Статті в журналах: "Thermo-upgrading"

1

Schmitt, Nina, Andreas Apfelbacher, Nils Jäger, Robert Daschner, Fabian Stenzel, and Andreas Hornung. "Thermo‐chemical conversion of biomass and upgrading to biofuel: The Thermo‐Catalytic Reforming process – A review." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 13, no. 3 (February 25, 2019): 822–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1980.

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2

Muley, P. D., C. E. Henkel, G. Aguilar, K. T. Klasson, and D. Boldor. "Ex situ thermo-catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors using a traveling wave microwave reactor." Applied Energy 183 (December 2016): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.047.

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3

Duan, Peigao, Bing Wang, and Yuping Xu. "Catalytic hydrothermal upgrading of crude bio-oils produced from different thermo-chemical conversion routes of microalgae." Bioresource Technology 186 (June 2015): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.050.

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4

Choi, Dongho, Sungyup Jung, Dong-Jun Lee, Hana Kim, Yiu Fai Tsang, and Eilhann E. Kwon. "A new upgrading platform for livestock lignocellulosic waste into syngas using CO2-assisted thermo-chemical process." Energy Conversion and Management 236 (May 2021): 114084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114084.

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5

Xiao, Qiao, Changlin Cao, Liren Xiao, Longshan Bai, Huibin Cheng, Dandan Lei, Xiaoli Sun, et al. "Selective Decomposition of Waste Rubber from the Shoe Industry by the Combination of Thermal Process and Mechanical Grinding." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051057.

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A major challenge in waste rubber (WR) industry is achieving a high sol fraction and high molecular weight of recycled rubber at the same time. Herein, the WR from the shoe industry was thermo-mechanically ground via the torque rheometer. The effect of grinding temperature and filling rate were systematically investigated. The particle size distribution, structure evolution, and morphology of the recycled rubber were explored by laser particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), sol fraction analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the thermo-mechanical method could reduce the particle size of WR. Moreover, the particle size distribution of WR after being ground can be described by Rosin’s equation. The oxidation reaction occurs during thermal-mechanical grinding. With the increase of the grinding temperature and filling rate, the sol fraction of the recycled WR increases. It is also found that a high sol fraction (43.7%) and high molecular weight (35,284 g/mol) of reclaimed rubber could be achieved at 80 °C with a filling rate of 85%. Moreover, the obtained recycled rubber compound with SBR show a similar vulcanization characteristics to pure SBR. Our selective decomposition of waste rubber strategy opens up a new way for upgrading WR in shoe industry.

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6

Hunt, John A., Frank E. Dickerson, A. Abbott, Gabriel Szantai, and Paul E. Mooney. "UHV ENFINA - A New High-Performance EELS Spectrometer for the VG STEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600031731.

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The Gatan Enfina EELS spectrometer, featuring a new generation of detection system, was recently developed to upgrade or replace Gatan PEELS / DigiPEELS systems. Major advantages of the system include significant improvements to the detector point spread function, readout speed, sensitivity, readout noise, and increased number of detection channels. This design was until now not available for VG STEM systems because compatible detectors must not significantly degrade the UHV column vacuum and must survive column baking. in this abstract we report on a new detector system with comparable specifications to the standard Enfina system but designed for new or for upgrading existing Gatan UHV PEELS / DigiPEELS systems on the VG STEM.The standard Enfina design has the scintillator, fibers, CCD, CCD socket board, flex-cables, thermo electric cooler and coupling grease in the shared vacuum of the EELS spectrometer and the electron microscope.

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7

Kurpe, Oleksandr H., Volodymyr V. Kukhar, Eduard S. Klimov, and Andriy H. Prysiazhnyi. "Thermomechanical Controlled Rolling of Hot Coils of Steel Grade S355MC at the Wide-Strip Rolling Mill 1700." Solid State Phenomena 291 (May 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.291.63.

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Тhere has been developed technology, and pilot batch of hot rolling coils (6×1500 mm, steel grade S355MC) has been produced using thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP) for the wide-strip rolling mill 1700. The integrated technology for TMCP coil production (steel grade S355MC) has been firstly developed for the rolling mill 1700 in accordance with EN 10149-2. Air cooling for coils to 450°C after coiling has been firstly used in the developed technology, which provides for decrease in air scale and improvement of surface quality for the customers. It is possible to manufacture rolled products up to 6×1500 mm (steel grade S355MC) in accordance with EN 10149-2 using the existing equipment without exceeding the existing process constraints during its operation and without upgrading. It is possible to further master the rolled products, which are manufactured according to the TMCP technology.

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8

Rigail-Cedeño, Andres F., Antonio Diaz-Barrios, Juan Gallardo-Bastidas, Stefania Ullaguari-Loor, and Nicolás Morales-Fuentes. "Recycled HDPE/PET Clay Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.67.

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Recycling waste plastics will support the preservation of natural resources and energy consumption. New challenges arise for the development of products that take advantage of solid waste. Upgrading recycled plastics using nanotechnology can tailor and consequently improve plastic properties for industrial applications. This research aims to process and relate the morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) clay nanocomposites. Blends of rHDPE (75 wt %) coming from packaging and rPET (25 wt %) from bottles were mixed with two organoclays (Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 30B) (3 wt %) and a compatibilizer agent based on ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA) (5 wt %). The recycled plastics nanocomposites were processed using a single-screw extruder incorporating a dispersive and distributive mixer and an injection molding machine. Several techniques were used to characterize the dispersion, morphology, mechanical properties and compatibilization of these composite blends. The reinforcing effect of rPET in the continuous rHDPE phase depended on the organoclay type and the compatibilizer additive. Both organoclays increased the stiffness and strength of rHDPE and rPET as evidenced by an increase in the corresponding Young modulus and ultimate tensile strength. EGMA increased the compatibility in the recycle plastics blend and in the clays nanocomposites as evidenced in elongation and energy at break results. On the other side, Cloisite 20A showed to be more compatible with EGMA than Cloisite 30B in these rHDPE/rPET blends based on the thermo-mechanical properties results.

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9

Pozza, Luca, Anna Degli Esposti, Alessandra Bonoli, Diego Talledo, Luca Barbaresi, Giovanni Semprini, and Marco Savoia. "Multidisciplinary Performance Assessment of an Eco-Sustainable RC-Framed Skin for the Integrated Upgrading of Existing Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 9225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169225.

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Recent earthquakes have highlighted a general inadequacy of the existing building stock in Italy and the need to address this critical issue by increasing its structural resilience. At the same time, the problem of energy consumption in existing residential and commercial buildings is increasingly significant and incompatible with the environmental targets set by governments. Considering all the aforementioned aspects, the seismic upgrading of existing buildings, based on the use of an eco-friendly and sustainable technology, has become more and more relevant and different intervention approaches have been developed. This paper aims to provide a multidisciplinary approach for the performance assessment of an eco-friendly and sustainable RC-framed skin for integrated refurbishment of existing buildings. A preliminary description of such skin technology is provided with particular attention to the simultaneous improvement of structural (e.g., seismic) and non-structural (e.g., energy, acoustic) performances and to issues concerning the limitation of invasiveness and interruption of use of the building. Technological details and in situ installation phases are described with special regard to connection and interaction with the existing building. Procedures for the assessment of upgraded building performances, in terms of seismic capacity and thermo-hygrometric and acoustic performances, are defined and applied to a selected basic cell structure. The feasibility and sustainability of the proposed upgrading intervention is finally investigated by means of a holistic Life Cycle Assessment for environmental impact and Life Cycle Cost for an economic evaluation. Finally, results from a multidisciplinary performance assessment are critically discussed by relating the performance aspects to the technological and installation issues.

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10

Mendecka, Barbara, Giovanni Di Ilio, and Lidia Lombardi. "Thermo-Fluid Dynamic and Kinetic Modeling of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Olive Pomace in a Batch Reactor." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 4142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164142.

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) represents one of the emerging and most promising technologies for upgrading biomass. Among the residual biomass waste, olive pomace and olive mill wastewater may be seen as valuable energy sources, especially for the Mediterranean countries, given the key role of the olive oil industry in those regions. This paper deals with the thermo-fluid dynamic performance of the HTC process of olive pomace. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling is employed in this study to numerically simulate such a process in batch reactor with the aim of understanding the complex fluid dynamics, heat transfer and reaction kinetics phenomena occurring under hydrothermal conditions. A parametric analysis is performed to evaluate the temperature fields inside the reactor and the output mass yields as a function of the power input required by the process. Velocity flow fields and the spatial distribution of the mixture during the process are also investigated to understand the change in feed conversion at different regions within the tubular reactor under different reaction times. The numerical results are validated and compared with experimental measurements conducted previously on a similar batch reactor. The model predictions are found to be in line with the experimental findings, thus laying the foundations for further modeling improvements towards the design optimization and scale-up of HTC reactors.

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11

Zheng, Yunwu, Fei Wang, Xiaoqing Yang, Can Liu, Yuanbo Huang, Jiyou Gu, and Zhifeng Zheng. "Investigation of In-Situ and Ex-Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis Upgrading of Pine Using Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis and a Fixed-Bed Reactor System." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 400–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2017.1689.

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12

Wang, Chenxi, Mingrui Li, and Yunming Fang. "Upgrading of pyrolytic lignin into hexamethylbenzene with high purity: demonstration of the “all-to-one” biochemical production strategy in thermo-chemical conversion." Green Chemistry 21, no. 5 (2019): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03788d.

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High purity (>99%) hexamethylbenzene (HMB) was successfully prepared from pyrolytic lignin over commercially available γ-alumina based on quantum chemistry calculation and model compound investigation results.

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13

Laus, Michele, Oriano Francescangeli, and Franco Sandrolini. "New hybrid nanocomposites based on an organophilic clay and poly(styrene-b-butadiene) copolymers." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 11 (November 1997): 3134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0409.

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The preparation, by direct melt intercalation, and the properties of new hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites, consisting of a commercial sample of poly(styrene-b-butadiene) copolymer (SBS) and a commercial organophilic clay containing the dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium salt are described. In addition, several mixtures between the same copolymer and an unfunctionalized clay were prepared and studied. XRD spectra showed a partial insertion of the SBS block copolymer segments in the interlayers of the organophilic clay, accompanied by a loss of correlation within the layers. The degree of insertion increased by annealing the nanocomposites at 120 °C for increasing time periods. No interaction between the polymer matrix and the unfunctionalized clay was found. The storage modulus value, in the plateau region between the glass transition processes of the polybutadiene and the polystyrene blocks, and the glass transition temperature of the polystyrene block domain increase as both the organophilic clay content and the annealing time increase. The glass transition process of the polybutadiene block domain is practically unaffected by the filler content and the annealing treatments. These data are most promising for upgrading the thermo-mechanical behavior and the application temperature window of the SBS thermoplastic elastomers through the preparation of nanocomposites employing suitably designed organophilic clays.

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14

Mahdy, A., and Ali J. Chamkha. "Unsteady MHD boundary layer flow of tangent hyperbolic two-phase nanofluid of moving stretched porous wedge." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 2567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-12-2017-0499.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the thermo-physical impacts of unsteady magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian tangent hyperbolic nanofluid past a moving stretching wedge. To delineate the nanofluid, the boundary conditions for normal fluxes of the nanoparticle volume fraction are chosen to be vanish. Design/methodology/approach The local similarity transformation is implemented to reformulate the governing PDEs into coupled non-linear ODEs of higher order. Then, numerical solution is obtained for the simplified governing equations with the aid of finite difference technique. Findings Numerical calculations point out that pressure gradient parameter leads to improve all skin friction coefficient, rate of heat transfer and absolute value of rate of nanoparticle concentration. As well as, lager values of Weissenberg number tend to upgrade the skin friction coefficient, while power law index and velocity ratio parameter reduce the skin friction coefficient. Again, the horizontal velocity component enhances with upgrading power law index, unsteadiness parameter, velocity ratio parameter and Darcy number and it reduces with rising values of Weissenberg number. Originality/value A numerical treatment of unsteady MHD boundary layer flow of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid past a moving stretched wedge is obtained. The problem is original.

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15

Medvedevskikh, M. Yu, M. P. Krasheninina, A. S. Sergeeva, and O. S. Shokhina. "A reference installation based on thermo-gravimetric analysis with mass-spectrometric detection as a part of the state primary standard GET 173." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 6 (August 1, 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-6-63-68.

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The issue of assuring the traceability of the results of water determination in solid and liquid substances and materials is discussed. The stages of development and improvement, as well as composition of the State primary measurement standard of mass fraction and mass (molar) concentration of water in liquid and solid substances and materials (GET 173) are considered. The problems of the limited applicability of GET 173 in case of separation of water with different binding energies and impossibility of conducting qualitative analysis of non-water volatile compounds during heating of substances and materials are revealed. The results regarding upgrading of GET 173 due to incorporation of additional reference installation which implements the methods of thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mass-spectrometry (MS) are presented. The composition and operating principle of the new reference unit are described. An algorithm for estimating the uncertainty of reproducing a unit mass fraction of water using this reference facility is presented and sources of the uncertainty are identified. The results of the experiment on determination of the lower limit of the reproduction range for a unit water mass fraction are presented. We also present the results of comparisons regarding determination of the water mass fraction in crystalline hydrates obtained using the improved State primary standard and high-precision installations of the metrological and leading sectorial research institutes of the European countries. The results of developing a certified reference material of water mass fraction in sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4· 2H2O CRM UNIIM 10911–2017 intended for metrological support of measurement instruments and measurement procedures based on thermo-gravimetric method are presented. Additional possibilities which result from the introduction of a new reference installation into the state primary standard of GET 173 are disclosed: identification and the quantification of non-water volatile components, adjustment of drying regimes both in laboratory and process conditions, determination of water content as one of the main impurities in estimating mass fraction of the main component of high-purity substances.

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16

Shuai, Guoliang, Zhen Li, Diantao Zhang, Maged Elhefnawey, and Li Li. "On Rough Set Theory on Achieving High Quality Cable Material Production by Green Low Carbon Technology." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2021-0005.

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Abstract As the second largest machinery industry, the energy-intensive cable industry not only creates a lot of economic value but also consumes a lot of energy. It is an inevitable requirement to promote the technological development of the industry in the new era to improve the quality and efficiency and realise industrial energy-saving and consumption reduction. In order to obtain good strength and conductivity, the metal rods of cable are usually heat-treated for several hours or even several days after the rods are extruded, this is a major energy consuming process in traditional production. Based on the background, this study adopted the energy-saving equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) technology to replace the traditional heating treatment process, and converted the simple heat conduction with thermo-mechanical energy transfer, so as to realise the good strength and conductivity matching of the cable aluminum alloy material. In this study, energy-saving ECAP technology is used to replace the traditional heat treatment process, and heat-mechanical energy transfer is used to replace the simple heat conduction, so as to achieve good strength and conductivity matching of cable aluminum alloy material. The results show that the suitable ECAP process routes can improve the microstructure of aluminum alloy with higher strength and conductivity than the traditional heating process. The research results can be used for technology upgrading and low carbon production in cable industry due to the significantly time reduction of the energy-consuming heat treatment and the high-efficient obtainment of high-quality production.

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17

Cheremiskina, N. A., N. V. Shchukina, N. B. Loshkarev, and V. V. Lavrov. "Design features of thermal furnace with a drum mechanism for blanks transportation." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-2-89-94.

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One of the most energy-intensive industries is ferrous metallurgy. The metallurgical sector in industrially developed countries is reducing its specific energy consumption per one ton of products by approximately 1.0 – 1.5 % per annum. In Russia, obsolete technology is the main reason for the high-energy intensity of industrial product. Energy saving in industrial production is associated with production technology and the scope of fuel and energy resources consumption. Therefore, ways to improve energy efficiency focus on reducing energy consumption of any kind during a specific process in a specific process or thermal unit. Ensuring the economical operation of furnace units requires detailed preliminary and verification analyses, upgrading and introduction of state-of-the-art equipment. The study presents a flow diagram and features of thermal operation of a new drum-type chamber furnace for heating metal products for quenching. The technical parameters of the furnace, the results of the thermo-technical analysis, the heat balance and the specific fuel consumption as applicable to the created design are also presented. The flow diagram of the furnace has significant advantages in terms of the energy efficiency of fuel as compared to the roller and conveyor methods of metal transportation. Placing blanks on the drum significantly reduces the complexity of their transportation. Thanks to its small length the proposed design is compact and easy to place in a workshop. The use of a recuperative fuel burning device allows the efficient use of the heat of waste gases in the heating process. The proposed design and method of products transportation in the furnace working space can be used for the heat treatment of bars, pipes, strips, as well as rolled steel of various shapes.

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18

Diederichs, Ulrich, Sandra Jäntsch, and Dorothea Sklenářová. "Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Fire Protection Boards." Solid State Phenomena 325 (October 11, 2021): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.209.

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In the course of the repair and fire protection upgrading of an approx. 1100 m long road tunnel in Hamburg, the eleven crossings of fire protection channels were covered with sheet steel to prevent the nesting of pigeons. In this context, the mechanical strains that may occur in the event of a fire had to be determined. In particular, it was necessary to clarify which mechanical loads would result from relative movements between the substrate (fire protection board) and the cover sheets due to their different thermal expansion in case of fire. For this purpose, the thermal behavior of the CSH fire protection board was determined by means of simultaneous thermal analysis and dilatometry, and the mechanical and thermal behavior of the composite construction was studied. The studies revealed that due to the facts that thermal expansion of the both materials and due to the softening of the fire protection panel the restraint that is generated by the screwed-on perforated plate in the vicinity of the screw shafts remains low during thermal loading. As a result, the top plate does not crack or break off, which means that screwing on the perforated steel sheets not negatively affects the fire protection of the panels.

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19

Rasoolizadeh Shooroki, Abolfazl, Asghar Dashti Rahmatabadi, and Mahdi Zare Mehrjardi. "Effect of using hybrid nano lubricant on the thermo-hydrodynamic performance of two lobe journal bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 236, no. 6 (November 19, 2021): 1167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13506501211053089.

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Due to the wide range of journal bearings applications in the industrial machine, significant efforts have been made by tribology researchers to improve their performance in recent years. Designing new bearings geometry and using lubricants with new chemical compounds including additives are the most common solutions proposed to enhance the performance of journal bearing supports. New advancements in nanotechnology and producing the various types of nano particles have provided the chance of upgrading the properties of commercial lubricants. According to the different effect of nano fluids on the performance of mechanical systems corresponding to their composition, today they are used to achieve different goals in lubrication systems. Upgrading the steady state performance parameters including load carrying capacity, attitude angle, surface cooling and effective viscosity are among the expected results of applying nano lubricant in journal bearings. So, in this study the performance of hydrodynamic two lobe journal bearings lubricated with SiO2-multiwall carbon nano tubes /SAE40 hybrid nano fluid is presented considering the thermal effects. For this purpose, the governing Reynolds and energy equations as well as the equation of heat transfer in bearing shell are modified based on the properties of assumed rotor-bearing system. Then the effects of solid volume fraction of nano particles on the performance of two lobe bearings are studied for different amount of bearing noncircularity. The results indicate that upgrading the solid volume fraction of added nano particle to the SAE40 base oil, enhances the lubricant pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, and lubricant effective viscosity. Further, by increasing the solid volume fraction, the attitude angle and temperature of lubricant and rotor-bearing surfaces experience a decreasing trend. Generally, it's obvious from the results that choosing the appropriate solid volume fraction of SiO2-multiwall carbon nano tubes in hybrid nano oil composition, especially for high value of preload factor, can improve the performance of two lobe bearings.

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20

Orzechowski, Mateusz, and Tadeusz Orzechowski. "Energy saving and optimum insulation thicknesses in building upgrading." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824004007.

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Heat pumps are classified as ecologically friendly heat-generating devices and are one of the most suitable solutions for improving energy efficiency in buildings. Systems based on such solutions replace conventional sources very well. Household sector is one of the major energy consumers, where energy is used mainly for space heating and providing hot water. To increase renewable energy consumption levels, it is necessary to take decisive actions aimed at energy modernization of existing buildings. Particular emphasis must be put on the use of renewable energy sources. A wide selection of insulation materials is available on the market, however proper technologies are required to apply those materials, especially for historical buildings. Therefore, while planning investment, a question must be answered what type of material should be used, and what costs that will generate. The paper presents simple methodology for calculating the optimal insulation thickness so that the costs of the thermo-modernization would be covered by savings in heating expenses, when bank loan for the project is available at fixed interest rate.

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21

Sailer, Gregor, Victoria Knappe, Jens Poetsch, Sebastian Paczkowski, Stefan Pelz, Hans Oechsner, Monika Bosilj, Siham Ouardi, and Joachim Müller. "Upgrading the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste by Low Temperature Hydrothermal Processes." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113041.

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In comparison to lignocellulosic biomass, which is suitable for thermo-chemical valorization, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is mainly treated via composting or anaerobic digestion (AD). An efficient utilization of OFMSW is difficult due to variations in its composition. Based on the characteristics of OFMSW, hydrothermal treatment (HTT) experiments at temperatures < 200 °C as an alternative OFMSW-processing were evaluated in this study. The raw OFMSW was characterized with a dry matter (DM)-based organic dry matter (oDM) content of 77.88 ± 1.37 %DM and a higher heating value (HHV) of 15,417 ± 1258 J/gDM. Through HTT at 150, 170 and 185 °C, the oDM contents as well as H/C and O/C ratios were lowered while the HHV increased up to 16,716 ± 257 J/gDM. HTT led to improved fuel properties concerning ash melting, corrosion stress and emission behavior. Negative consequences of the HTT process were higher contents of ash in the biochar as well as accumulated heavy metals. In the sense of a bioeconomy, it could be beneficial to first convert raw OFMSW into CH4 through AD followed by HTT of the AD-digestate for the generation of solid fuels and liquid products. This could increase the overall utilization efficiency of OFMSW.

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22

Zhao, Nan, Huawei Mou, Yuguang Zhou, Xinxin Ju, Shoujun Yang, Shan Liu, and Renjie Dong. "Upgrading Solid Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste as Performance Enhancer for Starch-Based Mulching Biofilm." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040832.

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Developing a green and sustainable method to upgrade biogas wastes into high value-added products is attracting more and more public attention. The application of solid residues as a performance enhancer in the manufacture of biofilms is a prospective way to replace conventional plastic based on fossil fuel. In this work, solid digestates from the anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes, such as straw, cattle and chicken manures, were pretreated by an ultrasonic thermo-alkaline treatment to remove the nonfunctional compositions and then incorporated in plasticized starch paste to prepare mulching biofilms by the solution casting method. The results indicated that solid digestate particles dispersed homogenously in the starch matrix and gradually aggregated under the action of a hydrogen bond, leading to a transformation of the composites to a high crystalline structure. Consequently, the composite biofilm showed a higher tensile strength, elastic modulus, glass transition temperature and degradation temperature compared to the pure starch-based film. The light, water and GHG (greenhouse gas) barrier properties of the biofilm were also reinforced by the addition of solid digestates, performing well in sustaining the soil quality and minimizing N2O or CH4 emissions. As such, recycling solid digestates into a biodegradable plastic substitute not only creates a new business opportunity by producing high-performance biofilms but also reduces the environmental risk caused by biogas waste and plastics pollution.

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23

Naiiri, Fatma, Allègue Lamis, Salem Mehdi, Zitoune Redouane, and Zidi Mondher. "Performance of lightweight mortar reinforced with doum palm fiber." Journal of Composite Materials, November 25, 2020, 002199832097519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320975196.

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Natural fibers are increasingly used in composites because of their low cost and good mechanical properties. Cement reinforced with natural fibersis contemplates as a new generation of construction materials with superior mechanical and thermal performance. This study of three sizes’effect of Doum palm fiber explores the mortar’s behavior reinforced with different fiber ratio. The aim is to determine the optimal addition to improve mechanical and thermal properties of natural fiber reinforced cements. Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite are examined. Tensile properties of Doum fibers are verified to determine their potential as reinforced material. Findings prove that the use of alkali-treated Doum fiber as reinforcement in cement mortar composite leads to the upgrading of the mechanical properties including thermo-physical properties against composites reinforced with raw fibers and control cement mortars. While, the compression and flexural strength of the cement mortar reinforced with alkali-treated Doum fiber with diameter 0.3 mm (CT3) are metered to be 11.11 MPa, 5.22 MPa, respectively for fiber content 0.5%. Additionally, based on thermo-physical tests, it is assessed that the thermal conductivity and diffusivity decrease for cement mortar reinforced with Doum fiber with diameter 0.2 mm (CT2).

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Wiatrowski, Matthew, Bruno C. Klein, Ryan W. Davis, Carlos Quiroz-Arita, Eric C. D. Tan, Ryan W. Hunt, and Ryan E. Davis. "Techno-economic assessment for the production of algal fuels and value-added products: opportunities for high-protein microalgae conversion." Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 15, no. 1 (January 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-02098-3.

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Abstract Background Microalgae possess numerous advantages for use as a feedstock in producing renewable fuels and products, with techno-economic analysis (TEA) frequently used to highlight the economic potential and technical challenges of utilizing this biomass in a biorefinery context. However, many historical TEA studies have focused on the conversion of biomass with elevated levels of carbohydrates and lipids and lower levels of protein, incurring substantial burdens on the ability to achieve high cultivation productivity rates relative to nutrient-replete, high-protein biomass. Given a strong dependence of algal biomass production costs on cultivation productivity, further TEA assessment is needed to understand the economic potential for utilizing potentially lower-cost but lower-quality, high-protein microalgae for biorefinery conversion. Results In this work, we conduct rigorous TEA modeling to assess the economic viability of two conceptual technology pathways for processing proteinaceous algae into a suite of fuels and products. One approach, termed mild oxidative treatment and upgrading (MOTU), makes use of a series of thermo-catalytic operations to upgrade solubilized proteins and carbohydrates to hydrocarbon fuels, while another alternative focuses on the biological conversion of those substrates to oxygenated fuels in the form of mixed alcohols (MA). Both pathways rely on the production of polyurethanes from unsaturated fatty acids and valorization of unconverted solids for use as a material for synthesizing bioplastics. The assessment found similar, albeit slightly higher fuel yields and lower costs for the MA pathway, translating to a residual solids selling price of $899/ton for MA versus $1033/ton for MOTU as would be required to support a $2.50/gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE) fuel selling price. A variation of the MA pathway including subsequent upgrading of the mixed alcohols to hydrocarbon fuels (MAU) reflected a required solids selling price of $975/ton. Conclusion The slight advantages observed for the MA pathway are partially attributed to a boundary that stops at oxygenated fuels versus fungible drop-in hydrocarbon fuels through a more complex MOTU configuration, with more comparable results obtained for the MAU scenario. In either case, it was shown that an integrated algal biorefinery can be economical through optimal strategies to utilize and valorize all fractions of the biomass.

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Riyaz, Najamus Sahar, and Ismail Badran. "The catalytic thermo-oxidative decomposition of glimepiride using the isoconversional method." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, April 4, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11304-9.

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AbstractApplying the isoconversional method to data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can provide vital kinetic information. In this work, the thermal decomposition and oxidation of the antidiabetic drug glimepiride is analyzed in the presence of N2 and O2. The study was done with and without metal oxide catalysts to explore their potential application in solid wastewater upgrading. The analysis was conducted using thermogravimetric analysis. The isoconversional methods of Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Friedman were used to estimate the effective activation energies as a function of the extent of conversion (α). Density functional calculations were used to estimate the bond dissociation energies in glimepiride. The Ea values obtained from the Friedman method and the DFT calculations indicate an initial S–N bond breaking in glimepiride. The pre-exponential factor (A) and the kinetic triplet (ΔH‡, ΔS‡, and ΔG‡) are also discussed. When glimepiride oxidation was studied in the presence of the metal oxides, the catalyst activity was found to follow the order $${\text{VO}}_{{2}} > {\text{ CuO }} > {\text{ MnO}}_{{2}} > {\text{ Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} > {\text{ TiO}}_{{2}}$$ VO 2 > CuO > MnO 2 > Al 2 O 3 > TiO 2 .

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Sebestyén, Zoltán, Marianne Blazsó, Emma Jakab, Norbert Miskolczi, János Bozi, and Zsuzsanna Czégény. "Thermo-catalytic studies on a mixture of plastic waste and biomass." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, July 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10962-5.

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AbstractThe effects of various catalysts on the composition of volatile pyrolysis products of a plastic waste and biomass mixture (1:1) were studied, by pyrolyzing the mixture sample using slow and fast heating rate. Various zeolite catalysts (β-and Y-zeolites, ZSM-5 and FCC) and nickel-molybdenum catalyst on alumina support were applied to find suitable catalysts for upgrading the quality of the thermal decomposition products of the waste mixture. A sample to catalyst ratio of 2:1 was used in the experiments. The rate of evolution of the decomposition products under slow pyrolysis was measured by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS). The composition of the pyrolyzates was analyzed in detail by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) method. The influence of all applied catalysts was more pronounced on the plastic content of the sample than on biomass. The pyrolysis experiments revealed that the catalysts promoted the cracking reactions of the evolved hydrocarbons; furthermore, the formation of aromatic products was enhanced remarkably in the presence of all zeolite catalysts. Beta-zeolite and ZSM-5 catalysts were found the most effective in cracking hydrocarbons to gaseous products and in aromatization, while the highest CO2 formation was obtained by FCC from the biomass part of the studied waste mixture. NiMo catalyst promoted the H2 production from the plastic part; furthermore, slight aromatization and cracking effects were also observed.

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