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Книги з теми "Thermal energy measurement"

Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Thermal energy measurement.

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Atzeri, Anna Maria. Energy efficiency, thermal and visuale comfort-integrated building perfomance modelling and measurement. Bozen: BU, Press, 2017.

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2

United States. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service., ed. Spectral radiance-temperature conversions for measurements by AVHRR thermal channels 3,4,5. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1993.

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3

Davis, Paul A. Spectral radiance-temperature conversions for measurements by AVHRR thermal channels 3,4,5. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1993.

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4

United States. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service., ed. Spectral radiance-temperature conversions for measurements by AVHRR thermal channels 3,4,5. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1993.

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5

United States. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service., ed. Spectral radiance-temperature conversions for measurements by AVHRR thermal channels 3,4,5. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1993.

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6

Palmiter, Larry S. Development of a simple device for field air flow measurement of residential air handling equipment: Phase II. Seattle, WA: Ecotope, 2000.

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7

Alexander, Burt J., and Ted F. Richardson. Concentrating solar power: Data and directions for an emerging solar technology. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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8

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Radiant energy measurements from a scaled jet engine axisymmetric exhaust nozzle for a baseline code validation case. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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9

Meier, Alan. An analysis of outliers in the RSDP. Berkeley, Calif: Applied Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, 1988.

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10

Griffiths, E. H. Thermal Measurement of Energy. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2014.

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11

Paepe, Michel De, and Josua Meyer. Art of Measuring in the Thermal Sciences. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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12

Meyer, Josua P., and Michel De Paepe. Art of Measuring in the Thermal Sciences. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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13

Clarke, Andrew. Temperature and its measurement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0003.

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Temperature is that property of a body which determines whether it gains or loses energy in a particular environment. In classical thermodynamics temperature is defined by the relationship between energy and entropy. Temperature can be defined only for a body that is in thermodynamic and thermal equilibrium; whilst organisms do not conform to these criteria, the errors in assuming that they do are generally small. The Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales are arbitrary because they require two fixed points, one to define the zero and the other to set the scale. The thermodynamic (absolute) scale of temperature has a natural zero (absolute zero) and is defined by the triple point of water. Its unit of temperature is the Kelvin. The Celsius scale is convenient for much ecological and physiological work, but where temperature is included in statistical or deterministic models, only thermodynamic temperature should be used. Past temperatures can only be reconstructed with the use of proxies, the most important of which are based on isotope fractionation.

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14

Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0011.

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This chapter explains some of the fundamental issues associated with applying perturbations to a molecular dynamics simulation, along with practical details of methods for studying systems out of equilibrium. The main emphasis is on fluid flow and viscosity measurements. Spatially homogeneous perturbations are described to study shear and extensional flow. Non-equilibrium methods are applied to the study of heat flow and the calculation of the thermal conductivity. Issues of thermostatting, and the modelling of surface-fluid interactions for inhomogeneous systems, are discussed. The measurement of free energy changes through non-equilibrium work expressions such as those of Jarzynski and Crooks is also explained.

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15

Maillet, Denis, Helcio R. B. Orlande, Renato M. Cotta, and Olivier Fudym. Thermal Measurements and Inverse Techniques. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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16

Maillet, Denis, Helcio R. B. Orlande, Renato M. Cotta, and Olivier Fudym. Thermal Measurements and Inverse Techniques. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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17

Thermal Measurements And Inverse Techniques. CRC Press, 2011.

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18

Maillet, Denis, Helcio R. B. Orlande, Renato M. Cotta, and Olivier Fudym. Thermal Measurements and Inverse Techniques. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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19

Reynaud, Serge, and Astrid Lambrecht. Casimir forces and vacuum energy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768609.003.0009.

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The Casimir force is an effect of quantum vacuum field fluctuations, with applications in many domains of physics. The ideal expression obtained by Casimir, valid for perfect plane mirrors at zero temperature, has to be modified to take into account the effects of the optical properties of mirrors, thermal fluctuations, and geometry. After a general introduction to the Casimir force and a description of the current state of the art for Casimir force measurements and their comparison with theory, this chapter presents pedagogical treatments of the main features of the theory of Casimir forces for one-dimensional model systems and for mirrors in three-dimensional space.

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20

Xue, Yongkang, Yaoming Ma, and Qian Li. Land–Climate Interaction Over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.592.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.

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