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Статті в журналах з теми "Thermal blankets"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Chakraborty, S., A. A. Pisal, V. K. Kothari, and A. Venkateswara Rao. "Synthesis and Characterization of Fibre Reinforced Silica Aerogel Blankets for Thermal Protection." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2495623.

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Анотація:

Using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the source of silica, fibre reinforced silica aerogels were synthesized via fast ambient pressure drying using methanol (MeOH), trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), and hexane. The molar ratio of TEOS/MeOH/(COOH)2/NH4F was kept constant at 1 : 38 : 3.73 × 10−5 : 0.023 and the gel was allowed to form inside the highly porous meta-aramid fibrous batting. The wet gel surface was chemically modified (silylation process) using various concentrations of TMCS in hexane in the range of 1 to 20% by volume. The fibre reinforced silica aerogel blanket was obtained subsequently through atmospheric pressure drying. The aerogel blanket samples were characterized by density, thermal conductivity, hydrophobicity (contact angle), and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The radiant heat resistance of the aerogel blankets was examined and compared with nonaerogel blankets. It has been observed that, compared to the ordinary nonaerogel blankets, the aerogel blankets showed a 58% increase in the estimated burn injury time and thus ensure a much better protection from heat and fire hazards. The effect of varying the concentration of TMCS on the estimated protection time has been examined. The improved thermal stability and the superior thermal insulation of the flexible aerogel blankets lead to applications being used for occupations that involve exposure to hazards of thermal radiation.

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2

Costanzo, Silvia, Alessia Cusumano, Carlo Giaconia, and Sante Mazzacane. "A Proposed Methodology to Control Body Temperature in Patients at Risk of Hypothermia by means of Active Rewarming Systems." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/136407.

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Hypothermia is a common complication in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. It has been noted that, during the first hour of surgery, the patient’s internal temperature (Tcore) decreases by 0.5–1.5°C due to the vasodilatory effect of anesthetic gases, which affect the body’s thermoregulatory system by inhibiting vasoconstriction. Thus a continuous check on patient temperature must be carried out. The currently most used methods to avoid hypothermia are based on passive systems (such as blankets reducing body heat loss) and on active ones (thermal blankets, electric or hot-water mattresses, forced hot air, warming lamps, etc.). Within a broader research upon the environmental conditions, pollution, heat stress, and hypothermia risk in operating theatres, the authors set up an experimental investigation by using a warming blanket chosen from several types on sale. Their aim was to identify times and ways the human body reacts to the heat flowing from the blanket and the blanket’s effect on the average temperatureTskinand, as a consequence, onTcoretemperature of the patient. The here proposed methodology could allow surgeons to fix in advance the thermal power to supply through a warming blanket for reaching, in a prescribed time, the desired body temperature starting from a given state of hypothermia.

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3

Stevens, T., and L. Fitzsimmons. "Effect of a standardized rewarming protocol and acetaminophen on core temperature after coronary artery bypass." American Journal of Critical Care 4, no. 3 (May 1, 1995): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1995.4.3.189.

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BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgical patients who require hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass experience hypothermia, normothermia, and hyperthermia during the early postoperative period. Research-based rewarming protocols are needed to manage temperature variations. OBJECTIVE: To describe the effect of a standardized rewarming protocol and acetaminophen on the following outcome variables: core temperature, peak core temperature, rewarming time, and hyperthermia. METHODS: Patients (N = 60) were rewarmed using a standardized rewarming protocol. Electric heating blankets were used for subjects with core temperatures less than 36 degrees C on admission to the intensive care unit; other subjects were covered with cotton bath blankets. Subjects were also assigned to one of three acetaminophen groups (650 mg at 38.1 degrees C, 650 mg at 37 degrees C, 1300 mg at 37 degrees C). RESULTS: Using the protocol, subjects warmed to normothermia in 3.6 to 6 hours. The 16-hour core temperature thermal curves of heating blanket versus cotton bath blanket subjects differed significantly; thermal curves of the acetaminophen groups were similar. Peak core temperature was significantly lower in heating blanket subjects and unaffected by acetaminophen group. The onset of hyperthermia was not significantly affected by the method of rewarming (electric heating blanket versus cotton blankets) or acetaminophen group. Rewarming time was significantly longer for electric heating blanket subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that mildly hypothermic subjects rewarmed with electric heating blankets during the early postoperative period have lower peak core temperatures and longer rewarming times than those rewarmed with cotton bath blankets. Acetaminophen administration at normothermia does not significantly affect peak core temperature or the onset of hyperthermia.

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4

Tangwe, Stephen Loh, and Michael Simon. "Impact of standby losses and isotherm blanket contributions on the hot water cylinders of various heating technologies." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 5 (October 9, 2018): 798–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2017-0055.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is fourfold: to experimentally determine the standby thermal energy losses in various hot water cylinders in both scenarios, without isotherm blanket installation and with isotherm blanket installation; to analytically evaluate the performance of either the geyser, split- or integrated-type ASHP water heaters based on the number of heating up cycles and total electrical energy consumptions over a 24-h period without isotherm blankets and with isotherm blankets installed; to demonstrate the impact of the electrical energy factors of the split- and integrated-type ASHP water heaters under both the scenarios (without and with the isotherm blankets installed); and to use statistical tests (one way ANOVA and multiple comparison procedure tests) to verify whether any significant difference in the standby thermal energy losses occurred for each of the heating devices under both the scenarios. Design/methodology/approach The methodology was divided into monitoring of the performance of the electrical energy consumptions and ambient conditions of the hot water heating technologies without isotherm blanket installation and with isotherm blanket installation. Findings The results reveal that the average standby thermal energy loss of the geyser without the installation of an isotherm blanket was 2.5 kWh. And this standby loss can be reduced to over 18.5 per cent by just installing a 40-mm thick isotherm blanket on the tank. The statistical tests show a significant mean difference in the group electrical energy consumed to compensate for the standby losses under both scenarios. In contrast, the average standby thermal energy losses for the split- and integrated-type ASHP water heaters were 1.33 kWh and 0.92 kWh, respectively. There was a reduction of 15.5 per cent and 3.5 per cent in the electrical energy consumed in compensating for standby losses for both the split and integrated types, respectively, but there was no significant mean difference in the standby losses under both scenarios for the two systems. Again, without any loss of generality, the electrical energy factor of both the ASHP water heaters decreased upon installation of the isotherm blanks. Research limitations/implications The experiments were conducted only for a 150-L geyser and 150-L split- and integrated-type ASHP water heaters. The category of the different types of ASHP water heaters was limited to one because of the cost implication. Practical implications The experiments were not conducted with various hot water storage tanks installed in different positions (roof, inside or outside of a building wall, etc.) so that actual real-life observations could be obtained. The challenges of easy disassembling and deployment of systems and DAS to different positions were also a real concern. Social implications The findings can help homeowners and ESCO in deciding whether to install isotherm blankets on storage tanks of ASHP water heaters on the basis of the impact of standby losses and its potential viability. Originality/value The experimental design and methodology are the first of its kind to be conducted in South Africa. The results and interpretation were obtained from original data collected from a set of experiments conducted. The findings also show that the installation of isotherm blanket on an electric geyser can result in a significant mean reduction in the standby losses. In contrast, an installation of the isotherm blankets on the storage tanks of ASHP water heaters can reduce the standby losses, but there exists no significant mean difference.

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5

Bardy, Erik R., Joseph C. Mollendorf, and David R. Pendergast. "Thermal Conductivity and Compressive Strain of Aerogel Insulation Blankets Under Applied Hydrostatic Pressure." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 2 (April 21, 2006): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2424237.

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Aerogel is among the best solid thermal insulators. Aerogel is a silica gel formed by supercritical extraction which results in a porous open cell solid insulation with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.013W∕mK. Aerogels have a wide range of uses such as insulation for windows, vehicles, refrigerators∕freezers, etc. Usage for aerogel can be extended for use where flexibility is needed, such as apparel, by embedding it into a polyester batting blanket. These aerogel blankets, although flexible, have little resistance to compression and experience a residual strain effect upon exposure to elevated pressures. It was suggested, by Aspen Aerogels Inc., that a prototype aerogel blanket would have increased resistance to compression and minimized residual strain upon exposure to elevated pressures. Samples of prototype and normal product-line aerogel insulating blankets were acquired. These materials were separately tested for thermal conductivity and compressive strain at incremental pressure stops up to 1.2MPa. The compressive strain of the prototype aerogel blanket reached a level of 0.25mm∕mm whereas the product-line aerogel blanket compressed to 0.48mm∕mm at 1.2MPa. Before compression, the thermal conductivity of the prototype aerogel blanket was slightly higher than the product-line aerogel blanket. During compression the thermal conductivity increased 46% for the product-line aerogel blanket whereas it increased only 13% for the prototype aerogel blanket at 1.2MPa. The total thermal resistance decreased 64% for the product-line aerogel blanket at 1.2MPa and remained at that value upon decompression to atmospheric pressure. The total thermal resistance of the prototype aerogel blanket decreased 33% at 1.2MPa and returned to within 1% of its initial value upon decompression to atmospheric pressure. It was found that the prototype aerogel blanket has approximately twice as much resistance to hydrostatic compression to a pressure of 1.2MPa and also recovers to its original state upon decompression. The thermal resistance of the prototype aerogel blanket remained 37% higher than the product-line aerogel blanket at 1.2MPa. This resistance to compression and the ability to recover to its original state upon decompression from elevated pressures makes the prototype aerogel blanket suitable for applications where high insulation, resistance to compression, and recovery after a compression cycle is needed.

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6

Begum, Hasina, and Kirill V. Horoshenkov. "Acoustical Properties of Fiberglass Blankets Impregnated with Silica Aerogel." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 4593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104593.

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It is known that aerogel impregnated fibrous blankets offer high acoustic absorption and thermal insulation performance. These materials are becoming very popular in various industrial and building applications. Although the reasons for the high thermal insulation performance of these materials are well understood, it is still largely unclear what controls their acoustic performance. Additionally, only a small number of publications to date report on the acoustical properties of fibrous blankets impregnated with powder aerogels. There is a lack of studies that attempt to explain the measured absorption properties with a valid mathematical model. This paper contributes to this knowledge gap through a simulation that predicts the measured complex acoustic reflection coefficient of aerogel blankets with different filling ratios. It is shown that the acoustic performance of a fibrous blanket impregnated with aerogel is generally controlled by the effective pore size and porosity of the composite structure. It is shown that there is a need for refinement of a classical Biot-type model to take into account the sorption and pressure diffusion effects, which become important with the increased filling ratio.

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7

Dastorian Jamnani, Bahador, Soraya Hosseini, Amin Shavandi, and Mohd Roshdi Hassan. "Thermochemical Properties of Glass Wool/Maerogel Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6014874.

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Aerogel blankets are composites of silica aerogel particles dispersed in a reinforcing fiber matrix that turns the brittle aerogel into durable and flexible insulating materials. In this study, silica aerogel was loaded on glass wool with different concentrations (0–18.6%) and morphological and thermal characteristics of the aerogel blankets were studied. Rate of modified blanket decomposition was slower at temperatures between 250°C and 650°C due to the retardant effect of the silica aerogel. The average diameter of the fiber for either original glass wool or modified glass wool materials was approximately 20 μm and samples had porous, interconnected particles with dendritic-like structure.

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8

Dai, Tao, Liangzhi Cao, Qingming He, Hongchun Wu, and Wei Shen. "A Two-Way Neutronics/Thermal-Hydraulics Coupling Analysis Method for Fusion Blankets and Its Application to CFETR." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 4070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164070.

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The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a tokamak device to validate and demonstrate fusion engineering technology. In CFETR, the breeding blanket is a vital important component that is closely related to the performance and safety of the fusion reactor. Neutronics/thermal-hydraulics (N/TH) coupling effect is significant in the numerical analysis of the fission reactor. However, in the numerical analysis of the fusion reactor, the existing coupling code system mostly adopts the one-way coupling method. The ignorance of the two-way N/TH coupling effect would lead to inaccurate results. In this paper, the MCNP/FLUENT code system is developed based on the 3D-1D-2D hybrid coupling method. The one-way and two-way N/TH coupling calculations for two typical blanket concepts, the helium-cooled solid breeder (HCSB) blanket and the water-cooled ceramic breeder (WCCB) blanket, are carried out to study the two-way N/TH coupling effect in CFETR. The numerical results show that, compared with the results from the one-way N/TH coupling calculation, the tritium breeding ration (TBR) calculated with the two-way N/TH calculation decreases by −0.11% and increases by 4.45% for the HCSB and WCCB blankets, respectively. The maximum temperature increases by 1 °C and 29 °C for the HCSB and WCCB blankets, respectively.

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9

Lakatos, Ákos, and Anton Trník. "Thermal Diffusion in Fibrous Aerogel Blankets." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040823.

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Nowadays, the usage of thermal insulation materials is widespread not only in the building sector but also in the vehicle industry. The application of fibrous or loose-fill insulation materials like glass wool or mineral wool as well as aerogel is well known. Aerogel-based materials are among the best solid materials for thermal insulation available today; they are prepared through a sol–gel process. For building walls, the glass-fiber-enhanced types are the frequently used ones. They are prepared by adding the liquid–solid solution to the fibrous batting, which is called a sol–gel process. In the present paper, the changes in the most important building physical properties of aerogel blankets after thermal annealing are presented. The samples were subjected to isochronal heat treatments from 70 to 210 °C for 24 h. The changes in the thermal conductivity were followed by Holometrix Lambda heat flow meter, and differential scanning calorimetry results were also recorded. From the measured values, together with the densities, the most important thermal properties were calculated, such as thermal resistance, diffusivity, effusivity (heat absorption), and thermal inertia. In this paper, we attempt to clarify the role played by thermal annealing in the transient thermal properties of aerogel materials. Besides presenting the measurement results, a theoretical background is given. The investigations of not only the steady-state but also the transient thermal parameters of the materials are momentous at the design stage.

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10

Raffray, A. René, Mark S. Tillack, and Mohamed A. Abdou. "Thermal Control of Ceramic Breeder Blankets." Fusion Technology 23, no. 3 (May 1993): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst93-a30157.

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11

Raffray, A. R., A. Ying, Z. Gorbis, M. S. Tillack, and M. A. Abdou. "Thermal control of solide breeder blankets." Fusion Engineering and Design 17 (December 1991): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(91)90047-t.

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12

Kabbara, Abdallah, Samuel A. Goldlust, Charles E. Smith, Joan F. Hagen, and Alfred C. Pinchak. "Randomized Prospective Comparison of Forced Air Warming Using Hospital Blankets versus Commercial Blankets in Surgical Patients." Anesthesiology 97, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200208000-00009.

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Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental approach to forced air warming using hospital blankets or a Bair Hugger warming unit (Augustine Medical Inc., Eden Prairie, MN) to create a tent of warm air. Methods Adult patients undergoing major surgery were studied. Patients were randomized to receive forced air warming using either a commercial Bair Hugger blanket (control group, n = 44; set point, 43 degrees C) or standard hospital blankets (experimental group, n = 39; set point, 38 degrees C). Distal esophageal temperatures were monitored. Patients were contacted the following day regarding any problems with the assigned warming technique. Results Surface area covered was 36 +/- 12% (mean +/- SD) in the experimental group and 40 +/- 10% in the control group. Final temperatures at the end of surgery were similar between groups: experimental, 36.2 +/- 0.6 degrees C; control, 36.4 +/- 0.7 degrees C. A similar number of patients had esophageal temperature less than 36 degrees C at the end of surgery in both groups (experimental, 12 of 39 [31%]; control, 12 of 44 [27%]). The majority of patients were satisfied with their anesthetic and warming technique: experimental, 38 of 39 patients; control, 44 of 44 patients. There were no thermal injuries. Conclusions Standard hospital blankets heated to 38 degrees C forced air were equally as effective as commercial blankets heated with forced air at 43 degrees C. However, based on concerns expressed by the manufacturer, this experimental technique should not be used until further safety evaluation has been undertaken.

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13

Liu, Jean, C.-S. Niou, L. E. Murr, and P. W. Wang. "Hypervelocity particle penetration in multi-layered thermal blankets." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 28, no. 3 (February 1993): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(93)90445-x.

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14

Frisch, W., S. Aigner, and E. Igenbergs. "Hypervelocity impact calibration of solar max thermal blankets." Advances in Space Research 10, no. 3-4 (January 1990): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(90)90380-i.

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15

Pyo, Yeongmin, Taylor Robertson, Sean Yun, and Zekai Hong. "Experimental Evaluation of Using Silica Aerogels as the Thermal Insulator for Combustor Liners." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 4 (December 4, 2020): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/129703.

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An experimental study was conducted for evaluating the feasibility of using silica aerogel as thermal insulator for combustor liners. Aerogels are a superior material for minimizing heat flux to the metal structure of the combustion liner due to their low thermal conductivity. In this study, a conical natural gas fired swirling-flame combustor was utilized for reproducing the combustion environment. The silica aerogel blanket was attached to the inner side of a perforated combustor liner. Temperature distribution on the outer side of the combustion liner was measured using a calibrated IR camera. To create a protective cooling film over the aerogel surface, cooling air was supplied from the back side of the perforated metal liner and was allowed to penetrate the silica aerogel blanket to be discharged to the combustor. As the combustor was operated at a fixed equivalence ratio of 0.83, cooling air flow rates were varied to evaluate the effectiveness of transpiration cooling on the aerogel blanket as various cooling flow rates. The measured evolution of temperature distribution confirmed thermal equilibriums for every test condition with transpiration cooling. The measured temperature distribution of metal liner demonstrated superior thermal insulation of aerogel blanket under the protection of cooling film with a temperature difference as high as 1580 K between combustion products temperature and the metal liner temperature on the back side. In addition, silica aerogel samples were examined before and after the combustion tests to understand their material degradation exposing to a typical gas turbine combustor environment using high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). Test results suggest multiple degradation mechanisms to the silica aerogel blanket samples from the combustion tests. Improvements can be made to the silica aerogel blankets for a more resilient thermal insulator, for example, by replacing glass fibers in silica aerogels.

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16

Bühler, L., and J. Reimann. "Thermal creep of granular breeder materials in fusion blankets." Journal of Nuclear Materials 307-311 (December 2002): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(02)00982-0.

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17

Berardi, Umberto, and Lakatos Ákos. "Thermal bridges of metal fasteners for aerogel-enhanced blankets." Energy and Buildings 185 (February 2019): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.041.

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18

Majumdar, S. "Transient thermal and dynamic stresses in strongback-design blankets." Fusion Engineering and Design 27, no. 1-2 (March 1, 1995): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(94)00229-z.

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19

Majumdar, Saurin. "Transient thermal and dynamic stresses in strongback-design blankets." Fusion Engineering and Design 27 (March 1995): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(95)90155-8.

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20

Patton, Aaron J., Jon M. Trappe, and Michael D. Richardson. "Cover Technology Influences Warm-season Grass Establishment from Seed." HortTechnology 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.1.153.

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Covers, mulches, and erosion-control blankets are often used to establish turf. There are reports of various effects of seed cover technology on the germination and establishment of warm-season grasses. The objective of this study was to determine how diverse cover technologies influence the establishment of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) from seed. Plots were seeded in June 2007 or July 2008 with the various turfgrass species and covered with cover technologies, including Curlex, Deluxe, and Futerra products, jute, Poly Jute, polypropylene, straw, straw blanket, Thermal blanket, and the control. Establishment was reduced in straw- and polyethylene-covered plots due to decreased photosythentically active radiation penetration or excessive temperature build-up, respectively. Overall, Deluxe and Futerra products, jute, and Poly Jute allowed for the highest establishment of these seeded warm-season grasses.

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21

Steimer, Carlos. "The TRW Thermal Insulation Process Continuous Process Improvement in Work." Journal of the IEST 36, no. 3 (May 1, 1993): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.36.3.p565650263412037.

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This paper describes the Total Quality Management Continuous Process Improvement concept as applied to a specific cost-reduction project. The use of CPI to successfully reduce formal documentation costs and organizational complexity in the development of spacecraft multilayer insulation blankets is described. General CPI principles and guidance are also provided.

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Ashrafi, Mahdi, Brandon P. Smith, Santosh Devasia, and Mark E. Tuttle. "Embedded resistive heating in composite scarf repairs." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 18 (October 7, 2016): 2575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316673706.

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Composite scarf repairs were cured using heat generated by passing an electrical current through a woven graphite-epoxy prepreg embedded in the bondline. Resistance heating using the embedded prepreg resulted in a more uniform temperature distribution in the bondline while preventing any potential thermal damage to the surface of the scarf repairs. In contrast, conventional surface heating methods such as heat blankets or heat lamps lead to large through thickness thermal gradient that causes non-uniform temperature in the bondline and overheating the outer surface adjacent to the heater. Composite scarf repair specimens were created using the proposed embedded heating approach and through the use of a heat blanket for circular and rectangular scarf configurations. Tensile tests were performed for rectangular scarf specimens, and it was shown that the bond strengths of all specimens were found to be comparable. The proposed embedded curing technique results in bond strengths that equal or exceed those achieved with external heating and avoids overheating the surface of the scarf repairs.

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Gorbis, Z. R., A. R. Raffray, M. S. Tillack, and M. A. Abdou. "Thermal Resistance Gaps for Solid Breeder Blankets Using Packed Beds." Fusion Technology 15, no. 2P2A (March 1989): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39778.

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24

Abdou, Mohamed A., M. S. Tillack, and A. René Raffray. "Thermal, Fluid Flow, and Tritium Release Problems in Fusion Blankets." Fusion Technology 18, no. 2 (September 1990): 165–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst90-a29293.

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Hoseini, Atiyeh, and Majid Bahrami. "Effects of humidity on thermal performance of aerogel insulation blankets." Journal of Building Engineering 13 (September 2017): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.07.001.

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26

Lim, Ohk Kun, Sungwook Kang, Minjae Kwon, and Joung Yoon Choi. "Full-scale Fire Suppression Tests to Analyze the Effectiveness of Existing Lithium-ion Battery Fire Response Procedures for Electric Vehicle Fires." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.8172e9b4.

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Анотація:

The number of registered eco-friendly vehicles has exceeded a million, and their market share has expanded. In this study, the effectiveness of existing fire response procedures for lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in eco-friendly vehicles, was investigated by using water-based extinguishing agents, fire blankets, and flood barriers. Water, wetting agents, and foaming agents were sprayed on the underside of battery packs. A temperature decrease rate of ~0.08 ℃ was measured, and no significant difference was observed between the extinguishing agents. Continuous thermal runaway occurred when a fire blanket was applied, and the temperature inside the damaged battery pack rapidly decreased after water permeated its cracks. Quantitative analysis of fire suppression methods can provide information toward the development of practical fire incident response plans for electric vehicles.

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Gois, Pedro F., Ângelo J. Costa e. Silva, João M. P. Q. Delgado, António C. Azevedo, Ana S. Guimarães, and Ana Vaz Sá. "Influence of the Coating System on the Acoustic, Thermal and Luminous Performance of Brazilian Buildings." Designs 4, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4030034.

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This work presents an extensive numerical simulation to analyze the influence of the coating layers on the performance of construction systems, in order to make the constructions projects feasible, not only economically but also technically. Through numerical simulations based on a defined reference model, the present work studied the influence of different layers of floor, roof and internal and external wall systems, on the acoustic, thermal, and luminous performance of buildings in Brazil. The results showed the materials and elements with the greatest influence on: lighting performance are the internal finishes of the environment and the type of glass used in the external windows. On thermal performance, all elements of the roofing system and façades, especially an absence of external cladding and the use of thermal blankets on the roof, have greater influence. The acoustic performance of the façade function on the external windows and acoustic performance of the floor system are mainly influenced by the thickness of the structural element and the use of a ceiling and acoustic blanket; acoustic performance of internal walls is affected by typology of the structured element of the wall and thickness.

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Jiang, K., Q. Wu, L. Chen, and S. Liu. "Conceptual design of solid-type Pb _x Li _y eutectic alloy breeding blanket for CFETR." Nuclear Fusion 63, no. 3 (February 10, 2023): 036023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb2db.

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Abstract As a key component of the Chinese Fusion Engineering and Test Reactor (CFETR), the blanket is responsible for tritium breeding, neutron shielding and energy conversion. Blankets can be classified into solid and liquidaccording to the form of tritium breeder. Among them, the solid blanket utilizes the pebble beds as both the tritium breeder and neutron multiplier, and it has been a popular scheme due to its advantages, such as good material compatibility and non-magnetohydrodynamic effects. However, it usually adopts beryllium or an alloy (i.e. Be and Be12Ti) for multiplying neutrons, causing a very high cost of the solid blanket due to the scarcity of natural resources of beryllium, and this hinders its development. In this paper, a novel solid blanket utilizing a PbLi eutectic alloy was proposed to make up the above deficiency. Pb83Li17 is usually applied in a liquid blanket due to its lowmelting point. However, this kind of alloy can have a higher melting point by adjusting the atomic ratio of Pb/Li, and thus it can be used in the solid blanket both for the tritium breeder and neutron multiplier. Based on the blanket modular design of CFETR, the optimization of the radial layouts, the atomic ratio of Pb/Li and the packed structure of the pebble beds are studied through neutronic and thermal hydraulic analysis. The results indicate that the solid-type Pb x Li y can satisfy the requirement of tritium self-sufficiency, and the global tritium breeding ratio is larger than 1.0. In addition, the cooling system design can retain the maximum temperature of Pb x Li y at a lower level without melting. Overall, this kind of solid-type Pb x Li y blanket is feasible from the perspective of neutronic and thermal hydraulics, and it avoids using beryllium; thus, the cost is highly reduced.

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Brooks, Ben, and Charles D. Deakin. "Relationship between oxygen concentration and temperature in an exothermic warming device." Emergency Medicine Journal 34, no. 7 (April 17, 2017): 472–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2016-206085.

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IntroductionActively warming hypothermic patients or preventing hypothermia is critical in optimising outcomes in patients with traumatic injuries. Our aim was to investigate the effect of ambient oxygen concentration on the rate and change in temperature of the TechTrade Ready-Heat II exothermic (oxygen-activated) warming blanket, to evaluate safety and ascertain the risk of thermal injury.MethodsA mannequin covered with an exothermic blanket was placed in a sealed oxygen tent. An ambulance blanket was placed between the TechTrade Ready-Heat II exothermic blanket and the mannequin. Two temperature probes were placed directly on the surface of the mannequin; one on the torso away from the heating packs and the other directly beneath the exothermic heating pack. The mannequin was exposed to increasing oxygen concentrations at 10% increments, starting at 21%. The experiment was conducted nine times, each time using a new blanket. Maximum temperature of the mannequin ‘skin’ and rate of rise were recorded from both temperature sensors.ResultsIn room air (21% oxygen), the mannequin surface reached 52°C after 60 min, matching manufacturer specifications. At 30% oxygen concentration, the temperature directly beneath the exothermic heating pack exceeded the 65°C threshold at which rapid thermal burns occur, reaching 72.5°C, with minimal change in overall torso temperature.ConclusionThe supplemental use of oxygen in patients with traumatic injuries that increases ambient oxygen levels in the presence of exothermic warming devices may represent a significant risk to the patient. We suggest that prehospital care providers remain highly vigilant of heat when using high-flow oxygen and the subsequent fire risk, while manufacturers of exothermic blankets should consider ways to improve safety.

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Trubitsyn, Valery P., Walter D. Mooney, and Dallas H. Abbott. "Cold Cratonic Roots and Thermal Blankets: How Continents Affect Mantle Convection." International Geology Review 45, no. 6 (June 2003): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.479.

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Akpenpuun, T. D., Q. O. Ogunlowo, A. Rabiu, M. A. Adesanya, W. H. Na, M. O. Omobowale, Y. Mijinyawa, and H. W. Lee. "Building Energy Simulation Model Application to Greenhouse Microclimate, Covering Material and Thermal Blanket Modelling: A Review." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 19, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v19i3.10.

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This review documents the present knowledge and knowledge gap in applying building energy simulation (BES) dynamic models to greenhouses. The focus of this review is to compile the literature on the BES dynamic model of greenhouse microclimate, covering materials, energy requirements and thermal blankets using the Transient System Simulation version 18 (TRNSYS 18) software. Fifty-two journal articles, mostly Science Citation Index (SCI) and Scopus index journals, on BES development and simulation of greenhouse microclimate, greenhouse energy requirement, covering materials and thermal blankets were reviewed. These researchers sought to optimise greenhouse crop production. The main features of the TRNSYS 18 software for BES development are outlined; each research consulted for this review successfully developed, simulated and validated its BES. However, none of these developed models included the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) as a greenhouse microclimate factor, an essential climate parameter. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that applying a BES developed using TRNSYS has excellent potential to optimise greenhouse crop production and help adapt appropriate climate control strategies and energy-saving techniques. However, it is recommended to include VPD in future BES model development.

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Nocentini, Kevin, Patrick Achard, Pascal Biwole, and Marina Stipetic. "Hygro-thermal properties of silica aerogel blankets dried using microwave heating for building thermal insulation." Energy and Buildings 158 (January 2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.024.

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Passaro, Jessica, Paolo Russo, Aurelio Bifulco, Maria Teresa De Martino, Veronica Granata, Bonaventura Vitolo, Gino Iannace, Antonio Vecchione, Francesco Marulo, and Francesco Branda. "Water Resistant Self-Extinguishing Low Frequency Soundproofing Polyvinylpyrrolidone Based Electrospun Blankets." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071205.

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This paper shows that an eco-friendly electrospinning process allows us to produce water resistant sound absorbers with reduced thickness and excellent sound-absorption properties in the low and medium frequency range (250–1600 Hz) for which which human sensitivity is high and traditional materials struggle to match, that also pass the fire tests which are mandatory in many engineering areas. The structure and composition were studied through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Spectroscopy and ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA). The density, porosity and flow resistivity were measured. Preliminary investigation of the thermal conductivity through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) shows that they have perspectives also for thermal insulation. The experimental results indicate that the achievements are to be ascribed to the chemical nature of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP is, in fact, a polymeric lactam with a side polar group that may be easily released by a thermooxidative process. The side polar groups allow for using ethanol for electrospinning than relying on a good dispersion of silica gel particles. The silica particles dimensionally stabilize the mats upon thermal treatments and confer water resistance while strongly contributing to the self-extinguishing property of the materials.

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Wang, Yilin, and Zexi Huang. "Fuzz Growth under Fusion Reaction and Estimation of Blanket’s lifespan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1011, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1011/1/012022.

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Abstract Tungsten has been regarded as a candidate of plasma facing material (PFM) in magnetic fusion reactor (MFR) due to its high strength, high thermal conductivity, and low erosion rates. Alpha particles, as the by-product of the D-T fusion reaction, will collide onto the Tungsten divertor and form nanotendril structures called “fuzz” with an estimation of 3.4 MeV energy. In this paper, we simulated by Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) to investigate the diffusing time and damage rate of the alpha particles on Tungsten. To describe the fuzz generation, the concepts in the diffusion model are utilized to describe the fuzz generation with corresponding techniques (e.g., Fick’s Migration Law). Through this diffusion model, we can derive an estimated lifespan for a divertor blanket that matches the design of general fusion reactors. These results pave a path to investigate the irradiation damage for Tungsten in divertor blankets.

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35

Jardine, D. S., and R. H. Haschke. "An animal model of life-threatening hyperthermia during infancy." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.1.340.

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A mathematical model of heat balance in human infants suggests that it may be possible for severe hyperthermia to develop if an infant is unable to remove his blankets in response to overheating (thermal entrapment). This hypothesis was tested in an animal model of weanling piglets. Ten piglets were warmed in a radiant heater to rectal temperature of 41 degrees C to simulate a fever. Animals in the experimental and control groups were removed from the heater and covered with ordinary infant blankets (to a thickness of approximately 3 cm). Endogenously produced heat caused the animals to warm to 42 degrees C. At this point, the control animals were uncovered. They rapidly cooled to normal body temperature. Animals in the experimental group remained covered until they expired from hyperthermia at 43.9 +/- 0.7 degrees C (SD) after 96 +/- 43 (SD) min. These data show that lethal hyperthermia may result from thermal entrapment. This finding may help clarify the role that hyperthermia may play in illnesses such as hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome and some cases of sudden infant death syndrome.

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Henriksson, Otto, J. Peter Lundgren, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar Holmér, and Ulf Bjornstig. "Protection Against Cold in Prehospital Care—Thermal Insulation Properties of Blankets and Rescue Bags in Different Wind Conditions." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, no. 5 (October 2009): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00007238.

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AbstractIntroduction:In a cold, wet, or windy environment, cold exposure can be considerable for an injured or ill person. The subsequent autonomous stress response initially will increase circulatory and respiratory demands, and as body core temperature declines, the patient's condition might deteriorate. Therefore, the application of adequate insulation to reduce cold exposure and prevent body core cooling is an important part of prehospital primary care, but recommendations for what should be used in the field mostly depend on tradition and experience, not on scientific evidence.Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal insulation properties in different wind conditions of 12 different blankets and rescue bags commonly used by prehospital rescue and ambulance services.Methods:The thermal manikin and the selected insulation ensembles were setup inside a climatic chamber in accordance to the modified European Standard for assessing requirements of sleeping bags. Fans were adjusted to provide low (< 0.5 m/s), moderate (2–3 m/s) and high (8–9 m/s) wind condi-tions. During steady state thermal transfer, the total resultant insulation value, Itr (m2 °C/Wclo; where °C = degrees Celcius, and W = watts), was calculated from ambient air temperature (°C), manikin surface temperature (°C), and heat flux (W/m2).Results:In the low wind condition, thermal insulation of the evaluated ensembles correlated to thickness of the ensembles, ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 clo (1 clo = 0.155 m2 °C/W), except for the reflective metallic foil blankets that had higher values than expected. In moderate and high wind conditions, thermal insulation was best preserved for ensembles that were windproof and resistant to the compressive effect of the wind, with insulation reductions down to about 60–80% of the original insulation capacity, whereas wind permeable and/or lighter materials were reduced down to about 30–50% of original insulation capacity.Conclusions:The evaluated insulation ensembles might all be used for prehospital protection against cold, either as single blankets or in multiple layer combinations, depending on ambient temperatures. However, with extended outdoor, on-scene durations, such as during prolonged extrications or in mul-tiple casualty situations, the results of this study emphasize the importance of using a windproof and compression resistant outer ensemble to maintain adequate insulation capacity.

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Latré, Steven K., Ilya Straumit, Frederik Desplentere, and Stepan V. Lomov. "Voxel Models as Input for Heat Transfer Simulations Based on X-ray Microtomography Images of Random Fiber Reinforced Composites." International Journal of Computational Physics Series 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29167/a1i1p114-119.

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This paper proposes a method for the creation of a three-dimensional finite element model representing fiber reinforced insulation materials for the simulation software Siemens NX. VoxTex software, a tool for quantification of µCT images of fibrous materials, is used for the transformation of microtomography images of random fiber reinforced composites into finite element models. The paper describes the numerical tools used for the image quantification and the conversion and illustrates them on several thermal simulations of fiber reinforced insulation blankets filled with low thermal conductive fillers. The experimental measurements validate the prediction of the thermal conductivity.

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38

Kranebitter, Hannah, Bernd Wallner, Andreas Klinger, Markus Isser, Franz J. Wiedermann, and Wolfgang Lederer. "Rescue Blankets-Transmission and Reflectivity of Electromagnetic Radiation." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040375.

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Rescue blankets are medical devices made of a polyethylene terephthalate sheet coated with a thin aluminum layer. Blankets are used for protection against hypothermia in prehospital emergency medicine and outdoor sports, but totally different qualities are typical for these multi-functional tools. On the one hand, rescue sheets prevent hypothermia by reducing thermo-convection and diminishing heat loss from evaporation and thermal radiation. On the other hand, the sheets promote cooling by acting as a radiant barrier, by providing shade and even by increasing heat conduction when the sheet is in direct contact with the skin. As foils are watertight and windproof, they can function as vapor barriers and even as stopgap bivouac sacks. We evaluated three experimental studies, one on heat loss by rescue blankets according to surface color, one on transparency with ultraviolet radiation, high-energy visible light and visible light, and one on infrared radiation from rescue blankets. When evaluating the effects of different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum on rescue sheets, we focused on ultraviolet radiation (200–380 nm), high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band (380–450 nm), visible light (380–760 nm) and infrared radiation (7500–13,500 nm). Rescue sheets transmit between 1% and 8% of visible light and about 1% of ultraviolet B radiation (280–315 nm), providing sufficient transparency and adequate protection from snow blindness. Reflection of visible light increases detectability in search and rescue missions performed in good visibility conditions, while reflection of infrared radiation increases detectability in poor visibility conditions and provides protection against hypothermia.

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Stadermann, F. J., C. H. Heiss, and M. Reichling. "Evaluation of impact craters on solar cell samples and thermal MLI blankets." Advances in Space Research 20, no. 8 (January 1997): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(97)00429-8.

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40

Mistrangelo, Chiara, Leo Buhler, and Giacomo Aiello. "Buoyant-MHD Flows in HCLL Blankets Caused by Spatially Varying Thermal Loads." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 5 (May 2014): 1407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2311510.

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41

Xiao, B. "Steady state thermal-hydraulic models of pebble bed blankets on hybrid reactors." Fusion Engineering and Design 27, no. 1-2 (March 1, 1995): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(94)00364-d.

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42

Xiao, B. J., and L. J. Qiu. "Steady state thermal-hydraulic models of pebble bed blankets on hybrid reactors." Fusion Engineering and Design 27 (March 1995): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(95)90135-3.

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43

Abou-Sena, A., A. Ying, and M. Abdou. "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Lithium Ceramic Pebble Beds for Fusion Blankets: A Review." Fusion Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (May 1, 2005): 1094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst05-3.

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44

Venkataraman, Mohanapriya, Rajesh Mishra, Jakub Wiener, Jiri Militky, T. M. Kotresh, and Miroslav Vaclavik. "Novel techniques to analyse thermal performance of aerogel-treated blankets under extreme temperatures." Journal of The Textile Institute 106, no. 7 (July 21, 2014): 736–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2014.939808.

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45

Glombikova, Viera, Petra Komarkova, Eva Hercikova, and Antonin Havelka. "How High-Loft Textile Thermal Insulation Properties Depend on Compressibility." Autex Research Journal 20, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2019-0015.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the performance of high-loft thermal insulations in terms of their compression properties, recovery behavior and thermal resistance. The aforementioned properties belong to the basic producer requirements for winter functional sportswear, sleeping bags or blankets. Majority of thermal insulation producers declare high quality of their products claiming durability and insulation within beginning of their application. But, it is important to uncover how dynamic compressive loading (which simulates real condition of using) influences heat transport of tested filling for the whole lifetime period. Therefore, two groups of top synthetic thermal insulation materials were tested before and after compression loading. Subsequently, relaxation behavior of samples was determined by thickness recovery after the compression test. Furthermore, thermal resistance was measured before and after the compression test to find out the change in thermal effectivity of samples. In summary, these results have not met expectations and show a rather poor correlation between the rate of compression after dynamic loading and the drop of thermal resistance of tested fillings.

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46

Zhang, Jing, Xi Zhang, Lifeng Wang, Junxiong Zhang, Rong Liu, Qilong Sun, Xinli Ye, and Xiaomin Ma. "Fabrication and Applications of Ceramic-Based Nanofiber Materials Service in High-Temperature Harsh Conditions—A Review." Gels 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9030208.

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Ceramic-based nanofiber materials have attracted attention due to their high-temperature resistance, oxidation resistance, chemical stability, and excellent mechanical performance, such as flexibility, tensile, and compression, which endow them with promising application prospects for filtration, water treatment, sound insulation, thermal insulation, etc. According to the above advantages, we, therefore, reviewed the ceramic-based nanofiber materials from the perspectives of components, microstructure, and applications to provide a systematical introduction to ceramic-based nanofiber materials as so-called blankets or aerogels, as well as their applications for thermal insulation, catalysis, and water treatment. We hope that this review will provide some necessary suggestions for further research on ceramic-based nanomaterials.

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Chakraborty, S., A. A. Pisal, V. K. Kothari, and A. Venkateswara Rao. "Corrigendum to “Synthesis and Characterization of Fibre Reinforced Silica Aerogel Blankets for Thermal Protection”." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2092809.

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48

Kelly, Patricia A., Susan K. Cooper, Mary L. Krogh, Elizabeth C. Morse, Craig G. Crandall, Elizabeth H. Winslow, and Julie P. Balluck. "Thermal Comfort and Safety of Cotton Blankets Warmed at 130°F and 200°F." Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing 28, no. 6 (December 2013): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2012.10.007.

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Ehrlich, Daniel, and John A. Schwille. "Permeability of Space Vehicle Fibrous Thermal Protection Blankets in Viscous and Slip Flow Regimes." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 28, no. 3 (May 2015): 04014085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000418.

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Machado, Gabriel Gonçalves, Robert Cahill, Vincent Fusco, and Gareth Conway. "Resistively loaded ultra‐thin FSS absorbers for radio‐frequency enhancement of spacecraft thermal blankets." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 13, no. 11 (June 13, 2019): 1928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2018.6099.

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