Дисертації з теми "Thesis in engineering management"
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Garip, Omer. "Web-based Thesis Workflow Management System." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1588779226055449.
Повний текст джерелаJUNGÅKER, JONAS. "Monocular depth estimation for level assessment in an industrial waste management environment : A thesis within smart waste management." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303107.
Повний текст джерелаMed den tekniska omvandlingen till Industri 4.0, ledande aktörer i många branscher ställs inför utmaningar såsom hur de ska implementera tekniska lösningar och bibehålla konkurrenskraft. Inom området för smart avfallshantering har många tekniska lösningar presenterats som på ett effektivt sätt mäter soptunnenivåer men ett praktiskt sätt att jämföra dessa lösningar saknas. Från forskning inom Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) och intervjuer med operatörer på Scania har vi tagit fram ett koncist och konkret sätt att jämföra dessa lösningar med avseende på operativ effektivitet. Tillsammans med detta har vi också tagit fram en djupestimeringsmodell som med hjälp av djupa konvolutionsneuronsnätverk kan mäta fyllnadsvolymen av soptunnor. Vi har visat i vår forskning att detta djupestimeringsnätverk är ett möjligt alternativ till andra sensorer. Vi jämför sedan detta system mot ultraljudssensorer och har funnit att ultraljudssensorerna presterar bättreän djupestimeringsmodellen på flera av de centrala mätvärdena. Trots detta så drog vi slutsatsen att vår metod att mäta fyllnadsvolym av soptunnor med hjälp av djupestimering kan användas tillsammans med objektigenkänning i mer komplexa applikationer för att undvika användandet av enklare sensorer, så som ultraljud.
Zheng, Man. "Management of an intelligent argumentation network for a web-based collaborative engineering design environment." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.umr.edu/thesis/pdf/Zheng_09007dcc803e416f.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 22, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-35).
Qandour, Amro. "Application framework for wireless sensor networks [thesis]." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/472.
Повний текст джерелаBerzin, Oleg Daryoush Afshin Samimi. "Mobility management architecture and modeling for label switched networks (mobility label based network) a thesis /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3217.
Повний текст джерелаMollentze, Frederik Jacobus. "Asset management auditing the roadmap to asset management excellence /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01242006-124600.
Повний текст джерелаWatkins, Johannes Andria. "A structured systems approach to model conceptualisation an executive management perspective /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07212006-120145/.
Повний текст джерелаVulli, Srinivasa Shivakar. "Individual-based artificial ecosystems for design and optimization." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri--Rolla [sic] [Missouri University of Science and Technology], 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Vulli_09007dcc804c5b3b.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 18, 2008) Degree granted by Missouri University of Science and Technology, formerly known as University of Missouri-Rolla. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-73).
Roberts, Clifton L. "The examination of the current risk-control management system at Malt-O-Meal Company located in Northfield, Minnesota." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998robertsc.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOmbete, Kenneth. "Preventing chemical product failure." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Ombete_09007dcc80706a6e.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed November 17, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-30).
Strasheim, Jacobus Alexander van Breda. "A relation-based approach to Engineering Management Systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1328.
Повний текст джерелаThe primary goal of this thesis is to indicate how systems theory and engineering process modelling can be applied to provide models for consulting engineering service business enterprises. The typical management systems used for these businesses are investigated to determine the application of systems and process models. The motivation for this study is based on the fact that integrated management systems for consulting engineering practices are presently based on selective business analysis and process modelling that has evolved over time, as reported in a survey and study by Smit [110]. Furthermore, current engineering management systems are simply computer implementations of management procedures based on techniques that were developed to solve problems in the absence of the computational capabilities of the modern computer. To rectify this, a fundamental approach to analyse the business and management functions using systems theory and engineering process modelling techniques is required, which has not been attempted to date. This study develops and demonstrates the application of fundamental analysis in consulting engineering enterprise management and reviews advantages that can be obtained from using this approach. It is shown that the mathematical Algebra of Relations and associated Graph Theory provide the mathematical basis on which management problems can be treated systematically. Since these fields of mathematics are well developed and very broad, the essential parts of the theories are identified. Thereupon, the application of the very abstract mathematical concepts to two important and typical engineering management problems are developed, which represents the core contribution of the dissertation. The study is developed and presented in two parts and an addendum: 1. The first part provides an overview of the necessary mathematical theory required to support development of business models. 2. Management systems theory and relation- and graph theory-based engineering process modelling techniques are applied in this part to build generic enterprise models and data processing models. These models provide inputs for the management processes of professional service business enterprises. The outcome of the modelling and analysis is a set of database models with reporting functionality, to be used in the management process. A demonstration of technology available for development of the models and techniques, described in the previous part, is undertaken in this part. Generic implementations of database models and reporting techniques for systems which deal with management data in a consulting engineering business are developed, described and demonstrated. 3. In the addendum to the study, typical models and system functionality needed to support the management functions of the consulting engineering service business are identified. These management functions include: • Business strategy and long term planning • Marketing and promotion • Finance, including bookkeeping and auditing • Personnel • Facilities management and document management • Logistics, i.e., management of resources required for the business to operate • Knowledge management • Production management, i.e., management of the execution of project work • Administration • Risk management Production management can use the engineering process model approach, modelling the management of tasks, persons, datasets and tools as these are applied to the consulting engineering business. Sample subsystems to support selected management functions are identified and analysed. The integration of these systems with commercially available systems to support accounting and management reporting can follow from this analysis. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of engineering management by providing insights into the application of a specific branch of mathematics to provide fundamental solutions to engineering management problems. It also shows how these solutions are mapped to the computer, and describes available information techniques and technology to support the mapping. The outcome is a document setting out the theory required to develop robust enterprise management systems, the development and demonstration of technology required to do this and, as an addendum, a high level specification of business and management system functionality required for the professional engineering service business.
Johnson, Jeremy Ryan. "Fault propagation timing analysis to aid in the selection of sensors for health management systems." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri--Rolla i.e. [Missouri University of Science and Technology], 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Johnson_09007dcc804bcda7.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed May 19, 2008) Degree granted by Missouri University of Science and Technology, formerly known as University of Missouri--Rolla. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-41).
Kruger, Theunis Johannes. "A generic framework for continuous energy management at cryogenic air separation plants." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05272005-165835/.
Повний текст джерелаJooste, J. L. (Johannes Lodewikus). "A performance management model for physical asset management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53286.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Two fundamental aspects in modem business success are performance management and physical asset management. The current problem in the asset management environment is the lack of structured performance management, which is required to effectively control and enhance the dynamics of the asset and its life cycle. The result is ineffective assets with high life cycle costs, which will consequently influence the bottom line and return on investment, negatively. An Asset _eerformance Management Model (APM2 , pronounced A-P-M square) was developed. A sound theoretical foundation together with the experience of a leading asset management consultant resulted in the realization of a model that (i) gives a balanced view of asset performance, (ii) link asset performance to strategic business objectives, (iii) facilitates decision-making and problem solving, and (iv) enhances asset control and continuous improvement. The APM2 was developed by rese~ching and integrating five building blocks, which encompass the model requirements. The APM2 consists of two distinct components, namely: • the APM Reference Structure (APMRS), and • a range of APM Dockets. The APMRS is a basic structure that integrates the various building blocks into a framework for providing guidance and control, giving perspective on the entire model and explaining the high-level content of the model. It consists of five levels, each with a distinct focus: • Levell: Enterprise • Level2: Factory • Level3: Process Unit • Level4: Aggregate • Level5: Component The APM Dockets are a subset of the APMRS, where each level has a docket. These dockets are executable, unit-specific procedures, guiding and leading stakeholders towards improved asset performance. Also each of the five levels consists of six similar and inter-related elements. These elements are the foundation for each docket: lement 1: Stakeholders Element 2: Objectives Element 3: Measures Element 4: External Monitor & Targets Element 5: Responsibilities & Decision-Making Element 6: Control & Continuous Improvement Element 7 represents the link to the next level in the APM Reference Structure. • • • • • • Conclusively the APM2,s simplicity and understandability is realized through the APM Reference Structure, while the range of APM Dockets contribute to the practicality objective. The model has a strong theoretical foundation, but at the same time is generic, to be used in a wide range of industries. A leading asset management consultant plans to integrate the APM2 into their asset management program based on the thesis documentation. This application will test and validate the APM2 in practice. It is further recommended that an asset management program, with the associated APM2 , be used in conjunction with the Theory of Constraints and Total Productive Maintenance, because of obvious relationships. Further research is also suggested in relation with some of the experimental asset life cycle phases as well as certain financial considerations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Twee fundamentele aspekte in hedendaagse besigheidsukses is prestasiebestuur and fisiese batebestuur. Die huidige probleem binne die batebestuursomgewing is die gebrek aan gestruktureerde prestasiebestuur, wat 'n vereiste is vir effektiewe beheer en verbeterings rondom die bate en sy lewensiklus. Die resultaat is oneffektiewe bates met hoë lewensikluskoste wat gevolglik wins en beleggingsopbrengs negatief beïnvloed. 'n Prestasiebestuur Model vir Bates (APM2, uitgespreek as A-P-M square) is ontwikkel. 'n Deeglike teoretiese fondasie tesame metdie ondervinding van vooraanstaande raadgewende batebestuurders, het die realisering van 'n model tot gevolg gehad, wat (i) bateprestasie gebalanseerd voorstel, (ii) bateprestasie met strategiese doelstellings verbind, (iii) besluitneming and probleemoplossing fasiliteer, en (iv) batekontrole en voortdurende verbetering bevorder. Die APM2 is ontwikkel deur middel van die identifisering en integrasie van vyf boustene wat die vereistes vir die modelomvat. Die APM2 bestaan onderskeidelik uit twee komponente, naamlik: • die APM Verwysingstruktuur (APMRS), en • 'n reeks APM Vouers. Die APMRS is 'n basiese struktuur wat die verskillende boustene binne 'n raamwerk integreer en sodoende leiding en beheer fasiliteer, die model as geheel in perspektief stel en die modelinhoud op hoë vlak verduidelik. Dit bestaan uit vyf vlakke, elk met 'n spesifieke fokus: • Vlak 1: Onderneming • Vlak2: Fabriek • Vlak 3: Proseseenheid • Vlak 4: Aggregaat • Vlak 5: Komponent Die APM Vouers is 'n subdeel van die APMRS, waar elke vlak 'n vouer het. Hierdie vouers is uitvoerbare, eenheid-spesifieke prosedures wat deelhebbers lei na beter bateprestasie. Ook bestaan elkeen van die vyf vlakke uit ses soortgelyke en inter-afhanklike elemente. Hierdie elemente is die fondasie vir elk van die vouers: • Element 1: Deelhebbers • Element 2: Doelwitte • Element 3: Metings • Element 4: Eksterne Monitering & Mikpunte • Element 5: Verantwoordelikhede & Besluitneming • Element 6: Kontrole & Voortdurende Verbetering • Element 7 stel die verbinding met die volgende vlak in die APM Verwysingstruktuur voor. Gevolglik word die eenvoud en verstaanbaarheid van die APM2 gerealiseer deur die APM Verwysingstruktuur, terwyl die reeks APM Vouers bydra tot die praktiese doelwit. Die model het 'n sterk teoretiese grondslag, maar terselfdertyd is dit generies, sodat dit in 'n wye spektrum van industrieë gebruik kan word. Gebaseer op die tesis dokumentasie beplan vooraanstaande raadgewende batebestuurders om die APM2 te integreer met hul batsbestuursprogram. Hierdie toepassing sal sodoende die APM2 in die praktyk toets en bekragtig. Dit word verder aanbeveel dat 'n batebestuursprogram, met die geassosieerde APM2, tesame met die Theory of Constraints en Total Productive Maintenance gebruik word, as gevolg van voor die hand liggende verwantskappe. Verdere navorsing word ook voorgestel in verband met die eksperimentele fases binne die batelewensiklus, asook rakende sekere finansiële oorwegings.
Khan, Arsalan. "Management and Leadership Style: Is Style Influenced by Engineering Education?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1976.
Повний текст джерелаLicorish, Sherlock Anthony. "Tool support for social risk mitigation in agile projects a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Computer and Information Sciences (MCIS) at the Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, June 2007 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2007. http://repositoryaut.lconz.ac.nz/theses/1354/.
Повний текст джерелаPrimary supervisor: Anne Philpott. Co-supervisor: Professor Stephen MacDonell. Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (x, 147 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.) in City Campus Theses Collection (T 005.12 LIC)
Goswami, Mohit. "Application of product family design for engineered systems in changing market space." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Goswami_09007dcc804feafa.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed May 19, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-35).
Day, Rachel Marie. "Verifying module heuristics for large scale products." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Day_09007dcc8063deea.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 27, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
Van, Greunen Larey-Marié. "Selection of air pollution control technologies for power plants, gasification and refining processes." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04112007-111900.
Повний текст джерелаVolkman, Sarah. "Quickbird satellite imagery for riparian management : characterizing riparian filter strips and detecting concentrated flow in an agricultural watershed /." Available online. Click here, 2005. http://sunshine.lib.mtu.edu/ETD/THESIS/volkmans/thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаStone, Jasper Daniël. "The development of a comprehensive, practical and integrated management method with specific reference to the South African mining industry." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04082009-202730/.
Повний текст джерелаHasegawa, Marnie Tardieu. "Systems engineering design for operations directorate administrative information system." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020024/.
Повний текст джерелаBoezaart, T. C. (Theodoor Christiaan). "A case study in project management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49740.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Project Management has already moved beyond the realms of an "orderwinning"- criteria to a "necessary-to-survive"-criteria. Increasingly people are drawn into project management without the correct qualifications or sufficient education in project management, especially in the area of project risk management. This project details the development of a case study in project management to facilitate this educational infilling in the services industry. This case study is based on a fictitious SPR project at an IT development company. The developed case study is an alternative project for the post-graduate course in Project Management at the University of Stellenbosch's Department of Industrial Engineering. Additionally, a tutorial in Microsoft" Project 2000® was also developed as supplementary material to this course.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Projek bestuur het alreeds verby die stadium beweeg waar dit gesien word as 'n voorsprong bo ander mededingende maatskappye. AI meer word mense in die dienste sektor met onvoldoende opleiding in projekbestuur, veral in die area van projek risiko bestuur, daarby betrek. Hierdie projek bespreek die ontwikkeling van 'n gevallestudie om hierdie leemte aan te spreek, en is gebaseer op 'n besigheidsproses verbeteringsprojek by 'n IT ontwikkelingsmaatskappy. Die ontwikkelde gevallestudie dien as 'n alternatiewe projek vir die nagraadse kursus in Projekbestuur wat aangebied word deur die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se Departement Bedryfsingenieurswese. 'n Addisionele tutoriaal in Microsoft" Project 2000® is ook ontwikkel om hierdie opleidingsproses te fasiliteer.
Liaw, Judy-Audrey-Chui-Yik. "DEFINITION AND REPRESENTATION OF REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING / MANAGEMENT: A PROCESS-ORIENTED APPROACH." MSSTATE, 2002. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04092002-095054/.
Повний текст джерелаSwain, Allyson. "Modeling the Groundwater Basin in the Northern Cities Management Area." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2021. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2330.
Повний текст джерелаGroenewald, Abraham. "Thermal management of casting moulds using heat pipes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52563.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The use of cylindrical heat pipes for the thermal control and management of casting moulds have been investigated. Heat pipes are tubes that possess a high capability to transfer heat, up to a thousand times or more than an equivalent solid copper rod. The heat pipes used in this thesis are copper tubed, use water as working fluid and have (phosphor-bronze) screen mesh wicks. Experiments relating to practical casting situations in industry were designed and performed, using pure tin as the casting metal. Three cases pertaining to the requirements of an industrial casting mould were considered. The first case considered heating of a mould through heat pipes, in order to keep it at a specific temperature. The second case relates to the situation where metal is cast around a core, and the core is cooled by a heat pipe connected to a heat sink. The heat sink in this case was an air cooled fin. The third case is representative of the situation where molten metal is cast into an external mould and the mould heats up due to the energy flowing in from the casting. In order to cool the mould, heat pipes are used to transport the heat to a water cooled heat sink. These three cases were modeled theoretically, which included using a standard finite element method (FEM) computer package, NASTRAN 2.0 for Windows. For the FEM simulations, the heat pipes are modeled using an equivalent conductivity approach. Theoretical and experimental results are to within ± 30% of each other, but better results could possibly be achieved using a better finite element model for the heat pipes. A simulation case was performed to compare the use of an uncooled mould with a heat pipe cooled mould, and a two and a half time improvement of production rate was achieved. In support of the above mentioned casting related experiments, experiments have also been performed on a specially designed cylindrical heat pipe to determine the evaporator and condenser heat transfer coefficients. It was found that the heat pipe can transfer more than 500 W for vertical operation and around 160 W for horizontal operation. The heat transfer coefficients of the condenser and evaporator ends are in the order of 1800 to 2000 W/mK. Experiments were also performed on the fins used as the heat sink in the experiment where core cooling is investigated, to compare the experimentally determined fin heat transfer coefficient with the theoretically predicted coefficient. A theoretical study was also performed for an inclined ammonia thermosyphon in order to compare the theory to a set of previously determined experimental results. The theory produced accurate results for vertical operation, but it is clearly limited for inclined operation, and can lead to inaccurate results. A special correlation factor, the splashing factor, was defined to analyse the deviation between the theoretical and experimental results. The splashing factor can be used in two ways. Firstly, it can be used as a design correction factor and secondly, it can be processed to indicate which operational variables have the highest impact on the discrepancy between the theory and the experimental data. It is recommended that further research into the use of heat pipes for the thermal control of moulds be considered, based on the results achieved in this thesis. Furthermore, a finite element model for a heat pipe can also be considered. It is also recommended that the use of the splashing factor be considered for the analysis of thermosyphons.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlikheid om hittepype te gebruik in die termiese beheer van gietvorms is ondersoek. Hittepype is buise wat oor 'n baie goeie warmte-oordragsvermoë beskik, 'n duisend maal of beter as 'n ekwivalente soliede koper staaf. Die hittepype wat gebruik is in die tesis is gesëelde koperbuise, wat water gebruik as werksvloeier en ook 'n (fosfor-brons) sifdraad pitmateriaal bevat. Eksperimente wat verband hou met industriële gietprosesse is ontwerp en uitgevoer. Suiwer tin is gebruik as die gietmateriaal. Drie giet gevalle is ondersoek. Die eerste geval het die verhitting van 'n gietvorm met hittepype behels. Die tweede geval hou verband met die situasie waar metaalom 'n kern gegiet word en die kern word afgekoel deur middle van 'n hittepyp wat gekoppel is aan 'n hitteput, wat in die geval 'n lugverkoelde fin is. Die derde geval hou verband met die situasie waar gesmelte metal gegiet word in 'n eksterne gietvorm en die gietvorm verhit as gevolg van die energie wat vanaf die gietstuk invloei. Hierdie drie gevalle is teoreties gemodelleer, wat die gebruik van 'n eindige element analise (EEA) rekenaarpakket insluit (NASTRAN 2.0 for Windows). Tydens die EEA simulasies is die hittepype gemodelleer met behulp van die ekwivalente geleidingskoëffisiënt metode. Teoretiese en eksperimentele resultate is binne .± 30% van mekaar. Beter resultate kan moontlik verkry word as 'n verbeterde eindige element model vir die hittepype ontwikkel kan word. 'n Simulasie geval is uitgevoer om die produksietempo van 'n onverkoelde gietvorm te vergelyk met 'n hittepyp-verkoelde gietvorm, en 'n verbetering van twee en 'n half maal is gevind vir die verkoelde gietvorm. Ter ondersteuning van die bogenoemde gietverwante eksperimente en teoretiese modelle, is eksperimente ook op 'n spesiaalontwerpte silindriese hittepyp uitgevoer om die kondeser en verdamper hitte-oordragskoëffisiënte te bepaal. Daar is bevind dat die hittepyp meer as 500 W kan oordra tydens vertikale gebruik en ongeveer 160W tydens horisontale gebruik. Die hitte-oordragskoëffisiënte vir die kondenser en verdamper is in die orde van 1800 tot 2000 W/m2K. Eksperimente is ook uitgevoer op die finne wat gebruik is as die hitteput in die geval waar die kern verkoeling ondersoek is, om die eksperimenteel bepaalde fin hitteoordragskoëffisiënte te vergelyk met die teoretiese koëffisiënt. 'n Teoretiese studie is ook uitgevoer vir 'n skuins termoheuwel sodat die teorie vergelyk kan word met In stel bestaande resultate. Die teorie gee akkurate voorspellings vir vertikale gebruik, maar is duidelik beperk en kan lei tot onakkurate resultate vir skuins gebruik. 'n Spesiale faktor (splashing factor) is gedefiniëer om die verskil tussen die teoretiese en eksperimentele resultate mee te analiseer. Hierdie factor kan op twee maniere gebruik word. Eerstens kan dit gebruik word as 'n korreksiefaktor en tweedens kan dit geprosesseer word om aan te dui watter veranderlikes die hoogste impak het op die verskil in eksperimentele en teoretiese resultate. Dit word aanbeveel dat verdere navorsing gedoen word op die gebruik van hittepype vir die termiese beheer van gietvorms, gebasseer op die resultate wat verkry is uit die tesis. Verder kan 'n eindige element model vir 'n hittepyp ontwikkel word. Dit word ook aanbeveel dat die "splashing factor" oorweeg word in die analise van termohewels.
Theron, Louis Francois. "Personnel Allocation for Engineering Projects." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86295.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The logical allocation of tasks in engineering offices currently relies heavily on the experience and intuition of project managers. In large scale projects the complexity of the task allocation procedure exceeds the capacity of human intuition, and a systematic technique is required to aid project managers in assigning tasks to individuals. In this project such a systematic technique is modelled and implemented using the Java programming language. An equation was developed to calculate an individual’s workload, and used in conjunction with other criteria to intelligently and systematically select an optimal individual to complete engineering tasks. The software solution is network-based, and also aims to aid project managers in various managerial duties.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die logiese toekenning van ingenieurstake steun tans swaar op die ervaring en aanvoeling van projek bestuurders. In grootskaalse projekte is die kompleksiteit van die taak toekenningsproses veel groter as die kapasiteit van menslike intuïsie. Dus word ‘n sistematiese proses wat projek-bestuurders kan help met die toeken van take aan individue vereis. In hierdie projek is so 'n sistematiese tegniek ontwikkel en geïmplementeer met behulp van die Java-programmeringstaal. 'n Vergelyking is ontwikkel om 'n individu se werklading te bereken en is in samewerking met ander kriteria gebruik om take intelligent en sistematies toe te ken. Die sagteware is network en databasis-gebaseerd en kan ook gebruik word om projek-bestuurders te help met verskeie bestuurspligte.
Martelli, Edmund R. "Intricacies of Professional Certifications for Quality Management (QM)." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/180.
Повний текст джерелаBasil, Daniel L. "A systems engineering approach to the design of a COTS management system." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12162009-020103/.
Повний текст джерелаYoon, Suyoung. "Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-01232007-222425/.
Повний текст джерелаGrasso, Barton. "Benchmarking the Management of Construction Programs." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03222007-001859/.
Повний текст джерелаDorn, Jason Liam. "Evolutionary Algorithms to Aid Watershed Management." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12282004-235442/.
Повний текст джерелаKhan, Mohammad Arifin Rahman. "Mobility management in 5G heterogeneous networks." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2252.
Повний текст джерелаDuong, Hien D. "A Feature-Oriented Software Engineering Approach to Integrate ASSISTments with Learning Management Systems." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/862.
Повний текст джерелаMomberg, J. J. "Driveability evaluation for engine management calibration." Thesis, Link to online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/364.
Повний текст джерелаWhalen, William D. "ADAPTIVE COMPONENT USAGE FOR THE THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF PICOSATELLITES." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/563.
Повний текст джерелаPradhan, Anu Raj. "INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTERS." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08122003-172045/.
Повний текст джерелаPrice, G. Alexander. "LONG-TERM NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20011214-153926.
Повний текст джерелаOne scenario for the long-term nitrogen management in landfills is ex-situ nitrification followed by denitrification in the landfill. The objective of this research was to measure the denitrification potential of actively decomposing and well decomposed refuse. A series of 10-L reactors that was actively producing methane was fed 400 mg NO3-N /L every 48 hr for19 to 59 days. Up to 29 nitrate additions were either completely or largely depleted within 48 hr of addition and the denitrification reactions did not adversely affect the refuse pH. Nitrate did inhibit methane production but the reactors recovered their methane-producing activity with the termination of the nitrate addition. In well decomposed refuse, the nitrate consumption rate was reduced but was easily stimulated by the addition of either acetate or an overlayer of fresh refuse. Addition of a high acetate to nitrate ratio did not lead to the production of NH4+ by dissimilatory nitrate reduction. Although the population of denitrifying bacteria decreased by about five orders of magnitude during refuse decomposition in a reactor that did not receive nitrate, rapid denitrification commenced immediately with the addition of 400 mg NO3-N/L. These data suggest that the use of a landfill as a bioreactor for the conversion of nitrate to a harmless byproduct, nitrogen gas, is technically viable.
Karpe, Yatin Surendra. "Weave-Room Performance Decision-Making Process in Textiles: Mapping An Information Engineering Methodology." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08312006-095818/.
Повний текст джерелаRandall, Michael J. "BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT TO MORRO BAY." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/740.
Повний текст джерелаNuangjamnong, Chompu. "An investigation of network management." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1836.
Повний текст джерелаJanse, van Vuuren Francois Jacobus. "Technology licencing practices of South African manufacturing companies a profile and the influence of some organisational, transactional and contextual factors /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01122005-084535.
Повний текст джерелаNel, Johlene. "The role of middle management in strategy execution : a case study in a consulting engineering firm." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19403.
Повний текст джерелаStrategy execution is a notorious challenge. Research shows that only two thirds of the employees at the best companies agree that strategic and operational decisions are quickly translated into action. Organisations have to devote as much energy into getting execution right as they spend on crafting the direction for their business. Planning and implementation are inevitably joined at the hip, with the success at both these aspects insuring the success of the business. The sphere in which private companies operate is profit driven by nature, which requires thorough planning and communication throughout the organisation. Middle management plays a central role in these companies and, if this group is the weakest link, failure is likely to occur. In order to be able to study the role of middle management in an organisation susceptible to the challenges mentioned above, a South African consulting engineering firm has been identified as a case study. Findings from this research study can prove helpful to the case study organisation and others in understanding the process of strategic translation and execution at middle management level and identifying possible areas for improvement or refinement. In developing an understanding of middle management’s perception of the strategic process, sense can be made of how they translate it into tasks and responsibilities and ultimately the role they play in unfolding strategic plans in the implementation process. The findings from the study highlight the critical role performed by middle managers within the CEF. Data collected through the interviews indicate that middle management has a broad understanding of the organisation’s strategy and that the roles of middle management within the CEF as connectors, knowledge conveyors and sense-makers in the execution of the organisation’s strategy are vital in successful strategy implementation. Lastly, the utilisation of the experience gained through the strategy implementation process is debatable. The researcher concludes with a request for further research to determine the extent to which organisations utilise the implementation roles of middle managers to provide substance to strategy plans
J, Bredenhann S. "Application of neural networks in pavement management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51619.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The intent of this thesis is to examine the solving of problems with neural networks. Three cases are investigated: the calculation of a Visual Condition Index (VCI), the determination ofthe reseal need, and the back-calculation of E-moduli from measured deflection basins. The calculation of a Visual Condition Index (VCI) is a very good example of how a neural network can be applied to reach a conclusion through the association of a number of facts with one single outcome. VISual assessments of the road condition are done on a yearly basis and the Assessor gives his impression of the condition of a road. A neural network simulates the association between the inputs of elements of distress on the road and the eventual assessment of the overall condition expressed as the VCI, very well. Reseal need is determined by the Provincial Administration: Western Cape (PAWC) with a Reseal Expert System. Data produced by the expert system was used to train a neural network to determine the reseal need. The strength of using these two methods in combination is shown. Meaningful results could not be obtained due to insufficient data in certain categories. Deflection measurements with a Falling Weight Deflectometer are meaningful indicators of pavement strength. Back-calculation is used to calculate E-moduli of pavement layers which can be used in a mechanistic approach to estimate remaining pavement life from pavement response. Conventional backcalculation programs, when implemented in a pavement management system, result in very long computing times due to the large volumes of data available. Neural networks offer the alternative of very fast processing, making the implementation of back-calculation in real-time possible. It is shown that neural networks can back-calculate E-moduli, but with varying degrees of success. The main problem identified is the basis on which the dataset used to train neural networks, is generated using linear elastic theory. The biggest limitation in the linear elastic theory is that non-linear and stress dependent behaviour of materials cannot be simulated, two aspects that have a major influence on the back-calculated E-moduli. Improvements in the data generation process using a theory that accommodates non-linear and stress dependent behaviour of materials may result in improved performance of the neural networks. It is also shown that it is very difficult to design a single neural network that can be successfully used on all the possible pavement types. It is better to identify representative pavement types and train neural networks for each of these. Neural networks can be applied with success in the pavement management field and the combination of Expert Systems, Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic can be a very powerful method to solve complicated problems. Care should be taken in the design of the neural networks and a good understanding ofthe data is a prerequisite for success.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bedoeling met die tesis is om die vermoë van neurale netwerke om probleme op te los, te ondersoek. Drie gevalle word beskou: die berekening van 'n Visuele Toestand Indeks (VTI), die bepaling van die herseël behoefte en die terugberekening van die E-moduli vanaf defleksie metings. Die berekening van die VTI demonstreer die vermoë van neurale netwerke om,deur middel van die assosiasie tussen 'n hele aantal veranderlikes tot 'n enkele uitkoms, tot 'n gevolgtrekking te kom. Visuele opnames van paaie word op 'n jaarlikse basis gedoen waar die opnemer sy indrukke gee van die toestand van die pad. In Neurale netwerk simuleer die assosiasie tussen die insette (waargenome gebreke) en die uiteindelike toestands beskrywing van die pad, uitgedruk as die VTI, baie goed. Die Provinsiale Administrase: Wes-Kaap bepaal die jaarlikse herseëlbehoefte met behulp van 'n Herseël Ekspertstelsel. Die uitsette van hierdie stelsel is gebruik om 'n neurale netwerk op te lei om die herseëlbehoefte te bepaal. Die voordele om die twee stelsels saam aan te wend, word getoon. Betekenisvolle resultate kom nie bekom word nie vanweë onvoldoende inligting in sekere kategorieë. Defleksiemetings deur 'n vallende-gewig meetapparaat is betekenisvolle indikators van die plaveiselsterkte. Die E-moduli van die plaveisellae word bepaal deur terugberekenings vanaf defleksiemetings. Hierdie Emoduli kan gebruik word om met behulp van meganistiese metodes die oorblywende leeftyd van 'n plaveisel te bepaal. Konvensionele terugberekenings programme, geïmplementeer in In plaveiselbestuurstelsel, neem lank om die groot hoeveelheid defleksiemetings te verwerk. Neurale netwerke bied die alternatief van die intydse berekening van E-moduli vanweë die besonder hoë berekeningspoed wat behaal word. In hierdie tesis word aangetoon dat neurale netwerke aangewend kan word om die terugberekenigs te doen, maar met 'n wisselende mate van sukses. Die gebruik van die lineêre elastiese teorie om die data vir die neurale netwerke te genereer, word as 'n probleem geïdentifiseer. Die grootste tekortkoming wat met die lineêre elastiese teorie ondervind word is dat dit nie die nie-lineêre en spanningsafhanklike gedrag van materiale voldoende simuleer nie. Beide hierdie twee aspekte het 'n groot invloed op die akkuraatheid van terugberekende E-moduli. Verbeteringe in die generering van data deur 'n teorie te gebruik wat nie-lineêre en spanningsafhanklike gedrag van materiale behoorlik simuleer, mag lei tot 'n beter prestasie van die neurale netwerke. Dit word ook getoon dat dit moeilik is om 'n enkele neurale netwerk te ontwerp wat suksesvol gebruik kan word op alle plaveiseltipes. Dit is beter om verteenwoordigende plaveiseltipes te identifiseer en dan neurale netwerke vir elkeen te ontwerp. Neurale netwerke kan met sukses in die plaveiselbestuur veld toegepas word en die kombinasie van ekspertsteiseis, neurale netwerke en vaagheidstelsels (fuzzy) kan tot kragtige metodes lei om komplekse probleme op te los. Sorg moet aan die dag gelê word met die ontwerp van neurale netwerke en 'n goeie begrip van die data is 'n voorvereiste vir sukses.
Bekker, Michiel Christiaan. "A review of Sasol Technology Engineering division's strategic roadmap and the implementation thereof." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5032.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sasol Technology Engineering Division (SED) is part of the Sasol Group of Companies and was formally established in 1983. The organisation's immediate focus was to render technical and project management support to the operating petrochemical units of Sasol 2 and Sasol 3. During the late 1980's and early 1990's various external drivers appeared that necessitated a review and adjustment to Sasol's strategic direction. Sasol decided to unlock the value in raw materials and embarked on an investment program in major chemical production facilities. With this new drive towards implementing large, multi-million Rand, projects, SED had to re-assess its competencies and focus in order to support this new strategic drive of Sasol. During 1995 an extensive management buy-out (MBO) exercise was concluded whereby most of the technical discipline departments were outsourced. The idea was that all modification and operations support projects be handled by the MBO's. This enabled SED to focus on large projects. With the new strategic direction in place SED launched a Balanced Scorecard (BSG) exercise to convert this strategy into specific goals and communicating the strategy to all employees. This exercise led to the development of a document called the SED Strategic Roadmap. This document explained the goals and interventions required for success until 2003. The review and re-visiting of the SED Strategic Roadmap formed the main focus of this study project. A serious concern identified from the outset was that no realised strategy was drafted before the strategic intent was formalised. Therefore, in order to review the SED Strategic Roadmap a study was done on the realised organisational situation of SED by means of the results of various organisational studies done by consultants. With a realised situation formalised the development and contents of the SED Strategic Roadmap were explained. Following this explanation a broad literature review was conducted to grasp the latest thinking around the management science of strategy. With the realised strategy and theory as background the mere reason for SED's existence was unravelled. A very important finding was that SED should rather focus on improving its operational effectiveness instead of formalising a strategy. SED remains a supporting division that should underline and align itself with the strategic needs of Sasol. For reviewing purposes a "new" set of goals was identified that is closer linked with the purpose of SED. An intervention was allocated to each "new" goal to ensure focused implementation of every "new" goal. A proposal was tabled to conduct and implement the interventions in terms of project-based management, meaning that all interventions are handled as projects with budgets, time spans and specified outcomes. The listed "new" goals serve as an alternative to those in the SED Strategic Roadmap. The "new" goals support the vision of SED and provide the opportunity to excel in improving its operational effectiveness.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sasol Tegnologie Ingenieursdivisie (SED) is deel van die Sasol Groep van Maatskappye en het formeel tot stand gekom in 1983. Die organisasie se onmiddelike fokus was om tegniese- en projekbestuursondersteuning te gee aan die petrochemiese bedryfseenhede van Sasol 2 en Sasol 3. Gedurende die laat 1980's en vroeë 1990's het verskeie eksterne besigheidsdrywers na vore getree wat Sasol genoodsaak het om sy strategiese rigting te hersien en aan te pas. Dit het Sasol tot die besluit gebring om die waarde in rou materiaal te onsluit deur 'n investeringsprogram te loods vir die oprigting van verskeie groot chemiese produksie fasiliteite. Met hierdie nuwe dryf na die implementering van groot, multi-miljoen Rand projekte was SED genoodsaak om bevoegdhede en fokus te hersien om daardeur ondersteuning te gee aan die nuwe strategiese rigting van Sasol. Gedurende 1995 is 'n uitgebreide bestuursuitkoop (MBO) aksie geloods waartydens meeste van die tegniese dissipline departemente uitgekontrakteur is. Die gedagte was dat alle klein modifiserings- en bedryfsondersteuningsprojekte deur die MBOs hanteer moes word. Hierdeur kon SED fokus op groot projekte. Met die nuwe strategiese rigting uitgestippel het SED voortgegaan en 'n "balanced scorecard" (BSG) oefening geloods waardeer die strategiese oogmerke omgesit is in spesifieke doelwitte en na die res van die werknemers gekommunikeer is. Hierdie oefening het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van die SED Strategiese Padkaart dokument. Die dokument beskryf die doelwitte en intervensies benodig vir operasionele sukses tot en met die jaar 2003. Die hersiening en heroorweging van die SED Strategiese Padkaart vorm die fokus van hierdie studieprojek. Vanuit die staanspoor is 'n ernstige bekommernis uitgelig deurdat geen analise gedoen is van die gerealiseerde strategie voordat die strategiese intensie geformaliseer is nie. Derhalwe was dit nodig om eers 'n studie te doen waardeer die huidige, gerealiseerde strategie beskryf kon word. Hierdie studie was gedoen na gelang van die resultate van verskeie organisasiestudies wat deur konsultante uitgevoer is. Met 'n gerealiseerde situasie geformuleer is die inhoud van die SED Strategiese Padkaart verduidelik. Die verduideliking is gevolg met 'n bree literatuuroorsig rakende die wetenskap van strategiese bestuur en die nuutste denke rondom die onderwerp. Met die gerealiseerde strategie en literatuurstudie as agtergrond is die werklike rede vir die bestaan van SED opnuut ondersoek. 'n Belangrike gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kon word is dat SED liewers moet fokus op die verbetering van die organisasie se operasionele effektiwiteit in plaas van die formalisering van 'n strategie. SED bly 'n ondersteuningsdivisie en behoort gerig te wees tot die strategiese behoeftes van Sasol. Vir hersienings doeleindes is 'n "nuwe" stel doelwitte geidentifiseer wat nouer bande het met die rede vir SED se bestaan. 'n Intervensie was toegedeel aan elke "nuwe" doelwit om sodoende gefokusde implementering van elke "nuwe" doelwit te verseker. 'n Voorstel is gemaak om alle intervensies te implementeer in terme van projek-gebaseerde-bestuur. Hierdeur word verwys na die hantering van intervensies as projekte met begrotings, tydskedules en spesifieke verwagte resultate. Die gelyste "nuwe" doelwitte dien as alternatief tot die doelwitte soos beskryf in die SED Strategiese Padkaart. Die "nuwe" doelwitte ondersteun die visie van SED en verskaf die geleentheid om die verbetering van die operasionele effektiwiteit te versnel.
Raman, Mala. "Supply management measures for alleviating urban traffic congestion." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020519/.
Повний текст джерелаZhang, Guanghua. "Performance Analysis and Strategic Management of Longitudinal Pavement Markings." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11062009-155546/.
Повний текст джерелаKuterdem, Can Ali. "Integrated Watershed Management Using a Genetic Algorithm-Based Approach." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010713-114413.
Повний текст джерелаKuterdem, Can Ali. Integrated Watershed Management Using a Genetic Algorithm-Based Approach (Under the direction of Dr. Ranji S. Ranjithan)Watershed management requires consideration of a multitude of factors affecting water quality at the watershed-scale while integrating point and non-point sources of pollution and control. While the existing water quality modeling systems and associated quantitative tools can assist in some aspects of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) development for a watershed, their abilities to assist in determining efficient management strategies are limited. Typically, the best a user can do is employ these tools manually to explore the solution space via a trial-and-error process, which is inefficient for finding management strategies that consider water quality as well as a multitude of other design issues simultaneously. Recent implementation of the STAR (STrategy, Analysis, and Reporting) system incorporates a set of systems analytic tools to assist decisions-makers explore and identify alternative management strategies. The main engine of the STAR system is a genetic algorithm-based optimization technique, which is coupled with additional tools such as an uncertainty propagation tool, a solution reporting system, and an incremental strategy development system to form a decision support framework. This paper describes some of the capabilities of this framework through several illustrative scenarios for the Yellow River watershed in Gwinnett County, Georgia, which conducted a comprehensive, countywide TMDL investigation to assess the current water quality conditions. The STAR system?s capabilities are employed to identify ways to achieve minimum total phosphorous (TP) levels via point and nonpoint source controls, as well as characterize the implications of future urban development on TP levels. Noninferior tradeoffs between urban development and TP levels at different degrees of point source controls are generated. The range of uses of the STAR system in considering the integrated effect of point and non-point sources in watershed management is demonstrated throughout these illustrative scenarios.
Todd, Hal M. Parten Douglas S. "A systems engineering approach to address human capital management issues in the shipbuilding industry." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Sept/08Sep%5FTodd.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThesis Advisor(s): Langford, Gary O. "September 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on November 4, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 215-220). Also available in print.
Cronje, Mercia. "Engineering process model: Detection of cycles and determination of paths." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2376.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to plan the engineering work of large construction projects efficiently, a model of the engineering process is required. An engineering process can be modelled by sets of persons, tasks, datasets and tools, as well as the relationships between the elements of these sets. Tasks are more often than not dependent on other tasks in the engineering process. In large projects these dependencies are not easily recognised, and if tasks are not executed in the correct sequence, costly delays may occur. The homogeneous binary relation “has to be executed before” in the set of tasks can be used to determine the logical sequence of tasks algebraically. The relation can be described by a directed graph in the set of tasks, and the logical sequence of tasks can be determined by sorting the graph topologically, if the graph is acyclic. However, in an engineering process, this graph is not necessarily acyclic since certain tasks have to be executed in parallel, causing cycles in the graph. After generating the graph in the set of tasks, it is important to fuse all the cycles. This is achieved by finding the strongly connected components of the graph. The reduced graph, in which each strongly connected component is represented by a vertex, is a directed acyclic graph. The strongly connected components may be determined by different methods, including Kosaraju’s, Tarjan’s and Gabow’s methods. Considering the “has to be executed before” graph in the set of tasks, elementary paths through the graph, i.e. paths which do not contain any vertex more than once, are useful to investigate the influence of tasks on other tasks. For example, the longest elementary path of the graph is the logical critical path. The solution of such path problems in a network may be reduced to the solution of systems of equations using path algebras. The solution of the system of equations may be determined directly, i.e. through Gauss elimination, or iteratively, through Jacobi’s or Gauss-Seidel’s methods or the forward and back substitution method. The vertex sequence of an acyclic graph can be assigned in such a way that the coefficient matrix of the system of equations is reduced to staggered form, after which the solution is found by a simple back substitution. Since an engineering process has a start and an end, it is more acyclic than cyclic. Consequently we can usually reduce a substantial part of the coefficient matrix to staggered form. Using this technique, modifications of the solution methods mentioned above were implemented, and the efficiency of the technique is determined and compared between the various methods.