducted herein on a 105-mm autofrettage gun barrel to validate the proposed procedure. First, a preliminary test is performed to determine the minimum thickness required for a ring, cut from the barrel, in order to be a representative, valid, and free of edge-effect specimen. Then, the main experiment is conducted consisting of the gradual release of the residual stress field due to autofrettage prevailing in the ring specimen. An array of seven equally spaced, identical, radial notches is progressively cut at the inner surface of the ring, while the released hoop stress is continuously measured by a strain gage-based computerized data acquisition system. The process is accomplished by a detailed numerical simulation enabling a qualitative and quantitative monitoring of the procedure. The proposed experimental procedure is found to be feasible, reliable, and cost-effective, and to yield accurate results.

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Milčić, Miodrag, Igor Radisavljević, Zijah Burzić, Ljubica Radović, Tomaž Vuherer, Dragan Milčić, and Nataša Zdravković. "The influence of welding speed on mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA2024 T351 aluminum alloy." Scientific Technical Review 70, no. 2 (2020): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/str2002053m.

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The aim of this study is to analyze how the process parameters affect the mechanical properties of butt joints obtained by friction stir welding (FSW). The experimental study was performed by the FSW of sheets having a thickness equal to 6 mm and made of aluminum alloys AA2024 T351, varying the process parameters, namely rotational speed and welding speed. The following welding parameters were used: the rotation speed of the tool did not change and amounted to 750 rpm, and the welding speed was 73, 116,150 mm / min. The welds were obtained without the presence of errors and with an acceptable flat surface of the compound. Tensile tests were performed orthogonally to the welding direction on specimens having the welding nugget placed in the middle of gage length. Vickers hardness measurement was conducted perpendicular to the welding direction, a cross-section of the weld joint. The hardness profiles were obtained along 3 horizontal and 63 vertical directions. Bend testing was carried out according to EN 910 The bending specimens were tested using face and root side of the joint in tension.

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Alipour, S., and Hassan Farhangi. "Effects of Simulated Pit Distribution Parameters on Tensile Properties of a Structural Steel Plate." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.537.

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Degradation of tensile properties resulting from geometrical discontinuities due to localized pitting is usually evaluated in terms of the reduced section thickness associated with pit geometry which lowers the load carrying capacity of the structure. However, the effects of finer parameters associated with pit distributions such as pit area percent (PAP) are not usually taken into account. In this research, the effects of spacing, depth and PAP on tensile properties of a structural steel are investigated. Simulated pit distributions were produced on the gage sections of flat tensile specimens using mechanical drilling. It is found that final elongation is more adversely affected than tensile strength with increasing PAP, pith depth and pith spacing. However, the reduction in final elongation tends to be largely recovered at higher PAP values due to increasing uniformity of strain distribution. It is noted that increasing pit spacing at a constant PAP leads to greater reductions in tensile properties, especially at higher pit depths, due to the increased stress concentration and strain localization. It is further clarifies that the introduction of first few pits and their growth to larger depths could be very detrimental to the mechanical properties of structural alloys.

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Ho, Ming Hsiung, Pin Ning Wang, Yi Kai Lin, Chih Yi Chang, and Ping Chen Shen. "The Shear Properties of DP980 High Strength Steel Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 552 (June 2014): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.552.335.

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In this study, the high strength steel DP980 material shear properties were investigated. In the design process, first of all based on literature paper and test specimen optimal size requirements, and then find ways to meet the current test equipment maximum capacity (100 kN). The Studies completed DP980 1.4 mm specimens of tensile test, one-way shear test and forward and reverse shear loading experiments. Limited by the maximum output of the machine capacity 100 kN, the thickness 1.4 mm steel plate with strain gage measurements under unidirectional force generated by experiments at the maximum shear strain of 9.890%. And the forward and reverse biased loading method, the completion of seven Bauschinger shear stress-shear strain curves. In the unidirectional shear test results, first verify that the elastic region of the shear elastic modulus of 74.7 GPa, in line with the basic properties of steel materials. Then the shear stress-shear strain curve is converted to stress-strain curve relationship. Wherein the shear stress-shear plastic portion of the curve was converted by factor 1.81, there is overlap between the tensile and shear experimental results confirm rationality.

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38

Sharma, Ankush P., Sanan H. Khan, and Venkitanarayanan Parameswaran. "Response and failure of fiber metal laminates subjected to high strain rate tensile loading." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 11 (October 11, 2018): 1489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318804620.

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The tensile behavior of fiber metal laminates consisting of layers of aluminum 2024-T3 alloy and glass fiber reinforced composites under high strain rate loading is investigated. Fiber metal laminates having four different layups, but all having the same total metal layer thickness, were fabricated using a combined hand lay-up cum vacuum bagging method. The fiber metal laminate specimens were loaded in high strain rate tension using a split Hopkinson tensile bar. The rate-dependent behavior of the glass fiber composite was also obtained as baseline data. The strain on the gage area of the specimen was measured directly using high-speed digital image correlation. Another high-speed camera was used to capture the sequence of damage by viewing the specimen edgewise. The results indicated that the strength of the fiber metal laminates increased at high strain rates primarily due to the rate-dependent behavior of the composite used. The response was also influenced by the distribution of the metallic layers in the fiber metal laminates. The failure in the case where the individual composite layers were separated by metallic layers was more progressive in nature.

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39

Vaishnav, Ramesh N., Jafar Vossoughi, Dali J. Patel, LaVal N. Cothran, Bernell R. Coleman, and Eleanor L. Ison-Franklin. "Effect of Hypertension on Elasticity and Geometry of Aortic Tissue From Dogs." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 112, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2891128.

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Inflation-extension experiments were carried out on segments of the descending thoracic aortas from 4 normotensive and 4 hypertensive dogs rendered hypertensive using either unilateral or bilateral renal artery constriction. Intravascular pressures up to 200 mm Hg and axial forces up to 200 g were used. The external diameter of the segment and the distance between two longitudinally spaced gage marks were recorded photographically at each pressure-force level combination. Dimensions in the undeformed configuration were measured at the end of the inflation-extension experiment. Data were analyzed for changes in geometry and force-deformation response. Results indicate that: 1. Under sustained hypertension the wall thickness in the undeformed configuration increases with a concurrent reduction in the in-situ longitudinal extension ratio. 2. This dual tissue response accomplishes substantial reductions in the circumferential and longitudinal stresses from the levels that would be reached at equivlaent pressures in the absence of these geometric changes. 3. At comparable intravascular pressures the extensibility in the circumferential direction is slightly greater for the hypertensive aortas as compared to normals. However, the stress-extension ratio relationship in the circumferential direction is similar in the two groups. 4. The stress-extension ratio relationship in the longitudinal direction indicates that the hypertensive aorta is stiffer than its normotensive counterpart.

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40

Misumi, Jun, Raja Ganesh, Subramani Sockalingam, and John W. Gillespie. "Experimental characterization of tensile properties of epoxy resin by using micro-fiber specimens." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35, no. 24 (October 1, 2016): 1792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416669248.

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In unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastic laminates, the distance between fibers can varies from submicron to micron length scales. The mechanical properties of the matrix at this length scale are not well understood. In this study, processing methods have been developed to produce high quality epoxy micro-fibers with diameters ranging from 100 to 150 µm that are used for tensile testing. Five types of epoxy resin systems ranging from standard DGEBA to high-crosslink TGDDM and TGMAP epoxy systems have been characterized. Epoxy macroscopic specimens with film thickness of 3300 µm exhibited brittle behavior (1.7 to 4.9% average failure strain) with DGEBA resin having the highest failure strain level. The epoxy micro-fiber specimens exhibited significant ductile behavior (20 to 42% average failure strain) with a distinct yield point being observed in all five resin systems. In addition, the ultimate stress of the highly cross-linked TGDDM epoxy fiber exceeded the bulk film properties by a factor of two and the energy absorption was over 50 times greater on average. The mechanism explaining the dramatic difference in properties is discussed and is based on size effects (the film volume is about 2000 times greater than the fiber volume within the gage sections) and surface defects. Based on the findings presented in this paper, the microscale fiber test specimens are recommended and provide more realistic stress–strain response for describing the role of the matrix in composites at smaller length scales.

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41

Pesin, Alexander, Ernest Drigun, Denis Pustovoytov, and Ilya Pesin. "Development of the Technology of Various Large Bodies Manufacturing Based on Combined Methods of Deformation." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.659.

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Metallurgy and heavy engineering construction, which are considered the most energy-intensive industries, place great focus on complex shaped thick-gage plate metal items of equipment with wall thickness exceeding 40 mm and diameter/width of up to 4000 mm. Such items of equipment include large machine parts manufactured by means of hot plate stamping, such as bodies of rotation (for example, the segment of the radial surface of converter shell, the bottom part of degassing unit, etc.) utilized as pressure-operated devices, vessels, tanks and other facilities by metallurgical, petrochemical, oil and gas, and nuclear industries. Presently known manufacturing methods of such items of equipment, for instance, stamping methods, have a number of technological problems. In the present paper, creation and development of the theory and technology of manufacturing different large bodies based on the combination of plate rolling and stamping processes, as well as the combination of asymmetric rolling and plastic bending processes, are proposed. The goal was to develop a cost-effective technology of producing large-size bodies of rotation in the conditions of a thick-plate mill. The rolling of the package forms the basis of the first stage of the new process. The package consists of the upper (punch) base, the lower (matrix) base, and the blank plate situated between them. The economic benefit from installing the developed technology based only on the combination of asymmetric rolling and plastic bending processes was more than 1 million dollars. Casings on two converters were produced and installed in the oxygen-converter plant.

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42

Sahin, Fatih, Fırat Kafkas, and Cetin Karatas. "An Electrochemical Machining Device for Residual Stresses Measurement in PM Parts by Layer Removal Method." Materials Science Forum 672 (January 2011): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.672.117.

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Residual stresses play an important role in the performance of materials and the components produced from them. All manufacturing processes introduce residual stresses. These stresses can have a positive effect, for example by increasing the fatigue limit in the case of compressive surface residual stresses. Layer removal by electrochemical machining (ECM) can be used for measurement of the residual stresses in the PM parts. The device removed the layers by aid of electrochemical machining for this purpose is designed and developed. The device setup for residual stress measurement is based to the changes on deformation quantity. Since ECM is a non-mechanical metal removal process, ECM is capable of machining any electrically-conductive material with attendant high removal rates, regardless of mechanical properties. In particular, the removal rate in ECM is independent of the hardness, the porosity and toughness of the PM parts being machined. The micro constituents in PM steels resulting from different processing routes exhibit different thermal and mechanical behavior. This will lead to the formation of residual stresses around these micro constituents. Here we give the results of the first work carried out on PM steels in relation to residual stress measurements by the electro-chemical layer removal technique. The device works as follows. As a layer of thickness is removed, a certain amount of stress is removed from the sample. Equilibrium is violated and the sample deforms elastically to compensate for the stress removed. This elastic deformation in the sample is measured by the linear displacement gauge. This gauge pushes on the end of sample and deformation is recorded by this gage. The linear gauge send a signal to a display and then to the data converter. As simultaneous, this signal sent to the computer from the data converter for further calculations by RS 232.

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43

Tipton, S. M., K. A. Hickey, M. S. Rawson, and J. R. Sorem. "Multiaxial Stress Concentration in an Externally Pressurized Cylinder With an External Circumferential Groove." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 117, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842144.

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A thick-walled cylindrical specimen containing an external circumferential groove was subjected to external pressure. To investigate the maximum pressure sustainable by the reduced wall thickness, strain gage measurements were taken during external pressurization tests. For comparison to experimental results, an elastic-plastic notch stress-strain analysis was conducted based on Neuber’s rule. The analysis utilized multiaxial elastic finite element results along with elastic-plastic tensile test data for the cylinder material. Based on experimental observations, it was necessary to supplement the approach with an additional relation between elastic and elastic-plastic multiaxial strains for the axisymmetric geometry under investigation. Assuming an invariant hoop to radial strain ratio rather than an invariant hoop to axial strain ratio provided better agreement with experimental results. It is demonstrated that the boundary conditions used to model the specimen had a substantial effect on the finite element results, even though the boundary was somewhat removed from the region of concentrated stress. Biaxial strain measurements are presented versus pressure over the elastic and into the plastic regime, and deformation plasticity theory was used to compute stress and radial strain components corresponding to measured strains. It is demonstrated that in order to apply a multiaxial Neuber’s rule to accurately estimate the elastic-plastic stress-strain response (using elastic stress concentration information and elastic-plastic material data), it is necessary to utilize an experimental observation that the ratio of the hoop to radial strain remains invariant from the elastic to the elastic-plastic regime. This differs from published assumptions about invariant hoop-to-axial strain ratios based on analysis of circumferentially grooved solid shafts. The predictions are accurate for moderate plastic strains, but correlation breaks down for bulk plastic deformation.

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44

Denisov, V. A., N. Yu Kozhukhova, G. V. Orekhova, and M. A. Mikhal'chenkova. "Influence of ploughshare design and welding reinforcement on the hardness of its nose part." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 7 (July 15, 2016): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66209.

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The hardness of working surface of ploughshares is very significant for their abrasive wear resistance. Knowing this mechanical property is especially important for manufacturing and hardening of ploughshares, since their wear is not uniform. In this regard, the research problems include studying of hardness distribution in the most loaded nose part of ploughshare, depending on its design and on welding reinforcement as a hardening method. Ploughshares after reinforcement and ploughshares in as-delivered condition after their taking out of service are submitted as objects of the research. Reinforcement included bead welding in the area of share point perpendicularly to the leading edge with the pitch of 30-40 mm. The validity of results was provided by measurement of four parts on each object of research. The total number of tested ploughshares was eight. Hardness was measured with a mobile hardness gage. Measurement results were recorded on Rockwell hardness scale (HRC) with subsequent conversion to Brinell hardness (HB). It is shown that for ploughshares without hardening, the hardness distribution in considered part has the non-uniform character, that is caused by the non-uniformity of processes of recrystallization because of unequal thickness of walls in separate volumes of a product. The hardness values of ploughshares in as-delivered condition are not high (230 HB maximum) and cannot provide the proper abrasive wear resistance. The lowered value of hardness (175 HB) is noted on the deepening part of a ploughshare. Application of welding reinforcement increases hardness (by 200 HB on the deepening part), that is connected with manifestation of heat hardening due to the formation of hardening structures. Traces of reinforcing beads make positive impact on the increase in hardness, which contributes to the growth of abrasive wear resistance.

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45

Bakunov, A. S. "MTΠ Protective Coating Thickness Gages". Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 41, № 9 (вересень 2005): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11181-006-0008-5.

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46

Wood, S. H., and A. D. Ziegler. "Floodplain sediment from a 100-year-recurrence flood in 2005 of the Ping River in northern Thailand." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 11, 2008): 959–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-959-2008.

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Abstract. The tropical storm, floodwater, and the floodplain-sediment layer of a 100-year recurrence flood are examined to better understand characteristics of large monsoon floods on medium-sized rivers in northern Thailand. Storms producing large floods in northern Thailand occur early or late in the summer rainy season (May–October). These storms are associated with tropical depressions evolving from typhoons in the South China Sea that travel westward across the Indochina Peninsula. In late September, 2005, the tropical depression from Typhoon Damrey swept across northern Thailand delivering 100–200 mm/day at stations in mountainous areas. Peak flow from the 6355-km2 drainage area of the Ping River upstream of the city of Chiang Mai was 867 m3s−1 (river-gage of height 4.93 m) and flow greater than 600 m3s−1 lasted for 2.5 days. Parts of the city of Chiang Mai and some parts of the floodplain in the intermontane Chiang Mai basin were flooded up to 1-km distant from the main channel. Suspended-sediment concentrations in the floodwater were measured and estimated to be 1000–1300 mg l−1. The mass of dry sediment (32.4 kg m-2), measured over a 0.32-km2 area of the floodplain is relatively high compared to reports from European and North American river floods. Average wet sediment thickness over the area was 3.3 cm. Sediment thicker than 8 cm covered 16 per cent of the area, and sediment thicker than 4 cm covered 44 per cent of the area. High suspended-sediment concentration in the floodwater, flow to the floodplain through a gap in the levee afforded by the mouth of a tributary stream as well as flow over levees, and floodwater depths of 1.2 m explain the relatively large amount of sediment in the measured area. Grain-size analyses and examination of the flood layer showed about 15-cm thickness of massive fine-sandy silt on the levee within 15-m of the main channel, sediment thicker than 6 cm within 200 m of the main channel containing a basal coarse silt, and massive clayey silt beyond 200 m. The massive clayey silt would not be discernable as a separate layer in section of similar deposits. The fine-sand content of the levee sediment and the basal coarse silt of sediment within 200 m of the main channel are sedimentological features that may be useful in identifying flood layers in a stratigraphic section of floodplain deposits.

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47

Ingram, James M. "Coating Thickness Gages: Calibration and Measurement Uncertainty." NCSLI Measure 1, no. 1 (March 2006): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2006.11721308.

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48

Suchkov, G. M. "The capacities of modern EMA thickness gages." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 40, no. 12 (December 2004): 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11181-005-0109-6.

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49

Murienne, Barbara J., Michelle L. Chen, Harry A. Quigley, and Thao D. Nguyen. "The contribution of glycosaminoglycans to the mechanical behaviour of the posterior human sclera." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 119 (June 2016): 20160367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0367.

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We characterized the structural and mechanical changes after experimental digestion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (s-GAGs) in the human posterior sclera, using ultrasound thickness measurements and an inflation test with three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). Each scleral specimen was first incubated in a buffer solution to return to full hydration, inflation tested, treated in a buffer solution with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), then inflation tested again. After each test series, the thickness of eight locations was measured. After enzymatic treatment, the average scleral thickness decreased by 13.3% ( p < 0.001) and there was a stiffer overall stress–strain response ( p < 0.05). The stress–strain response showed a statistically significant increase in the low-pressure stiffness, high-pressure stiffness and hysteresis. Thus, s-GAGs play a measurable role in the mechanical behaviour of the posterior human sclera.

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Astaf’ev, A. N., O. V. Nevolin, A. M. Mamai, O. V. Mutyachenko, N. A. Astaf’ev, and V. O. Nevolin. "A universal attachment for standard ultrasonic flaw detectors and thickness gages." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 42, no. 7 (July 2006): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830906070072.

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