Готові списки джерел за темами / Thermal bubble

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Thermal bubble"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Thermal bubble"

Liu, Bendong, Chenxu Ma, Jiahui Yang, Desheng Li, and Haibin Liu. "Study on the Heat Source Insulation of a Thermal Bubble-Driven Micropump with Induction Heating." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091040.

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Thermal bubble-driven micropumps have the advantages of high reliability, simple structure and simple fabrication process. However, the high temperature of the thermal bubble may damage some biological or chemical properties of the solution. In order to reduce the influence of the high temperature of the thermal bubbles on the pumped liquid, this paper proposes a kind of heat insulation micropump driven by thermal bubbles with induction heating. The thermal bubble and its chamber are designed on one side of the main pumping channel. The high temperature of the thermal bubble is insulated by the liquid in the heat insulation channel, which reduces the influence of the high temperature of the thermal bubble on the pumped liquid. Protypes of the new micropump with heat source insulation were fabricated and experiments were performed on them. The experiments showed that the temperature of the pumped liquid was less than 35 °C in the main pumping channel.

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Heller, R., R. Jacob, D. Schönberner, and M. Steffen. "Hot bubbles of planetary nebulae with hydrogen-deficient winds." Astronomy & Astrophysics 620 (December 2018): A98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832683.

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Context. The first high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of a planetary nebula, BD +30° 3639, opened the possibility to study plasma conditions and chemical compositions of X-ray emitting “hot” bubbles of planetary nebulae in much greater detail than before. Aims. We investigate (i) how diagnostic line ratios are influenced by the bubble’s thermal structure and chemical profile, (ii) whether the chemical composition inside the bubble of BD +30° 3639 is consistent with the hydrogen-poor composition of the stellar photosphere and wind, and (iii) whether hydrogen-rich nebular matter has already been added to the bubble of BD +30° 3639 by evaporation. Methods. We applied an analytical, one-dimensional (1D) model for wind-blown bubbles with temperature and density profiles based on self-similar solutions including thermal conduction. We also constructed heat-conduction bubbles with a chemical stratification. The X-ray emission was computed using the well-documented CHIANTI code. These bubble models are used to re-analyse the high-resolution X-ray spectrum from the hot bubble of BD +30° 3639. Results. We found that our 1D heat-conducting bubble models reproduce the observed line ratios much better than plasmas with single electron temperatures. In particular, all the temperature- and abundance-sensitive line ratios are consistent with BD +30° 3639 X-ray observations for (i) an intervening column density of neutral hydrogen, NH = 0.20-0.10+0.05 × 1022cm−2, (ii) a characteristic bubble X-ray temperature of TX = 1.8 ± 0.1 MK together with (iii) a very high neon mass fraction of about 0.05, virtually as high as that of oxygen. For lower values of NH, we cannot exclude the possibility that the hot bubble of BD +30° 3639 contains a small amount of “evaporated” (or mixed) hydrogen-rich nebular matter. Given the possible range of NH, the fraction of evaporated hydrogen-rich matter cannot exceed 3% of the bubble mass. Conclusions. The diffuse X-ray emission from BD +30° 3639 can be well explained by models of wind-blown bubbles with thermal conduction and a chemical composition equal to that of the hydrogen-poor and carbon-, oxygen-, and neon-rich stellar surface.

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Chen, Min, Kun Peng Jiang, Da Wei Jiang, Dong Dong Chen, and Yan Fang Zhao. "Thermal Bubble Nucleation in a Nanochannel: An Experiment Investigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 597 (July 2014): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.597.7.

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We investigated the nanoscale thermal bubble nucleation based on the principle of Coulter counter. With micro-nanofabrication technologies, a device was designed and fabricated, and a detection platform was set up which was used to investigate the thermal bubble nucleation of aqueous solution confined in a nanochannel with a cross size of about 100 nm×100 nm. Results show that with the temperature of the solution confined in the nanochannel increasing, the current through the channel increases first and then decreases, and vanishes after a fluctuating period. It can be found that the generating thermal bubbles can hinder the current flowing through the nanochannel. In addition, the shrinking and expanding of thermal bubbles’ volume correspond to the increase and decrease of the current. Finally, the thermal bubbles block the nanochannel entirely. Through the experiment results, our device can be applied to investigate the complex behaviors of thermal bubble produced in aqueous solution confined in nanochannels, effectively.

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Hung, P. K., P. H. Kien, and H. V. Hue. "Tracer Diffusion Mechanism in Amorphous Solids." Journal of Metallurgy 2011 (December 27, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/861373.

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Tracer diffusion in amorphous solid is studied by mean of nB-bubble statistic. The nB-bubble is defined as a group of atoms around a spherical void and large bubble that represents a structural defect which could be eliminated under thermal annealing. It was found that amorphous alloys such as CoxB100−x (x=90, 81.5 and 70) and Fe80P20 suffer from a large number of vacancy bubbles which function like diffusion vehicle. The concentration of vacancy bubble weakly depends on temperature, but essentially on the relaxation degree of considered sample. The diffusion coefficient estimated for proposed mechanism via vacancy bubbles is in a reasonable agreement with experiment for actual amorphous alloys. The relaxation effect for tracer diffusion in amorphous alloys is interpreted by the elimination of vacancy bubbles under thermal annealing.

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Narezo Guzman, Daniela, Tomasz Frączek, Christopher Reetz, Chao Sun, Detlef Lohse, and Guenter Ahlers. "Vapour-bubble nucleation and dynamics in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 795 (April 13, 2016): 60–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.178.

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Vapour bubbles nucleating at micro-cavities etched into the silicon bottom plate of a cylindrical Rayleigh–Bénard sample (diameter $D=8.8$ cm, aspect ratio ${\it\Gamma}\equiv D/L\simeq 1.00$ where $L$ is the sample height) were visualized from the top and from the side. A triangular array of cylindrical micro-cavities (with a diameter of $30~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$ and a depth of $100~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$) covered a circular centred area (diameter of 2.5 cm) of the bottom plate. Heat was applied to the sample only over this central area while cooling was over the entire top-plate area. Bubble sizes and frequencies of departure from the bottom plate are reported for a range of bottom-plate superheats $T_{b}-T_{on}$ ($T_{b}$ is the bottom-plate temperature, $T_{on}$ is the onset temperature of bubble nucleation) from 3 to 12 K for three different cavity separations. The difference $T_{b}-T_{t}\simeq 16$ K between $T_{b}$ and the top plate temperature $T_{t}$ was kept fixed while the mean temperature $T_{m}=(T_{b}+T_{t})/2$ was varied, leading to a small range of the Rayleigh number $Ra$ from $1.4\times 10^{10}$ to $2.0\times 10^{10}$. The time between bubble departures from a given cavity decreased exponentially with increasing superheat and was independent of cavity separation. The contribution of the bubble latent heat to the total enhancement of heat transferred due to bubble nucleation was found to increase with superheat, reaching up to 25 %. The bubbly flow was examined in greater detail for a superheat of 10 K and $Ra\simeq 1.9\times 10^{10}$. The condensation and/or dissolution rates of departed bubbles revealed two regimes: the initial rate was influenced by steep thermal gradients across the thermal boundary layer near the plate and was two orders of magnitude larger than the final condensation and/or dissolution rate that prevailed once the rising bubbles were in the colder bulk flow of nearly uniform temperature. The dynamics of thermal plumes was studied qualitatively in the presence and absence of nucleating bubbles. It was found that bubbles enhanced the plume velocity by a factor of four or so and drove a large-scale circulation (LSC). Nonetheless, even in the presence of bubbles the plumes and LSC had a characteristic velocity which was smaller by a factor of five or so than the bubble-rise velocity in the bulk. In the absence of bubbles there was strongly turbulent convection but no LSC, and plumes on average rose vertically.

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Tsai, Jr-Hung, and Liwei Lin. "Transient Thermal Bubble Formation on Polysilicon Micro-Resisters." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 2 (October 18, 2001): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1445136.

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Transient bubble formation experiments are investigated on polysilicon micro-resisters having dimensions of 95 μm in length, 10 μm or 5 μm in width, and 0.5 μm in thickness. Micro resisters act as both resistive heating sources and temperature transducers simultaneously to measure the transient temperature responses beneath the thermal bubbles. The micro bubble nucleation processes can be classified into three groups depending on the levels of the input current. When the input current level is low, no bubble is nucleated. In the middle range of the input current, a single spherical bubble is nucleated with a waiting period up to 2 sec while the wall temperature can drop up to 8°C depending on the magnitude of the input current. After the formation of a thermal bubble, the resister temperature rises and reaches a steady state eventually. The bubble growth rate is found proportional to the square root of time that is similar to the heat diffusion controlled model as proposed in the macro scale boiling experiments. In the group of high input current, a single bubble is nucleated immediately after the current is applied. A first-order model is proposed to characterize the transient bubble nucleation behavior in the micro-scale and compared with experimental measurements.

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Lin, Liwei, A. P. Pisano, and V. P. Carey. "Thermal Bubble Formation on Polysilicon Micro Resistors." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824343.

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Thermal bubble formation in the microscale is of importance for both scientific research and practical applications. A bubble generation system that creates individual, spherical vapor bubbles from 2 to 500 μm in diameter is presented. Line shape, polysilicon resistors with a typical size of 50 × 2 × 0.53 μm3 are fabricated by means of micromachining. They function as resistive heaters and generate thermal microbubbles in working liquids such as Fluorinert fluids (inert, dielectric fluids available from the 3M company), water, and methanol. Important experimental phenomena are reported, including Marangoni effects in the microscale; controllability of the size of microbubbles; and bubble nucleation hysteresis. A one-dimensional electrothermal model has been developed and simulated in order to investigate the bubble nucleation phenomena. It is concluded that homogeneous nucleation occurs on the microresistors according to the electrothermal model and experimental measurements.

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Zeng, Binglin, Kai Leong Chong, Yuliang Wang, Christian Diddens, Xiaolai Li, Marvin Detert, Harold J. W. Zandvliet, and Detlef Lohse. "Periodic bouncing of a plasmonic bubble in a binary liquid by competing solutal and thermal Marangoni forces." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 23 (June 4, 2021): e2103215118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103215118.

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The physicochemical hydrodynamics of bubbles and droplets out of equilibrium, in particular with phase transitions, display surprisingly rich and often counterintuitive phenomena. Here we experimentally and theoretically study the nucleation and early evolution of plasmonic bubbles in a binary liquid consisting of water and ethanol. Remarkably, the submillimeter plasmonic bubble is found to be periodically attracted to and repelled from the nanoparticle-decorated substrate, with frequencies of around a few kilohertz. We identify the competition between solutal and thermal Marangoni forces as the origin of the periodic bouncing. The former arises due to the selective vaporization of ethanol at the substrate’s side of the bubble, leading to a solutal Marangoni flow toward the hot substrate, which pushes the bubble away. The latter arises due to the temperature gradient across the bubble, leading to a thermal Marangoni flow away from the substrate, which sucks the bubble toward it. We study the dependence of the frequency of the bouncing phenomenon from the control parameters of the system, namely the ethanol fraction and the laser power for the plasmonic heating. Our findings can be generalized to boiling and electrolytically or catalytically generated bubbles in multicomponent liquids.

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Voglar, Jure. "Physical Model of a Single Bubble Growth during Nucleate Pool Boiling." Fluids 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7030090.

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A simplified physical model of a single bubble growth during nucleate pool boiling was developed. The model was able to correlate the experimentally observed data of the bubble’s growth time and its radius evolution with the use of the appropriate input parameters. The calculated values of separated heat fluxes from the heater wall, thermal boundary layer, and to the bulk liquid gave us a new insight into the complex mechanisms of the nucleate pool boiling process. The thermal boundary layer was found to supply the majority of the heat to the growing bubble. The heat flux from the thermal boundary layer to the bubble was found to be close to the Zuber’s critical heat flux limit (890 kW/m2). This heat flux was substantially larger than the input heater wall heat flux of 50 kW/m2. The thermal boundary layer acts as a reservoir of energy to be released to the growing bubble, which is filled during the waiting time of the bubble growth cycle. Therefore, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer was found to have a major effect on the bubble’s growth time.

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Arai, S., T. Kanagawa, T. Ayukai, and T. Yatabe. "Nonlinear and dissipation effects of pressure waves in water flows containing translational bubbles with a drag force." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2217, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2217/1/012021.

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Abstract Weakly nonlinear (i.e., finite but small amplitude) propagation of plane progressive pressure waves in compressible water flows uniformly containing many spherical bubbles is theoretically studied. Drag force acting bubbles and translation of bubbles are newly considered by introducing in momentum conservation equations in a two fluid model and the bubble dynamics equation for volumetric oscillations, respectively. Although these assumptions are the same as our previous paper, in this study, the energy conservation equation for each bubble describing a thermal conduction inside bubble is introduced. By using the method of multiple scales, the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation for low-frequency long wave was derived from the set of basic equations in the two-fluid model. As a result, the dissipation effect was described by two types of terms, i.e., one was the second-order partial derivative owing to the liquid compressibility and the other was the term without differentiation owing to the drag force and the thermal conduction. Finally, we clarified that the dissipation owing to the drag force was smaller than that owing to the thermal conduction.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Thermal bubble"

Wang, Ping. "Thermal bubble behaviour in liquid nitrogen under electric fields." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/64874/.

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This thesis describes thermally induced bubble behaviour changes in liquid nitrogen (LN2) under electric fields. Cryogenic liquids such as LN2 have been used not only as the coolant but also as the electrical insulator in superconducting and cryogenic apparatus. However, bubbles are easily formed in these liquids by even moderate heating because of a narrow liquid temperature range and low boiling point. Bubbles are considered to be one of the factors causing a reduction of the electrical insulation level. Consequently, bubble behaviour in electric fields is of great interest primarily in the study of prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena in the presence of thermally induced bubbles. In addition, a bubble can appear and its behaviour changes in a fluid under the influence of an electric field, and this is the main reason for boiling heat transfer enhancement which is related to thermal stability and heat transfer efficiency. Studies including single bubble behaviour and bubble column behaviour as well as boiling heat transfer enhancement due to changes in bubble behaviour under electric fields using different electrodes have been completed. Free thermal bubble motion and related characteristics in LN2 under a conductor-plane electrode have been experimentally studied. A model for bubble motion in this non-uniform electric field has been developed and is described. Compared with theoretical results, the experimental measurements are in good agreement. An rimental study into the behaviour of thermal bubbles between two plane-plane inclined electrodes has been completed. Using a stainless steel mesh-to-plane electrode system, experimental investigations have been carried out to study the effect of uniform dc electric fields on the behaviour of a single thermal bubble in LN2. Bubble characteristics such as bubble growth, deformation and bubble departure frequency have been experimentally evaluated. Finally, the electric field effects on boiling heat transfer of LN2 have been experimentally assessed. The obtained data is applicable to the design of LN2 cooled high temperature superconductor power apparatus for both coolant and electrical insulation issues.

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Huang, Ye. "The behaviour of coal-fired pressurized fluidised bed combustion systems." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284834.

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Chigusa, S., H. Maeda, Y. Taniguchi, N. Hayakawa, and H. Okubo. "Insulation performance of pressurized liquid helium under quench-induced thermal bubble disturbance for superconducting power apparatus." IEEE, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6753.

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Benage, Mary Catherine. "The thermal evolution and dynamics of pyroclasts and pyroclastic density currents." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53962.

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The thermal evolution of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) is the result of entrainment of ambient air, particle concentration, and initial eruptive temperature, which all impact PDC dynamics and their hazards, such as runout distance. The associated hazards and opaqueness of PDCs make it impossible for in-situ entrainment efficiencies or concentration measurements that would provide critical information on the thermal evolution and physical processes of PDCs. The thermal evolution of explosive eruptive events such as volcanic plumes and pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) is reflected in the textures of the material they deposit. A multiscale model is developed to evaluate how the rinds of breadcrust bombs can be used as a unique thermometer to examine the thermal evolution of PDCs. The multiscale, integrated model examines how bubble growth, pyroclast cooling, and dynamics of PDC and projectile pyroclasts form unique pyroclast morphology. Rind development is examined as a function of transport regime (PDC and projectile), transport properties (initial current temperature and current density), and pyroclast properties (initial water content and radius). The model reveals that: 1) rinds of projectile pyroclasts are in general thicker and less vesicular than those of PDC pyroclasts; 2) as the initial current temperature decreases due to initial air entrainment, the rinds on PDC pyroclasts progressively increase in thickness; and 3) rind thickness increases with decreasing water concentration and decreasing clast radius. Therefore, the modeled pyroclast’s morphology is dependent not only on initial water concentration but also on the cooling rate, which is determined by the transport regime. The developed secondary thermal proxy is then applied to the 2006 PDCs from the Tungurahua eruption to constrain the entrainment efficiency and thermal evolution of PDCs. A three-dimensional multiphase Eulerian-Eulerian-Lagrangian (EEL) model is coupled to topography and field data such as paleomagnetic data and rind thicknesses of collected pyroclasts to study the entrainment efficiency and thus the thermal history of PDCs at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador. The modeled results that are constrained with observations and thermal proxies demonstrate that 1) efficient entrainment of air to the upper portion of the current allows for rapid cooling, 2) the channelized pyroclastic density currents may have developed a stable bed load region that was inefficient at cooling and 3) the PDCs had temperatures of 600-800K in the bed load region but the upper portion of the currents cooled down to ambient temperatures. The results have shown that PDCs can be heterogeneous in particle concentration, temperature, and dynamics and match observations of PDCs down a volcano and the thermal proxies. Lastly, the entrainment efficiencies of PDCs increases with increasing PDC temperature and entrainment varies spatially and temporally. Therefore, the assumption of a well-mixed current with a single entrainment coefficient cannot fully solve the thermal evolution and dynamics of the PDC.

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Cowley, Adam M. "Hydrodynamic and Thermal Effects of Sub-critical Heating on Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Microchannels." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6572.

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This dissertation focuses on the effects of heating on superhydrophobic (SHPo) surfaces. The work is divided into two main categories: heat transfer without mass transfer and heat transfer in conjunction with mass transfer. Numerical methods are used to explore the prior while experimental methods are utilized for the latter. The numerical work explores convective heat transfer in SHPo parallel plate microchannels and is separated into two stand-alone chapters that have been published archivally. The first considers surfaces with a rib/cavity structure and the second considers surfaces patterned with a square lattice of square posts. Laminar, fully developed, steady flow with constant fluid properties is considered where the tops of the ribs and posts are maintained at a constant heat flux boundary condition and the gas/liquid interfaces are assumed to be adiabatic. For both surface configurations the overall convective heat transfer is reduced. Results are presented in the form of average Nusselt number as well as apparent temperature jump length (thermal slip length). The heat transfer reduction is magnified by increasing cavity fraction, decreasing Peclet number, and decreasing channel size relative to the micro-structure spacing. Axial fluid conduction is found to be substantial at high Peclet numbers where it is classically neglected. The parameter regimes where prior analytical works found in the literature are valid are delineated. The experimental work is divided into two stand-alone chapters with one considering channel flow and the other a pool scenario. The channel work considers high aspect ratio microchannels with one heated SHPo wall. If water saturated with dissolved air is used, the air-filled cavities of SHPo surfaces act as nucleation sites for mass transfer. As the water heats it becomes supersaturated and air can effervesce onto the SHPo surface forming bubbles that align to the underlying micro-structure if the cavities are comprised of closed cells. The large bubbles increase drag in the channel and reduce heat transfer. Once the bubbles grow large enough, they are expelled from the channel and the nucleation and growth cycle begins again. The pool work considers submerged, heated SHPo surfaces such that the nucleation behavior can be explored in the absence of forced fluid flow. The surface is maintained at a constant temperature and a range of temperatures (40 - 90 °C) are explored. Similar nucleation behavior to that of the microchannels is observed, however, the bubbles are not expelled. Natural convection coefficients are computed. The surfaces with the greatest amount of nucleation show a significant reduction in convection coefficient, relative to a smooth hydrophilic surface, due to the insulating bubble layer.

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Schmack, Mario. "A Holistic Sustainable Approach to Small-Scale Water Desalination in Remote Regions: Development of a thermal desalination method based on vapour transfer processes in water-filled bubble columns." Thesis, Schmack, Mario (2015) A Holistic Sustainable Approach to Small-Scale Water Desalination in Remote Regions: Development of a thermal desalination method based on vapour transfer processes in water-filled bubble columns. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29961/.

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This thesis describes the development of a novel thermal desalination process based on the vapour transfer processes occurring in a water-filled bubble column. A strong focus on facilitating the involvement of local people and on promoting local capacity building by utilising simple technologies steers the research towards thermal desalination. The problem is addressed by first identifying alternative and previously unused water sources that can be utilised for sustainable water provision in remote places. The experimental analysis of a new desalination concept that combines a bubble column evaporator with a simple passive flatplate copper condenser is then provided. A comprehensive condenser assessment under a range of different physical conditions that examine the effects of external water cooling, partial insulation and aspects of air circulation on condenser performance is presented. Subsequently, for the purpose of mitigating high bubble column vapour temperatures without risking greenhouse plant survival in a prospective Bubble-Greenhouse, an alternative set of cooling and pre-condensing devices is assessed. Based on the findings, a conceptual Bubble-Greenhouse design that promotes a holistic sustainable approach to combined water provision and community development is then described. A prototype bubble evaporator is quantitatively and qualitatively assessed for the consistency of its performance and demonstrates a steady evaporation rate. The resulting data provides the basis for extrapolation of bubble evaporator capacity, both for relatively small standalone systems and for significantly up-scaled components that would operate in a Bubble-Greenhouse. In passive mode, condensate recovery rates of around 73% are achieved without the need for external cooling. Estimated by extrapolation, a standalone bubble desalination system with a 1m2 condenser may produce around 19 litres of distilled water per day. The common feature of the alternative set of cooling and pre-condensing devices is that they are easy to manufacture, of low energy demand and low investment cost and technically and operationally appropriate for local people in remote places. Under laboratory conditions, the passive copper tube concepts achieve water recovery rates of between 65-75% and the air cooled bubble condenser columns achieve condensate recovery rates of at least 50%. However, it emerges that a well designed latent heat recovery system is required to keep the energy demand of a thermal desalination system within acceptable limits, both technically and financially. Although the stacked evaporator-condenser bubble column array cannot demonstrate a significant cooling and condensing advantage over the flat-plate condenser, the concept facilitates the implementation of a heat recovery cycle. This attribute ultimately leads to the multistage evaporator-condenser module concept with an effective latent heat recovery system that is integrated into the horizontally stacked chambers, a key element of the Bubble- Greenhouse technology. The greenhouse desalination system is designed with a water production capacity of 8m3 per day. Due to the strongly reduced water demand of plants inside a humidified greenhouse, only a fraction is required for irrigation and the bulk of water is intended for human consumption. This study aims to contribute to the field of water service provision in remote communities, particularly by improving some of the shortcomings of conventional high-tech water treatment technologies that often fail in these situations. A comprehensive discussion posits the Bubble-Greenhouse concept in the context of these remote community water provision shortcomings and highlights how the proposed new treatment method aims to alleviate these. Consequently, the findings presented here may help to inform the essential transition from externally-led water service provision towards a self-determined community operated service, recommendations for future research and recommendations for implementation of a Bubble- Greenhouse field trial conclude the thesis.

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Nakath, Richard. "Sieden in Anwesenheit von Borverbindungen in Leichtwasserreaktoren." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-154457.

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Анотація:

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen der im Kühlmittel von Leichtwasserreaktoren zur Reaktivitätssteuerung eingesetzten Borverbindungen auf Siedeprozesse – und damit indirekt auf die Wärmeabfuhr der Brennelemente – zu untersuchen. Bei den Siedeversuchen, die Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit sind, wurde besonders auf eine realitätsnahe Annäherung an die Reaktorparameter Wert gelegt. Als Unterstützung zur Interpretation der Ergebnisse dienten eigene Messungen von signifikanten physikalischen Stoffdaten an wässrigen Borsäure- und Pentaboratlösungen. Die Siedeprozesse wurden in einer eigens für diese Analysen konzipierten und errichteten Versuchsanlage SECA unter Verwendung eines Leitfähigkeitsgittersensors sowie einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera bei Drücken von maximal 40 bar und Temperaturen bis zu 250 °C untersucht. Entsprechend der in den Untersuchungen gewonnenen Erkenntnis wird für reale Reaktoren fol-gendes angenommen: Die Anwesenheit von Borsäure hat keinen Einfluss auf großvolumige Sie-devorgänge im betrachteten Störfallszenario eines Druckwasserreaktors, und die Auswirkungen auf das unterkühlte Sieden sind vernachlässigbar gering. Es ist nicht zu erwarten, dass der Wärmeübergang von den Brennelementen an das Kühlmittel beeinflusst wird. Bei einer Einspeisung von Pentaborat in Siedewasserreaktoren kann jedoch davon ausgegangen werden, dass der Wärmeübergang durch eine Verkleinerung der Blasen verbessert wird. Weitere Untersuchungen bezüglich des Austrages von Pentaborat an der Phasengrenze sowie der Bildung von Schäumen sind jedoch notwendig, und es ist den Fragen nachzugehen, ob sich diese Schäume auch bei der Einspeisung von Pentaborat in einen Siedewasserreaktor bilden können und welche Auswirkungen diese auf die oberhalb des Kerns befindlichen Dampfabscheiderzyklone und Dampftrockner haben.

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Calzada, Eduard. "Measurement of the thermal performance of a Borehole Heat Exchanger while injecting air bubbles in the groundwater." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100152.

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The most common way to exchange heat with the ground in Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) applications is with borehole heat exchangers (energy col-lectors in vertical wells). These boreholes contain the pipe with the secondary fluid of the GSHP and they are often filled with natural groundwater. It has been recently discovered that injecting air bubbles in the groundwater side of the boreholes increases the efficiency of the heat transfer. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the thermal changes in the borehole and the surrounding ground when bubbles are injected in the groundwater. Experiments are carried out through a distributed thermal response test along the borehole using two differ-ent rates of bubble injection. Temperature profiles of the secondary fluid and the groundwater are analyzed and calculations on the thermal resistances inside the borehole and the conductivity of the ground are made. Moreover, the validity of the line source conduction model is discussed under the above mentioned circumstances.

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Šot, Petr. "Ověření tepelně-izolační vlastnosti termoreflexních fóliových izolací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226729.

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The master´s thesis deals with verification of thermal insulating property of thermoreflection foil insulations. The teoretical part of thesis focuses on the energy demand of buildings, the problems of heat transfer material, terms required for study of thermoreflection thermal insulation and experimental methods for determination of thermal insulating properties of insulators. In the next part the chapter is accompanied by an overview of the most common insulation materials which used in construction. The last part of teoretical part is devoted to the description of thermoreflect formation and analysis of the spread of thermal insulating layers of thermoreflection thermal insulation. The first part of thesis is devoted to the use of thermoreflection therm insulation in buildings. The second part of thesis is devoted to the design, assembly and calibration of the measuring device that uses a method of protected warm chamber. It is declared as a binding method of detection of the heat transfer performance of thermoreflection thermal insulation. The developed measuring device allows detection of endpoints in some direction of propagation of heat. Measurment of heat transfer coefficient devoted the third part of practical part. This part contains a description of the samples used for the measurement of the heat transfer coefficient. In the fourth chapter of the practical part are presented the results of the heat transfer coefficient measurments on selected samples of thermoreflection foil insulation. It is shown the characteristic of heat transfer coefficient of individual samples, the dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on the position of the sample in the measuring device and the recommendation of an appropriate use of sample in the works for the climatic conditions of the Czech republic. The work concludes the chapter of comparing and evaluating of all samples with practical recommendations.

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Hin, Sebastian [Verfasser], and Roland [Akademischer Betreuer] Zengerle. "Reduction of system complexity in centrifugal microfluidics by magnetophoresis at continuous rotation and thermo-pneumatic bubble mixing." Freiburg : Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222908573/34.

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Книги з теми "Thermal bubble"

Balasubramaniam, R. Thermocapillary Bubble Migration: Thermal Boundary Layers for Large Marangoni Numbers. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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1947-, Subramanian R. Shankar, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Thermocapillary bubble migration: Thermal boundary layers for large Marangoni numbers. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Avomo, Javier Clemente Engonga. Future Science : Graphene Bubble Vehicles Manufactured by Thermal Vibration Nanostructures: Future Air Travel. Independently Published, 2021.

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Частини книг з теми "Thermal bubble"

Gong, Lanxin, Changhong Peng, and Zhenze Zhang. "Study on Coupling Effect and Dynamic Behavior of Double Bubbles Rising Process." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 973–84. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_82.

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AbstractGas-liquid two-phase flow widely exists in nuclear energy engineering, in which bubble movement and deformation are critical problems. Because the activity of bubbles in the fluid is a very complex physical process, and the movement process is a flow field-bubble coupling process, which has strong nonlinearity and unsteady, the relevant research is usually based on experiments and simulation.We built a medium-sized experimental device to generate double bubbles with different sizes and characteristic numbers and recorded the motion trajectory with a high-speed camera. We developed and improved the image processing method to obtain high-quality bubble motion information and realized a good capture of bubble shape and rotation.The experimental results show that in the two bubbles rising successively, the trailing bubble is affected by the trailing field of the leading bubble, and the bubble velocity, relative distance, deformation rate, and other parameters change accordingly. In addition, through simulation, we get the interaction mechanism of the bubbles under experimental conditions. The results show that the coupling leads to flow field velocity and pressure changes, which explains the experimental results. The research results are helpful for a thorough understanding of the law of bubble movement and provide empirical data support for developing a thermal-hydraulic model.

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Baddour, R. E. "Thermal-Saline Bubble Plumes." In Recent Research Advances in the Fluid Mechanics of Turbulent Jets and Plumes, 117–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0918-5_7.

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Tsai, Jr-Hung, and Liwei Lin. "Thermal Bubble Powered Microfluidic Mixer with Gas Bubble Filter." In Transducers ’01 Eurosensors XV, 938–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59497-7_222.

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Pontes, P., R. Cautela, E. Teodori, A. S. Moita, A. Georgoulas, and António L. N. Moreira. "Bubble Dynamics and Heat Transfer on Biphilic Surfaces." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 93–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_17.

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Alhendal, Mohammad, and Yousuf Alhendal. "Numerical Study of the Impacts of Forced Vibration on Thermocapillary Bubble Migration." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 427–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_73.

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Kwak, Ho-Young, and Yoon-Pyo Lee. "Shock and Thermal Waves Emanating from a Sonoluminescing Gas Bubble." In Shock Focussing Effect in Medical Science and Sonoluminescence, 45–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05161-0_3.

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Gao, Hongtao, Xiupeng Ji, Jiaju Hong, Yuchao Song, and Yuying Yan. "Multi-bubble Coalescence Simulations with Large Density Ratio Using Improved Lattice Boltzmann Method." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 361–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_64.

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Pranoto, I., K. C. Leong, A. A. Rofiq, H. M. Arroisi, and M. A. Rahman. "Study on the Pool Boiling Bubble Departure Diameter and Frequency from Porous Graphite Foam Structures." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 217–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_40.

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Alhendal, Fatima, and Yousuf Alhendal. "Numerical Study of the Impacts of Forced Vibration on Thermocapillary Bubble Migration in a Rotating Cylinder." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 349–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_62.

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Voulgaropoulos, Victor, Gustavo M. Aguiar, Matteo Bucci, and Christos N. Markides. "Simultaneous Laser- and Infrared-Based Measurements of the Life Cycle of a Vapour Bubble During Pool Boiling." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 169–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_31.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Thermal bubble"

Hosoda, Shogo, Ryosuke Sakata, Kosuke Hayashi, and Akio Tomiyama. "Mass Transfer From a Bubble in a Vertical Pipe." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44089.

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Mass transfer from single carbon dioxide bubbles in a vertical pipe is measured using a stereoscopic image processing method to develop a mass transfer correlation applicable to a wide range of bubble and pipe diameters. The pipe diameters are 12.5, 18.2 and 25.0 mm and the bubble diameter ranges from 5 to 26 mm. The ratio, λ, of bubble diameter to pipe diameter is therefore varied from 0.2 to 1.8, which covers various bubble shapes such as spherical, oblate spheroidal, wobbling, cap, and Taylor bubbles. Measured Sherwood numbers, Sh, strongly depend on bubble shape, i.e., Sh of Taylor bubbles clearly differs from those of spheroidal and wobbling bubbles. Hence two Sherwood number correlations, which are functions of the Peclet number and the diameter ratio λ, are deduced from the experimental data: one is for small bubbles (λ < 0.6) and the other for Taylor bubbles (λ > 0.6). The applicability of the proposed correlations for the prediction of bubble dissolution process is examined through comparisons between measured and predicted long-term bubble dissolution processes. The predictions are carried out by taking into account the presence of all the gas components in the system of concern, i.e. nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. As a result, good agreements for the dissolution processes for various bubble sizes and pipe diameters are obtained. It is also demonstrated that it is possible to evaluate an equilibrium bubble diameter and instantaneous volume concentration of carbon dioxide in a bubble using a simple model based on a conservation of gas components.

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Ueno, Ichiro, Ryota Hosoya, and Chungpyo Hong. "Condensation/Collapse of Vapor Bubble Injected to Subcooled Pool." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44595.

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We focus on condensation and collapse processes of vapor bubble(s) in a subcooled pool. We generate the vapor in the vapor generator and inject it/them to form vapor bubble(s) at a designated temperature into the liquid at a designated degree of subcooling. In order to evaluate the effect of induced flow around the condensing/collapsing vapor bubble, two different boundary conditions are employed; that is, the vapor is injected through the orifice and the tube. We also focus on interaction between/among the condensing/collapsing vapor bubbles laterally injected to the pool. Through this system we try to simulate an interaction between the vapor bubble and the subcooled bulk in a complex boiling phenomenon, especially that known as MEB (microbubble emission boiling) in which a higher heat flux than critical heat flux (CHF) accompanying with emission of micrometer-scale bubbles from the heated surface against the gravity is realized under a rather high subcooled condition.

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Nabika, Ryo, and Mitsuhiro Matsumoto. "MD-CFD Hybrid Simulation for Microbubble Dynamics." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44397.

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We have developed a hybrid numerical simulation code to investigate the dynamics of nanobubbles. The idea is based on a combination of a molecular dynamics (MD) technique for the region containing a bubble and surrounding area, and the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for the region well away from the bubble. The boundary between the two regions is movable and driven by their pressure difference. As a test of the developed code, we have performed a simulation of a collapsing nanobubble. After equilibrating the system, we introduce a uniaxial pressure wave in the continuum region far from the bubble. The pressure wave propagates through the LBM region, and the pressure difference deforms the MD-LBM boundary. As the MD region deforms, the bubble inside the region starts to collapse non-spherically. We have analyzed the bubble collapse dynamics with several different pressure waves. Vapor bubbles and bubbles containing noncondensable particles are compared.

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Wang, Haojie, Xipeng Lin, and David M. Christopher. "Nucleate Boiling Bubble Dynamics in a PDMS Microchannel With a Single Nucleation Site." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44336.

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The bubble dynamics for flow boiling in a single microchannel was experimentally studied in the present work. A platinum heater was used as the nucleation site in a 0.1 mm hydraulic diameter PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) microchannel with FC72 as the working fluid. A high speed camera was used to visualize the bubble dynamics. The results show that the bubbles grow much slower than predicted by standard correlations due to the very large convective heat transfer to the liquid flowing around the bubble in the microchannel. The results also show that the bubble departure frequency, heat flux and bubble departure diameter are well correlated by two dimensionless parameters that also include the effect of the properties. Finally, the results suggest very high speed dryout and rewetting of the heater surface during the bubble growth with a very short period of more complete rewetting of the heater surface when a bubble separates from the main vapor stem.

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Wen, Wang, and Zhuan Rui. "Bubble behavior in microchannel with saturated and subcooled boiling." In 2015 31st Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semi-therm.2015.7100175.

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Qu, Xiaopeng, and Huihe Qiu. "Acoustic Driven Micro Thermal Bubble Dynamics in a Microchannel." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18451.

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Understanding the effects of acoustic vibration on micro thermal bubble dynamics in a microchannel is the key to develop acoustic-thermal-bubble based microfluidic devices. For that purpose, in the current research, a series of experiments were carried out to study the acoustic-thermal-bubble dynamics in a microchannel. The thermal bubble was generated by a micro heater which was fabricated by MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) technique. Using a high-speed digital camera, the thermal bubble dynamics was studied in two different conditions: normal condition and acoustic condition. Through theoretical analysis, the whole bubble dynamic process in two conditions can be roughly divided into four steps, which are bubble nucleation, satellite bubbles movement, bubble evolution, and bubble shrinkage and remove. The effects of acoustic vibration on all these four steps were found to be significant. The mechanisms behind these effects are discussed by analyzing the high speed video recording results. The current experimental investigation has some potential applications in microfluidic devices, and a prototype of micro mixer based on acoustic-thermal-bubble was successfully tested.

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Ignacio da Silva, Isabela, Bruno de Andrade, Leonardo Manetti, Jeferson Diehl de Oliveira, and Elaine Maria Cardoso. "SATURATION BOILING OF HFE-7100 ON COPPER SURFACES: BUBBLE DEPARTURE DIAMETER AND BUBBLE FREQUENCY." In 18th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2020.cit20-0204.

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Alnaimat, Fadi, Omar Alhammadi, and Bobby Mathew. "Condensation Heat Transfer Model: A Comparison Study of Condensation Rate Between a Single Bubble and Multiple Rising Bubbles." In ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2021-63593.

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Abstract The main objective of this work is to develop a numerical model to analyze heat transfer and condensation of a rising spherical bubble. The model included the bubble shrinkage during condensation, which can be utilized to analyze the bubble’s total energy loss, raising velocity, and condensation rate of a single bubble compared to multiple bubbles with the same total thermal energy. The equations of motion, heat, and mass transfer were developed. The model results were verified with the bubble condensation experiment data in the literature, in which they exhibited a good agreement. For the validation, the model results were compared with bubble condensation experiment data in the literature, which showed a good agreement with the experimental results. The dynamic term of the model is developed using the force balance on a gravity-driven bubble, including hydrodynamic drag force and gravity/buoyancy force, which acting with and against the bubble’s motion direction. For the thermal part of the model, a condensation correlation has been adapted to represent the Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number (Re), Jakob number (Ja), and Prandtl number (Pr). A MATLAB code is developed in order to calculate the instantaneous velocity, the radius, and the mass loss of the vapor bubble in each time step. Moreover, the fundamental behavior for a single bubble and multiple bubbles was investigated in various initial conditions under the same total thermal energy. The effects of the initial bubble radius and the temperature difference between the liquid and vapor phases were analyzed for both scenarios in order to examine the condensation rate. It was found that the thermal behavior of the condensing bubble can be improved by forcing the bubble to collapse into sub bubbles, which will increase the total interfacial area and the rising velocity. Farther, due to generated sub bubbles, the resultant velocity increased the turbulency and the heat transfer rate accordingly. This study can lead to improve the heat transfer rate and allow for more intensive research to enhance the condensation rate.

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Tsou, Chingfu, and Chenghan Huang. "Thermal Bubble Microfluidic Gate Based on SOI Wafer." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18365.

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This paper presents a simple process using an SOI wafer to fabricate a silicon-based vertical microheater to generate thermal bubbles for the applications in microfluidic systems. The fabrication process consists of only two photolithography masks that provide an effective way to manufacture a resistive bulk microheater and high-aspect-ratio microchannel. The electro-thermal property of the proposed microheater has been characterized and verified by finite element analysis and experiment. According to the design concept and experimental results, the largest temperature occurred at the smallest neck section due to the non-uniform property of the resistance along the length of the arch-type microheater, and thus the vapor bubble was generated and attached on the vertical side wall of the microheater. For a typical microheater design, bubble nucleation could be generated under the applied voltage of 5V and the bubble could obstruct the entire 100 μm width of the microchannel when the applied voltage reaches 8V. A switching test has showed the silicon-based microheater has a good thermal-resistance behavior for long-term reliability and the modulation of output flow rate is easy handled by the sizes of thermal bubble. Moreover, the bubble can be formed with a steady growth even when the maximum fluid velocity is larger than 920 μm/s in a microchannel with rectangular cross-section 100 μm wide and 50 μm high. Mixing performance of the thermal bubble to disturb two collateral liquids with lamina flow was also carried out in this work. Experiments show that a high mixing efficiency could be achieved when the vapor bubble was formed in a 100 μm wide, 50 μm deep microchannel with a flow rate of 780 μm/s. These results reveal that the microfluid gate presented here is well designed and bubble sizes are stable and controllable.

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Figueroa, Marcelino, D. Keith Hollingsworth, and Larry C. Witte. "Enhancement of Heat Transfer Behind Sliding Bubbles." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32400.

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The time-dependent temperature distribution on an inclined, thin-foil uniform-heat-generation heater was used to infer the surface heat transfer enhancement caused by the passage of an FC-87 bubble sliding beneath the lower surface of the heater. A two-camera system was used: one camera recorded color images of a liquid crystal layer applied to the upper (dry) side of the heater while a second camera simultaneously recorded the position, size, and shape of the bubble from below. The temperature response of the heater could then be correlated directly to the bubble characteristics at any given time during its passage. Data along the line bisecting the bubble wake from 9 bubbles comprising 54 bubble images were analyzed. Heat transfer in the wake behind sliding cap-shaped bubbles is very effective compared to the natural convection that occurs before the passage of the bubble. Maximum values of heat transfer coefficient in the range of 2500 W/m2K were produced in very sharply peaked curves. The point of maximum cooling measured as a fraction of the local driving temperature difference before the bubble passage was identified and correlated with some success to the streamwise length of the bubble. The location of the maximum heat transfer coefficient was reasonably correlated to bubble width. The level of the maximum heat transfer coefficient when cast as a Nusselt number based on bubble width grew to a saturation value as the bubble moved across the plate. A constant value of Nusselt number requires that the heat transfer coefficient falls as the bubble grows past some critical bubble size. This behavior was observed for the larger bubbles.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Thermal bubble"

Buechler, Cynthia Eileen. Argonne Bubble Experiment Thermal Model Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1228070.

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Buechler, Cynthia Eileen. Argonne Bubble Experiment Thermal Model Development II. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1260366.

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Buechler, Cynthia Eileen. Argonne Bubble Experiment Thermal Model Development III. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1417150.

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Chemerisov, Sergey, R. Gromov, Vakhtang Makarashvili, Thad Heltemes, Zaijing Sun, Kent E. Wardle, James Bailey, Dominique Stepinski, James Jerden, and George F. Vandegrift. Experimental Results for Direct Electron Irradiation of a Uranyl Sulfate Solution: Bubble Formation and Thermal Hydraulics Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234216.

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Chemerisov, Sergey, Roman Gromov, Vakho Makarashvili, Thad Heltemes, Zaijing Sun, Kent E. Wardle, James Bailey, Kevin Quigley, Dominique Stepinski, and George Vandegrift. Design and Construction of Experiment for Direct Electron Irradiation of Uranyl Sulfate Solution: Bubble Formation and Thermal Hydraulics Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1224953.

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Li, Yulan, Shenyang Y. Hu, Robert Montgomery, Fei Gao, Xin Sun, Michael Tonks, Bullent Biner, et al. Mesoscale Benchmark Demonstration Problem 1: Mesoscale Simulations of Intra-granular Fission Gas Bubbles in UO2 under Post-irradiation Thermal Annealing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1049667.

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