Статті в журналах: "Thermo-stamping"

1

Yin, Hong Ling, Xiong Qi Peng, Tong Liang Du, and Jun Chen. "Experiment Study of Thermoforming of Plain Woven Composite (Carbon/Thermoplastics)." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.507.

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By combining carbon woven fabric with thermoplastics grains, a thermo-stamping process is proposed for forming parts with complex double curvatures in one step, to implement the affordable application of fiber reinforced composites in high volume merchandises such as automotive industry. In the proposed thermo-stamping process, laminated carbon woven fabrics with thermoplastic grains are heated, and then transferred rapidly to a preheated mould for thermo-stamping, and cooled down to form the carbon fiber reinforced composite part. Various thermoplastics such as PP, PA6 and ABS are used as matrix material in the composite part. Experimental results including shear angle distribution in the fabric, deformed boundary profile of fabric with different original fiber orientation and forming defects are presented. It is demonstrated that high quality parts can be obtained with the proposed forming process, and defects are controllable. By using the proposed process and laminated structures, it is feasible to implement the high-volume and low-cost manufacturing of fiber reinforced composite parts.

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2

Cai, Yu Jun, Felix Stephanus Halim, Guo He Li, and Yu Guang Wang. "Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Hot Stamping Tools Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2390.

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Hot stamping is a process which simultaneously forms and quenches the hot blanks at the austenization temperature (900-1200 °C) to produce full martensitic Ultra High Strength (UHS) steel structure. Automobile manufacturers use hot stamping to produce many car frame components which can decrease the total weight of the car and increase the car safety. The aim of this paper is to simulate the thermo-mechanical process of the hot stamping which consists of FEA simulations by using Abaqus/Explicit. The process includes too steps: heating of the blank to 900°C, and simultaneous punching and quenching process to increase the tensile strength of the material. The objectives of the FEA simulation are to obtain thermo-mechanical properties of the material and to predict strength of the steel as the product of hot stamping. The results of this simulation will be the values of maximum Von Mises stress and nodal temperature of the blank, the punch reaction force, and also the prediction of the yield strength and tensile strength of the material which will be compared to the yield strength and tensile strength of the available steel alloy data.

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3

Liu, Yong Gang, Yun Zhang, Wu Zhang, Jun Wan Li, Hong Bin Wang, Hai Rong Gu, and Jia Chun Jin. "Investigation of Hot Stamping Process of 22MnB5 Based on Metallo-Thermo-Mechanical Theory." Advanced Materials Research 1063 (December 2014): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1063.251.

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In this study, based on the metallo-thermo-mechanical coupling theory, a FEM model of hot stamping including forming and quenching is built to investigate the cooling behavior and the microstructure evolution, and to predict the final mechanical properties of hot-stamped components. The results show that, after about 16s, the temperature of the entire component is lower than Mf of 22MnB5 boron steel and with a continuous uniform distribution. Most of austenite in component has transformed into martensite. To satisfy the required mechanical properties, the sufficient holding time of quenching in die is essential and it plays an important role in ensuring the required hardness. The predicted Rockwell hardness of component after hot stamping process is almost 512HV, which shows a good agreement with the experimental results. It implies that the metallo-thermo-mechanical numerical model established in this study is reasonable and reliable, which can provide a theoretical guidance for optimizing the hot stamping procedure.

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4

Sakai, Hiroshi. "Thermo Prepreg for the Hot Flow Stamping Molding." Seikei-Kakou 27, no. 3 (February 20, 2015): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.27.85.

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5

Chen, Wei, Zhi Feng Chen, Zhi Fu Cao, Tao Qi, Xiang Wang, and Qing Zhao. "Study on the Hot Stamping of Rectangular Box with Ultra-High Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 763 (September 2013): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.763.156.

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Hot stamping of the ultra high strength steel (UHSS) was studied to meet the requirements of lightweight of automobile. The coupled thermo-mechanical model for hot stamping was established with ABAQUS. Initial temperature of tools (die, punch, blank holder) and stamping speed were studied to insure the impact on the thickness, stress and strain of blank. It shows that punch fillet area is easy to crack. With the temperature of tools increasing, the sheet minimum thickness increases first and then decreases. With the increase of punch velocity, the sheet minimum thickness increases. Compared with the initial temperature of tools, punch velocity has a greater impact on the thickness. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results and provide a theoretical basis for the practical stamping process.

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6

Xing, Zhong Wen, Jun Jia Cui, Hong Sheng Liu, and Chun Feng Li. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation into Hot Stamping of High Strength Steel Sheet for Auto B Pillar Reinforced Panel." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.322.

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Hot stamping is an innovative way to manufacture complex-shaped components of high strength steel (HSS) sheet with a minimum of springback, meanwhile, it can also obviously improve the tensile strength of the formed parts.The coupled thermo-mechanical FE model for hot stamping of HSS sheet for the B pillar was established by commercial software Pam-stamp. Dynamic explicit module was used to simulate the forming processes under different process parameters. The effects of process parameters on thinning of the blank were studied, the maximum thinning zones of the blank in hot stamping were analyzed. The results show that the thinning rates of the blank increase when the blank holder force(BHF) and friction coefficient increase, the maximum thinning zones appear at the straight wall and corner of the B pillar. The causal of blank thinning during hot stamping was analyzed. Experiments had been conducted with the process parameters obtained by simulation. The experimental and simulation results were in good agreement.

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7

Wang, Li Min, Tian Rui Zhou, Li Juan Wang, and Xiao Ling Yang. "Investigation on the Numerical Simulation of Hot Stamping of Advanced High Strength Steels." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2144.

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Hot stamping represents an innovative manufacturing process for forming of advanced high strength steels, implying a sheet at austenite temperature being rapidly cooled down and formed into a die at the same time (quenching). This affords the opportunity to manufacture components with complex geometric shapes, high strength and a minimum of springback which currently find applications as crash relevant components in the automotive industry. With regard to the numerical modeling of the process, the knowledge of thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of the material is required. The material model under hot stamping condition of advanced high strength steel should be set up. The Finite Element Analysis is an essential precondition for a good process design including all process parameters. This paper presents the finite element simulation of a hot stamping process and describes a number of procedures for the simulation of hot stamping. In addition, the development direction is pointed out at the end of this paper.

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8

Wang, Chao, Bin Zhu, Yi Sheng Zhang, Jie Shi, and Han Dong. "Hot-Stamping Process Simulation and Optimize Research for Collision Beam of Automobile Door." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.3.

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Hot-stamping molding for ultra-high-strength steel have some similarities with traditional cold-stamping molding in the aspects of molding process and die design. But due to the effect of temperature variation of blank, hot-stamping have some differences in ultra-high-strength products design, material selection and forming process design. Some special forming defects, such as local thinning, cracking and wrinkling, could appear in hot-stamping process due to these differences. In order to obtain uniform phase structure and get high-quality products, it is very important to be able to predict and control the blank temperature and the consistence of blank cooling rate. The thermo-mechanical characteristics of hot-stamping are studied with the material of ADVANCE1500 (22SiMnTiB). Based on the results of simulations and experiments, conclusion are drawn that the complexity of the product and the blank which contacts with die asynchronously causes the uneven distribution of the blank temperature. This is the key factor that leads to the poor mobility of the blank material and local thinning, cracking, wrinkling and other defects in forming process. Proper clearance between punch and die can reduce the probability of defects which could contribute to the improvement of hot-stamping process.

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9

Zhu, Hong, Hongbin Yin, and Sriram Sadagopan. "Study of Microstructural Evolution of Press Hardening Steels using Dilatometer and In-situ Studies for a Simulated Hot Stamping Condition." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1284, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1284/1/012008.

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Abstract Press hardening grades are widely used in automotive industries for safety-critical structural parts due to their unique combination of high strength, excellent formability, and crash performance. Considering various scenarios on thermo-mechanical profiles in different hot stamping lines, achieving the targeted strength and ductility / fracture strain in the hot-stamped parts is still challenging to some hot stampers for some grades. In this investigation, a dilatometer study for Usibor®1500 and two emerging grades Usibor®2000 and Ductibor®1000 under a given hot stamping condition was conducted with consideration of the entire hot-stamping processes (i.e., austenitization, blank transfer, forming and final quenching from 700°C) to understand the differences in critical cooling rates, and evolution of microstructures. Influence of large forming strain (15%) on final properties is also examined for Ductibor®1000 and Ductibor®500 by DIL 805 A/D dilatometer under tensile deformation mode. In-situ observation of microstructural evolution during hot stamping process for Usibor®1500 is explored using Confocal scanning laser microscope to uncover some physical phenomena for further refinement of hot stamping practices.

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10

Merklein, M., and J. Lechler. "Investigation of the thermo-mechanical properties of hot stamping steels." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177, no. 1-3 (July 2006): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.03.233.

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11

Schirdewahn, S., N. Carstensen, K. Hilgenberg, and M. Merklein. "Investigation on the thermo-mechanical properties of hot stamped parts by using laser-implanted tool surfaces." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1270, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1270/1/012114.

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In the automotive industry, hot stamping has been established as a key technology for manufacturing safety-related car body components with high strength-to-weight ratio. During the forming operation, however, hot stamping tools are highly stressed by cyclic thermo-mechanical loads, which encourage the formation of severe wear and high friction at the blank-die interface. Against this background, an innovative surface engineering technology named laser implantation has been investigated for improving the formability of the parts and the efficiency of the hot stamping process. The laser implantation process is based on the generation of highly wear resistant microfeatures on tool surfaces by embedding hard ceramic particles via pulsed laser radiation. As a consequence, the contact area of the tool and thus the tribological and thermal interactions at the blank-die interface are locally influenced. In previous studies, the improved tribological performance of the modified tool surfaces has already been proven. However, the thermal interactions between tool and workpiece have not been analyzed, which in turn have a significant impact on the resulting part properties. In this regard, quenching tests have been carried out under hot stamping conditions by using conventional as well as laser-implanted tooling systems. Based on these results, Vickers hardness test and optical measurements have been performed on the quenched blanks, to qualify the mechanical properties and clarify the cause-effect relations.

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12

Zhang, Zhi Qiang, Zhong Chao Ye, Yi Sheng Zhang, and Jian Li. "Numerical Analysis on Hot Stamping of B Pillar Reinforcement of Automobiles." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.282.

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Hot stamping of ultra high strength steel offers the possibility to reduce the weight of automobiles, while meeting the safety requirements. In hot stamping processes, the blank is hot formed and quenched in a water-cooled tool to achieve high strength. Hence, the temperature distribution of the blank during the process is very important for designing the tools with necessary cooling capability. In this paper, PAM—Stamp software was employed to build the hot stamping FE model of the B pillar reinforcement of passenger cars. Through the thermo-mechanical coupling analysis, the temperature distribution of the blank was obtained. The results show that the temperature in the holding area of the blank decreases quickly, whereas the side wall and bottom are cooled slowly. The inhomogeneous temperature distribution of the blank will cause the material unevenly flow during the forming process. Therefore, maintaining uniform temperature distribution and fast cooling of the blank are crucial for the cooling system of the tools.

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13

Harizi, Walid, Zoheir Aboura, Mylène Deléglise-Lagardère, and Valérie Briand. "Thermo-Stamping Process of Glass and Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites." Materials Sciences and Applications 11, no. 05 (2020): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2020.115022.

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14

Mace, Fabien, Jian Ping Lin, and Jun Ying Min. "Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of a Cooling System for Hot Stamping Tools." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2053.

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Several studies and design of cooling systems for hot stamping tools have already been made. The phase transformations which occur during the process are known, and numerical simulations are now very close to the reality [1]. However these studies are often related to a specific part and can hardly be extrapolated to other parts. This paper presents several results based on a thermo-mechanical analysis which can be used to make a first design of a cooling system for hot stamping tool. A theoretical study describes the heat transfer from the tools to the cooling pipes related to different flow parameters. Numerical simulation with the software COMSOL Multiphysics has been carried out to obtain results about cooling rate and maximum stress into the tool against geometry parameters. The heat transfer model used for simulation has been validated through experiment. To finish a data analysis describes the relationship between the different parameters, more specifically their impact on the cooling. With this study we can now determine which pipes’ location and size and flow properties are likely to provide the most efficient cooling system, and which parameter we must modify to optimize it.

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15

Tekkaya, A. Erman, Hossein Karbasian, Werner Homberg, and Matthias Kleiner. "Thermo-mechanical coupled simulation of hot stamping components for process design." Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (May 22, 2007): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-007-0025-9.

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16

Bin, Zhu, Liang WeiKang, Gui Zhongxiang, Wang Kai, Wang Chao, Wang Yilin, and Zhang Yisheng. "A Thermo-Plastic-Martensite Transformation Coupled Constitutive Model for Hot Stamping." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 48, no. 3 (January 12, 2017): 1375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3884-x.

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17

Neubauer, Franziska, Konstantin Hofmann, Kolja Andreas, and Marion Merklein. "Investigation of the Wear Behavior for Not Alloyed and Alloyed Hot Forming Tools." Advanced Materials Research 1140 (August 2016): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1140.99.

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Over the last few years, hot stamping has been established as a suitable manufacturing process to produce high-strength structural parts. A tensile strength up to 1500 MPa and a high shape accuracy of the hot stamping parts are achievable. The hot forming tools are thereby stressed by varying thermo-mechanical loads resulting in increased surface wear. In order to reduce expensive and time consuming rework of the forming tools, an analysis of the tribological conditions is required. Purpose of this work is to increase the wear resistance of the tool surface and to investigate the wear behavior. In this regard, a laser alloying process is developed to influence the properties of the base material. Firstly, the alloying elements are selected and the element concentration is determined. Results for the composition of NiCrMo90 are presented, which is added by a wire fed laser alloying process unlike the previously used and already researched methods of powder bed fusion. This wire fed method is engineered to ensure a higher material utilization and to simplify the material feeding. After the alloying process the wear behavior of the alloyed surfaces are examined and compared to a not alloyed control group of pins under similar thermo-mechanical conditions.

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18

Li, Da Yong, Qun Feng Chang, Ying Hong Peng, and Xiao Qin Zeng. "Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Simulation of Warm Stamping of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.281.

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Uniaxial tensile test of a cross rolled magnesium alloy sheet was conducted under different temperatures and strain rates. The mechanical propriety of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was analyzed according to the true strain-stress curves. Then the non-thermal drawing process, during which the temperature of die, blankholder and blank is 200°C while the punch is kept at room temperature, was simulated by the thermo-mechanical coupled finite element method. The deformation behavior and the temperature change in the drawing process was investigated. Due to the heat conduction, there was non-uniform distribution of temperature along flange area, force transfer area and deformation area. Therefore the resistance of the force transfer area is enhanced and the warm formability of magnesium alloy sheet can be further improved. The thermo-mechanical coupled simulation provides a good guide for the development of non-isothermal drawing techniques.

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19

Zhang, Zhiqiang, Yuejie Cui, and Qifeng Zheng. "Study on the thermo-mechanical-metallurgical couple model of tailored hot stamping." Materials Science and Technology 35, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1615768.

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20

Braun, Alexander, Johannes Storz, Markus Bambach, and Gerhard Hirt. "Development of a Pneumatic Bulge Test for High Temperatures and Controlled Strain Rates." Advanced Materials Research 1018 (September 2014): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1018.245.

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Due to new material concepts (e.g. boron-manganese steels), hot stamping of sheet metal parts has emerged in order to produce high strength components. Thereby, the design of hot stamping processes by means of finite element simulations requires information about the thermo-mechanical material behaviour up to high strain levels at various temperatures as simulation input. It is known that hot tensile tests are only evaluable until low strain levels. Therefore, a hot gas bulge test for temperatures in the range of 600 °C to 900 °C and strain rates up to 1/s is being developed. In order to design such a hot gas bulge test, the requirements (e.g. forming pressure) are estimated by finite element simulations. The result is a test bench, which already enables a pneumatic forming of specimens at room temperature and pressures up to 200 bar without any unexpected side effects.

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21

Shao, Zhutao, Nan Li, Jianguo Lin, and Trevor A. Dean. "Strain measurement and error analysis in thermo-mechanical tensile tests of sheet metals for hot stamping applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 11 (June 9, 2017): 1994–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217714011.

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In order to conduct uniaxial tensile tests for hot stamping applications, tests are normally performed by using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical materials simulator so that rapid heating and cooling processes can be obtained. However, temperature gradients in a specimen tested on Gleeble are inevitable due to resistance heating principles and heat loss to grips and water-cooled jaws. In this research, a pair of purpose-built grips made of stainless steel with low thermal conductivity and significantly reduced contacting area for clamping, as well as a flat dog-bone specimen with maximised parallel length (80 mm) were designed, for the purpose of improving the temperature uniformity within the concerned gauge section area of the specimen. Uniaxial tensile tests on AA6082 were performed, after controlled heating and cooling processes, at constant deformation temperatures in the range of 400 ℃–500 ℃ and at constant strain rate in the range of 0.1–4/s, to simulate its hot stamping conditions. The digital image correlation system was adopted to enable strain distributions in specimens to be measured. The temperature distributions in specimens were investigated and an effective gauge length of 14 mm was specified accordingly to ensure temperature gradients less than 10 ℃ within it at all tested temperatures. True stress–true strain curves of AA6082 were obtained based on results of strain measurements along the defined effective gauge length and used to calibrate a set of advanced material model. Error analysis was carried out by using thermo-electrical and thermo-mechanical FE models on ABAQUS, in which the calibrated material constitutive equations were implemented via subroutines. The error of stress–strain curves of AA6082 measured based on the specified gauge length was investigated and quantified by analysing the distribution of axial strain and axial stress.

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22

Kumar, Manoj. "Thermo-Kinetic Modelling and Analysis of the Simultaneous Hot Stamping and Quenching of EN AW-6016-T4 Sheet." Materials Science Forum 854 (May 2016): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.854.133.

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The aluminium alloy AW-6016-T4 sheet is the most widely used alloy for simple-shapeouter body parts for passenger vehicles at room temperature. However, for complex parts, such asthe B-pillar, the room temperature formability of AW-6016-T4 sheet is not sufficient. Simultaneoushot stamping and quenching is a viable alternative, but there is still limited information about theinfluence of process parameters on both the formability during the process and the part strength atthe end of the process. A combination of thermo-kinetic simulation and experiments were used toinvestigate the influence of process parameters in the simultaneous hot stamping and quenchingprocess.Increasing the heating rate from 1 to 100 K s-1 during heating to the solution heat treatment (SHT)temperature was found to have no significant influence on the UTS. However, a SHT time of 4 minis required to achieve highest strength by the end of the process chain. Increasing the amount ofdeformation and cooling rate after SHT have a positive influence on the finished part. PredictedDSC curves and Yield strength values from MatCalc were in good agreement with the experimentalresults.

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23

Cao, Jian, Pu Xue, Xiongqi Peng, and Neil Krishnan. "An approach in modeling the temperature effect in thermo-stamping of woven composites." Composite Structures 61, no. 4 (September 2003): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(03)00052-7.

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24

Gui, Zhong-xiang, Wei-kang Liang, Yong Liu, and Yi-sheng Zhang. "Thermo-mechanical behavior of the Al–Si alloy coated hot stamping boron steel." Materials & Design 60 (August 2014): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.011.

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Bruschi, Stefania, Andrea Ghiotti, and Michele Novella. "Flow Characteristics of New Steel Grades Dedicated to Hot Stamping." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1298.

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The reduction of the maximum temperature is one of the main goals in the research activities dedicated to hot sheet stamping, thanks to the benefits it can produce in terms of energy consumption and die wear decrease. New steel grades are being expressly developed with the aim of reducing the austenitization temperature without losing the mechanical characteristics and the formability shown by the conventional Usibor 1500P™. In the present work, the flow behavior of four new steel grades is investigated by means of hot tensile tests at varying thermo-mechanical conditions. Results are presented and discussed in terms of obtained mechanical and ductility characteristics.

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26

Neubauer, Franziska, Tobias Reil, Konstantin Hofmann, and Marion Merklein. "Increasing the Adhesive Wear Resistance of Hot Stamping Tools by Modifying the Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.61.

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Анотація:

Over the last few years lightweight construction became increasingly important in modern cars. Motivated by reducing greenhouse gas emission the car industry is currently working on different approaches to decrease the weight of structural body parts. In this regard, a reduced sheet thickness of these components and therefore a reduced overall weight can be achieved by using high-strength steels. Hot stamping has been established as a suitable manufacturing process for these steel grades, in which a hot austenitic blank is formed and quenched simultaneously. The high strength of the formed parts is realized by the phase transformation of an austenitic to a martensitic structure during hot stamping. Due to the alternating thermo-mechanical loads, which occur during forming and quenching, the hot stamping tools are highly stressed. In addition, when the blank slides over the surface of its counterpart, a substantial adhesive wear occurs, which is the predominant wear mechanism in hot stamping. The aim of this study is, to increase the wear resistance of the tools by modifying the surface. In this context, the chemical affinity between the interacting components need to be reduced in order to decrease the adhesive wear on the hot stamping tool, which is possible by alloying the base material. For this reason, the wear development is investigated for samples alloyed with different materials with a modified pin-on-disc test. This experimental setup enables a continuous contact of the tool with the blank and thermal alternating stress of the pin. The contact area is investigated with a laser-scanning microscope to qualify the tool surface before and after the experiments by measuring the tool topographies. The results of an unalloyed and alloyed tool will be compared with each other to evaluate the wear behavior. In order to quantify the amount of wear the wear volume will be calculated with an algorithm of the software WinSam. The experiments will be carried out under process like conditions to ensure transferability to the real hot forming process.

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27

Kolleck, Ralf, Robert Vollmer, Christian Both, and Arndt Breuer. "Investigation of Weld Seam Structures of Tailor Welded Blanks for Hot Stamping." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.235.

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Increasing safety requirements for hot stamped structural car body parts are demanding sufficient mechanical properties of integrated welding seams. Especially conventional tailor welded AlSi-coated 22MnB5 sheets are only fulfilling these requirements when ablated before laser welding and thermo-mechanically treated in a correct way. This paper shows a method that evaluates the hot stamping process of tailor welded blanks by press hardening different sheet thicknesses and thickness combinations in a testing tool. Furthermore, appropriate testing methods for the evaluation of mechanical properties of the welding seam are introduced. The results are ultimately compared with a special developed FEM analysis to predict failure cases in future.

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Hyrcza-Michalska, Monika. "Application of a Digital Strain Analyzer AutoGrid at Thin Sheet Metals Mechanical Characteristics Preparation and Assessment of their Drawability." Solid State Phenomena 246 (February 2016): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.246.75.

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The paper presents the results of mechanical properties testing of thin sheet metal of INCONEL 625 and 718 alloys. These studies are a continuation of experience in the preparation of the technological characteristics of metal strips plasticity necessary for carrying out numerical simulations [1]. In order to process sheets now become necessary to design the process using software such as thermo-mechanical simulation e.g. Eta/DYNAFORM. On the road of numerical simulation are sought optimal conditions for processing sheets. It brings reducing the cost of industrial tests. However, becomes strictly necessary characteristics of mechanical and technological properties describing the characteristics of the charges for forming. Here the problem is solved if we forming limit curves (FLCs) designated and technological tests conducted. Using the FLCs is comprehensively defined stamping sheet metal press formability and technological tests allow the mapping of the actual operating conditions selected stamping operations. In the presented study used modern digital analyzer AutoGrid of local deformations and the method of image analysis of deformed mesh subdivision. The use of mesh analyzer and vision systems method significantly speeds up the possibility of producing FLCs. Also measurement accuracy is very high. Selected Inconel alloys are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by preparing their properties characterization. The acquired data entered into the database material properties of sheet metal and used in the numerical simulation of stamping process of Inconel 625 cone drawpiece. The legitimacy of the use of modern strain analyzer AutoGrid has been confirmed.

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Xiaoda, Li, Zhang Xiangkui, Hu Ping, and Zhan Xianghui. "Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Stamping Simulation about the Forming Process of High-Strength Steel Sheet." International Journal of Control and Automation 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2016.9.1.09.

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30

Mu, Yanhong, Enrico Simonetto, Marco Scagnolari, and Andrea Ghiotti. "Wear in Hot Stamping by Partition Heating." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4010018.

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Hot stamping by partition heating of Al–Si coated boron steel sheets is currently utilized to produce parts of the car body-in-white with tailored microstructural and mechanical characteristics. This paper investigates the evolution of the Al–Si coating and its tribological and wear performances in the case of direct heating at the process temperatures of 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C, skipping the preliminary austenitization as it may happen in the case of tailored tempered parts production. A specifically designed pin-on-disk configuration was used to reproduce at a laboratory scale the process thermo-mechanical cycle. The results show the morphological and chemical variation of the Al–Si coating with heating temperature, as well as that the friction coefficient, decreases with increased temperature. Furthermore, the results proved that the adhesive wear is the main mechanism at the lower temperature, while abrasive wear plays the major role at the higher temperature.

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31

Guo, Cong, Ji He, Youhuang Su, and Shuhui Li. "Thermo-stamping co-curing process for CFRP/steel hybrid sheets and its interface strength improvement." Composite Structures 241 (June 2020): 112108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112108.

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32

Lee, Wonoh, Moon-Kwang Um, Joon-Hyung Byun, Philippe Boisse, and Jian Cao. "Numerical study on thermo-stamping of woven fabric composites based on double-dome stretch forming." International Journal of Material Forming 3, S2 (December 15, 2009): 1217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0668-5.

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33

Bergman, Greger, Daniel Berglund, and Kenneth Isaksson. "Thermo-Mechanical Forming Analysis and Mapping of Material Properties in Press Hardened Components with Tailored Material Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1063 (December 2014): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1063.290.

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A finite element model for failure prediction has been used for axial compression simulation of a front side member beam with tailored material properties. A corresponding experiment has been performed. The numerical simulation is divided into forming, mapping and axial compression. The coupled thermo-mechanical hot stamping simulation includes an austenite decomposition model that accounts for carbon segregation. In the mapping step, the phase composition is first mapped and then translated into global stress-strain curves and failure parameters using two different models. An elastic-viscoplastic material model including mesh size dependent localization and crack initiation with a ductile and shear fracture model is used in the axial compression simulation. The simulation shows acceptable agreement with the experimental results.

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34

Potdar, Bhargav, Stéphane Graff, and Björn Kiefer. "Numerical Analysis and Experimental Validation of the Thermo-Mechanical Flow Behaviour of the Hot Stamping Steel MBW^® 1500." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.213.

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In virtual design of the hot stamping process, a reliable description of the material flow behaviour is an important input to ensure accurate estimations of the parts feasibility. Currently, to characterise the hot stamping material’s flow behaviour at elevated temperatures, tensile and upsetting tests are available. The measurement of the flow behaviour out of such tests, which is generally temperature and strain rate dependent, still remains a complex task. Therefore traditional methods to measure flow curves out of such measurements are not necessarily precise enough. In this contribution the authors focus on non-isothermal conductive tensile tests of the manganese-boron steel MBW® 1500 in order to understand its flow behaviour at elevated temperature. Numerical calculations using Finite Element Method (FEM) of the tests itself with correct boundary conditions as well as for all necessary phenomena are used to identify accurately the material’s flow curves by use of inverse optimisation. Finally, for validation purpose the identified flow curves out of the optimisation method were used to simulate the hot stamping of two different parts. Both geometries were chosen such that various strain paths are covered i.e. uniaxial tension to plane strain.

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35

Schirdewahn, Stephan, Felix Spranger, Kai Hilgenberg, and Marion Merklein. "Tribological and Thermal Behavior of Laser Implanted Tool Surfaces for Hot Stamping AlSi Coated 22MnB5 Sheets." Defect and Diffusion Forum 414 (February 24, 2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-e4i60t.

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In the automotive industry, the development of electrically powered vehicles has become a major forward-looking topic. For improving the range and thus the efficiency of electric cars, lightweight construction has gained even more importance. In this regard, hot stamping has been established as a suitable and resource efficient process to manufacture high-strength and lightweight body-in-white components. This method combines hot forming and quenching of boron-manganese steel 22MnB5 in a single process step. As a result, complex structures with thin sheet thicknesses and high ultimate tensile strength up to 1500 MPa are generated. However, the use of lubricants is not possible at elevated temperatures, which subsequently leads to high thermo-mechanical tool stresses. As a side effect, high friction and severe wear occur during the forming process, which affect the resulting part quality and maximum tool life. Therefore, the aim of this study is to improve the tribological performance of hot stamping tools by using a laser implantation process. This technique is based on manufacturing highly wear resistant, separated and elevated structures in micrometer range by embedding hard ceramic particles into the tool material via pulsed laser radiation. As a result, highly stressed areas on the tool surface can be modified locally, which in turn influence the tribological and thermal behavior during the forming process. In this regard, laser implanted and conventionally tool surfaces were investigated under hot stamping conditions. A modified pin-on-disk test was used to analyze the friction coefficient and occuring wear mechanisms. Furthermore, quenching tests as well as hardness measurements were carried out to gain in-depth knowledge about the cooling behavior of the modified tool surfaces and its impact to the resulting mechanical part properties.

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36

Kuepferle, Jakob, Jens Wilzer, Sebastian Weber, and Werner Theisen. "Thermo-physical properties of heat-treatable steels in the temperature range relevant for hot-stamping applications." Journal of Materials Science 50, no. 6 (January 23, 2015): 2594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-8829-z.

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37

Blond, D., B. Vieille, M. Gomina, and L. Taleb. "Correlation between physical properties, microstructure and thermo-mechanical behavior of PPS-based composites processed by stamping." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 33, no. 17 (July 3, 2014): 1656–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684414541846.

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38

Liu, Mingrui, Lidong Wang, and Xiongqi Peng. "Testing, characterizing, and forming of glass twill fabric/polypropylene prepregs." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 28-30 (May 24, 2019): 3939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319851215.

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This paper investigates the mechanical behaviors of thermoplastic woven prepregs via testing and forming experiments. Glass twill fabric/polypropylene prepregs are produced by chemical treatment on fabric surface and a hot pressure molding approach. Then, mechanical tests including uniaxial tensile and bias extension of the glass twill fabric and its prepregs are carried out to provide basic data set for material modelling. An anisotropic hyperelastic model based on strain energy decomposition is proposed. And its material parameters are obtained by fitting these experimental data. Hemispherical thermo-stamping experiments are implemented for model verification. Very good agreements between forming simulation results and experimental data including boundary profiles, local shear angles, and forming force magnitude are obtained. The present work provides a complete data set for the model development and verification of thermoplastic woven fabric prepregs.

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39

Chen, Hongda, Shuxin Li, Jihui Wang, and Anxin Ding. "A focused review on the thermo-stamping process and simulation progresses of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites." Composites Part B: Engineering 224 (November 2021): 109196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109196.

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40

Gong, Youkun, Zengrui Song, Huiming Ning, Ning Hu, Xiongqi Peng, Xiaopeng Wu, Rui Zou, Feng Liu, Shayuan Weng, and Qiang Liu. "A comprehensive review of characterization and simulation methods for thermo-stamping of 2D woven fabric reinforced thermoplastics." Composites Part B: Engineering 203 (December 2020): 108462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108462.

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41

Li, Yongfeng, Shuhui Li, Yuan Chen, and Guofeng Han. "Constitutive parameters identification based on DIC assisted thermo-mechanical tensile test for hot stamping of boron steel." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 271 (September 2019): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.04.020.

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42

Ganapathy, M., N. Li, J. Lin, M. Abspoel, and D. Bhattacharjee. "A Novel Grip Design for High-Accuracy Thermo-Mechanical Tensile Testing of Boron Steel under Hot Stamping Conditions." Experimental Mechanics 58, no. 2 (October 4, 2017): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0333-8.

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43

Afzal, Ali, Mohsen Hamedi, and Chris Valentin Nielsen. "Numerical and Experimental Study of AlSi Coating Effect on Nugget Size Growth in Resistance Spot Welding of Hot-Stamped Boron Steels." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5010010.

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In recent years, increasing automotive safety by improving crashworthiness has been a focal point in the automotive industry, employing high-strength steel such as press hardenable steel (PHS). In addition to the improved strength of individual parts in the body of the vehicle, the strength of the resistance-spot-welded joints of these parts is highly important to obtain a safe structure. In general, dimensions of weld nuggets are regarded as one of the criteria for the quality of spot-welded joints. In the presented research, a three-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is developed to predict the nugget formation in resistance spot welding (RSW) of two types of PHS: the uncoated and AlSi-coated 1.8 mm boron steel after hot stamping. A fully coupled electro-thermo-mechanical analysis was conducted using the commercial software package Abaqus. The FE predicted weld nugget development is compared with experimental results. The computed weld nugget sizes show good agreement with experimental values.

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44

Midawi, Abdelbaset R. H., C. Tolton, R. George, M. Subramanian, T. Skszek, C. Butcher, and M. Worswick. "Hot-forming of a 980 MPa third generation advanced high strength steel." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1284, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1284/1/012028.

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Abstract This paper considers the effect of processing route on the final microstructure hardness and tensile behavior of a 980 MPa third generation advanced high strength steel (3G-AHSS). Of particular interest is the use of a hot stamping thermal schedule that mimics a quench and partition (Q&P) heat treatment process normally used to produce Q&P grade steel sheet. For comparison purposes, samples were also produced using a quench and temper (Q&T) processing history. The experiments were performed using a Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator system. Large coupons were produced using both processing routes from which microstructure, hardness, and tensile samples were extracted. Mechanical properties results were compared with the as-received material. Both processing routes resulted in strength levels that were close to that of the as-received material; however, the total elongation of the Q&P processed samples was 52% higher than that of the Q&T processed material.

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45

Palmieri, Maria Emanuela, Francesco Rocco Galetta, and Luigi Tricarico. "Study of Tailored Hot Stamping Process on Advanced High-Strength Steels." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6010011.

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Ultra-high-strength steels (UHSS) combined with tailor-stamping technologies are increasingly being adopted in automotive body production due to crashworthiness improvements and part weight reduction, which meet safety and energy saving demands. Recently, USIBOR®2000 (37MnB5) steel has been added to the family of UHSS. This new material allows higher performance with respect to its predecessor USIBOR®1500 (22MnB5). In this work, the two steels are compared for the manufacturing of an automotive B-Pillar by press-hardening with a tailored tool tempering approach. A Finite Element (FE) model has been developed for the numerical simulation of thermomechanical cycles of the press-hardening process. The FE-simulations have been performed with the aim of obtaining soft zones in the part, by varying the quenching time and the temperature of heated tools. The effects of these parameters on the mechanical properties of the part have been experimentally evaluated thanks to hardness and tensile tests performed on specimens subjected to the numerical thermo-mechanical cycles using the Geeble-3180 physical simulator. The results show that for both UHSS, an increase in quenching time leads to a decrease in hardness up to a threshold value, which is lower for the USIBOR®1500. Moreover, higher mechanical resistance and lower elongation at break values are derived for the USIBOR®2000 steel than for USIBOR®1500 steel.

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46

Liu, Mingrui, Qiong Rao, Yingyu Wang, and Xiongqi Peng. "A new method of grafting multi-walled carbon nanotubes on carbon fibers for improving the mechanical and thermal properties of woven fabric composites." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 19 (February 1, 2021): 2559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998321991615.

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A new method of grafting multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto carbon fiber surface to improve the thermo-mechanical properties of woven carbon fabric reinforced composites was proposed. In this method, both carbon woven fabrics and MWCNTs were oxidized by sulfuric acid to generate carboxyl groups on their surfaces, respectively. Then silane coupling agent was used to react with the carboxyl groups to graft MWCNTs onto the carbon fiber surfaces of the woven fabric. The untreated, acid treated and MWCNTs grafted carbon woven fabrics were separately combined with polypropylene films to form composite plates by thermal-stamping. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were conducted to estimate the changes of element contents and functional groups on surfaces of carbon fibers and MWCNTs. Atomic force microscope was used to estimate the roughness of carbon fiber surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and tensile tests were carried out to analyze the surface morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of carbon fabrics and their composites. Testing results showed that MWCNTs could be successfully grafted onto the carbon fibers by using silane as an intermediate bridge. Compared with the untreated and acid treated composites, the in-plane shearing stiffness and fracture strength of the composites were increased significantly by MWCNTs grafting. In terms of thermal properties, acid treatment and MWCNTs grafting have little effect on melting point of composites. MWCNTs can promote the recrystallization process of the PP and reduce the numbers of imperfect crystals. As for thermo-mechanical properties, acid treatment deteriorated the bending storage modulus of the composite, while MWCNTs grafting could compensate it.

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47

Tamsaout, Toufik, and El Hachemi Amara. "Numerical Simulation of Laser Bending of Thin Plate Stress Analysis and Prediction." Advanced Materials Research 227 (April 2011): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.227.27.

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Laser forming is a technique consisting in the design and the construction of complex metallic work pieces with special shapes difficult to achieve with the conventional techniques. By using lasers, the main advantage of the process is that it is contactless and does not require any external force. It offers also more flexibility for a lower price. This kind of processing interests the industries that use the stamping or other costly ways for prototypes such as in the aero-spatial, automotive, naval and microelectronics industries. The analytical modeling of laser forming process is often complex or impossible to achieve, since the dimensions and the mechanical properties change with the time and in the space. Therefore, the numerical approach is more suitable for laser forming modeling. Our numerical study is divided into two models, the first one is a purely thermal treatment which allows the determination of the temperature field produced by a laser pass, and the second one consists in the thermo-mechanical coupling treatment. The temperature field resulting from the first stage is used to calculate the stress field, the deformations and the bending angle of the plate.

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48

González-Ciordia, Beatriz, Borja Fernández, Garikoitz Artola, Maider Muro, Ángel Sanz, and Luis Norberto López de Lacalle. "Failure-Analysis Based Redesign of Furnace Conveyor System Components: A Case Study." Metals 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080816.

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Any manufacturing equipment designed from scratch requires a detailed follow-up of the performance for the first units placed in service during the production ramp-up, so that lessons learned are immediately implemented in next deliveries and running equipment is accordingly updated. Component failure analysis is one of the most valuable sources of improvement among these lessons. In this context, a failure-assessment based design revision of the conveying system of a newly developed press hardening furnace is presented. The proposed method starts with a forensic metallurgical analysis of the failed components, followed by an investigation of the working conditions to ensure they match the forensic observations. The results of this approach evidenced an initially unforeseen thermo-mechanical damage produced by a combination of thermal distortions, material ageing, and mechanical fatigue. Once the cause–effect relationship for the failure is backed up by evidence, an improved design is proposed. As a conclusion, a new standard design for the furnace entrance set of rollers in hot stamping lines was established for roller hearth furnaces. The solution can be extended to similar applications, ensuring the same issues will not arise thanks to the lessons learned.

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49

Sydorchuk, O. "Obtaining tube blanks from copper-nickel alloy МНЖ 5-1 when using a tool made of die steel adjustable austenitic transformation during operation". Innovative Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, № 1 (14 вересня 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2021-2-4.

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Purpose. Production of die tool from steel with regulation of austenitic transformation during operation to increase the level of service life during hot deformation of copper-nickel alloy. Research methods. Metallographic, high-temperature X-ray phase and dilatometric analyzes of research steel. Results. The mode of heat treatment (incomplete annealing) of steel 4Х3Н5М3Ф at a temperature of 750±20 °С, obtained by electroslag remelting, allowed to obtain a perlite-sorbitol structure at a hardness of33–34 HRC and allowed better machining by cutting the workpiece alloy. The proposed mode of final heat treatment (hardening 1030±10 °C and tempering 600±5 °C) of the investigated steel, makes it possible to heat the matrix during operation to a temperature of 600 °C. Scientific novelty. The thermal stability of the tool for hot deformation can be significantly increased when using steel with adjustable austenitic transformation during operation. Such steel in the initial state has a ferrite base, and when heated to operating temperatures occurs from α-Fe to γ-Fe conversion and, subsequently, the austenitic structure is preserved throughout the period of high-temperature operation of the stamping tool. It is confirmed that the stamping tool made of steel 4Kh3N5М3F when pressing a copper-nickel alloy works in the temperature range corresponding to the austenitization process. Practical value. Abbreviated technological operation, namely thermo-deformation processing (forging) of ingots obtained by electroslag remelting. Experimental-industrial tests of the die tool of steel 4Х3Н5М3Ф in the manufacture of tube blanks of Ø 67±0,1 mm from a copper-nickel alloy of the МНЖ 5-1 brand are carried out. As a result of research “Artemovsk plant for processing of non-ferrous metals and alloys” (Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine) at an operating temperature of 900–950 ° C, matrices made of steel 4Х3Н5М3Ф (without deformation-forging) showed stability in three times higher than the matrices from steel 3Х3М3Ф made at the enterprise.

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50

Ghiotti, Andrea, Stefania Bruschi, and Paolo F. Bariani. "Determination of Yield Locus of Sheet Metal at Elevated Temperatures: A Novel Concept for Experimental Set-Up." Key Engineering Materials 344 (July 2007): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.97.

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The constant demand of increasing performances and safety in vehicle industry has led significant innovations in the materials used in sheet metal forming processes. In particular, multiphase steels and lightweight alloys have known higher and higher importance, thanks to the development of new stamping processes at elevated temperatures, which guarantee, at the same time, better formability, lower springback and more accurate micro-structural control in the formed sheets. With respect to these aspects, the correct design and optimization of the new processes cannot prescind of the mechanical characterization of materials in biaxial stress conditions, especially when it strongly varies according to the stress and temperature. In this paper, a novel experimental set-up is presented for determining the in-plane yield locus of sheet metals at elevated temperatures. A cruciform specimen, whose geometry was optimized by numerical simulation, is used for the study of the yield locus in the range of biaxial tensile stresses. The test machine concept is based on punch-wedge mechanism, which uses the vertical movement of the press for the deformation of the specimen along two perpendicular axes. In the first part of the paper, the optimization of the cruciform specimen by thermo-mechanical FE analyses is outlined. Details on the experimental set-up are then given with the description of the apparatus, the measurement of plastic strains and the heating system for tests at elevated temperatures.

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