Статті в журналах: "Thermoplastic composite"

1

Periasamy, Kailashbalan, Everson Kandare, Raj Das, Maryam Darouie, and Akbar A. Khatibi. "Interfacial Engineering Methods in Thermoplastic Composites: An Overview." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020415.

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The paper critically analyzed different interfacial enhancing methods used in thermoplastic composites. Although the absence of cross-linked polymer chains and chemical bonds on solidification enables the thermoplastics to be remelted, it creates weak interfacial adhesion between fibre reinforcements and the thermoplastic matrix. The weak fibre-matrix interface bonding reduces the efficiency with which the applied load can be transferred between these composite constituents, causing the composite to fail prematurely. Their need for high-temperature processing, poor compatibility with other polymer matrices, and relatively high viscosity render thermoplastics challenging when used to manufacture composite laminates. Therefore, various methods, including nanoparticles, changing the polarity of the fibre surface by plasma etching, chemical treatment with ozone, or an oxidative attack at the fibre surface, have been applied to improve the fibre/matrix bonding in thermoplastic composites. The fabrication steps followed in these techniques, their progress in research, and the associated toughening mechanisms are comprehensively discussed in this paper. The effect of different fibre-matrix interfacial enhancement methods on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites is also deliberated.

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2

Bona, Anna. "Theoretical and Experimental Review of Applied Mechanical Tests for Carbon Composites with Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2019, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2019-0023.

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Abstract This article has a theoretical and experimental character. It presents the characteristics of two main thermoplastics used in the aerospace industry – poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) and poly phenylene sulphide (PPS). The selected materials are compounds for the production of thermoplastic polymer matrix composites. The paper presents a literature review of the application of thermoplastic polymer matrix composite materials in aviation. Additionally, the paper focuses on the characteristics of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) which plays an important role in the production of aerospace components. Testing methods have been chosen on the basis of the type of composite matrix. The article contains the most important mechanical properties and general characteristics of thermoplastics used as a matrix for CFRP type composites used in the aerospace industry. Individual test procedures which allow for the evaluation of mechanical properties of composite materials on a thermoplastic polymer matrix, have been described. Mechanical tests such as static tensile test and bending of short beams were carried out in order to examine CFRP composites.

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3

Mat Rasat, Mohd Sukhairi, Razak Wahab, Amran Shafie, Ahmad Mohd Yunus AG., Mahani Yusoff, Sitti Fatimah Mhd. Ramle, and Zulhisyam A.K. "Effect of Wood-Fiber Geometry Size on Mechanical Properties of Wood-Fiber from Neolamarckia Cadamba Species Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v1i1.669.

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Using natural wood-fiber as reinforcement in commercial thermoplastics is gaining momentum due to its high specific properties and renewable resources. In this study, the effect of wood particle geometry size on mechanical properties of thermoplastics composite was investigated. The wood species that has been chosen is Kelempayan species (Neolamarckia cadamba) and reinforced with polypropylene using fiber geometry size of 75 and 250 ?m. Thermoplastic composites were produced from two types of ratio (30:70 and 10:90) between wood-fiber and polypropylene. Static bending and tensile strength were tested. The result showed that wood-fiber from 75 ?m geometry sizes with ratio of 30:70 between wood-fiber and polypropylene was most suitable in producing thermoplastic composites. The geometry sizes of wood particle as well as the ratio between wood-fiber and polypropylene were found to influence the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composites.

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4

Rodriguez, Patrick A., and Donald W. Radford. "A DMA-Based Approach to Quality Evaluation of Digitally Manufactured Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Thermoplastic Commingled Tow." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020061.

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Direct digital manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics exhibits the potential to relieve many of the constraints placed on the current design and manufacture of composite structures. At present, the additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics is demonstrated to varying extents; however, a comprehensive investigation of manufacturing defects and the quality of additively manufactured high fiber volume fraction continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites is limited. Considering the preliminary nature of the additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, composites processed in this manner are typically subject to various manufacturing defects, including excessive void content in the thermoplastic matrix. Generally, quality evaluation of processed composites in the literature is limited to test methods that are largely influenced by the properties of the continuous fiber reinforcement, and as such, defects in the thermoplastic matrix are usually less impactful on the results and are often overlooked. Hardware to facilitate the direct digital manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites was developed, and specimens were successfully processed with intentionally varied void content. The quality of the additively manufactured specimens was then evaluated in terms of the measured maximum storage modulus, maximum loss modulus, damping factor and the glass transition temperature by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA allows for thermomechanical (i.e., highly matrix sensitive) evaluation of the composite specimens, specifically in terms of the measured elastic storage modulus, viscous loss modulus, damping factor and the glass transition temperature. Within the tested range of void contents from roughly 4–10%, evaluation by DMA resulted in a distinct reduction in the maximum measured storage modulus, maximum loss modulus and glass transition temperature with increasing void content, while the damping factor increased. Thus, the results of this work, which focused on the effect of void content on DMA measured properties, have demonstrated that DMA exhibits multi-faceted sensitivity to the presence of voids in the additively manufactured continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic specimens.

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5

Khamidullaevna, Alimova Zebo, and Dauletbaeva Hulkar Ilkhomzhonovna. "RESEARCH OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON THERMOPLASTICS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 06 (June 1, 2022): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-06-33.

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The specific operating conditions of products made of thermoplastic materials necessitate targeted modification of polymer binders, which reduces the characteristic disadvantages of thermoplastics and enhances their advantages .The article examines some aspects of the use of composite materials based on thermoplastics. The most effective modifiers of polymer matrices, from the point of view of increasing their parameters of deformation-strength and tribotechnical characteristics, are components that prevent the development of thermo -oxidative destruction and tribocracking processes. In our opinion, the formed requirements for functional composite materials based on thermoplastics can be ensured by implementing the basic methodological principles, which consist in increasing the resistance to the effects of thermo oxidizing and operating environments and aging.

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6

Perrin, Henri, Masoud Bodaghi, Vincent Berthé, Sébastien Klein, and Régis Vaudemont. "On the Hot-Plate Welding of Reactively Compatibilized Acrylic-Based Composites/Polyamide (PA)-12." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020691.

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Joining of dissimilar thermoplastics and their composites is a challenge for thermal welding techniques due to different melting points. Reactive welding with an auxiliary functional material can offer the clear opportunities to develop joining processes due to robustness to joining dissimilar thermoplastic polymers and their composites. The current study employed reactive compatibilization to offer the possibility of joining an acrylic-based glass fiber composite to polyamide (PA)-12 by applying a hot-tool welding technique. For this purpose, composite plates are fabricated by a typical vacuum infusion and thin layer thermoplastic films are formed by a thermostamping of PA12 granules. Subsequently, the reactive welding of the interposed PA12 sheet and Elium®-GMA-Glass composite is conducted by hot-plate welding. A glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a compatibilizing agent is copolymerized with methyl methacrylate Elium® resin. During the hot-tool welding process of dissimilar thermoplastic material, GMA can react with the polyamide end groups. The heat distribution at the Elium® GMA/PA-12 interface is responsible for obtaining a strong joint. This study focuses on the functionality of the compatibilizer on the welding of acrylic-based composites with polyamide (PA)-12 while varying the assembly temperature. The flatwise tensile test proved the effectiveness of GMA on the interface bounding. The excellent bounding incompatible polymers Elium® resin (PMMA) and PA12 was achieved at 200 °C.

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7

Mihu, Georgel, Sebastian-Marian Draghici, Vasile Bria, Adrian Circiumaru, and Iulian-Gabriel Birsan. "Mechanical Properties of Some Epoxy-PMMA Blends." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.2.5494.

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The thermoset polymers and the thermoplastic polymers matrix composites require different forming techniques due to the different properties of two classes of polymers. While the forming technique for thermoset polymer matrix composites does not require the use of special equipment, the thermoplastic polymer matrix composites imposes the rigorous control of temperature and pressure values. Each type of polymer transfers to the composite a set of properties that may be required for a certain application. It is difficult to design a composite with commonly brittle thermoset polymer matrix showing properties of a viscoelastic thermoplastic polymer matrix composite. One solution may consist in mixing a thermoset and a thermoplastic polymer getting a polymer blend that can be used as matrix to form a composite. This study is about using PMMA solutions to obtain thermoset-thermoplastic blends and to mechanically characterize the obtained materials. Three well known organic solvents were used to obtain the PMMA solutions, based on a previous study concerning with the effect of solvents presence into the epoxy structure.

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8

Öztekin, Hilal Filiz, Mustafa Gür, Serkan Erdem, and Mete Onur Kaman. "Effect of fiber type and thickness on mechanical behavior of thermoplastic composite plates reinforced with fabric plies." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2022.03161169.

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Studies on weight reduction in aviation and space vehicles have gained momentum recently. Thermoplastic matrix composite materials are important alternative materials, especially due to their high specific strength, formability and recyclability. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for different fiber and layer configurations. Thermoplastic composite materials used in the study were produced by lamination technique. In composite production; Glass fiber and carbon-aramid hybrid fabrics were used as fiber, and polyethylene granules were used as matrix. Thermoplastic sheets were obtained by keeping polyethylene granules and woven fibers in the hot press for a certain period of time. The damage behavior of the composite test specimens under tensile load was tested for the number of layers and fiber type. As the number of layers increased, stiffness, damage load and deformations increased in thermoplastic composites. Using hybrid fabric instead of glass as fiber material increased the maximum damage load by 100%.

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9

Vellguth, Natalie, Tanja Rudeck, Madina Shamsuyeva, Franz Renz, and Hans Josef Endres. "Thermal Stability of Natural Fibers via Thermoset Coating for Application in Engineering Thermoplastics." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.433.

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An effective integration of natural fibers into engineering thermoplastics requires sufficient thermal stability of natural fibers during processing, since melting temperature of engineering thermoplastics lies above 200 °C. The aim of the work was to protect natural fibers from the heat of the molten thermoplastic via coating with a modified epoxy resin, thus enabling manufacture of natural fiber-reinforced engineering thermoplastic composites with minimized thermal degradation of the fibers. Processing temperature comprised the range of engineering thermoplastic polyamide 6 (PA6), which was 225 °C. Flax fabrics were spray coated with partially bio-based epoxy resin and incorporated via hot press technique into a PA6 matrix. The composite samples including spray coated flax fibers as well as the reference flax fibers without coating were characterized with regard to their mechanical properties, namely bending and tensile tests, thermal properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and optical via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer tomography (CT). The results show that this approach enables manufacture of composites with reproducible mechanical properties, i.e. bending and tensile properties as well as enhanced thermal stabilities.

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10

Wongpreedee, Thapanee, and Nanthaya Kengkhetkit. "Effect of Rice Flour Types on the Properties of Nonwoven Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Thermoplastic Rice Starch Composites." Key Engineering Materials 904 (November 22, 2021): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.904.221.

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Thermoplastic starches and a nonwoven pineapple leaf sheet (NPALF) were prepared. Two types of flours were used to prepare thermoplastic starches (TPSs) which were Rice flour thermoplastic starch (RTPS) and Glutinous rice flour thermoplastic starch (GTPS). Two layers of thermoplastic starches and NPALF layer were sandwiched and pressed by a hot pressing machine at 150°C with 1500 psi for 15 min. All composites were investigated their densities and tensile properties. The density of all composite types had a lower density than each neat TPSs and types of rice flours did not affect their densities. The tensile property results confirmed NPALF could be used as a reinforcing agent both in GTPS and RTPS composites but their tensile improvement effectiveness in both systems are different. NPALF composite with RTPS did not affect the tensile strength but provided a slight improvement in modulus. Remarkably, NPALF composite using GTPS explored the great improvement performance both in strength and modulus which were increased up to 174% and 308% comparing with neat GTPS. SEM micrograph evidence clearly showed good wetting between GTPS and the reinforcement layer in the composite. This is resulting in the NPALF-GTPS composite showed a strong improvement in tensile properties.

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11

Gubanov, D. B. "Thermoplastic Composite Technologies." Proceedings of Higher Education Institutions. Textile Industry Technology, no. 6 (2021): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47367/0021-3497_2021_6_307.

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12

Wang, Qiushi, Haibin Ning, Uday Vaidya, Selvum Pillay, and Leigh-Ann Nolen. "Fiber content measurement for carbon fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composites using carbonization-in-nitrogen method." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 1 (December 8, 2016): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705716679481.

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Carbon fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composites are gaining increasing interest in various applications thanks to their combined properties of high specific stiffness, high specific strength, and superior toughness. Their mechanical properties are highly dependent on the carbon fiber content. In this study, the carbonization-in-nitrogen method (CIN) developed in previous work is used to measure the fiber content of carbon fiber thermoplastic composites. Three types of carbon fiber thermoplastic composite samples were prepared using hot-melt impregnation. The carbon fiber thermoplastic composite sample is carbonized in a nitrogen environment alongside a neat resin sample that is used for calibrating the resin carbonization percentage. A good agreement is achieved between the nominal carbon fiber content and the carbon fiber content measured using the CIN method. It is concluded that the CIN method is an accurate and efficient way to characterize the carbon fiber content for carbon fiber thermoplastic composites. This work completes the verification of the CIN method, which enables extended application to thermoplastic composites. Moreover, it has its unique merits on evaluating the carbon fiber content for high-temperature and solvent-resistant thermoplastic composites that would encounter challenges using other methods.

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13

Ramakrishnan, T., M. D. Mohan Gift, S. Chitradevi, R. Jegan, P. Subha Hency Jose, H. N. Nagaraja, Rajneesh Sharma, P. Selvakumar, and Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis. "Study of Numerous Resins Used in Polymer Matrix Composite Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1088926.

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There are a slew of elements at work in the composites sector, from people and markets to technology and innovation, that are continually reshaping the industry's structure. For now, composite materials' winning combination of high strength-to-weight ratio continues to propel them into new areas, but other attributes are just as crucial. These properties, which may be customized for unique purposes, result in a completed product requiring fewer raw materials and fewer joints and fasteners, as well as reduced assembly times, thanks to composite materials. To lower product lifespan costs, composites also have demonstrated resilience in industrial applications to temperature extremes as well as corrosion and wear. Polymers, ceramics, and metals can all be used as matrices. Thermoplastic (TP) resin is the second most prevalent matrix type, and it is becoming increasingly popular among composite makers. By melting or softening and then chilling the material, thermoplastic linear polymer chains are generated and may be reformed into shaped solids. It is common for thermoplastics to be offered in sheet or panel form, which may be treated using in situ consolidation processes, such as pressing, to manufacture durable, near-net-shape components without the need for an autoclave or vacuum bag cure. Correcting abnormalities or fixing harm done in service is possible with reformability.

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Jiang, Qihong, Guiyong Chen, Abhideep Kumar, Andrew Mills, Krutarth Jani, Vasudevan Rajamohan, Barathan Venugopal, and Sameer Rahatekar. "Sustainable Sandwich Composites Manufactured from Recycled Carbon Fibers, Flax Fibers/PP Skins, and Recycled PET Core." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010002.

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European union end of life vehicle directive mandates the use of more sustainable/recyclable materials in automotive industries. Thermoplastics matrix-based composites allow recyclability of composites at the end of life; however, their processing technology is more challenging than thermoset composites. Manufacturing process and mechanical testing of sustainable sandwich composite made from sustainable materials: flax, recycled carbon fiber, polypropylene, and recycled PET foam are presented in this article. High pressure compression molding with adhesive thermoplastic polymer film was used for manufacturing sandwich composite skin. The recycled PET foam core was integrated/joined with the skin using a thermoplastics adhesive film. A three-point bending test was conducted to compare the flexural properties. The results show that such sustainable sandwich composites will be an excellent material for truck side panel to operate in adverse wind/storm conditions. The sustainable sandwich composite can potentially be an excellent candidate for the fabrication of light-duty, lightweight, and low-cost engineering structures in automotive industry to meet the EU end of life requirements.

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15

James, M. R., and D. P. Anderson. "Determination of Crystallinity in Graphite Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Advances in X-ray Analysis 29 (1985): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800010387.

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Interest in advanced thermoplastic composites for use in high performance structures stems from their order of magnitude improvement in fracture toughness and delamination resistance over epoxy based composites, their strong solvent resistance, and the possibility of dramatically lower fabrication costs through processing flexibility. The chemical and mechanical properties of semicrystalline thermoplastics depend on the morphology of the material, such as the crystallinity content and spherulite size. We describe here the use of x-ray diffraction to characterize the degree of crystallinity of the polyetheretherketone-graphite composite system, a leading thermoplastic candidate for use in aerospace vehicles. In reflection, diffraction from the microcrystalline graphite fibers dominates the scattered signal and must be adequately accounted for. The technique is useful on large samples and for quality control. In transmission, the graphite signal is weak, thus simplifying data analysis; however, sample thickness must be limited.

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16

Wu, Jingyu, Chenggao Li, Bahetihan Hailatihan, Longlong Mi, Yeerna Baheti, and Yuze Yan. "Effect of the Addition of Thermoplastic Resin and Composite on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061087.

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When the thermoplastic composites reach the service limits during the service, the recovery and utilization are the key concerns. Meanwhile, the improvement of strength, toughness and durability of epoxy resin is the effective method to prolong the service life of materials and structures. In the present paper, three kinds of thermoplastic resins (polypropylene-PP, polyamide 6-PA6 and polyether-ether-ketone-PEEK) and composites (carbon fiber-PEEK, glass fiber-PA6 and glass fiber-PP) were adopted as the fillers to reinforce and toughen the epoxy resin (Ts). The mechanical, thermal and microscopic analysis were conducted to reveal the performance improvement mechanism of Ts. It can be found that adding thermoplastic resin and composite fillers at the low mass ratio of 0.5~1.0% brought about the maximum improvement of tensile strength (7~15%), flexural strength (7~15%) and shear strength (20~30%) of Ts resin. The improvement mechanism was because the addition of thermoplastic fillers can prolong the cracking path and delay the failure process through the load bearing of fiber, energy absorption of thermoplastic resin and superior interface bonding. In addition, the thermoplastic composite had better enhancement effect on the mechanical/thermal properties of Ts resin compared to thermoplastic resin. When the mass ratio was increased to 2.0~3.0%, the agglomeration and stress concentration of thermoplastic filler in Ts resin appeared, leading to the decrease of mechanical and thermal properties. The optimal addition ratios of thermoplastic resin were 0.5~1.0% (PEEK), 1.0~2.0% (PA6) and 0.5~1.0% (PP) to obtain the desirable property improvement. In contrast, the optimal mass ratios of three kinds of composite were determined to be 0.5~1.0%. Application prospect analysis indicated adding the thermoplastic resin and composite fillers to Ts resin can promote the recycling and reutilization of thermoplastic composites and improve the performance of Ts resin, which can be used as the resin matrix, interface adhesive and anti-corrosion coating.

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17

Kang, Chang-Soo, Hyun-Kyu Shin, Yong-Sik Chung, Min-Kang Seo, and Bo-Kyung Choi. "Manufacturing of Carbon Fibers/Polyphenylene Sulfide Composites via Induction-Heating Molding: Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Flammability." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 4587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214587.

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Conventional thermosetting composites exhibit advantageous mechanical properties owing to the use of an autoclave; however, their wide usage is limited by high production costs and long molding times. In contrast, the fabrication of thermoplastic composites involves out-of-autoclave processes that use press equipment. In particular, induction-heating molding facilitates a quicker thermal cycle, reduced processing time, and improved durability of the thermoplastic polymers; thus, the process cost and production time can be reduced. In this study, carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide thermoplastic composites were manufactured using induction-heating molding, and the relationships among the process, structure, and mechanical properties were investigated. The composites were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, an ultrasonic C-scan, and X-ray computed tomography. In addition, the composites were subjected to flammability tests. This study provides novel insights into the optimization of thermoplastic composite manufacturing and thermoset composite curing processes.

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18

Boria, Simonetta, and Alessandro Scattina. "Energy absorption capability of laminated plates made of fully thermoplastic composite." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 8 (February 19, 2018): 1389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218760059.

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The behaviour of composites materials, made of synthetic fibres embedded in a thermoplastic resin, subjected to low velocity impacts, was largely studied in the past. However, in the last years, the use of thermoplastic composites has been increased due to the considerable advantages in terms of recyclability of this family of materials. Thermoplastic composites are composed of polymers with different material’s structure if compared to the more traditional thermoset composite. Consequently, the behaviour of these materials can be different in some loading conditions. Moreover, considering the wide range of thermoplastic composites that have been developed in the last years, the study of the behaviour of these materials, in case of impact, has not been yet widely analysed, in particular considering materials where both the matrix and the reinforcement are made of thermoplastic. In this perspective, the goal of this work is to study the behaviour of a new thermoplastic composite (PURE thermoplastic) in conditions of low velocity impact. In this material, the matrix and the fibre reinforcement are made of polypropylene both. The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation. In particular, a series of impact tests with a drop dart equipment have been carried out on laminates made of PURE thermoplastic. Laminates with different thicknesses have been taken into consideration. The influence of the impact conditions on the material’s behaviour has been investigated and the capability of energy absorption has been studied. The PURE thermoplastic showed a different behaviour in terms of energy absorption and damage mechanisms if compared to the composites presented in the literature. The thickness of the laminate has had influence on the deformation and the damage mechanism of the specimens: with low thickness, the perforation of the specimen has been obtained, whereas, with the higher thickness, the specimens have shown a ductile behaviour and extended plasticity without crack tip. The contact force between the dart and the specimen has been influenced by the energy level of the impact, but with an opposite trend if compared to that of the composites studied in the literature.

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Sebaey, Tamer A., Mohamed Bouhrara, and Noel O’Dowd. "Fibre Alignment and Void Assessment in Thermoplastic Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers Manufactured by Automated Tape Placement." Polymers 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030473.

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Automated Tape Placement (ATP) technology is one of the processes that is used for the production of the thermoplastic composite materials. The ATP process is complex, requiring multiple melting/crystallization cycles. In the current paper, laser-assisted ATP was used to manufacture two thermoplastic composites (IM7/PEEK and AS4/PA12). Those specimens were compared to specimens that were made of thermoset polymeric composites (IM7/8552) manufactured while using a standard autoclave cycle. In order assess the quality, void content, fibre distribution, and fibre misalignment were measured. After manufacturing, specimens from the three materials were assessed using optical microscopy and computed tomography (CT) scans. The results showed that, as compared to the thermoset composites, thermoplastics that are manufactured by the ATP have a higher amount of voids. On the other hand, manufacturing using the ATP showed an improvement in both the fibre distribution inside the matrix and the fibre misalignment.

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Sheng, Yong Hua. "Study on Application of Carbon Fiber Strengthen Thermoplastic Resin Composite Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.284.

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Recently, as the development of thermoplastic resin with excellent property and forming process of thermoplastic resin composite material, research of thermoplastic resin becomes a hot issue in related areas. Comparing with common composite material, thermoplastic resin composite material has many advantages, such as, excellent impacting resistance and many processes. So, more and more researchers focus in thermoplastic resin composite material. In this article, applications of carbon fiber strengthen thermoplastic resin composite materials are comprehensive.

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Lüking, Alexander, Robert Brüll, Thomas Köhler, Davide Pico, Gunnar Seide, and Thomas Gries. "One Step Production of Bicomponent Yarns with Glass Fibre Core and Thermoplastic Sheath for Composite Applications." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.506.

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The film stacking method is the industrial standard for the manufacturing of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (FRTCs). An alternative to this is commingling thermoplastic fibres with reinforcement fibres, e. g. glass fibres, into hybrid yarns. However, the composites produced by the use of film-stacking or hybrid yarns cannot achieve an optimal impregnation of reinforcement fibres with the matrix polymer. This stens from the high melt viscosity of thermoplastics, which prevents a uniform wetting of the reinforcement fibres. Leaving some fibers is unconnected to the matrix. This leads to composite lower strength than theoretically possible. The aim of the research is the coating of a single glass filament in the glass fibre nozzle drawing process to achive a homogenous distribution of glass fibres and matrix in the final composite. The approach uses particles with a diameter from 5 to 25 μm of polyamide 12 (PA 12) which are electrostatically charged and blown at an Eglass filament in the nozzle drawing process as seen in. The particles adhering to the filament are melted by infrared heating and winded afterwards. This development will allow the homogenous distribution of fibres and the matrix in a thermoplastic composite allowing a higher fibre volume content leading to improved mechanical properties. Even though the glass filaments could be coated with PA 12, a homogenous sheath could not be achieved in this investigation. Therefore, further research will focus on an improved homogeneity by reducing the agglomeration of PA 12, using dried PA12 and enhancing the coating setup.

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Draghici, Sorin, Ionut Sebastian Vintila, Radu Mihalache, Horia Alexandru Petrescu, Catalin Stelian Tuta, and Anton Hadar. "Design and Fabrication of Thermoplastic Moulds for Manufacturing CFRP Composite Impeller Blades." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.1.5338.

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The main objective of this study was to investigate thermoplastic materials design and fabrication processes for manufacturing composite impeller blades. Polyurethane (Necuron) and ABS (3D printed) thermoplastics were chosen due to their good mechanical properties, tooling applications, easy manufacturing and lifetime. For both thermoplastics, workability and hardness tests were performed, as well as microstructural and mechanical characterization evaluating their physical and mechanical properties. A 1:2.5 scale mould was designed and milled from Necuron N651 and N1001 and used for manufacturing of 1:2.5 scale composite impeller blades. Also, 1:1 scale ABS mould components were 3D printed and used to manufacture full scale composite impeller blades. All composite impeller presented good surface quality and tolerances with respect to CAD design, thus answering to requirements related to composite processing

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Yin, Hong Ling, Xiong Qi Peng, Tong Liang Du, and Jun Chen. "Experiment Study of Thermoforming of Plain Woven Composite (Carbon/Thermoplastics)." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.507.

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By combining carbon woven fabric with thermoplastics grains, a thermo-stamping process is proposed for forming parts with complex double curvatures in one step, to implement the affordable application of fiber reinforced composites in high volume merchandises such as automotive industry. In the proposed thermo-stamping process, laminated carbon woven fabrics with thermoplastic grains are heated, and then transferred rapidly to a preheated mould for thermo-stamping, and cooled down to form the carbon fiber reinforced composite part. Various thermoplastics such as PP, PA6 and ABS are used as matrix material in the composite part. Experimental results including shear angle distribution in the fabric, deformed boundary profile of fabric with different original fiber orientation and forming defects are presented. It is demonstrated that high quality parts can be obtained with the proposed forming process, and defects are controllable. By using the proposed process and laminated structures, it is feasible to implement the high-volume and low-cost manufacturing of fiber reinforced composite parts.

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Valente, Marco, Ilaria Rossitti, and Matteo Sambucci. "Different Production Processes for Thermoplastic Composite Materials: Sustainability versus Mechanical Properties and Processes Parameter." Polymers 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010242.

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Анотація:

Up to now, fiber-reinforced composites with thermoplastic matrix have seen limited fields of use in the structural scope due to their high viscosity in the molten state, which results in poor impregnability of the reinforcement, leading to mechanical properties of the finished product that are not comparable to those of thermosets. Although the latter still dominate the various sectors of automotive, aerospace, transportation and construction, new applications involving the production of thermoplastic composites are growing rapidly, offering new approaches to the solution of this problem. The aim of this work is to study and evaluate the state of the art on the manufacturing processes of thermoplastic matrix composite, analyzing the parameters that come into play and that most influence the process and material performance. The advantages of film stacking and powder impregnation techniques are contrasted by the versatility of hybrid fabrics and, at the same time, parameters such as pressure and temperature must be carefully considered. A description of different thermoplastic composite processes such as powder impregnation, film stacking molding, hybrid woven fabric, hybrid yarn and products follows, which represent the current possibilities to move from a thermosetting matrix composite to a thermoplastic one, upon which the concept of sustainability is based. This article wants to present an overview of research that has been done in manufacturing thermoplastic reinforced composites and will serve as a baseline and aid for further research and development efforts.

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25

Subuki, Istikamah, Suffiyana Akhbar, and Farrah Khalidah Nor Wahid. "Influence of Thermoplastic PEG, GLY and Zein in PCL/TZ and HAp Bio Composite via Solid State Supercritical CO2 Foaming." Scientific Research Journal 17, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v17i2.9534.

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This study is aimed to investigate the characteristics of the composite containing blended poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), hydroxyapatite (HA) and thermoplastic zein (TZ). Thermoplastic zein was developed by mixing zein with glycerol (GLY) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The thermal characterization of mixed TZ and bio composite was characterized in order to investigate the characterization of PCL/TZ/HA composites. The bio composited was then moulded and produce porous structure via solid state supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming process. The specimen was saturated with CO2 for 6 hours at 50˚C and saturation pressure of 20MPa at high depressurization rate. The morphology of porous specimen produced were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that after polymer saturation with CO2, high depressurization causes the formation of nucleated gas cells that give rise to pores within the foamed specimens. The blended bio composite with composition of PCL60/TZ20/HAp20 exhibit well interconnected porous structure compared to other bio composite prepared. The foaming effect produce foams with heterogeneous morphologies on bio composite material at relatively low temperature.

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26

Dong, Wei Gou, and Hai Ling Song. "Transverse Impact and Tensile Behavior of the Three-Dimensional Woven Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.1238.

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Two forms of perform were prepared by a Glass fiber/Polypropylene fiber commingled yarn. One was a three-dimensional woven fabric with an angle-interlock structure, and another was a two-dimensional plain woven fabric laminate. The three-dimensional woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites(3-DWRC) and two-dimensional woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites(2-DWRC) were fabricated by hot-press process. The Impact and tensile performances of both 3-DWRC and 2-DWRC were examined. Compared to the 2-DWRC, the 3-DWRC have better impact properties, the energy required to initiate cracks, the threshold force of the first oscillation and maximum load increased by 41.90%, 54.41%, 38.75% respectively under the low-energy impact conditions. The tensile tests shown that the 3-DWRC presented batter fracture toughness than the 2-DWRC. The use of thermoplastic composites is growing rapidly because of their excellent properties, a high toughness and damage tolerance, short processing cycles, and the ability to be reprocessed. But thermoplastic materials usually have a difficulty to impregnate between reinforcing fibers, due to high melt polymer viscosity. It is a technology innovation that the commingled yarns composed of reinforced fibers and thermoplastic fibers are used as prepreg for thermoplastic composite materials. Because thermoplastic fiber and reinforced fiber are closely combined, which reduces distances of resin’s infiltration, this can effectively overcome the difficulties of resin’s impregnation. The commingled yarns can be woven and knitted, and can facilitate the processing of complex structural composites. Three-dimensional fabrics reinforced composites are ideal materials with excellent integrity because it is linked with yarns between layers. Its shearing strength between layers, damage tolerance and reliability are better than the two-dimensional fabric laminated composites. At present, the researches of thermoplastic materials with two-dimensional fabric reinforced structure made from commingled yarns are much more, such as manufacturing technology, material properties ,effects of process conditions on properties, relationship between structures and properties, and so on [1-8]. However, only a few studies appear in literature on the structure-property relationships of three-dimensional fabric reinforced thermoplastic composite materials made of commingled yarns [9-10]. Byun, Hyung Joon et al. [9] undertook the impact test and the tensile test on 3-D woven thermoplastic composite materials and 2-D plain woven laminate which is made by CF/PEEK mixed yarn. Dong Weiguo and Huang Gu[10] studied the porosity, tensile and bending properties on 3-D woven thermoplastic composites which make from core-spun yarn containing glass fibers and polypropylene fibers. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact behavior of and tensile properties of 3-D woven fabric thermoplastic composites made by a GF/PP commingled yarns. Attempts was made to identify the damage mode of the 3-D woven fabric thermoplastic composites under the low energy impact and tensile conditions.

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Rahmatabadi, Davood, Mohammad Aberoumand, Kianoosh Soltanmohammadi, Elyas Soleyman, Ismaeil Ghasemi, Majid Baniassadi, Karen Abrinia, Ali Zolfagharian, Mahdi Bodaghi, and Mostafa Baghani. "A New Strategy for Achieving Shape Memory Effects in 4D Printed Two-Layer Composite Structures." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 5446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245446.

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In this study, a new strategy and design for achieving a shape memory effect (SME) and 4D printed two-layer composite structures is unveiled, thanks to fused deposition modeling (FDM) biomaterial printing of commercial filaments, which do not have an SME. We used ABS and PCL as two well-known thermoplastics, and TPU as elastomer filaments that were printed in a two-layer structure. The thermoplastic layer plays the role of constraint for the elastomeric layer. A rubber-to-glass transition of the thermoplastic layer acts as a switching phenomenon that provides the capability of stabilizing the temporary shape, as well as storing the deformation stress for the subsequent recovery of the permanent shape by phase changing the thermoplastic layer in the opposite direction. The results show that ABS–TPU had fixity and recovery ratios above 90%. The PCL–TPU composite structure also demonstrated complete recovery, but its fixity was 77.42%. The difference in the SME of the two composite structures is related to the transition for each thermoplastic and programming temperature. Additionally, in the early cycles, the shape-memory performance decreased, and in the fourth and fifth cycles, it almost stabilized. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs illustrated superior interfacial bonding and part integrity in the case of multi-material 3D printing.

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Mahmud, Siti Zalifah. "Physico-Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Composite Reinforced with Kelempayan, Oil Palm Trunk and Bamboo as Fillers." Scientific Research Journal 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v19i1.13684.

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Thermoplastic composite panel can be used for a variety of applications. The wide distribution, renewability and recyclability of lignocelluloses can expand the market for low-cost thermoplastic composites. Lignocellulosic materials from fast growing and plantation species such as lesser-known timber, bamboo and palm tree are promising materials for particulate filler for the production of thermoplastic composite panel due to its accessibility, great substrate behaviour and high yield resources. This study was to determine the physico-mechanical properties of thermoplastic composite panel reinforced with particulate fillers from kelempayan (Neolamarckia cadamba), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and betong bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). This study focused on the effect of particle size and three percent additive to dimensional stability and strength properties of a panel. The polypropylene plastic has been blended with the particulate fillers in a dispersion mixture at the temperature of 180 °C. Then, it was hot pressed for five to nine minutes and the mold was cold pressed for three minutes before the panel was conditioned for testing performance. Statistical analysis has proven that different particle sizes and the supplementary of three percent additive significantly influenced the physico-mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composite panel.

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Kayaaslan, Melihcan, Taner Coskun, Omer Sinan Sahin, Ulac M. Unlu, and Ferhat Kadioglu. "Mechanical and dynamic responses of unidirectional/woven carbon fiber reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites after low velocity impact." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112211196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221119669.

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It is highly important to determine how mechanical and dynamic properties of composite materials will change after impact loads considering the coupled effects of composite design parameters. For these reasons, three-point bending and vibration tests have been carried out for the carbon fiber reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites with various stacking sequences before and after low velocity impact, and it is expected that these results achieved from the current study will be beneficial for applications where high damping and impact resistance are demanded together. In this context, vibration tests were carried out under free-free boundary conditions, and their natural frequencies, flexural moduli and structural damping were obtained. Furthermore, three-point tests were conducted in the elastic region with 1 mm/min crosshead speed using a universal test machine, and thus flexural moduli of the composite specimens were obtained. The results were validated by comparing the flexural moduli obtained from the both vibration and three-point bending tests, found to be reliable and comparable. As a result of the current study, it was concluded that woven fabric reinforced composite specimens exhibited 50% higher specific damping capacity (SDC) but 70% lower flexural modulus than unidirectional specimens thanks to biaxially fiber alignment. On the other hand, specific damping capacities of the thermoset and thermoplastic composites with different stacking sequences have been examined, and it was observed that thermoset specimens exhibited unexpectedly 192% higher SDC compared to the thermoplastics. This was interpreted as even though thermoplastics are normally expected to exhibit more damping than thermosets, stacking sequence being more effective on damping responses. Apart from that, although there were slight changes in material properties due to degradation in structural integrity after 2 m/s and 3 m/s low-velocity impacts, it was not found to be significantly effective due to the limited damage areas.

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Minchenkov, Kirill, Alexander Vedernikov, Alexander Safonov, and Iskander Akhatov. "Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020180.

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Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.

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TOYOSHIMA, KUNIHIKO. "MTC'S Thermoplastic Composite Materials." Sen'i Gakkaishi 48, no. 6 (1992): P339—P341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.48.6_p339.

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32

Lin, Kunyang, Xiaofei Ma, Zhen Cui, Youwei Kang, Pengfei Huang, Huanxiao Li, Di Wu, Guanlong Su, and Xiaoyong Tian. "Electrical Property of 3D Printed Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Mesh Reflecting Surfaces." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5424839.

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Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites have been widely used in modern aerospace and other high-end manufacturing fields because of their light weight, high strength, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance properties. Due to the reinforcement of carbon fiber strands, continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites have good conductivity which makes it a potential material for the preparation of space-borne antennas reflecting surfaces. The reflecting surfaces of common mesh antennas are usually prepared by gold-plated molybdenum wire which is expensive and hard to produce. In this study, the continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites mesh reflecting surfaces are prepared by 3D printing technology. The effect of different mesh shape and mesh size on the electrical properties are investigated systematically. The electrical property of the reflecting surface were tested by waveguide method at the S band with the frequency of 1.9 ~ 2.3GHz. The results show that the reflection loss of the 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite mesh reflecting surfaces are lower than 0.25 dB, which can well meet the requirement of space-borne antennas in the S waveband. The reflection loss of the 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite mesh reflecting surfaces increases with the increase of mesh size accordingly for both the quadrangular and the triangular mesh reflecting surface. The reflecting property of the mesh reflecting surface tends to be better with a higher surface mass density. The results foresee that the continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites can be used to develop the reflector of large mesh antenna in the future work.

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33

Chitturi, Sai Krishna, A. A. Shaikh, and Alpesh H. Makwana. "Static analysis of thermoset-thermoplastic-based hybrid composite." International Journal of Structural Integrity 11, no. 1 (August 7, 2019): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2019-0046.

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Purpose A growing response in the development of hybrid composites to conquer the deficiency of neat composites has provoked doing this work. Thermoplastic Polycarbonate material offers better impact toughness with low structural weight. There is a little/no information available over the selected sandwich hybrid composite prepared from woven E-Glass and polycarbonate sheet. The purpose of this paper is to understand the response of the novel hybrid structure under tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear and impact loading conditions. Design/methodology/approach The hand-layup technique is used for fabricating the hybrid composites in the laminate configuration. The hybrid composites are prepared with a total fiber content of 70 percent weight fractions. The effect of the percentage of reinforcement on mechanical properties is evaluated experimentally as per American society for testing materials standard test methods. The damaged mechanisms of failed samples and fractured surfaces are well analyzed using vision measuring system and scanning electron microscopy. Findings A decline in densities of hybrid composites up to 22.5 percent is noticed with reference to neat composite. An increase in impact toughness up to 40.73 percent is marked for hybrid laminates owing to the ductile nature of PC. Delamination is identified to be the major mode of failure apart from fiber fracture/pull-out, matrix cracking in all the static loading conditions. Originality/value The response of novel hybrid composite reported has been explored for the first time in this paper. The outcome of experimental work revealed that hybridization offered lightweight structures with improved transverse impact toughness as compared to conventional composite.

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Gröger, Benjamin, Daniel Köhler, Julian Vorderbrüggen, Juliane Troschitz, Robert Kupfer, Gerson Meschut, and Maik Gude. "Computed tomography investigation of the material structure in clinch joints in aluminium fibre-reinforced thermoplastic sheets." Production Engineering 16, no. 2-3 (December 7, 2021): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01091-x.

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AbstractRecent developments in automotive and aircraft industry towards a multi-material design pose challenges for modern joining technologies due to different mechanical properties and material compositions of various materials such as composites and metals. Therefore, mechanical joining technologies like clinching are in the focus of current research activities. For multi-material joints of metals and thermoplastic composites thermally assisted clinching processes with advanced tool concepts are well developed. The material-specific properties of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics have a significant influence on the joining process and the resulting material structure in the joining zone. For this reason, it is important to investigate these influences in detail and to understand the phenomena occurring during the joining process. Additionally, this provides the basis for a validation of a numerical simulation of such joining processes. In this paper, the material structure in a joint resulting from a thermally assisted clinching process is investigated. The joining partners are an aluminium sheet and a thermoplastic composite (organo sheet). Using computed tomography enables a three-dimensional investigation that allows a detailed analysis of the phenomena in different joining stages and in the material structure of the finished joint. Consequently, this study provides a more detailed understanding of the material behavior of thermoplastic composites during thermally assisted clinching.

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Kim, Dae Won, Jun Park, Chul Kyu Jin, Hyung Yoon Seo, and Chung Gil Kang. "Effect of Impregnation Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 858 (August 2020): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.858.78.

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Carbon fabric-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP) composites, fortified with carbon fiber prepreg and epoxy base materials, have been mainly used for body parts for weight lightening, advanced high strength, and impact absorption In the current automotive industry However, as recycling of the composite material is required, attempts have been made to manufacture body parts using a thermoplastic polymeric material as a base substance. In order to produce various types of body parts by impregnating a liquid thermoplastic material into carbon fabric preform in methods of manufacturing a carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite material (CFRTP), it is important to understand the effect of the impregnation process parameters (time, temperature, pressing force) on the mechanical properties of the composite material. Therefore, in this study, the influence of impregnation process parameters on the mechanical properties of CFRTP is proposed. In addition, this paper presents the problems and solutions when polymeric materials are impregnated in carbon fabric.

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Adeniran, Olusanmi, Weilong Cong, and Kayode Oluwabunmi. "Thermoplastic matrix material influences on the mechanical performance of additively manufactured carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic composites." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 9 (March 4, 2022): 1391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983221077345.

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Materials design and development continue to be more relevant as applications continue to rise for additively manufactured carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastic (CFRP) composites. Plastic matrixes bond and protect the fiber and help to transfer load through the composite to support intended applications. This makes it more necessary to understand the influences of thermoplastic matrixes on the mechanical performance of the composites fabricated through the additive manufacturing (AM) technique. This study investigated Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) and Polyamide (PA) matrixes, which represent the bulk of the amorphous and semicrystalline engineering-grade thermoplastics matrixes, respectively, used in CFRP composite applications. Mechanical properties: tensile, compression, flexural, and thermal properties were examined, with the results showing the thermoplastic matrixes compositions and morphologies influences on the mechanical properties. The CF-PA was found to offer superior strength, ductility, and toughness because of their close-packed ordered lamellar matrix morphology, while the CF-ABS was found to offer superior modulus because of their loose morphology which more easily rearrange in reaction to stress upon elastic deformation. The mechanical properties results were reinforced by the fracture failure modes and the thermal analysis results which showed the CF-PA composite’s ability to withstand higher mechanical performance and temperatures before failure.

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Cen, Hai Tang, Xiao Liang Wang, and Zhi Yong Hu. "Research on Forming Technology of Thermoplastic Composite Blade for Wind Turbine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.139.

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Thermoplastic composite has become preferred material for wind turbine blade with high performance, low cost and greenization. The fused mass of the thermoplastic resin has high viscosity and the forming of the thermoplastic composite materials is laborious, quality is not readily guaranteed, thus, the widespread use of thermoplastic composite blades for wind turbine is restricted. Based on the analysis of all kinds of the characteristics of thermoplastic forming technology, the paper has points out that the diaphragm forming is especially suitable for making a hyperboloid, variable thickness, large size wind turbine thermoplastic composite blade structure. The key to improving the forming quality and the efficiency of the thermoplastic blade forming is to establish finite element deformation model of a diaphragm forming process, to effectively control the process parameters such as temperature, pressure, forming rate. Conducting research on thermoplastic blade diaphragm forming technology lay the foundation for the industrialization of thermoplastic wind turbine blade.

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38

Kaya, Gaye. "Comparison of the impact damage resistance of non-hybrid and intra-ply hybrid carbon/E-glass/polypropylene non-crimp thermoplastic composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418805561.

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This study aims to compare the low-velocity impact and post-impact properties of intra-ply hybrid carbon/E-glass/polypropylene non-crimp thermoplastic composites with non-hybrid carbon/PP and E-glass/PP non-crimp thermoplastic composites. Impact test was performed at four energy levels as 15 J, 30 J, 45 J and 60 J. Post-impact properties of hybrid thermoplastic composites were tested by compression after impact method for each energy level to understand the impact damage tolerance of intra-ply hybrid carbon/E-glass/PP non-crimp thermoplastic composites. The effect of hybridization on energy absorption of composites was not significant, while C-scan results showed that the intra-ply hybrid non-crimp thermoplastic composites had smaller impact damage areas in comparison to the non-hybrid samples. Compression and compression after impact tests results confirmed that the intra-ply hybridization increased the toughness of the composite laminates. Also, the residual compression strength/modulus increased with hybridization which indicated to damage tolerance.

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Mansor, M. R., S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Zainudin, A. A. Nuraini, and A. Hambali. "Rigidity Analysis of Kenaf Thermoplastic Composites Using Halpin-Tsai Equation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.29.

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In this paper, the stiffness mechanical property of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites is analyzed using composite micromechanical model. Kenaf natural fiber is selected as the reinforcement material in the composites construction while three types of commonly used automotive grade thermoplastic matrices, namely polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyamide 6 were selected to be reinforced with kenaf fibers. Their stiffness property was later analyzed using Halpin-Tsai micromechanical model at varying fiber content and fiber aspect ratio conditions. In all cases, theoretical results show that the kenaf reinforced thermoplastic composites stiffness increased linearly as the fiber contents were increased. Apart from that, results also show that the stiffness property also increases as the fiber aspect ratio was increased. Higher final composites stiffness property was also observed as stiffness matrix material is utilized in the composites formulation. The prediction results also provided valuable and quick insight as well as cost effective alternative to composite designers in assessing the stiffness performance of natural fiber composites especially those which are reinforced with thermoplastic matrices compared to conventional experimental technique for automotive product development purposes in addition to identifying the optimal parameter to be put into focus in their composites design to achieve the intended design performance specifications.

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Bhudolia, Somen K., Goram Gohel, Kah Fai Leong, and Aminul Islam. "Advances in Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composites: A Review." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061284.

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The ultrasonic welding (UW) technique is an ultra-fast joining process, and it is used to join thermoplastic composite structures, and provides an excellent bonding strength. It is more cost-efficient as opposed to the conventional adhesive, mechanical and other joining methods. This review paper presents the detailed progress made by the scientific and research community to date in the direction of the UW of thermoplastic composites. The focus of this paper is to review the recent development of the ultrasonic welding technique for thermoplastic composites to thermoplastic composites, and to dissimilar materials. Different ultrasonic welding modes and their processing parameters, namely, weld time, weld pressure, amplitude, type of energy directors (EDs) affecting the welding quality and the advantages and disadvantages of UW over other bonding techniques, are summarized. The current state of the ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites and their future perspectives are also deliberated.

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41

Carnicero, Rafael, Luis Cano, Miguel A. Lopez-Manchado, and Raquel Verdejo. "Manufacturing, Testing and Recycling of a small recyclable wind turbine blade." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 032013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032013.

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Abstract Thermoplastic resins are likely to replace thermoset resins in wind blade manufacturing, as their similar structural properties together with their recyclability would enable the reuse of the raw materials in other composites at the end of life. This paper presents the manufacturing, testing and recycling process of a 1 m thermoplastic composite wind turbine blade compared to a similar thermoset blade. The results showed that the static and centrifugal performance of the two blades were similar, but the thermoplastic composite blade had a lower deflection compared to the epoxy blade. The different components of the thermoplastic blade were recovered by immersion in a suitable solvent for their possible reuse in the manufacture of a new wind turbine blade. Thus, this study provides an example of the use of circular economy principles in a strategic renewable sector, wind energy, validating the use of a new thermoplastic resin in the design and recycling of wind turbine blades, without changing their current manufacturing process.

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42

Längauer, Manuel, Gernot Zitzenbacher, Hannes Stadler, and Christoph Hochenauer. "Enhanced Simulation of Infrared Heating of Thermoplastic Composites Prior to Forming under Consideration of Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity and Deconsolidation by Means of Novel Physical Material Models." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163331.

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In recent years, thermoplastic composites have found their place in large business sectors and are in direct rivalry to thermoset matrix composites. In order to ensure efficient and lean processes, process modeling gains ever-growing attention. This work shows the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-modeling of a typical heating step in a thermoforming process of a thermoplastic composite sheet. When heating thermoplastic composites, the heat conduction proceeds anisotropic, and the sheets are subject to thermal deconsolidation when heated above the melting temperature of the polymer matrix adding to the anisotropic effect. These effects are neglected in known process models and this study shows the first successful attempt at introducing them into CFD-modeling of the heating of thermoplastic composite sheets. Thus, the simulation requires temperature dependent values for the anisotropic thermal conductivity and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, which are calculated with novel physical models which were developed solely for this cause. This alters the behavior of an isotropic CFD-model and allows the successful validation via laboratory experiments using glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP/GF) sheets with embedded thermocouples to check the internal temperature distribution when the sheet is heated to the designated forming temperature in a composite thermoforming press. The incorporation of this newly developed process model reduces the error in the core temperature prediction from close to 70 °C to 3 °C at the forming temperature.

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43

Kim, Jin Woo, and Dong Gi Lee. "Effect of Fiber Content and Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Strength in Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic Sheet." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.337.

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The study for strength calculation of one way fiber-reinforced composites and the study measuring precisely fiber orientation distribution were presented. Need the systematic study for the DB that can predict mechanical properties of composite material and fiber orientation distribution by the fiber content ratio was not constructed. Therefore, this study investigated what affect the fiber content ratio and fiber orientation distribution have on the strength of composite sheet after making Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic Sheet by changing fiber orientation distribution with the fiber content ratio. The result of this study will become a guide to design data of the most suitable parts design or fiber reinforced polymeric composite sheet that uses the Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic Sheet in industry part, because it was conducted in terms of developing products. It studied the effect the fiber orientation distribution has on tensile strength of Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic Sheet and achieved this result below. The increasing range of the value of Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic Sheet’s tensile strength in the fiber orientation direction is getting wider as the fiber content increases.

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Littlefield, Andrew, Edward Hyland, Andrew Andalora, Nathaniel Klein, Robert Langone, and Robert Becker. "Carbon Fiber/Thermoplastic Overwrapped Gun Tube." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128, no. 2 (January 5, 2006): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2172958.

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The emphasis on lightweight large-caliber weapons systems has placed the focus on the use of advanced composite materials. Using composite materials not only directly removes weight from the gun tube but, by better balancing the tube, allows the use of smaller gun stabilization drive systems, thus further enhancing system weight loss. Additionally, the use of high stiffness composites helps with pointing accuracy and alleviating the dynamic strain phenomenon encountered with high-velocity projectiles. Traditionally though, using composites has been difficult because of the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between the steel substrate and the composite jacket, which causes a gap after manufacturing. Dealing with this mismatch has greatly complicated the manufacturing process in the past to the point where mass-producing the barrels would be problematic at best. By using a thermoplastic resin and a cure on the fly process, the manufacturability of the barrels has been greatly improved and the gap has been eliminated. This is the first time that this approach has been applied to a large-caliber gun tube. A 120mm barrel has been manufactured using this process with IM7 fibers in a polyetheretherketone matrix and successfully test fired. This paper will present the design, manufacturing, and test firing of this barrel.

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45

Cosson, Benoit. "Modelling of Laser Welding Process on Thermoplastic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1513.

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Thermoplastics composites for structural applications are under growing development from the aerospace (carbon fibers with PEI, PPS or PEEK matrices mainly) to the automotive industry (glass and carbon fibers with PP, PA). The plastic deformation they can provide and the assembly facilities through welding techniques are well appreciated. Among the available welding technics, laser offers the possibility to assemble materials in a precise and localized manner and can be easily automated. However, due to the presence of continuous fibers at a high fiber volume fraction, propagation of the laser energy through the composite that present local variation of fiber volume fraction is not as straight forward as in a homogeneous material. Modelling of the laser welding of a thermoplastic/continuous glass fiber is considered here. The study takes into account the microstructure of the composite in order to evaluate changes in local energy absorption and diffusion directly linked with the thickness. Modelling of the welding process is developed from the representation of the moving laser beam. The beam propagation through the composite thickness is considered thanks to the ray tracing method. The proposed method is able to optimise the welding process in function of the microstructure and the material properties of the welded parts.

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46

Li, Zhaomin, Haijuan Kong, Muhuo Yu, Shu Zhu, and Minglin Qin. "Coating Strategy for Surface Modification of Stainless Steel Wire to Improve Interfacial Adhesion of Medical Interventional Catheters." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020381.

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Poor interfacial bonding between stainless steel wire and the inner and outer layer resin matrix significantly affects the mechanical performance of braid-reinforced composite hollow fiber tube, especially torsion control. In this work, a coating of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) deposited on the surface of stainless steel wire greatly enhanced the mechanical performance of braid-reinforced composite hollow fiber tube. This method takes advantage of the hydrogen bonding between polyether block amide (PEBA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for surface modification of stainless steel wire, as well as the good compatibility between PEBA and TPU. The mechanical properties of composited tubes demonstrate that the interlaminar shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and torque transmission properties were enhanced by 27.8%, 42.1%, and 41.4%, respectively. The results indicating that the interfacial adhesion between the coated stainless steel wire and the inner and outer matrix was improved. In addition, the interfacial properties of composite hollow fiber tube before and after coating was characterized by the optical microscope, and results show that the interfacial adhesion properties of the modified stainless steel wire reinforced resin matrix composites were greatly improved.

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47

Vasilyev, Ilya, Vladimir Ananiev, Yulia Sultanova, and Valentina Kolpakova. "Effect of the Biodegradable Compounds Composition with Monoglycerides on Mechanical Properties." Materials Science Forum 1031 (May 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1031.7.

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The purpose of this work is to improve the production technology of biodegradable hybrid compositions based on low-density polyethylene with thermoplastic starch and new plasticizer–distilled monoglyceride and determination of the composition effect on mechanical properties. Starch was plasticized with a mixture of glycerol and distilled monoglycerides, instead of the known sorbitol. This article describes methods for producing biodegradable hybrid composite films based on polyethylene and thermoplastic starches (corn, pea and rice) with a mass ratio of components, respectively, 40:60÷60:40 and their mechanical properties. Properties and structure of composite films are studied using test methods, rheological parameters, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The advantages of using monoglycerides as a plasticizer in thermoplastic starch/ polyethylene compositions have been demonstrated. Composites obtained using distilled monoglycerides and thermoplastic corn, pea and rice starch have been characterized by 62-81% higher values of critical stress and 62-93% elongation at rupture, compared with BHC containing sorbitol. The thickness of biodegradable hybrid composite films with monoglycerides is 55-86% less than that of films containing sorbitol in composition of thermoplastic starch. Higher elongation values at rupture and lower film thickness will ensure more effective destruction in environment and more cost-efficient use in packaging.

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48

Jayaraman, Krishnan, and Rex Halliwell. "Blending of Natural Fibres and Thermoplastics by Screwless Extrusion." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1141.

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Natural fibres, such as sisal, flax and woodfibres, are relatively inexpensive and originate from renewable resources. Thermoplastic polymers, such as polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and waste plastics, possess shorter manufacturing cycle times and reprocessability. Natural fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials exhibit favourable values of modulus and strength when the fibres are properly compounded with the polymers. Common methods for manufacturing natural fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites, injection moulding and extrusion, require pre-compounding of the fibres and the thermoplastic due to the large difference in densities of the loose fibres and thermoplastic materials. Development and analysis of a screwless extruder that employs a reliable and low technology process for melt blending natural fibres and thermoplastic polymers is the main objective of this study.

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49

Valente, Marco, Ilaria Rossitti, Ilario Biblioteca, and Matteo Sambucci. "Thermoplastic Composite Materials Approach for More Circular Components: From Monomer to In Situ Polymerization, a Review." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6050132.

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To move toward eco-sustainable and circular composites, one of the most effective solutions is to create thermoplastic composites. The strong commitment of world organizations in the field of safeguarding the planet has directed the research of these materials toward production processes with a lower environmental impact and a strong propensity to recycle the polymeric part. Under its chemical properties, Nylon 6 is the polymer that best satisfies this specific trade-off. The most common production processes that use a thermosetting matrix are described. Subsequently, the work aimed at investigating the use of thermoplastics in the same processes to obtain comparable performances with the materials that are currently used. Particular attention was given to the in situ anionic polymerization process of Nylon 6, starting from the ε-caprolactam monomer. The dependencies of the process parameters, such as temperature, time, pressure, humidity, and concentration of initiators and activators, were therefore investigated with reference to the vacuum infusion technique, currently optimized only to produce thermosetting matrix composites, but promising for the realization of thermoplastic matrix composite; this is the reason why we chose to focus our attention on the vacuum infusion. Finally, three production processes of the polymeric matrix and glass fiber composites were compared in terms of carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand (CED) through life-cycle assessment (LCA).

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50

Chen, Lu, Tianzhengxiong Deng, Helezi Zhou, Zhigao Huang, Xiongqi Peng, and Huamin Zhou. "A Numerical Simulation Method for the One-Step Compression-Stamping Process of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193237.

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Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composites have many advantages, such as high strength, high stiffness, shorter cycle, time and enabling the part consolidation of structural components. However, the mass production of the CFRTP parts is still challenging in industry and simulations can be used to better understand internal molding mechanisms. This paper proposes a three-dimensional simulation method for a one-step compression-stamping process which can conduct thermoplastic compression molding and continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite stamping forming in one single mold, simultaneously. To overcome the strongly coupled non-isothermal moving boundary between the polymer and the composites, arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian based Navier–Stokes equations were applied to solve the thermoplastic compression, and a fiber rotation based objective stress rate model was used to solve for the composite stamping. Meanwhile, a strongly coupled fluid structure interaction framework with dual mesh technology is proposed to address the non-isothermal moving boundary issue between the polymer and the composites. This simulation method was compared against the experimental results to verify its accuracy. The polymer flow fronts were measured at different molding stages and the error between simulation and experiment was within 3.5%. The final composites’ in-plane deformation error was less than 2.5%. The experiment shows that this work can accurately simulate the actual molding process.

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