Статті в журналах: "Thermal energy measurement"

1

Vakulin, A. A., and A. V. Shavlov. "Error of measurement of thermal energy." Measurement Techniques 41, no. 4 (April 1998): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02504018.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

2

Iskandarov, N. Sh. "Improving the accuracy of temperature measurements in heat supply systems." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20220200679.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The constant rise in energy prices leads to an increase in the cost of thermal energy, which is used in heat supply systems for industrial and residential premises. Therefore, improving the accuracy of measuring the heat supplied to consumers is an urgent task. Instrumental metering of heat energy requires regular measurement of the temperature of the coolant in the pipelines of the heat supply system. There is an opinion that all the problems of measuring temperature when accounting for thermal energy have been solved. However, this is not the case. The analysis shows that the systematic component of the error in measuring the temperature and the temperature difference between the supply and return pipelines, especially in conditions of small values of the difference, makes a significant contribution to the instrumental error of accounting for thermal energy. The article discusses solutions to minimize these errors in temperature measurement, taking into account the consumption of thermal energy. Keywords: temperature measurements; measurement error; thermal energy; thermodynamics; metrology.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

3

Utomo, Bayu, Nanang Kusnandar, Himma Firdaus, Intan Paramudita, Iput Kasiyanto, Qudsiyyatul Lailiyah, and Wahyudin P. Syam. "Comparison of GUM and Monte Carlo Methods for Measurement Uncertainty Estimation of the Energy Performance Measurements of Gas Stoves." Measurement Science Review 22, no. 4 (May 14, 2022): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2022-0020.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract The paper presents the comparison of uncertainty measurement estimations of the energy performances of gas stoves. The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) framework and two Monte Carlo Simulation (MCM) approaches: ordinary and adaptive MCM were applied for the energy performance uncertainty: thermal energy and efficiency measurement uncertainties. The validation of the two MCMs is performed by comparing the MCM estimations to the GUM estimations for the thermal energy and efficiency measurement results. A test method designed in Indonesia National Standard SNI 7368:2011 was employed for the thermal energy and efficiency determinations. The results of the GUM and two MCM methods are in good agreement for the estimation of the thermal energy value. Significant differences of the uncertainty estimations for the thermal energy and efficiency results are observed for both GUM and MCM methods. Both the ordinary and adaptive MCM estimations give larger coverage interval compared to the GUM method. The adaptive MCM can give similar estimations with a much lower number of iterations compared to the ordinary MCM. From the estimation difference between the GUM and MCM methods, suggestions are needed for the improvement in measurement models for thermal energy and efficiency of the standard.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

4

Błaszczak, Paweł, and Roman Stryczek. "Measurement of Energy Consumption During a Thermal Drilling Cycle." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 27, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_247/93.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The work presents the issue of measuring and analyzing energy consumption during a thermal drilling cycle. A research stand based on a CNC lathe was presented, the equipment of which was an experimental energy consumption system based on an electricity meter and a force gauge. The measuring devices used allowed for recording the load on the power grid, the load on the machine tool drives, the axial force, the drill braking torque, the current rotation of the machine tool spindle, the position of the drill in relation to the workpiece and the values of auxiliary parameter registers in the strategy of adaptive feed control. Two cases of a drilling cycle were considered: making a single hole and making a series of holes in one cycle. Five feed control strategies were tested during the drilling cycle, including adaptive feed control and a recursive feed optimization method. For comparison, holes were also made with traditional HSS twist drills. Based on the obtained test results, it can be concluded that the friction drilling method can be included in the energy-saving methods of making holes in thin-walled elements.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

5

Palacios, Anabel, Lin Cong, M. E. Navarro, Yulong Ding, and Camila Barreneche. "Thermal conductivity measurement techniques for characterizing thermal energy storage materials – A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 108 (July 2019): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.020.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

6

Górecki, Krzysztof, and Krzysztof Posobkiewicz. "Selected Problems of Power MOSFETs Thermal Parameters Measurements." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 8353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248353.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In the paper, selected problems that are related to the measurements of thermal parameters of power MOSFETs that are placed on a common heat sink are analysed. The application of the indirect electrical method, the contact method, and the optical method in measuring self and mutual transient thermal impedances of these transistors is presented. The circuits that are required to perform measurements are presented and described. The errors of measurements are assessed for each of the considered methods. In the case of the indirect electrical method, an additional influence of the selection of a thermo-sensitive parameter and the function approximating thermometric characteristics on the measurement error are taken into consideration. The measurement results of the thermal parameters of the investigated transistors that were obtained using the considered measurement methods in various supply conditions are presented and discussed.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

7

Wang, Lin, and Hong Wang. "Measurement and Application of Radiant Energy." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1463.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Based on the application of radiant energy in various fields, the fundamental knowledge about incident radiation, including physical quantities and units, is summarized. Then, the category and principle of radiant energy detector are introduced, i.e. thermal detectors and photodetectors. Also, their application conditions are compared. It is significantly important for users to understand their operation principles and to choose an appropriate radiation measuring detector.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

8

Wurster, Dale Eric, and J. Richard Creekmore. "Measurement of the Thermal Energy Evolved upon Tablet Compression." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 12, no. 10 (January 1986): 1511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048609065874.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

9

Chipulis, V. P. "Adequacy of Measurement Results in Accounting for Thermal Energy." Measurement Techniques 59, no. 5 (August 2016): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-016-1000-7.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

10

Levashenko, G. I., A. S. Sokol'nikov, I. N. Dobrokhotov, and N. V. Mazaev. "Measurement of energy characteristics of an impulsive thermal radiator." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 29, no. 1 (1993): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00755327.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

11

Divi, Suresh, Raja Chellappa, and Dhanesh Chandra. "Heat capacity measurement of organic thermal energy storage materials." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 38, no. 11 (November 2006): 1312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2006.02.005.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

12

Pfänder, Markus, Eckhard Lüpfert, and Peter Heller. "Pyrometric Temperature Measurements on Solar Thermal High Temperature Receivers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 3 (April 6, 2006): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2210499.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The knowledge of the absorber surface temperature distribution is essential for efficient operation and further development of solar thermal high temperature receivers. However, the concentrated solar radiation makes it difficult to determine the temperature on irradiated surfaces. Contact thermometry is not appropriate and pyrometric measurements are distorted by the reflected solar radiation. The measurement in solar-blind spectral ranges offers a possible solution by eliminating the reflected solar radiation from the measurement signal. The paper shows that besides the incoming solar radiation and the absorber emittance, the bi-directional reflection properties and the temperature of the object are determining for the required selectivity of the spectral filter. Atmospheric absorption affects the solar blind pyrometric measurements in absorption bands of CO2 and water vapor. The deviation of temperature measurement due to atmospheric absorption is quantified and the possibilities and limitations of accounting for the atmospheric absorption with models based on radiation transfer calculations are discussed.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

13

Georges, J., and J. M. Mermet. "Measurement of thermal energy recovery using thermal lens spectrometry in fluorescence quenching experiments." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy 50, no. 5 (May 1994): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(94)80144-4.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

14

Armstrong, Lawrence E., Douglas J. Casa, and Luke N. Belval. "Metabolism, bioenergetics and thermal physiology: influences of the human intestinal microbiota." Nutrition Research Reviews 32, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422419000076.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

AbstractThe micro-organisms which inhabit the human gut (i.e. the intestinal microbiota) influence numerous human biochemical pathways and physiological functions. The present review focuses on two questions, ‘Are intestinal microbiota effects measurable and meaningful?’ and ‘What research methods and variables are influenced by intestinal microbiota effects?’. These questions are considered with respect to doubly labelled water measurements of energy expenditure, heat balance calculations and models, measurements of RMR via indirect calorimetry, and diet-induced energy expenditure. Several lines of evidence suggest that the intestinal microbiota introduces measurement variability and measurement errors which have been overlooked in research studies involving nutrition, bioenergetics, physiology and temperature regulation. Therefore, we recommend that present conceptual models and research techniques be updated via future experiments, to account for the metabolic processes and regulatory influences of the intestinal microbiota.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

15

Beaufait, Robert, Sebastian Ammann, and Ludger Fischer. "The Elephant Problem—Determining Bulk Thermal Diffusivity." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 7444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217444.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study investigates a measurement method of thermal diffusivity for samples with arbitrary geometries and unknown material properties. The aim is to curve fit the thermal diffusivity with the use of a numerical simulation and transient temperature measurement inside the object of interest. This approach is designed to assess bulk material properties of an object that has a composite material structure such as underground soil. The method creates the boundary conditions necessary to apply analytical theory found in the literature. It was found that measurements best correlated with theory and simulation at positions between the center and surface of an object.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

16

Marotta, Enrica, Rosario Peluso, Rosario Avino, Pasquale Belviso, Stefano Caliro, Antonio Carandente, Giovanni Chiodini, Giovanni Macedonio, Gala Avvisati, and Barbara Marfè. "Thermal Energy Release Measurement with Thermal Camera: The Case of La Solfatara Volcano (Italy)." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020167.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Quiescent volcanoes dissipate a large part of their thermal energy through hot soils and ground degassing mainly in restricted areas called Diffuse Degassing Structures. La Solfatara crater represents the main spot of thermal release for the Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy) despite its reduced dimensions with regards to the whole caldera. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to measure thermal energy release extrapolating it from the ground surface temperature. We used imaging from thermal cameras at short distances (1 m) to obtain a mapping of areas with thermal anomalies and a measure of their temperatures. We built a conceptual model of the energy release from the ground to atmosphere, which well fits the experimental data taken in the La Solfatara crater. Using our model and data, we could estimate the average heat flux in a portion of the crater as q a v g = 220 ± 40 W / m 2 , compatible with other measurements in literature.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

17

Nagy, Balázs, and Tamás K. Simon. "Energy and hygrothermal performance of builtin mineral wool thermal insulations." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816308001.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The paper analyses the monitoring measurement results on energy performance and hygrothermal behaviour of built-in rock and glass mineral wool thermal insulations in an energy efficiently refurbished typical single-family dwelling house in Hungary. The experimental monitoring measurements included an external weather station; internal air condition measurements; temperature, relative humidity and heat flux sensors in the layers of the facade and attic. An energy meter was installed into the heating systems. Apart from the insulated one, the energy consumption of an uninsulated but identical family house close by to the refurbished one was monitored as control. In the paper, apart from comparing the energy performance of the monitored buildings, the conjugated heat and moisture behaviour of the built-in mineral wool insulations were examined and compared to their design values and conditions. The temperature and moisture correction factors were evaluated. The paper presents laboratory measurements on the thermal conductivity of built-in and etalon mineral wool insulation samples also. The circumstances were set according to the experienced built-in conditions in the monitored buildings and compares the energy and hygrothermal performance of new and aged insulations.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

18

Gruson, Yannick, Vincent Giordano, Ulrich L. Rohde, Ajay K. Poddar, and Enrico Rubiola. "Cross-Spectrum PM Noise Measurement, Thermal Energy, and Metamaterial Filters." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 64, no. 3 (March 2017): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2016.2645719.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

19

Li, Yiwen, Puyousen Zhang, Ge Chen, Yao Li, Weizhuo Hua, Yuqin Li, and Zhaoqiang Jiao. "Study on Method for Measuring Coating Emissivity by Applying Active Irradiation Based on Infrared Thermal Imager." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062392.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

To achieve rapid and precise non-contact measurements of coating emissivity at room temperature, a measurement method based on infrared thermal imager was proposed. By applying two irradiations with different energies to the target and reference surfaces, the influences of atmospheric transmittance, radiation of the target itself, environmental radiation, and atmospheric path radiation were eliminated, thereby enabling accurate emissivity measurement. Experiments were designed for validation with a mid-wave infrared thermal imager and a surface blackbody as the radiation source. Several combinations of irradiation energy were set to investigate the effects of average energy and energy difference between the two irradiations on the measured results. The normal emissivity of the coated sample plate in the mid-wave band was measured to generate the image of coating surface emissivity. Then, the emissivity measurement results of the proposed method were compared with those of the energy method and the point emissivity measuring instrument under the same conditions, and the comparison indicated that the proposed method can effectively measure the emissivity of coating. Some factors causing measurement errors were analyzed. Finally, an experiment was designed to compare the measurement speed between the proposed method and the currently used methods, and the experimental results were analyzed.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

20

Štaffenová, Daniela, Radoslav Ponechal, Pavol Ďurica, and Marek Cangár. "Climate Data Processing for Needs of Energy Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.129.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This article describes a part of experimental measurement with assistance of independent weather station. Later on, after the data processing from chosen period of time (1 week in March 2014) measurements are described, graphic processed, interpreted and compared to the results of real meteorological station from SHMÚ. Convenient climatic units are elaborated. The influence of differences in measured data on results of calculations for thermal technical parameters of covering constructions is analysed.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

21

Liu, Shu Huan, Xin Biao Jiang, Wen Shou Zhang, Qing Yu Yu, Yun Hong Zhong, Jun Yang, Guang Ning Zhu, Kai Wang, and Da Chen. "Reactor Thermal Neutron Spectrum Measurement with Time of Flight Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.899.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The basic principle of neutron spectrum measured with time of flight method was simply introduced. The design of the experimental system for the time of flight spectrum detected in the thermal column of the reactor was offered. The most probable neutron energy of the measured thermal neutron was about 0.0248±0.0007eV, and the spectrum average energy was 0.042±0.001eV. The results showed that the measured spectrum was softer than thermal Maxwellian theory spectrum.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

22

Skotnicova, Iveta, Zdenek Galda, Petra Tymova, and Lenka Lausova. "Dynamic Simulation of the Energy Performance of the Timber-Frame Passive House." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.556.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The aim of this article is analysis of energy performance of the timber-frame passive house. The analysis is made on the base of numerical simulation, analytical calculation and experimental measurement. Numerical simulation is solved by the Design Builder software which can determine thermal losses, thermal loads of buildings and other parameters of indoor microclimate - mean radiant temperature, operating temperature and indoor relative humidity, the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index, the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) index, concentration CO2 (carbon dioxide). Analytical calculations are solved by the software Simulace. Boundary conditions of the exterior calculation are set with using standard values and the real hour meteorological values (from database of the software Design Builder for Ostrava town and from database of the real experimental measurement values). Experimental measurements of the indoor and exterior parameters (external and indoor air temperature) are realized at the passive timber-frame house of the Research and Innovation Centre of the Moravian-Silesian Wood Cluster in the area of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava. Results of theoretical analysis and experimental measurements are compared and evaluated.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

23

Hotra, Oleksandra, Svitlana Kovtun, Oleg Dekusha, and Żaklin Grądz. "Prospects for the Application of Wavelet Analysis to the Results of Thermal Conductivity Express Control of Thermal Insulation Materials." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175223.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This article discusses an express control method that allows in situ measurements of the thermal conductivity of insulation materials. Three samples of the most common thermal insulation materials, such as polyurethane, extruded polystyrene, and expanded polystyrene, were studied. Additionally, optical and organic glasses were investigated as materials with a stable value of thermal conductivity. For the measurement of thermal conductivity, the express control device, which implements the differential method of local heat influence, was used. The case studies were focused on the reduction of fluctuations of the measured signals caused by different influencing factors using wavelet transform. The application of wavelet transform for data processing decreased the thermal conductivity measurement’s relative error for organic glass SOL and optical glasses TF-1 and LK-5. The application of wavelet transform thermal conductivity measurement data for polyurethane, extruded polystyrene, and expanded polystyrene allowed to reduce twice the duration of express control while maintaining the same level of measurement error. The results of the investigation could be used to increase the accuracy in express control of the thermal conductivity of insulation materials by improving the data processing. This approach could be implemented in software and does not require a change in the design of the measuring equipment or the use of additional tools.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

24

Magonski, Zbigniew. "Meter for the measurement heat of combustion." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tha2-paper4.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper presents a proposal of a thermal instrument intended for the evaluation of heat energy of fluid fuels. Two thermal devices the flowmeter and the combustor are the basic components of the instrument. The meter maintains a constant temperature in the vicinity of the combustion zone. The amount of heat energy in the fuel is calculated as the ratio of the electric power change expressed in Watts to the change of fuel supply delivered to the combustor within a time period of 1sek. The method enables a direct evaluation of fuel energy expressed in Jules per unit of mass or volume. For some applications, the meter may be a good alternative for a bulky bomb calorimeter.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

25

Shen, Xiao Mei, and Ju Wu Xu. "Research on Method of Building Energy Conservation Based on Infrared Imaging Measurement." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2899.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

With the deepening of the energy conservation of the building, energy saving from the original design of building energy-saving gradually turned to the field detection and completion acceptance, which requires a corresponding energy-efficient means of detection. With the development of infrared technology, the combination of infrared technology and detection methods of building energy-saving, to further promote the development of building energy efficiency testing work. Compared to the traditional heat flow meter or hot-box method, infrared thermal imaging method has no effect on the measured object, detecting the surface temperature of quick reaction speed, accompanying with wide temperature range and high precision, is widely used in various fields of testing work, which has been particularly prominent in the thermal defect detection. In this paper, the method of infrared thermography is used to confirm whether the thermal defects exist in energy-saving construction or not. Testing results show that infrared thermography can accurately reflect the temperature distribution of building wall surface. Infrared thermal imaging to detect the building surface's energy efficiency, which is providing efficient and accurate means of detection for the evaluation of the building energy efficiency. This is to help carry out a comprehensive building energy-saving testing.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

26

Lahoori, Mojdeh, Sandrine Rosin-Paumier, Yves Jannot, Ahmed Boukelia, and Farimah Masrouri. "Thermal energy storage in embankments: Investigation of the thermal properties of an unsaturated compacted soil." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020507011.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Thermal energy storage in compacted soils can be considered as a new economically efficient and environmentally friendly technology in geotechnical engineering. Compacted soils are usually unsaturated; therefore, reliable estimates and measurements of their thermal properties are important in the efficiency analysis of these structures. In this study, a method is used to estimate the thermal properties of an unsaturated compacted soil. Several temperature sensors were placed in a thermo-regulated metric scale container to monitor the imposed temperature variation in the range of the 20 to 50 °C. This imposed temperature variation reproduced the temperature variation in the thermal energy storages. An inverse analytical model based on a one-dimensional radial heat conduction equation is used to estimate the thermal diffusivity using the temperature variation between two temperature sensors. The volumetric heat capacity was measured using a calorimeter in the laboratory, enabling the estimation of the thermal conductivity of the compacted soil. Then, this estimated thermal conductivity was compared with the thermal conductivity values measured with two other methods (steady-state and transient-state method). The difference between them are discussed in terms of the sample heterogeneity, sample size, and measurement method.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

27

Fan, Jung-Chuan, Huang-Huei Sung, and Chun-Rong Lin. "Optical and thermal stimulated luminescence in carbon nanotubes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems 225, no. 4 (December 2011): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740349912440664.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The semiconductivity of carbon nanotubes has been investigated by the luminescence measurement. The nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Carbon nanotubes can luminesce under laser irradiation. Using the photoluminescence measurements the emission spectrum is very wide near the infrared emission range, with a major peak at 1.3 eV. According to the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence and the thermal photoluminescence experiments, the luminescence of carbon nanotubes comes from the center of the energy trap of a defect. In view of this result, it is suggested that the technique of thermal stimulated luminescence provides a simple alternative method to obtain the energy levels in carbon nanotubes systems.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

28

Mičko, Pavol, Andrej Kapjor, Dávid Hečko, and Marián Pafčuga. "Thermal Comfort Measurement for Wet Floor Cooling System." Advances in Thermal Processes and Energy Transformation 2, no. 3 (2019): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54570/atpet2019/02/03/0048.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The trend of constant increase in energy prices can be observed especially on the increased demands on the thermal insulation properties of building structures of buildings. According to European Directive 2010/31 / EU, since 2019 only buildings that meet the energy standards of near zero buildings have to be designed. In practice, the design of the building takes into account, in particular, the shape of the building, its cladding, but also the method and technology for heating, cooling and hot water production. In the case of a family house is considered a specific annual consumption of heat for heating up to 20 kW.h.m-2 floor area. A popular way to achieve low heat consumption is to select an efficient heat source - a heat pump. It is best to combine a heat pump with a heating system with a low temperature gradient. The combination of heat pump and radiant floor heating is very popular. Modern heat pumps also come with the possibility of reversible operation and serve as a source of cold. The following article will therefore address floor radiant cooling and its effect on thermal comfort.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

29

Hotra, Oleksandra, Svitlana Kovtun, Oleg Dekusha, Żaklin Grądz, Vitalii Babak, and Joanna Styczeń. "Analysis of Low-Density Heat Flux Data by the Wavelet Method." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010430.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

When evaluating the energy efficiency of buildings and implementing the necessary measures to increase energy efficiency levels, thermal technical characteristics are determined. For this purpose, in situ measurements of the thermal resistance of external enclosing structures were carried out. One of the methods most often used by researchers is the non-destructive method—the heat flow meter (HFM) method regulated by ISO 9869. In the case of surveying a building with a high level of thermal resistance, researchers are faced with low-density heat flux measurements, which is always a difficult task due to significant fluctuations and the influence of external factors on the measurement results. This is due to the fact that it is difficult to determine what is a useful signal and what is a consequence of the effects of non-stationarity and heat transfer conditions. The article provides an example of low-density heat flux measurements when determining the thermal resistance of a building and proposes a data pre-processing procedure that allows for the reduction of heat flux fluctuations, which has a significant impact on the final result at low density. The proposed use of wavelet analysis in the pre-processing of low-density heat flux measurement data makes it possible to reconstruct them or reduce disturbances that occur during research. A comparison of the obtained results with the results of the calculation according to ISO 9869-1 showed a decrease in the standard deviation of the measurements from 5.74 to 2.81%. The results of this study can be used to reduce the noise of low-density heat flux and, as a result, reduce the standard deviation of the measurement when applying the HFM method of determining the thermal resistance of external enclosing structures.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

30

Chung, Ka Man, Jian Zeng, Sarath Reddy Adapa, Tianshi Feng, Malavika V. Bagepalli, Peter G. Loutzenhiser, Kevin J. Albrecht, Clifford K. Ho, and Renkun Chen. "Measurement and analysis of thermal conductivity of ceramic particle beds for solar thermal energy storage." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 230 (September 2021): 111271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111271.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

31

Deconinck, An-Heleen, and Staf Roels. "Is stochastic grey-box modelling suited for physical properties estimation of building components from on-site measurements?" Journal of Building Physics 40, no. 5 (February 12, 2017): 444–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259116688384.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In current energy requirements, the thermal performance of buildings is assessed with simplified energy models. A performance label is calculated based on thermal properties of the constituent components of the building envelope. These properties, however, do not include factors such as workmanship issues, or moisture or airflow influences which might affect the thermal performance as designed. To have a better view on the actual thermal quality of building components, a reliable thermal characterisation method of building components on-site is required. The typically used semi-stationary measurement methods have an application that is seasonally bounded or can require long measurement periods. Because of these drawbacks, dynamic parameter estimation methods have gained interest. In this article, the physical interpretability of a typical stochastic grey-box model used to thermally characterise building components is assessed. The identifiability of this model structure is examined by observing the profile likelihood of its parameters for typical measurements. The results allow identification of the extent to which models can estimate the thermal properties of building components in a robust way. A comparison of both analyses allows to define indications for physically interpretable parameters.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

32

Kwong, Victor H. S., Z. Fang, Y. Jiang, T. T. Gibbons, and L. D. Gardner. "Measurement of thermal-energy charge-transfer rate coefficient ofMo6+and argon." Physical Review A 46, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.46.201.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

33

Xiao, Xiong, Haixing Li, Hongzhi Cui, and Xiaohua Bao. "Evaluation of thermal-drift effect on strain measurement of energy pile." Construction and Building Materials 362 (January 2023): 129663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129663.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

34

Maguire, Mitchell S., Christopher M. U. Neale, and Wayne E. Woldt. "Improving Accuracy of Unmanned Aerial System Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Use in Energy Balance Models in Agriculture Applications." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091635.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Unmanned aerial system (UAS) remote sensing has rapidly expanded in recent years, leading to the development of several multispectral and thermal infrared sensors suitable for UAS integration. Remotely sensed thermal infrared imagery has been used to detect crop water stress and manage irrigation by leveraging the increased thermal signatures of water stressed plants. Thermal infrared cameras suitable for UAS remote sensing are often uncooled microbolometers. This type of thermal camera is subject to inaccuracies not typically present in cooled thermal cameras. In addition, atmospheric interference also may present inaccuracies in measuring surface temperature. In this study, a UAS with integrated FLIR Duo Pro R (FDPR) thermal camera was used to collect thermal imagery over a maize and soybean field that contained twelve infrared thermometers (IRT) that measured surface temperature. Surface temperature measurements from the UAS FDPR thermal imagery and field IRTs corrected for emissivity and atmospheric interference were compared to determine accuracy of the FDPR thermal imagery. The comparison of the atmospheric interference corrected UAS FDPR and IRT surface temperature measurements yielded a RMSE of 2.24 degree Celsius and a R2 of 0.85. Additional approaches for correcting UAS FDPR thermal imagery explored linear, second order polynomial and artificial neural network models. These models simplified the process of correcting UAS FDPR thermal imagery. All three models performed well, with the linear model yielding a RMSE of 1.27 degree Celsius and a R2 of 0.93. Laboratory experiments also were completed to test the measurement stability of the FDPR thermal camera over time. These experiments found that the thermal camera required a warm-up period to achieve stability in thermal measurements, with increased warm-up duration likely improving accuracy of thermal measurements.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

35

Perzel, Vincent, Marián Flimel, Jolanta Krolczyk, Aleksandar Sedmak, Alessandro Ruggiero, Drazan Kozak, Antun Stoic, Grzegorz Krolczyk, and Sergej Hloch. "Measurement of thermal emission during cutting of materials using abrasive water jet." Thermal Science 21, no. 5 (2017): 2197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150212046p.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This article deals with measurement of the thermal gradient on material during abrasive water jet cutting. The temperature was measured by thermocamera before the technological process started, during the abrasive water jet cutting process technology, and just after the cutting process. We performed measurements on several types of materials. We calculated the approximate amount of energy during the abrasive water jet cutting process technology that changes into thermoenergy, which is the current water pressure drained in a catcher tank.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

36

Specjał, Aleksandra, Aleksandra Lipczyńska, Maria Hurnik, Małgorzata Król, Agnieszka Palmowska, and Zbigniew Popiołek. "Case Study of Thermal Diagnostics of Single-Family House in Temperate Climate." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234549.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Reduction of the primary energy consumption is a crucial challenge for the building sector due to economic and environmental issues. Substantial savings could be achieved within the household. In this paper, we investigate the energy performance of a single-family house located in the temperate climate. The assessment is based on the comprehensive thermal diagnostic of the building performed on-site and via computational analyses. The on-site measurements included diagnostics of the building envelope, heat source, heating and domestic hot water system, ventilation system, and indoor environmental quality. Analyses confirmed that the studied building, which was built in 2008, meets the legislation requirements for the primary energy usage at that time and nowadays. However, results show discrepancies between energy performance obtained through on-site measurements and computational methods following regulations. Partially, discrepancies are a result of differences on normative values and how the building is operated in practice. It is also showed how important the role in the assessment of energy consumption through measurements is played by the measurement period.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

37

Jain, Ankur. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Multiscale Measurements and Characterization of Thermal Transport in Materials and across Interfaces in Li-Ion Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381667mtgabs.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Li-ion cells are used universally for energy conversion and storage. Key application areas include electric vehicles, grid energy storage, air/space vehicles and consumer electronics. Overheating of Li-ion cells is a well-known problem, with serious concerns related to thermal runaway and fire. Additionally, Li-ion cells also under-perform at low temperatures, which is a particularly important problem for automotive and space applications. Advances in battery materials are needed to mitigate these concerns and improve the performance and safety of Li-ion cells. This talk will summarize research advances in understanding and optimizing thermal transport in Li-ion cell and battery pack materials. Measurement of thermal conductivity of cylindrical Li-ion cells, indicating the highly anisotropic nature of thermal conduction will be described. This will be followed by discussion of measurement of thermal properties of individual cell materials, such as the separator, as well as thermal contact resistance at the cathode-separator interface. This contact resistance will be shown to play a rate-limiting role in determining overall thermal transport properties of the cell, and is, in particular, responsible for anisotropic thermal conduction. Experiments to mitigate this thermal resistance through molecular bridging at the interface will be described. Good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations will be demonstrated. Challenges associated with practical implementation of such techniques will be discussed. Finally, numerical simulations to understand the nature of thermal transport in battery packs will be described, with the goal of minimizing thermal runaway propagation. These measurements and modeling techniques contribute towards a fundamental understanding of multiscale thermal transport in Li-ion cell materials, and may help optimize and improve thermal performance of practical energy conversion and storage devices.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

38

Klems, J. H. "Measurement of Fenestration Net Energy Performance: Considerations Leading to Development of the Mobile Window Thermal Test (MoWitt) Facility." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268259.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We present a detailed consideration of the energy flows entering a building space and the effect of random measurement errors on determining fenestration performance. Estimates of error magnitudes are made for a passive test cell; we show that a more accurate test facility is needed for reliable measurements on fenestration systems with thermal resistance 2–10 times that of single glazing or with shading coefficients less than 0.7. A test facility of this type, built at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, is described. The effect of random errors in this facility is discussed and computer calculations of its performance are presented. The discussion shows that, for any measurement facility, random errors are most serious in nighttime measurements, and systematic errors are most important in daytime measurements. It is concluded that, for this facility, errors from both sources should be small.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

39

Rammler, Mario, Hans Schwarz, Jan Wagner, and David Bertermann. "Comparison of Measured and Derived Thermal Conductivities in the Unsaturated Soil Zone of a Large-Scale Geothermal Collector System (LSC)." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031195.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The design, energetic performance, and thermal impact of large-scale geothermal collector systems (LSCs) are dependent on the thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils (λ). The aim of this study was to investigate the benefits of two different λ measurement methods using single-needle sensor measuring devices on a laboratory scale. Since large-scale determinations are required in the context of LSCs, the potential for deriving λ from electrical resistivity tomography measurements (ERTs) was also examined. Using two approaches—the continuous evaporation method and the punctual method—thermal conductivities of soil samples from Bad Nauheim (Germany) were measured. The results were compared with averaged λ derived from three ERT sections. With the evaporation method, significant bulk density changes were observed during the experimental procedure, which were caused by the clay content and the use of repacked samples. The punctual method ensures a sufficiently constant bulk density during the measurements, but only provides a small number of measurement points. The thermal conductivities derived from ERTs show largely minor deviations from the laboratory measurements on average. If further research confirms the results of this study, ERTs could provide a non-invasive and unelaborate thermal exploration of the subsurface in the context of large-scale infrastructure projects such as LSCs.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

40

Klasnic, Ilija, Jasna Dragosavac, and Zoran Lazarevic. "Improved hydrogenerator field winding thermal monitoring." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci221212036k.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

A new monitoring method for determination of average hydrogenerator field winding temperature is introduced in order to increase the robustness of the temperature measurement system using the classic U-I method. The classic approach is prone to error due to brush voltage drop, especially when field voltage is low. Developed thermal model is based on field current and cold cooling air temperature measurements, as well on temperatures acquired from digital temperature sensors mounted across the field winding. To monitor the rotor temperature for generators with brushless excitation where field voltage and current measurements are not accessible, a mathematical model was developed to estimate the average field winding temperature based on the existing temperature monitoring of the cooling medium and mounted sensors. Importance of the proposed approach arises from the foreseen widespread use of brushless generators in distributed generation. The developed models were compared and their sensitivity was examined thoroughly.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

41

Lu, Xinrui, and Ali M. Memari. "Comparison of the Experimental Measurement Methods for Building Envelope Thermal Transmittance." Buildings 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030282.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Building energy consumption and ways to reduce it have drawn increasing attention in recent decades. Thermal transmittance is not only a code-enforced parameter during the design and retrofit phase of building assemblies, but also strongly related to the accuracy of whole-building energy modeling. There are several existing methods to measure the building envelope thermal transmittance, and with the development of new techniques, more practical and precise measurement methods have been explored. The study discussed here focused on comparing methods to measure the building envelope thermal transmittance, both in laboratory and for in-situ measurement. Typical research studies related to the Hot Box Test Method, the Heat Flow Meter Method and the Infrared Thermography Method are described and compared. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the up-to-date measurement methods for building envelope thermal transmittance and provides alternatives for engineers, architects and researchers to practically measure the building envelope thermal transmittance.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

42

Liu, Hong Juan, Jiang He, and Kai Qiong Liu. "Measurement and Questionnaire Survey on Indoor Thermal Environment of a Library in the Hot-Summer and Warm-Winter Region of China." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2664.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study dealt with the indoor thermal environment of an university library in Nanning where is hot in summer and warm in winter. Measurements of air temperatures, relative humidity and air velocity etc. at selected points inside the library were conducted during a summer period. Analysis results of measurement data was described in the paper. Thermal comfort was analyzed based on questionnaire survery. This paper also provides suggestions for improving the indoor thermal environment and comfort as well as energy performance in library-like buildings in the hot-summer and warm-winter region.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

43

CAVIN, RALPH K., VICTOR V. ZHIRNOV, JAMES A. HUTCHBY, and GEORGE I. BOURIANOFF. "ENERGY BARRIERS, DEMONS, AND MINIMUM ENERGY OPERATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 05, no. 04 (December 2005): C29—C38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477505002951.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The presence of thermal noise dictates that an energy barrier is needed to preserve a binary state. Therefore, all electronic devices contain at least one energy barrier to control electron flow. The barrier properties determine the operating characteristics of electronic devices. Furthermore, changes in the barrier shape require changes in charge density. Operation of all charge transport devices includes charging/discharging capacitances to change barrier height. We analyze energy dissipation for several schemes of charging capacitors. A basic assumption of Reversible Computing is that the computing system is completely isolated from the thermal bath. An isolated system is a mathematical abstraction never perfectly realized in practice. Errors due to thermal excitations are equivalent to information erasure, and thus computation dissipates energy. Another source of energy dissipation is due to the need of measurement and control. To analyze this side of the problem, the Maxwell's Demon is a useful abstraction. We hold that apparent "energy savings" in models of adiabatic circuits result from neglecting the total energy needed by other parts of the system to implement the circuit.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

44

Lidén, Peter, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi, and Carl-Eric Hagentoft. "Diagnostic Protocol for Thermal Performance of District Heating Pipes in Operation. Part 1: Estimation of Supply Pipe Temperature by Measuring Temperature at Valves after Shutdown." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 5192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165192.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study evaluates temperatures measured at district heating (DH) valves in manholes and their usability for non-destructively assessing the thermal performance of buried DH pipes. The study was conducted as a field test in which part of a DH network was shut down and the temperature decline in the valves was analysed in terms of absolute temperature and thermal response time from the DH pipe to the top of the valve. The calculated and measured supply pipe temperatures by the drainage valves were in good agreement, with 1% deviation. The valve measurement analysis from this study shows that the drainage valve has good potential to serve as a measurement point for assessing the thermal status of a DH network. However, the shutdown valve measurements were greatly affected by the manhole environment.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

45

El Azhary, Karima, Mohamed Ouakarrouch, Najma Laaroussi, and Mohammed Garoum. "Energy Efficiency of a Vernacular Building Design and Materials in Hot Arid Climate: Experimental and Numerical Approach." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.35310.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Morocco faces tremendous climate constraints; the climate is hot and dry in most parts of the country, and when selecting an energy-saving approach, the architectural landscape becomes essential.Designer and building professionals seem to have neglected this large-scale integration. Sustainable development programs in terms of sustainable architecture are ongoing in countries around the world. One part of this trend is the growing concern shown in the high environmental efficiency of vernacular architecture. It is within this prescriptive framework that this research study is being conducted, which reveals novel architectural style integrating thermal comfort, energy efficient characteristics, passive solar elements architecture, and construction techniques inspired from the vernacular Ksourian architectural configurations. The goal of the present research study is to identify features of energy efficient vernacular architecture and thermal performances that affect indoor thermal comfort conditions for adaptation to current lifestyles in modern architecture. The key characteristics developed are; built mass structure, building orientation, space planning, availability of s, building techniques, and new coating materials for manufacturing and roofing. The suggested methodology enables to analyze the thermal performance analysis, applying an experimental research using experimental testing measurement and comparative optimization processes for thermal efficiency and comfort evaluation of a traditional vernacular earthen house.Series of experimental thermophysical characterization measurements have been carried out in order to quantify on a real scale the thermophysical properties that characterize the Rissani earth. Thusthermophysical characterization results are operated as input data for the thermal dynamic simulation for the purpose to evaluate thermal performances and comfort under the weather conditions and control natural comfort in both summer and winter, without using heating or cooling systems. Ultimately, the simulations carried out make it possible to identify the optimal orientation, revealing an effective decrease in interior temperatures during summer and providing good thermal comfort in winter.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

46

Fopah Lele, Armand, Kokouvi Edem N'Tsoukpoe, Thomas Osterland, Frédéric Kuznik, and Wolfgang K. L. Ruck. "Thermal conductivity measurement of thermochemical storage materials." Applied Thermal Engineering 89 (October 2015): 916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.077.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

47

Yang, Lizhong, Antoni Gil, Pammy S. H. Leong, Jun Onn Khor, Bakytzhan Akhmetov, Wooi Leong Tan, Srithar Rajoo, Luisa F. Cabeza, and Alessandro Romagnoli. "Bayesian optimization for effective thermal conductivity measurement of thermal energy storage: An experimental and numerical approach." Journal of Energy Storage 52 (August 2022): 104795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104795.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

48

Arnol'dov, M. N., B. V. Kebadze, S. V. Grishin, Yu O. Komissarov, and I. V. Yagodkin. "Thermal noise correlation measurement of liquid metal discharge." Soviet Atomic Energy 68, no. 3 (March 1990): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02074099.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

49

Jiao, J., C. K. Gurumurthy, E. J. Kramer, Y. Sha, C. Y. Hui, and P. Borgesen. "Measurement of Interfacial Fracture Toughness Under Combined Mechanical and Thermal Stresses." Journal of Electronic Packaging 120, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792645.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The interfacial fracture resistance of a polyimide passivation/underfill interface was measured using an asymmetric double cantilever beam technique. A thin layer of polyimide was coated on a standard epoxy as one of the beams and an underfill was flowed over the polyimide film and cured to form the second beam. The relative contributions of the thermal and mechanical stress were systematically varied by varying the thickness ratio of the two beams. The results indicate that the effect of thermal residual stress must be taken into account in the calculation of critical strain energy release rate to obtain the interfacial fracture energy.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

50

Vidaurre, German, and John Hallett. "Particle Impact and Breakup in Aircraft Measurement." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1147.1.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract Measurements of cloud particle properties from aircraft by optical and impact techniques are subject to artifacts following particle breakup prior to detection. The impact kinetic energy to surface energy ratio (ℒ) provides a breakup criterion at ℒ ≥ 7 for water and ice with major fragmentation for ℒ > 100. This applies to optical imaging probes for particle concentration, size, and projected area spectra measurement. Uncertainty arises should impacting particles shatter and disperse, defeating the intent of the original measurements. Particle shatter is demonstrated in Formvar replicas (University of North Dakota Citation) and video records of particle approach and impact on the Cloudscope (NCAR C-130, NASA DC-8) at airspeeds of 130 and 200 m s−1. Sufficient impact kinetic energy results in drop splash and ice shatter, with conversion to surface energy and ultimately thermal energy through viscous dissipation and ice defect production occurring down to the molecular scale. The problem is minimized in design by reducing the regions responsible for particle breakup to a minimum and locating sensors in regions inaccessible to shatter fragments.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

Статті в журналах з теми "Thermal energy measurement"

Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями