Статті в журналах: "Thermal non-destructive control"

1

Divin, A. G., A. S. Egorov, S. V. Ponomarev, S. S. Al-Busaidi, G. V. Shishkina, and A. I. Tiurin. "Contactless non-destructive thermal control of materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (November 2020): 022073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1679/2/022073.

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2

Kolesnichenko, Sergiy, Andrii Popadenko, and Yurii Selyutin. "Detection of Dangerous Defects and Damages of Steel Building Structures by Active Thermography." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.417.

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Анотація:

The article presents the results of a study of use thermographic non-destructive testing to search for cracks in steel structures. Theoretical substantiation of thermal non-destructive method of control for detection of cracks in steel structures. A practical study proving the possibility of using thermal non-destructive testing to detect cracks in steel structures is described. The problems that arise during the thermal non-destructive method of control and possible ways to solve them. The authors conclude that the method of thermographic control can be used during the inspection of steel structures for qualitative assessment of cracks.

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3

Карпов, Д., and Denis Karpov. "THE ACTIVE METHOD OF CONTROL THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5d35d0b79c34c5.75173950.

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Thermal control refers to non-destructive testing methods. There are passive and active thermal non-destructive testing. With passive thermal control, the test object is characterized by a temperature field formed during its operation. With active thermal control, an additional source of thermal stimulation of the controlled object is used. Thermal control is widely used in various sectors of construction, energy, engineering and transport. The paper proposes a variant of active thermal non-destructive control of thermal conductivity coefficient of building materials and products on the example of a fragment of a building structure made of silicate bricks. The controlled object is subjected to thermal stimulation by an external source of thermal energy until the fixed thermal regime. Thermography of the test object surfaces is performed. The average values of surfaces temperature or individual sections of controlled object are calculated. The heat equation determines a controlled parameter - the heat coefficient of the object under control. The thermal resistance (heat transfer resistance) of the controlled object is calculated with a known coefficient of thermal conductivity. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated with a known coefficient of thermal resistance (heat transfer resistance). The method is implemented in the laboratory. It can be used in field and operating conditions for accurate and rapid determination of the key thermal properties of building materials and products.

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4

S. Kolesnichenko and A. Popadenko. "Experimental research of thermographic control for detection of cracks in steel structures." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency, no. 45 (October 16, 2020): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2020.45.80-90.

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The paper presents the results of experimental research of the possibility of using thermographic non-destructive testing for the search of cracks in steel structures. The basis of non-destructive thermal control is the registration of changes in the thermal field that occurs in the case of disturbance of the thermodynamic equilibrium of object with an environment that appears on the surface, and parameters of which allows to obtain the necessary information. The thermal control method is based on the interaction of the thermal field of object with thermodynamically sensitive elements (thermocouple, photodetector, liquid crystal element, bolometer) that convert the field parameters (intensity, temperature gradient, contrast, variability) into the electrical signal of the recording device. An experiment is described which proves the possibility of using thermal nondestructive testing for the detection of cracks in steel structures. As measuring instruments for the experiment were used thermal imagers with different resolution of the matrix of the IR image (thermal image), infrared thermohygrometer, luxmeter. The problems encountered during the use of thermal non-destructive testing and possible solutions are indicated. The authors conclude that the thermographic control method can be used in the examination of steel structures for the qualitative assessment of cracks.

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5

Kuz'menko, Natal'ya, and Maksim Tyurin. "NON-DESTRUCTIVE THERMAL VISION CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2020, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-1-137-138.

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6

Mainikova, N. F., A. Yu Gorbunova, N. K. Kalinina, and K. A. Yakovleva. "Application of non-destructive thermal control in the study of polymer-metal products." Plasticheskie massy, no. 9-10 (November 19, 2020): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-9-10-59-61.

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Анотація:

Modern thermal control systems equipped with computers, are able to solve a variety of tasks in product quality control. On the example of experimental data obtained during the research of thin-layer polymer coatings on metal bases, the methodological capabilities of the non-destructive method and the measuring system of thermal control are shown.

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7

Slavkov, V. M., and O. P. Davidenko. "Thermal Non-destructive Testing And Method Of Formation Of Thermal Fields On Metal Plates." Техническая диагностика и неразрушающий контроль 2015, no. 3 (March 28, 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tdnk2015.03.07.

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8

Zhelnin, M. S., O. A. Plekhov, and L. Yu Levin. "Modeling the Thermal Response of a Cast-Iron–Concrete System under Active Thermal Non-Destructive Control." Mathematical Models and Computer Simulations 11, no. 5 (September 2019): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2070048219050211.

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9

Botez, Sorin Constantin, Gabriel Marius Dumitru, Alexandru Dumitrache Rujinski, and Bogdan Dumitru. "Research Regarding the Ultrasonic Examination by Thermal Metalspraying Deposits on OL50 Parts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.359.

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Thermal Metalspraying is one of the most important reconditioning methods used nowadays throughout the world. One of the most acute problems regarding thermal metalspraying is the achievement of a proper adherence between the deposed layer and the base material. Testing this adherence is made in most cases by destructive control performed on test probes. However, in the case of final products reconditioned through metalspraying, the use of of non-destructive techniques is required. This paper presents a research made to establish the opportunity of using the ultrasonic control regarding the adherence of the materials deposed on the base material through thermal melaspraying.

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10

Karpov, Denis, Mikhail Pavlov, Liliya Mukhametova, and Anton A. Mikhin. "Features and results of assessment the thermal conductivity of building materials and products by the active method of thermal non-destructive testing." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001053.

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Анотація:

Thermal control (passive and active) is a non-destructive testing method. During passive thermal control, the test object is characterized by a temperature field formed during its operation. In active thermal control, the test object is additionally thermally stimulated. This technique is widely used in various areas of construction, energy, mechanical engineering, transport. This paper proposes a variant of active thermal non-destructive assessment of the thermal conductivity coefficient of building materials and products on the example of a fragment of a building structure made of silicate bricks. The test object is subjected to thermal stimulation by an external source of thermal energy before reaching a steady-state thermal regime. Thermography of the test object surfaces is carried out. The average integral temperatures of surfaces or individual sections of the test object are calculated. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the test object is determined, which is used to calculate its thermal resistance (resistance to heat transfer). After that, the coefficient of heat transfer is calculated. The method was implemented in laboratory conditions. It can be used in natural and operational conditions for accurate and quick determination of the key thermophysical properties of building materials and products.

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11

Semenov, Andriy, Serhii Baraban, Olena Semenova, Oleksandr Voznyak, Andrii Vydmysh, and Leonid Yaroshenko. "Statistical Express Control of the Peak Values of the Differential-Thermal Analysis of Solid Materials." Solid State Phenomena 291 (May 2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.291.28.

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The method of non-destructive control of the molecular structure of solid materials is improved, the distinguishing feature of which is a new sign of suitability for the peak values of the thermodynamic process in solid materials, which made it possible to increase the reliability of the non-destructive control. A statistical norm for deciding on the suitability of solid materials was introduced, which made it possible to organize statistical express control of solid materials under conditions of industrial production of electronic devices. In the practical plan, a structural scheme and an algorithm for measuring control of the peak values of the differential-thermal analysis of solid materials are proposed, on the basis of which a microprocessor based device for statistical express control is developed.

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12

Kim, Jin-Won, Tae-Young Lee, Gyoungju Nah, and Do-Soon Kim. "Potential of thermal image analysis for screening salt stress-tolerant soybean (Glycine max)." Plant Genetic Resources 12, S1 (July 2014): S134—S136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262114000422.

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Non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping based on phenomics is an emerging technology for assessing the genetic diversity of various traits and screening in breeding programmes. In this study, non-destructive measurements of leaf temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence were conducted to investigate the physiological responses of soybean (Glycine max) to salt stress so as to set up a non-destructive screening method. Two-week-old seedlings of soybean in the V2 stage were treated with 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl to induce salt stress. Three parameters, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence, decreased significantly, while soybean leaf temperature increased by exhibiting a positive correlation with NaCl concentration (P< 0.001). Soybean leaf temperature increased significantly at 50 mM NaCl when compared with the untreated control, although no visual symptom was observed. We selected leaf temperature as a major physiological parameter of salt stress as its measurement is much easier, faster and cheaper than that of other physiological parameters. Therefore, leaf temperature can be used for evaluating the responses to salt stress in soybean as a non-destructive and phenomic parameter. The results of this study suggest that non-destructive parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf temperature are useful tools for assessing the genetic diversity of soybean with regard to salt stress tolerance and to screen salt stress-tolerant soybean for breeding.

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13

Karpov, Denis, and Anton Sinitsyn. "Thermal Method for Non-Destructive Control of Actual Coolant Mass Flow through a Heating Device." E3S Web of Conferences 161 (2020): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101041.

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The studies show that expenses for heating buildings and structures account for more than 60% of total utility costs in the Russian Federation. Therefore, the issues on energy and resource conservation and improving the energy efficiency of construction projects for various purposes are relevant and priority. Infrared thermography is actively used during examination of thermomechanical equipment, building structures, external and internal engineering systems and their elements. Heat monitoring makes it possible to avoid significant costs for dismantling of controlled objects and to localize the thermal defects found during the inspection stage, thereby reducing costs of repair works. The article considers and analyzes the existing options for the quantitative analysis of thermograms. The authors propose a new method for quantitative processing of thermograms, aimed at assessing the operation of heating devices in heating systems of buildings and structures. The essence of thermal non-destructive testing technique is to determine the actual mass flow rate of coolant through the heating device.

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14

Klymenko, Ye V., S. V. Kolesnichenko, K. V. Polianskyi, and A. O. Popadenko. "POSSIBILITY USING THERMOGRAPHIC CONTROL METHOD TO DETECT CRACKS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 84 (September 30, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2021-84-32-38.

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Abstract. The article presents the study results of the possibility of using thermographic non-destructive testing to search for cracks in reinforced concrete structures. The basis of non-destructive thermal control is the registration of changes in the thermal field that occurs when the thermodynamic equilibrium of object with the environment is disturbed, which appears on the surface, and the nature of which allows obtaining the necessary information. The thermal control method is based on the interaction of the object's thermal field with thermodynamic sensitive elements (thermocouple, photodetector, liquid crystal element, bolometer), which convert the field parameters (intensity, temperature gradient, contrast, radiance) into an electrical signal of the recording device. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the thermographic control method can be used when examining reinforced concrete structures for a qualitative assessment of hidden defects and damages. Thermal imagers with different resolution of the IR image matrix, an infrared thermo hygrometer, and a luxmeter were used as measuring instruments for the experiment. During the experiment, no fundamental difference in the use of thermal imagers with different types of IR matrices was revealed. When using the more accurate Flir E8 thermal imager, the thermogram had a clearer definition of the surface temperature compared to the Flir C2. This feature can be useful for quantifying defects, for example, the depth and size of a crack under a layer of paint, but fundamentally, for high-quality detection of defects and damage, the use of more accurate equipment is not a prerequisite. The authors conclude that the method of thermographic control can be used when examining reinforced concrete structures for a qualitative assessment of the presence of cracks.

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15

Karpov, D. F., M. V. Pavlov, and A. G. Gudkov. "Specifics of integrated thermal imaging monitoring modern civil buildings and thermophysical properties of enclosing structures made of building materials of mass production." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 48, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2021-48-4-147-158.

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Objective. The purpose of the study is to improve the technical procedure and increase the accuracy of determining the key thermophysical characteristics of building materials and products in a stationary thermal regime, as well as expanding the possibilities of using integrated thermal imaging monitoring in assessing the heat-conducting qualities of heterogeneous single-layer building structures, which are, including in non-stationary temperature conditions. Method. The methodological basis of the study is the fundamental provisions of the theories of heat transfer, thermal control and infrared diagnostics, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of thermograms.Result. The scheme of complex non-destructive diagnostics of the thermal and technical condition of heat-protective shells of capital and completed construction facilities, engineering and technical systems and subsystems of life support for various functional, technological, operational purposes based on the results of thermography and qualitative and quantitative assessment of thermal images is presented. Examples of the use of thermal imaging equipment and other auxiliary control and measuring equipment in the field examination of translucent structures and non-translucent ventilated facade systems of a real civil building are given, as well as the results of thermal imaging identification of the main thermal properties of a fragment of an enclosing building structure in the form of a wall of silicate brick. Conclusion. The presented method of active thermal non-destructive determination of the main thermophysical properties of structural building materials and products, as well as an experimental setup for its implementation, make it possible to study the entire range of thermal characteristics under various conditions and modes using a thermal imager and related instrumentation.

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16

Storozhenko, V. O., S. M. Meshkov, R. P. Orel, and O. V. Miahkyi. "Experience of Research and Technical Center «Thermocontrol» in the area of thermal non-destructive testing." Tehničeskaâ diagnostika i nerazrušaûŝij kontrolʹ 2021, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tdnk2021.01.05.

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17

Mordasov, S. A., A. P. Negulyaeva, and V. N. Chernyshov. "MICROWAVE HEATING IN THE SYSTEM OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 259 (2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.01.pp.038-043.

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A new method is proposed for determining the thermophysical characteristics (thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity) of building materials and products according to the results of measurements at two points in time of the surface temperature of the object under study, which is subjected to pulsed thermal effect from a given power focused into the line of microwave radiation. In the proposed method, the number of pulses and their repetition rate are set adaptively when the steady-state excess temperature is reached at the control point with two predetermined values at two points in time, which allows non-destructive testing of the studied objects, since the preset temperature values are taken 20…30 % less temperature thermal decomposition of the studied materials, as well as receive information in the frequency-pulse form, which increases the accuracy of the control results and noise method To implement the proposed method, a microprocessor-based information-measuring system has been developed that has experimentally confirmed the efficiency of the method and the correctness of its theoretical conclusions.

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18

Udalova, A. P., and V. N. Chernyshov. "NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHOD OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS USING MICROWAVE HEATING IN PRODUCTS REAL OPERATING CONDITIONS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 281 (November 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.11.pp.058-063.

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The article proposes a method for determining the thermophysical characteristics (thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity) of materials and products based on the results of measurements at two times of the temperature of the surface of the object under study, subjected to pulsed thermal effects from microwave radiation of a given power focused into the line. In the proposed method, the number of pulses and their repetition rate are set adaptively when the steady-state excess temperature at the control points is equal to two predetermined values at two points in time, which makes it possible to carry out non-destructive testing of the investigated objects, since the predetermined temperature values are taken less than the temperature of thermal destruction of the investigated materials, as well as receive information in a frequency-pulse form, which increases the accuracy of the control results and the noise immunity of the method. To implement the proposed method, a microprocessor-based information-measuring system has been developed, which experimentally confirmed the efficiency of the method and the correctness of the theoretical conclusions underlying it. The performed metrological analysis made it possible to draw conclusions about the dominant components of the total error, a more accurate measurement of which will make it possible to purposefully influence their reduction, which will ultimately reduce the total error in the control of the desired thermophysical characteristics.

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19

Golovin, Yu I., A. I. Turin, D. Yu Golovin, and A. A. Samodurov. "New methods of thermographic control using multi-scale analysis of non-stationary thermal fields." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 6 (August 1, 2018): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-6-23-31.

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A set of new approaches and techniques of non-destructive testing is described and implemented within a unified computer analysis of the patterns of multi-scale dynamic thermography. Depending on the size of the inspected area, nature, location, orientation and size of the defects, various energy sources were used for probe dynamic heating of the controlled article: air flow, focused laser beam, and point contact. The non-stationary thermal picture of the monitored area was recorded with a high resolution thermal imaging device and then analyzed using original model approaches and developed software. A set of discussed approaches allows detecting and quantitative characterizing of the defects of various types, size (from fractions to tens of millimeters) and orientation, including cracks, coating delamination or degradation, welding and glue seams defects, deposits, etc., both at the outer and inner surfaces of tubes, tanks, and reactors, etc. The developed methods provides determination of the thermophysical characteristics of the material, i.e., the thermal diffusivity coefficient with an accuracy better than ±3%.

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20

Churikov, A. A., Yu Yu Gromov, I. N. Ishchuk, S. A. Barkalov, and O. N. Morozova. "Information Support of Methods and Means of Non-Destructive Thermal Control of Heat-Shielding Properties of Sample." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 10, no. 2 (June 2017): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.102.07.

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21

Błachnio, Józef. "ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF GAS TURBINE BLADES WITH NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2013-0034.

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Abstract Structural components of gas turbines, particularly the blades, sustain a variety of damages during the operation process. The most frequent cause of these damages are the overheating and thermal fatigue of the material. A primary technique to assess condition of the blades is the metallographic examination. In spite of the fact that metallographic analysis delivers much more information on the structure of examined blade material, it is a type of destructive test resulting in the destruction of the blade which makes further utilization of the item impossible. The paper has been intended to discuss non-destructive testing methods and to present capabilities of applying them to diagnose objectively changes in the microstructure of a turbine blade with computer software engaged to assist with the analyses. The following techniques are discussed: a visual method, based on the processing of images of the material surface in visible light, active thermography, based on the detection of infrared radiation, and the X-ray computed tomography. All these are new non-destructive methods of assessing technical condition of structural components of machines. They have been intensively developed at research centers worldwide, and in Poland. The computer-aided visual method of analyzing images enables diagnosis of the condition of turbine blades, without the necessity of dismantling of the turbine. On the other hand, the active thermography and the X-ray computed tomography, although more sensitive and more reliable, can both be used with the blades dismounted from the turbine. If applied in a complex way, the non-destructive methods presented in this paper, are expected to increase significantly probability of detecting changes in the blade’s condition, which in turn would be advantageous to reliability and safety of gas turbine service

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22

Loginovskiy, O. V., L. Yu Kostyleva, A. A. Maksimov, and I. M. Yachikov. "Determination of the Parameters of the La¬mination of a Bimetallic Plate by Means of Active Thermal Non-Destructive Control." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computer Technologies, Automatic Control & Radioelectronics 21, no. 4 (November 2021): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ctcr210404.

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Bimetals are in many ways substitutes for scarce metals, while they represent an independent group of materials necessary for the creation of new machines, devices and other various products. The increasing volume of production of bimetals and products made from them requires an increase in their operational characteristics and, accordingly, an increase in the quality of finished products. One of the difficult technological tasks is the connection of aluminum and its alloys with steels of various classes, since there are many problems associated with the quality of the connection of me¬tals with different properties. To improve the reliability and durability of machines and other pro¬ducts made of bimetals, it is necessary to carry out continuous quality control, and the most effective methods are non-destructive testing. Quite promising in terms of simplicity and accessibility is the method of active thermal control, in which the investigated product is subjected to pulsed thermal action by means of a source of thermal loading. The amplitude, shape and time variation of temperature signals serve as informative parameters that allow an operator or an automated system to detect certain defects and evaluate their parameters. With all the availability of pulsed thermal control, the most difficult component is associated with specialized computer programs for processing experimental data and determining the parameters of a delamination defect. The aim of the study is to create a computer model of the thermal state of a bimetallic plate in the presence of an air bubble between the layers and, through computer simulation, to determine the size of defects during active pulse thermal non-destructive testing of steel-aluminum plates. Materials and methods. When performing the work, the methods of mathematical and computer modeling were used. The created software using the development tools of the MATLAB package was based on known methods for obtaining an approximate solution to a boundary value problem on a computer using the finite difference method. Results. A mathematical model has been developed, an algorithm for solving a boundary value problem, and a computer program has been created that allows simulating a pulse thermal control to determine the parameters of a delamination defect in a bimetallic plate. Conclusion. It was found that it is more efficient to measure the temperature difference from the side where the defect is located and the multilayer plate is heated. Heating the plates from the side opposite to the defect and their further cooling showed significantly lower efficiency in terms of obtaining a useful temperature signal. It is shown that in the presence of a defect, the greater the loading heat flux and the defect size, the greater the value of the useful signal determined by the temperature difference on the measured surface.

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23

Karpov, Denis, Daniya Zaripova, and Mikhail Pavlov. "Feasibility of active and passive thermal control application for defect identification of building materials and products, enclosures of construction objects." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801101.

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This paper considers one of the most promising and modern methods of non-destructive testing - thermal control. The possibilities and advantages of thermal control for identifying defects of various building materials and products, enclosures of buildings and structures are presented. Brief characteristics of the main defects of building materials, products, and structures are presented. The basic principles of identifying hidden (invisible) and explicit (visible) defects are briefly considered and the practical results of construction defect identification of objects for various purposes using thermal imaging equipment are presented. The zones of thermal temperature anomalies are localized during qualitative analysis of thermograms (the method of active thermal control). The considered example is a fragment of a building enclosure made ceramic bricks with artificially created technical defects. For some enclosures of building structures and constructions, explicit thermal defects were identified from thermal imaging, their qualitative analysis was carried out, and recommendations for their elimination were proposed (method of passive thermal control).

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24

Cruz, Samuel, António Paulino, Joao Duraes, and Mateus Mendes. "Real-Time Quality Control of Heat Sealed Bottles Using Thermal Images and Artificial Neural Network." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7020024.

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Quality control of heat sealed bottles is very important to minimize waste and in some cases protect people’s health. The present paper describes a case study where an automated non invasive and non destructive quality control system was designed to assess the quality of the seals of bottles containing pesticide. In this case study, the integrity of the seals is evaluated using an artificial neural network based on images of the seals processed with computer vision techniques. Because the seals are not directly visible from the bottle exterior, the images are infrared pictures obtained using a thermal camera. The method is non invasive, automated, and can be applied to common conveyor belts currently used in industrial plants. The results show that the inspection process is effective in identifying defective seals with a precision of 98.6% and a recall of 100% and because it is automated it can be scaled up to large bottle processing plants.

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25

Kurahashi, T., K. Maruoka, and T. Iyama. "Numerical shape identification of cavity in three dimensions based on thermal non-destructive testing data." Engineering Optimization 49, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305215x.2016.1193851.

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26

Dychtoń, Kamil, Andrzej Gradzik, Łukasz Kolek, and Krzysztof Raga. "Evaluation of Thermal Damage Impact on Microstructure and Properties of Carburized AISI 9310 Gear Steel Grade by Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing Methods." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185276.

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Advanced aircraft gearboxes operate under high mechanical loads. Currently, aircraft gears are manufactured from chromium–nickel–molybdenum steel grades such as AISI 9310 or Pyrowear 53. The major causes of gear failure are wear and fatigue cracking. As the crack initiation occurs predominantly on the component surface, the gears are routinely subjected to surface hardening processes such as low-pressure carburizing and case hardening. The gears are manufactured in a multiple operation process, in which teeth grinding is a crucial step. Selection of improper grinding conditions can lead to local heat concentration and creation of grinding burns, which are small areas where microstructure and properties changes are induced by high temperature generated during grinding. Their presence can lead to significant reduction of gear durability. Therefore destructive and non-destructive (NDT) quality-control methods such as chemical etching or magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) measurements are applied to detect the grinding burns. In the area of a grinding burn, effects related to the over-tempering or re-hardening of the carburized case may occur. In this paper, the results of the studies on the characterization of microstructure changes caused by local heating performed to simulate grinding burns are presented. The areas with the over-tempering and re-hardening effects typical for grinding burns were formed by laser surface heating of carburized AISI 9310 steel. Analyses of the microstructure, residual stresses, retained austenite content, and non-destructive testing by the MBN method were performed. The correlation between the MBN value and the properties of the modified surface layer was identified. It was also found that the re-hardened areas had similar characteristics of changes in the Barkhausen noise intensity, despite the significant differences in the width of the overheated zone, which depended on the laser-heating process conditions.

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Jabbar, Noman, Muhammad Bilal Hafeez, Sameh Askar, and Umar Nazir. "Non-Coaxially Rotating Motion in Casson Martial along with Temperature and Concentration Gradients via First-Order Chemical Reaction." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 7784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227784.

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The effect of non-coaxial rotation on the transport of mass subjected to first-order chemical reaction is studied analytically. The effects of thermal radiation, buoyancy, constructive and destructive chemical reactions along with Casson fluid in rotating frame are discussed. Time evolution of primary and secondary velocities, energy and solute particles are analyzed. The behavior of flow under the variation of intensity of magnetic field is also investigated. Evolutionary behavior of primary velocity is opposite to the evolutionary behavior of secondary velocity. The impact of buoyant force on primary velocity is opposite to the role of buoyant force on the secondary velocity. The evolutionary behavior of temperature is also examined and a remarkable enhancement in temperature is noticed. Thermal radiation causes the fluid to be cooled down as heat energy is escaped by thermal radiation. Evolutionary behavior of concentration is also analyzed and an increasing of concentration versus time is noted. Destructive chemical reaction results a remarkable reduction in the concentration and vice versa for generative chemical reaction.

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Živčák, Jozef, Martin Petrík, Radovan Hudák, Teodor Tóth, Dusan Knezo, and Eva Kovalova. "Embedded Tensile Strenght Test Machine FM1000 – An Upgrade of Measurement and Control." Solid State Phenomena 147-149 (January 2009): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.147-149.657.

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In order to compare the strengths of various materials it is necessary to carry out a standard form of test to establish their relative properties. The tensile test, compression test, bending, shearing and torsion tests are used for examining mechanical properties of biological materials. Except for non-destructive methods (optical, electromagnetic, sonic, thermal, infrared), destructive testing is another very important tool for the assessment of biomechanical properties and behavior of biomedical materials. The tensile strength test is one of the most common testing methods, which uses specific testing machines. Many tensile testing machines are equipped to plot a curve which shows the load or stress and the strain or movement that occurs during the test operation. In the testing operation, the load is increased gradually and the specimen will stretch or elongate in proportion to the tensile load. The load cells and extensometers measure the key parameters of force and deformation. The presented paper is a report which describes a specific and unique technical solution and upgrade of FM 1000 machine from the control and output processing point of view. Modern sensoric systems and I/O modules were used and custom software was developed. The fu

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29

Shachnev, S. Yu, and G. G. Larin. "INFLUENCE OF TOOL TILT ANGLE ON THE PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS OF FRICTION STIR WELDING." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 275 (2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2020.02.pp.036-041.

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The article is devoted to the one of the features of choosing the technical parameters of regime of friction stir welding. The tool tilt angle is the object of research. This parameter underlies the mechanism of the formation of welding joints. The methodology and the experiment’s results of determining the influence of the tool tilt angle from the power and thermal characteristics of the process of friction stir welding are presented in this work. Also there is a presentation of the results of the welded joints’ studies which were done by the non-destructive and destructive methods of control. The dependency of the tool tilt angle from the power and the temperature in the welding zone is defined on the basis of the received results.

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30

Mustafa, Ehtasham, Ramy S. A. Afia, Aamir Nawaz, Oumaima Nouini, and Zoltán Ádám Tamus. "Implementation of Non-Destructive Condition Monitoring Techniques on Low-Voltage Nuclear Cables: II. Thermal Aging of EPR/CSPE Cables." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093231.

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Determining the aging state of low-voltage nuclear power plant cables using a nondestructive and reliable condition monitoring technique is highly desirable as the cables experience multiple aging stresses during the service period. This paper deals with the implementation and investigation of such nondestructive techniques, which can detect the overall aging state of low-voltage instrumentation and control (I&C) cables, which are subjected to accelerated thermal aging. The dielectric spectroscopy, extended voltage response, and polarization–depolarization current as nondestructive electrical aging techniques were used for the investigation purpose, while the elongation at break was also adopted as a mechanical measurement and for comparison. Prominent variations in the electrical parameters for the insulation and jacket were observed, whereas the elongation at break for both materials also decreased under thermal aging. Based on the electrical techniques, aging markers were selected that showed a strong correlation with the aging and elongation at break, proving the ability of the adopted electrical methods as a nondestructive condition monitoring technique.

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Saptaji, K., S. N. Afiqah, and R. D. Ramdan. "A Review on Measurement Methods for Machining Induced Residual Stress." Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering and Design (IJoCED) 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35806/ijoced.v1i2.64.

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The chip formation in mechanical machining / cutting process involves thermal loading and mechanical loading in the form of large plastic deformations, high strain, strain rates and high temperatures in the cutting zone. These loadings usually induce plastic deformation in the form of residual stresses in the surface and sub-surface of the machined workpiece. Residual stress issue is essential to be studied in order to control the quality and fatigue life of a component or part produced by machining process. Therefore, the magnitude and depth of the residual stresses into the workpiece sub-surface is important and necessary to be measured. The objective of this paper is to discuss various study on the effects of machining parameters on residual stress and residual stress measurement methods for machined workpiece namely non-destructive, semi-destructive and destructive methods. In addition, the effect of machining process into the metallurgical conditions of the workpiece in the form of microstructural changes is also discussed.

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Xiao, Peng, Jun Zheng, Bin Dou, Hong Tian, Guodong Cui, and Muhammad Kashif. "Mechanical Behaviors of Granite after Thermal Shock with Different Cooling Rates." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133721.

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During the construction of nuclear waste storage facilities, deep drilling, and geothermal energy development, high-temperature rocks are inevitably subjected to thermal shock. The physical and mechanical behaviors of granite treated with different thermal shocks were analyzed by non-destructive (P-wave velocity test) and destructive tests (uniaxial compression test and Brazil splitting test). The results show that the P-wave velocity (VP), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus (E), and tensile strength (st) of specimens all decrease with the treatment temperature. Compared with air cooling, water cooling causes greater damage to the mechanical properties of granite. Thermal shock induces thermal stress inside the rock due to inhomogeneous expansion of mineral particles and further causes the initiation and propagation of microcracks which alter the mechanical behaviors of granite. Rapid cooling aggravates the damage degree of specimens. The failure pattern gradually transforms from longitudinal fracture to shear failure with temperature. In addition, there is a good fitting relationship between P-wave velocity and mechanical parameters of granite after different temperature treatments, which indicates P-wave velocity can be used to evaluate rock damage and predict rock mechanical parameters. The research results can provide guidance for high-temperature rock engineering.

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Liu, Zhi Ping, Hui Long Liu, Lei Jiang, and Ge Lu. "Simulation of Non-Destructive Testing on Weld Surface Crack of Metal Structure by Electromagnetically Stimulated Infrared Thermography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.639.

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With the wider use of metal welded structure in engineering machine, on-line inspection on weld crack is of great significance. This paper reports an emerging nondestructive approach----electromagnetically stimulated infrared thermography technique, for the detection and characterization of surface cracks. According to the electromagnetic thermal coupling analysis theory, different abnormal temperature field distributions caused by various crack dimensions , coil lifting heights, stimulated frequencies and paint film thickness were obtained, via 3D finite element analysis (FEA).The results show that the weld surface crack detectability are greatly influenced by the crack width and the paint layer thickness, with coil life-off height decreasing and electromagnetic excitation frequency increasing, the maximum abnormal temperature difference increases. There is a certain reference value for further research on the design of the electromagnetically stimulated control device.

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Mazurchuk, Serhiі, Nataliya Marchenko, Yuriy Tsapko, Olga Bondarenko, Nataliya Buyskikh, Tomáš Andor, and Viktor Forosz. "Ways to increase the production efficiency of hardwood blanks." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128007010.

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The article presents the main results of experimental studies on the identification of the main grade defects of oak lumber by the thermal non-destructive testing method. Regressional dependences of wood defects temperature display from the main factors for the studied grade defects are proposed. Indicators of infrared radiation (temperature range) of the main visible oak grade defects obtained as a result of experimental studies are presented. A conceptual scheme for the line control methods of identification of the main grade defects in lumber are proposed.

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35

Acquah, Gifty E., Brian K. Via, Oladiran O. Fasina, and Lori G. Eckhardt. "Non-Destructive Prediction of the Properties of Forest Biomass for Chemical and Bioenergy Applications Using near Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 23, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.1153.

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Forest biomass will play a key role as a feedstock for bioproducts as the bioeconomy develops. Rapid assessment of this heterogeneous resource will help determine its suitability as feedstock for specific applications, aid in feedstock improvement programmes and enable better process control that will optimise the biorefinery process. In this study, near infrared spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares regression was used to predict important chemical and thermal reactivity properties of biomass made up of needles, twigs, branches, bark and wood of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). Models developed with the raw spectra for property prediction used between three and eight factors to yield R2 values ranging from a low of 0.34 for higher heat values to a high of 0.92 for volatile matter. Pretreating the raw spectra with first derivatives improved the fit statistics for all properties (i.e. min 0.57, max 0.92; with two or three factors). The best-performing models were for extractives, lignin, glucose, cellulose, volatile matter and fixed carbon ( R2 ≥ 0.80, residual predictive deviation/ratio of performance to deviation ≥1.5). This study provided the capacity to predict multiple chemical and thermal/energy traits from a single spectrum across an array of materials that differ considerably in chemistry type and distribution. Models developed should be able to rapidly predict the studied properties of similar biomass types. This will be useful in rapidly allocating feedstocks that optimise biomass conversion technologies.

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36

Bradeško, Andraž, Lovro Fulanović, Marko Vrabelj, Aleksander Matavž, Mojca Otoničar, Jurij Koruza, Barbara Malič, and Tadej Rojac. "Multifunctional Cantilevers as Working Elements in Solid-State Cooling Devices." Actuators 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10030058.

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Despite the challenges of practical implementation, electrocaloric (EC) cooling remains a promising technology because of its good scalability and high efficiency. Here, we investigate the feasibility of an EC cooling device that couples the EC and electromechanical (EM) responses of a highly functionally, efficient, lead magnesium niobate ceramic material. We fabricated multifunctional cantilevers from this material and characterized their electrical, EM and EC properties. Two active cantilevers were stacked in a cascade structure, forming a proof-of-concept device, which was then analyzed in detail. The cooling effect was lower than the EC effect of the material itself, mainly due to the poor solid-to-solid heat transfer. However, we show that the use of ethylene glycol in the thermal contact area can significantly reduce the contact resistance, thereby improving the heat transfer. Although this solution is most likely impractical from the design point of view, the results clearly show that in this and similar cooling devices, a non-destructive, surface-modification method, with the same effectiveness as that of ethylene glycol, will have to be developed to reduce the thermal contact resistance. We hope this study will motivate the further development of multifunctional cooling devices.

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37

Sandomirski, S. G., A. L. Valco, and S. P. Rudenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE CARBURIZING DEPTH OF 18KHGT STEEL USING POLE MAGNETIZATION." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 267 (September 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.09.pp.018-025.

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High-voltage transmission parts of energy-saturated machines are made of cemented steels subjected to chemical-thermal treatment. In low carbon steel, a strong high carbon surface layer is formed with a relatively soft and viscous core of the product. Non-destructive magnetic control of the depth of the hardened layer is based on the difference in the physical properties of the surface layer and the core of the product. The coercive force Hc has received the greatest application for quality control of surface hardening. One of the most common methods for controlling the properties of products made of ferromagnetic materials according to the results of the indirect determination of Hc is the “point pole” method. The modern implementation of the “point pole” method is implemented in the device “Magnetic Sorter MS-1”. The device measures the gradient of the normal component of the remanent magnetization field above the point of contact of the magnet pole with the surface of the product being monitored. The studis showed that there is a close correlation between the carburizing depth of the studied samples of 18KhGT steel and the readings of the MS-1 device. This is a prerequisite for the development of a non-destructive method for controlling the quality of cementation of gears of transmissions of mobile machines.

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38

Sandomirski, S. G., A. L. Valco, and S. P. Rudenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE CARBURIZING DEPTH OF 18KHGT STEEL USING POLE MAGNETIZATION." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 267 (September 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.09.pp.018-025.

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Анотація:

High-voltage transmission parts of energy-saturated machines are made of cemented steels subjected to chemical-thermal treatment. In low carbon steel, a strong high carbon surface layer is formed with a relatively soft and viscous core of the product. Non-destructive magnetic control of the depth of the hardened layer is based on the difference in the physical properties of the surface layer and the core of the product. The coercive force Hc has received the greatest application for quality control of surface hardening. One of the most common methods for controlling the properties of products made of ferromagnetic materials according to the results of the indirect determination of Hc is the “point pole” method. The modern implementation of the “point pole” method is implemented in the device “Magnetic Sorter MS-1”. The device measures the gradient of the normal component of the remanent magnetization field above the point of contact of the magnet pole with the surface of the product being monitored. The studis showed that there is a close correlation between the carburizing depth of the studied samples of 18KhGT steel and the readings of the MS-1 device. This is a prerequisite for the development of a non-destructive method for controlling the quality of cementation of gears of transmissions of mobile machines.

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39

Yudin, A. A., A. R. Biktasheva, A. I. Gabitov, and A. S. Salov. "Peculiarities Research of Buildings and Structures Energy Efficiency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 5 (February 1, 2022): 052039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/5/052039.

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Abstract The constant buildings growth inevitably increases volume and work cost on their technical diagnosis. This defines the relevance of introducing non-destructive testing modern methods, which accelerate diagnosis, obtain a reliable assessment of technical condition and residual resource reasonable prognostication in safe operation field. Priority are control methods that do not require facility decommissioning, which provides a significant time and money reduction. Currently, infra-red thermal imaging using interest has significantly increased. This is due to the adoption of Russian Federation regulatory documents on improving energy efficiency and energy-saving technologies introduction in the construction and buildings reconstruction. Sweden, Canada and the United States developed a significant number of standards and guidelines for practical examinations of buildings and structures using thermal imaging quality control methods of building constructions thermal insulation at the end of the last century. On the other hand, relatively inexpensive matrix detectors of infrared radiation have been developed and put into widespread use, as a result of measurement models have become available. In the Bashkortostan Republic based on the analysis of thermal imaging studies of housing, civil and industrial construction projects, energy-efficient building construction have been developed and proposed.

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40

Sukhanov, A. V., A. I. Artemova, and R. S. Litvinenko. "The Non-Destructive Test Method as A Simple Way to Evaluate the Quality Of Metal Core Pcbs for High Power Micro-Assemblies." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i2.pp281-286.

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<p>The article describes the necessity of an incoming quality control of the delivered power electronics elements especially at the stage of choosing a reliable supplier. In particular, in the field of the metal core PCBs production, there is a need to control not only its heat sink parameters, but also to control the quality of the joint interface of the metal core PCBs. Since the use of poor-quality materials or the violation of the technological process by the manufacturer can lead to the defects in the PCBs structure. Thus it can affect the heat sink efficiency and the reliability of the entire assembly. The article proposes and describes the method of nondestructive incoming quality control of metal core PCBs. This method is based on the use of ultrasonic layer-by-layer scanning for obtaining the internal structure of PCBs. The article presents the results of applying this method for the PCBs of various manufacturers. The data of the structure visualization and the influence of environment temperatures changes were also obtained. The result pictures of the tested samples before and after the thermal circling were obtained to study the possible degradation of the PCBs structure and its parameters.</p>

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41

Blokhin, Dmitry, Pavel Ivanov, and Oleg Dudchenko. "Experimental study of thermomechanical effects in water-saturated limestones during their deformation." Journal of Mining Institute 247 (March 16, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.1.1.

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Stability control of elements of stone constructions of various structures is a prerequisite for their safe operation. The use of modern methods of non-destructive diagnostics of the stress-strain state of such constructions is an effective, and in many cases the only way to control it. Studies of thermal radiation accompanying the processes of solid bodies deformation allowed to justify and develop a method that allows to obtain non-contact information about changes in the stress-strain state in various types of geomaterials, including limestones. However, studies of the water saturation influence of rocks on the thermal radiation parameters recorded in this way are currently superficial. Taking into account the water saturation degree of rocks is necessary when monitoring the mechanical condition of stone structures that are in direct contact with water. The main purpose of this work is to study the dependences of changes in the intensity of thermal radiation from the surface of limestone samples with different humidity under conditions of uniaxial compression. The obtained results showed the expected significant decrease in the mechanical properties (uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus) of water-saturated samples in comparison with dry ones. At the same time, a significant increase in the intensity of thermal radiation of limestone samples subjected to compression with an increase in their water saturation was recorded, which makes it necessary to take into account the revealed regularity when identifying changes in the stress state of stone structures established according to non-contact IR diagnostics in real conditions.

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42

Orzechowska, Aleksandra, Martin Trtílek, Krzysztof Michał Tokarz, Renata Szymańska, Ewa Niewiadomska, Piotr Rozpądek, and Katarzyna Wątor. "Thermal Analysis of Stomatal Response under Salinity and High Light." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094663.

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A non-destructive thermal imaging method was used to study the stomatal response of salt-treated Arabidopsis thaliana plants to excessive light. The plants were exposed to different levels of salt concentrations (0, 75, 150, and 220 mM NaCl). Time-dependent thermograms showed the changes in the temperature distribution over the lamina and provided new insights into the acute light-induced temporary response of Arabidopsis under short-term salinity. The initial response of plants, which was associated with stomatal aperture, revealed an exponential growth in temperature kinetics. Using a single-exponential function, we estimated the time constants of thermal courses of plants exposed to acute high light. The saline-induced impairment in stomatal movement caused the reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Limited transpiration of NaCl-treated plants resulted in an increased rosette temperature and decreased thermal time constants as compared to the controls. The net CO2 assimilation rate decreased for plants exposed to 220 mM NaCl; in the case of 75 mM NaCl treatment, an increase was observed. A significant decline in the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II under excessive light was noticeable for the control and NaCl-treated plants. This study provides evidence that thermal imaging as a highly sensitive technique may be useful for analyzing the stomatal aperture and movement under dynamic environmental conditions.

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43

Jelinek, M., and G. Reinhart. "Flexibles Greifen im thermografischen Prüfprozess*/Flexible gripping in thermographic inspection - Methodological gripper development for handling a range of curved CFRP structures." wt Werkstattstechnik online 105, no. 09 (2015): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2015-09-15.

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Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Strukturbauteilen aus kohlenstofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff (CFK) mithilfe der aktiven Thermografie ist von einer Vielzahl manueller Tätigkeiten geprägt. Um die Drapierung des jeweiligen Prüfobjekts vor den thermografischen Anregungsquellen und der Thermografiekamera automatisiert sowie ohne Greiferwechsel durchführen zu können, wurde ein flexibles Greifsystem systematisch entwickelt. Es ist in der Lage, sich bauteilspezifisch anzupassen und im thermografischen Prüfprozess störungsfrei zu agieren.   The non-destructive inspection of CFRP structures utilizing active thermography is characterized by a wide range of manual tasks. A flexible gripping system operating free of interference in the thermographic inspection procedure and also capable of adapting itself to specific components was methodologically developed. The system drapes certain test specimens automatically in front of the thermal excitation sources as well as in the thermographic camera’s field of view without a gripper change.

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44

Chaban, Antonina, Vivi Tornari, Rita Deiana, Michalis Andrianakis, David Giovannacci, and Vincent Detalle. "A Combined Non-Invasive Approach to the Study of A Mosaic Model: First Laboratory Experimental Results." Journal of Imaging 5, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging5060058.

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This paper presents first laboratory results of a combined approach carried out by the use of three different portable non-invasive electromagnetic methods: Digital holographic speckle pattern interferometry (DHSPI), stimulated infrared thermography (SIRT) and holographic subsurface radar (HSR), proposed for the analysis of a custom-built wall mosaic model. The model reproduces a series of defects (e.g., cracks, voids, detachments), simulating common deteriorated, restored or reshuffled areas in wall mosaics. DHSPI and SIRT, already well known in the field of non-destructive (NDT) methods, are full-field contactless techniques, providing complementary information on the subsurface hidden discontinuities. The use of DHSPI, based on optical imaging and interferometry, provides remote control and visualization of surface micro-deformation after induced thermal stress, while the use of SIRT allows visualization of thermal energy diffusion in the surface upon the induced thermal stress. DHSPI and SIRT data are complemented by the use of HSR, a contact method that provides localized information about the distribution of contrasts in dielectric permittivity and related possible anomalies. The experimental results, made by the combined use of these methods to the identification of the known anomalies in the mosaic model, are presented and discussed here as a contribution in the development of an efficient non-invasive approach to the in-situ subsurface analysis of ancient wall mosaics.

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45

Chaban, N. I., I. V. Rybitskyi, M. O. Karpash, and V. D. Myndiuk. "APPROBATION AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES'S RESULTS OF THE EXTENDED METHOD OF PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS STEELS'S CONTROL." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 4(69) (November 29, 2018): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2018-4(69)-37-49.

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Most of the oil and gas equipment complex is subjected to cyclic-variable, mechanical, thermal loads and corrosive-active environment. These effects causing a change in the structural statr of the metal contribute to the accelerated development of defects, especially in places with stress concentrators, which ultimately lead to the constructions destruction. Available ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and eddy-current non-destructive testing methods are currently aimed at solving defect detection problems. However, it is more important to timely identify the initial stage of the process of damage accumulation in a metal by determining changes in the structural state of the metal. The article proposes a methodology for studies of steel structural changes arising in the process of exploitation and their impact on mechanical characteristics. A reasonable choice of the optimal indicator characterizing the image of the acoustic structural noise of the material obtained by applying ultrasonic flaw detector in a complete set with piezoelectric converters with a phased array is substantiated. The complex of physical and mechanical parameters of the investigated samples are measured and the results obtained were analyzed. The modern methods of determination of mechanical characteristics of steels are considered, their deficiencies are determined and the methods of their optimization are proposed. The regression-correlation analysis of the experimental studies results was carried out, which resulted in the equation of dependence between a set of non-destructive control parameters and mechanical characteristics of steels was obtained. In order to verify the adequacy of the proposed model and to establish the possibility of controlling the casing and tubing on the samples made, series of experimental studies were carried out, which confirmed the reliability of the resulting calculation model for determining the mechanical characteristics of the steels by using two informative parameters, namely hardness and integral density of images of acoustic structural noise.

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Utepov, Ye B., A. Aniskin, R. E. Lukpanov, A. S. Tulebekova, and Sh Zh Zharassov. "Surface-strength approach for concrete monitoring using sensors and shock-pulse method." - Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 321, no. 2 (April 21, 2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2022/6445.18.

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There are many methods used for temperature-strength control of reinforced concrete structures globally. Their majority is associated with the significant challenges of being time-consuming, costly and prone to errors. Therefore, this study investigated the potential applicability of the surface-strength approach of specimens using non-destructive testing methods to derive temperature-strength relationships as an alternative approach to the currently widely used methods. The studies were carried out by comparing the surface strength of small laboratory specimens (SS) and large specimens (LS), imitating building structures, obtained by the shock-pulse method and the strength obtained by the destructive method; and the obtained calibration dependencies were adapted to the results of specimens’ thermal control. The temperature-strength dependence was corrected by comparing the strength and temperature parameters of SS and LS. The obtained nomograms make it possible to correct changes in the temperature regime of hydration of structures curing in real climatic conditions. The final adaptation of the temperature-strength dependence to the real erected structures showed a significant potential of this method in the construction industry. The difference between the actual strength of the drilled cores and the predicted strength of concrete at 28 days was only 1.02%.

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Caiazzo, Fabrizia, and Vittorio Alfieri. "Simulation of Laser Heating of Aluminum and Model Validation via Two-Color Pyrometer and Shape Assessment." Materials 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091506.

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The modeling of laser-based processes is increasingly addressed in a competitive environment for two main reasons: Preventing a trial-and-error approach to set the optimum processing conditions and non-destructive real-time control. In this frame, a thermal model for laser heating in the form of non-penetrative bead-on-plate welds of aluminum alloy 2024 is proposed in this paper. A super-Gaussian profile is considered for the transverse optical intensity and a number of laws for temperature-dependent material properties have been included aiming to improve the reliability of the model. The output of the simulation in terms of both thermal evolution of the parent metal and geometry of the fusion zone is validated in comparison with the actual response: namely, a two-color pyrometer is used to infer the thermal history on the exposed surface around the scanning path, whereas the shape and size of the fusion zone are assessed in the transverse cross-section. With an average error of 3% and 4%, the model is capable of predicting the peak temperature and the depth of the fusion zone upon laser heating, respectively. The model is intended to offer a comprehensive description of phenomena in laser heating in preparation for a further model for repairing via additive manufacturing.

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48

Luzin, Vladimir, ANdrew Vackel, Alfredo Valarezo, and Sanjay Sampath. "Neutron Through-Thickness Stress Measurements in Coatings with High Spatial Resolution." Materials Science Forum 905 (August 2017): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.905.165.

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A great variety of techniques are nowadays used to spray coatings with different functionality and properties for the purpose of surface enhancement. Depending on application and design, these can be thermal (plasma or high-velocity oxy-fuel are the most widely used) and warm or cold spraying, which are known to generate considerable residual stresses. This stress is a function of the spaying process as well as the material and thickness of the coating-substrate system. The mechanical integrity of coatings is critical for certain applications, e.g. wear resistant and thermal-barrier coatings, hence residual stress control and mitigation are essential in preventing the coating’s mechanical failure, improving the coating’s performance and the its operational lifetime. Although hole drilling technique or x-ray diffraction combined with layer removal method can be applicable for stress measurements in coatings, the neutron diffraction stress analysis also provides an effective and efficient tool for non-destructive through-thickness stress measurements with a commensurately high resolution, down to 0.1-0.2 mm. The most recent results of neutron diffraction stress measurements in coating systems are presented herein.

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49

Li, Zhiyao, Mohammad Osman Tokhi, Ryan Marks, Haitao Zheng, and Zhanfang Zhao. "Dynamic Wind Turbine Blade Inspection Using Micro-Polarisation Spatial Phase Shift Digital Shearography." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 10700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210700.

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Shearography, as a novel non-destructive evaluation technique, has shown notable ability in the detection of composite materials. However, in current shearography practices, the phase shifting and loading methods applied are mainly static. For instance, vacuum hood or force loading facilities are often used in phase-shifting shearography, and these are hard to realise with robotic control, especially for on-board inspection. In this study, a dynamic process for detecting defects in the subsurface of a wind turbine blade (WTB) using spatial phase shift with dynamic thermal loading was proposed. The WTB sample underwent a dynamic thermal loading operation, and its status is captured by a Michelson interferometric-based spatial phase shift digital shearography system using a pixelated micro-polarisation array sensor. The captured images were analysed in a 2D frequency domain and low-pass filtered for phase map acquisition. The initial phase maps underwent a window Fourier filtering process and were integrated to produce a video sequence for realisation of visualising the first derivative of the displacement in the process of thermal loading. The approach was tested in experimental settings and the results obtained were presented and discussed. A comparative assessment of the approach with shearography fringe pattern analysis and temporal phase shift technique is also presented and discussed.

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50

Sandomirski, S. G. "NON-DESTRUCTIVE MAGNETIC TESTING OF THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MISSION-CRITICAL MOUNTING COMPONENTS MADE OF 30HGSA STEEL." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 262 (April 2020): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.04.pp.004-013.

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The mounting products with mission-critical functions (bolts, studs, rods) used in aviation technology are subject to increased strength, hardness, and wear resistance requirements. They are made of specially developed medium-carbon steel 30KhGSA alloyed with chromium, manganese, and silicon. According to international classifications, the steel 30KhGSA is steel 42CrMo4-T (EN), 1.7225 (DIN, W.NR), 4140H (AISI). The balance between the strength and plastic properties of the products is achieved by the choice of the mode of their heat treatment – quenching and subsequent medium or high temperature tempering. Possible deviations in the chemical composition of the product materials and the modes of their heat treatment from the prescribed ones lead to unacceptable deviations of the properties of the products. This requires monitoring all products. The physical basis of magnetic structural analysis relies on the fact that mechanical and magnetic properties of steels are sensitive to the structural transformations occurring in them during thermal treatments. It has been proven that the coercive force Нc and the remanent magnetization Мr of many steels are related to their structure. When controlling mass batches of products, the best results in reliability and productivity are achieved by magnetization of products when they fall through a coil with the direct current and measuring the remanent magnetic flux Fd in the product. In this case, Fd in the product is not proportional to Mr, but to Hc of the product material. A characteristic feature of alloyed steels with a carbon content greater than 0.3 %, including steel 30KhGSA (steels 42CrMo4-T, 1.7225, 4140H, 37Cr4, 41Cr4, 46Cr2 and others), is a non-monotonic change in Hc with an increase in the tempering temperature Tо of products. Therefore, magnetic quality control of products from such steels requires a specific procedure. To test the tempering mode of such products, we have proposed to expose the magnetized products to a graded demagnetizing field with the strength Нp, before measuring Fd. The developed method allows us to choose the value of Hp, at which the optimum sensitivity to changes in Tо is achieved while monitoring products of specific sizes. In this report we show that such testing is based on the sensitivity of Fd in the product after its reverse magnetization in the field Hp to the remanent magnetization of the material Mr. We also article the technical means ensuring application of the developed methodology in industrial settings with a control output of up to 2 products per second. Examples of application of the method for controlling the hardness of small bolts made of steel 30HGSA, intended for use in aircraft construction, are given.

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