Дисертації з теми "Theory of aggravating circumstances"

Le développement d’Internet, et du numérique en général, a facilité la commission de bon nombre d’infractions et a fait son entrée dans la majorité des branches du droit pénal. Pourtant il reste une branche du droit pénal où le numérique n’a pas fait son entrée : l’atteinte à l’intégrité physique de la personne. Ce rejet, pourtant logique, ne pose-t-il pas question ? Le développement des objets connectés à Internet permet d’envisager que ces atteintes deviennent réalité. Il faut donc intégrer la possibilité de réaliser de telles atteintes au sein du Code pénal. La première partie propose d’étudier cette possibilité par un rapprochement entre les notions d’arme et de numérique pour créer la notion d’arme numérique. Si ces notions paraissent antinomiques, elles sont au contraire relativement proches. Leur intégration au sein du Code pénal permet de montrer qu’elles obéissent au même mécanisme : la sanction de l’usage d’un outil particulier, l’arme ou le numérique, pour réaliser l’infraction. Nous proposons donc un changement de paradigme dans l’analyse de l’arme pour rapprocher ces notions. Cette rethéorisation de l’arme autour de sa fonction, que nous appelons le mode de perpétration, permet une meilleure prise en compte de la dématérialisation des infractions. La seconde partie quant à elle, s’attache à dresser le régime de l’arme mode de perpétration pour intégrer l’arme numérique en permettant de renforcer l’efficience économique de la loi en matière de lutte contre la cybercriminalité. Cela permet notamment une prise en compte globale de la cybercriminalité en favorisant une analyse proactive plutôt que simplement réactive
The development of the Internet, and of digital technology in general, has facilitated the commission of a large number of offences, and has made its entry into most branches of criminal law. However, there is still one branch of criminal law where digital technology has not made its entry: offences against the physical integrity of the person. Doesn't this logical rejection raise questions? The development of objects connected to the Internet means that such attacks are becoming a reality. The possibility of such attacks must therefore be incorporated into the Penal Code. The first part of this paper proposes to explore this possibility by bringing together the notions of weapon and digital to create the notion of digital weapon. Although these notions may seem antinomic, they are in fact relatively close. Their integration into the penal code shows that they obey the same mechanism: sanctioning the use of a particular tool - a weapon or a digital device - to commit an offence. We therefore propose a paradigm shift in the analysis of the weapon to bring these notions closer together. This re-theorization of the weapon around its function, which we call the mode of perpetration, enables us to take better account of the dematerialization of offences. The second part sets out to extend the regime of the "mode of perpetration" weapon to include the digital weapon, thereby strengthening the economic efficiency of the law in the fight against cybercrime. In particular, this allows us to take a global approach to cybercrime, favoring proactive rather than merely reactive analysis

Death qualification is a part of voir dire that is unique to capital trials. Unlike all other litigation, capital jurors must affirm their willingness to impose both legal standards (either life in prison or the death penalty). Jurors who assert they are able to do so are deemed "death-qualified" and are eligible for capital jury service; jurors who assert that they are unable to do so are deemed "excludable" or "scrupled" and are barred from hearing a death penalty case. During the penalty phase in capital trials, death-qualified jurors weigh the aggravators (i.e., arguments for death) against the mitigators (i.e., arguments for life) in order to determine the sentence. If the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances, then the jury is to recommend death; if the mitigating circumstances outweigh the aggravating circumstances, then the jury is to recommend life. The jury is free to weigh each aggravating and mitigating circumstance in any matter they see fit. Previous research has found that death qualification impacts jurors' receptiveness to aggravating and mitigating circumstances (e.g., Luginbuhl Middendorf, 1988). However, these studies utilized the now-defunct Witherspoon rule and did not include a case scenario for participants to reference. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether death qualification affects jurors' endorsements of aggravating and mitigating circumstances when Witt, rather than Witherspoon, is the legal standard for death qualification. Four hundred and fifty venirepersons from the 11th Judicial Circuit in Miami, Florida completed a booklet of stimulus materials that contained the following: two death qualification questions; a case scenario that included a summary of the guilt and penalty phases of a capital case; a 26-item measure that required participants to endorse aggravators, nonstatutory mitigators, and statutory mitigators on a 6-point Likert scale; and standard demographic questions. Results indicated that death-qualified venirepersons, when compared to excludables, were more likely to endorse aggravating circumstances. Excludable participants, when compared to death-qualified venirepersons, were more likely to endorse nonstatutory mitigators. There was no significant difference between death-qualified and excludable venirepersons with respect to their endorsement of 6 out of 7 statutory mitigators. It would appear that the Furman v. Georgia (1972) decision to declare the death penalty unconstitutional is frustrated by the Lockhart v. McCree (1986) affirmation of death qualification.

Subject of the dissertation research – analysis of the body of murder without circumstances aggravating and mitigating its gravity provided for in Part 1 Art. 129 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania as well as analysis of theoretical and practical problems that arise upon qualifying these criminal acts. The goal of this research is to reveal a concept of murder without circumstances aggravating and mitigating its gravity where punishment is imposed in accordance with Part 1 Art. 129 of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, to analyse attributes of this criminal act, to raise theoretical and practical problems of qualification of the analysed criminal act and to make proposals for solution of these problems.
Disertacijos tyrimo dalykas – nužudymo be jo pavojingumą didinančių ir mažinančių aplinkybių, numatyto Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso (toliau tekste – LR BK) 129 str. 1 d., sudėties analizė bei teorinių ir praktinių problemų, kylančių kvalifikuojant šias nusikalstamas veikas, tyrimas. Disertacijos tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti nužudymo be jo pavojingumą didinančių ar mažinančių aplinkybių, už kurį kyla baudžiamoji atsakomybė pagal LR BK 129 straipsnio 1 dalį, sampratą, išanalizuoti šios nusikalstamos veikos požymius, iškelti nagrinėjamos nusikalstamos veikos teorines ir praktines kvalifikavimo problemas bei pateikti pasiūlymus šių problemų sprendimui.

Schools operate in a multitude of different contexts, with some facing more difficult situations than others. The central question this research seeks to investigate is, ‘What happens in primary schools facing challenging circumstances that results in their improvement or decline?’ It reports on a study of three English primary schools either subject to an Ofsted (Office for Standards in Education) improvement category following inspection and/or coping without a permanent headteacher or with a school merger. It seeks to explore the existence of common factors across the different circumstances and examines the leadership characteristics associated with improvement or decline. Each of the case study schools is also examined more holistically through a complexity theory lens to determine the extent to which this view might add to current understanding. The study is unusual in that, in the past, researchers have found it difficult to gain access to such sensitive contexts. The researcher in this case was seconded to the leadership team within one of the case study schools for six months and used a journal as well as participant observation and interviews to gather data. Existing literature identifies circumstances deemed to be challenging and explores a range of aspects of leadership including the difficulties associated with it. This research identifies common themes in primary schools facing challenging circumstances, with a particular focus on leadership, and explores further the links between them, the networks they create and the contribution that these combinations might make to improvement or decline. The original contribution made by this research is to establish complexity theory as a useful approach in examining the nexus between school leadership and primary schools facing challenging circumstances, including a proposition for representing these complex school systems. It seeks to support identification of early indicators of a range of problematic circumstances (pressure nodes) and those factors potentially enabling improvement (building nodes), through the creation of network maps.

Central Government has identified a group of schools deemed to be 'Schools facing Challenging Circumstances'. These schools tend to be low attaining schools that serve socio-economically deprived communities. A range of policy initiatives have resulted in a number of centrally driven interventions aimed at improving these schools. This thesis focuses on the relationship between external intervention and school improvement in schools facing challenging circumstances. The research strategy consisted of three phases, combining case study and survey approaches to explore two examples of centrally driven external intervention. Phases one and two adopted a case study approach to explore OfSTED inspection and the Schools facing Challenging Circumstances Initiative as mechanisms for improvement, while phase three consisted of a survey to triangulate data and explore some general questions pertaining to external interventions. Thus, this research adopted a mixed methods approach collecting interview, questionnaire and documentary evidence from a range of sources and perspectives. The findings are based on data collected from interviews with over 150 teachers in 21 schools and survey data collected from a further 94 teachers in 6 schools facing challenging circumstances in one LEA. This is the first study to explore the relationship between external intervention and school improvement in this particularly challenging group of schools. The findings suggest that if widespread reform is to be achieved a more sophisticated approach to external intervention must be developed. Rather than treating these schools as a homogeneous group, interventions must be differentiated to match individual school cultures, capacity for change and development phase. In conclusion, a typology of schools facing challenging circumstances is presented. It is argued that this typology can inform our thinking to support more sophisticated approaches to intervening and improving these schools.

Crown selected youth diversion has received little academic attention in Canada. As a process that channels offenders out of the formal legal system, diversion purports to achieve contradictory self-serving system and offender-based goals. Using 50 randomly selected prosecution files – half of which the Crown diverted and half of which the Crown prosecuted – a mixed method investigation of diversion assesses cases through quantitative content analysis and grounded theory method. Based on the quantitative analysis, it is argued that there is an emerging patterned nature of Crown selected diversion that is not completely benign. This patterned nature of diversion unearths a distinctive discourse of diversion/non-diversion. Qualitatively, it is argued that the cases are organized around three temporal moments that create an area for distinctions to be made in terms of threat, responsibility, (in)tolerableness and recourse. Seemingly, there is a persistent paradoxical existence of the diversion process that emerges from the case files.

This thesis is a journey which started investigating CLT innovation and implementation in Syrian schools and, due to the armed conflict in the country, ended with another layer of focus on the impact of Syria War on (education and) ELT, teachers and students. Employing a qualitative approach, the data incorporated audio-recordings and interviews as the two main research tools in the study. The lesson transcripts from two teachers in Syria (Grade 7) and a teacher in a camp school in Turkey (Grade 8) were explored in light of retrospective interviews to uncover how far teachers responded in their actual classroom practices to CLT curriculum innovation tenets and how implementation challenges, including teachers’ cognitions and contextual realities, influenced their practices. Celebrating diversity rather than uniformity, I also endeavoured to appreciate teachers’ own complex reasoning on their practices and how they made sense of their teaching in their immediate contexts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 other Syrian teachers to further elicit perspectives on contextual forces and teacher beliefs, suggestions for a locally feasible ELT pedagogy and the impact of the current war circumstances on their lives and careers. The analysis of the data reveals the value of seeing teachers as agents of their own practice both in ‘normally’ difficult circumstances and in extreme crisis situations. Teachers’ pedagogical decisions and practices seem to be grounded on their beliefs as to what is viable rather than on the MoE plans. The study points to the significance of not only appreciating teacher beliefs and agency in establishing context-sensitive ELT pedagogies, but also capitalising upon local teachers’ experiences and perspectives and involving teachers in both educational planning and implementation. The final layer of the thesis shows that it is valuable to explore teacher agency in crisis situations and to consider ways to extend the literature to recognise conflict-affected ELT as a research area in which locally produced pedagogies are encouraged, supported and developed within the constraints of displacement and refugee camp schools.

Федорчук І.М. Обставини, які обтяжують покарання за кримінальним правом України: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08 – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право / Федорчук Іванна Миколаївна. – Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2010. - 219 с.
Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню проблем обставин, які обтяжують покарання. Визначено юридичну природу, значення, роль, поняття обставин, які обтяжують покарання; встановлено доцільність вичерпного переліку обставин, які обтяжують покарання; класифіковано обставини, які обтяжують покарання; виокремлено ознаки, які притаманні обставинам, які обтяжують покарання; визначені відмінності обставин, які обтяжують покарання, від кваліфікуючих ознак складу злочину. Сформульовані пропозиції щодо доповнення чинних норм КК України. The dissertation deals with the complex research of aggravating circumstances of punishment. The legal nature, importance, role of the concept «aggravating circumstances of punishment» are determined; the reasonability of exhaustive list of aggravating circumstances of punishment is established; the classification and features of aggravating circumstances are defined; the difference between aggravating circumstances of punishment and qualified elements essential to the offence is pointed out. The suggestions as to improvement of existing norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are made

The literature on new principals tends to focus on the challenges of incumbents. However, there is little detailed evidence of the nature of their attempts at reshaping or enhancing school culture, which may be their greatest single professional challenge. A significant number of primary schools in Trinidad and Tobago are currently headed by new principals and concerns have been publicly raised at the national level about these new principals’ fit to schools. This study was designed to investigate the nature of the interactions between new principals’ leadership and their inherited school cultures in primary schools of different effectiveness states - high, average and low achievement - which face challenging circumstances. It also investigates the impact of these interactions on school processes, new principals’ emotions and professional development and student academic outcomes. The thesis adopts an explanatory, multiple-case study approach that conceptualizes principal leadership as relational, recognizing that whilst a new principal may wish to re-culture and restructure a school, the existing school’s culture and the new principal’s own professional judgment may combine to influence his/her ability to do so. The main research method used for engaging with this work was a critical incident technique. Findings reveal the complex nature of the leadership-school culture interplay and the factors which influence: a) the various manifestations of the leadership-school culture interactions and, b) the degree of change observed at the schools. Associated implications and areas for future research are also discussed.

Thesis advisor: Eric Dearing
Emerging research in developmental psychology and neuroscience suggests that childhood poverty is associated with high levels of exposure to multiple contextual risks, which cumulatively lead to persistent elevated stress levels that have a direct, as well an indirect (e.g., through parental processes), impact on child cognitive, academic, and socioemotional functioning (Evans & Kim, 2013). Such research has begun to change the way that scholars and practitioners envision the context of poverty, the persistence of the income-achievement gap, and the types of interventions that may be most effective in addressing disparities in children’s long-term educational success. However, research on the relations between poverty-associated stress and child outcomes is still in its infancy and many questions remain. In particular, it is unclear whether changing family economic circumstances matter, a question of concern for developmental science and public policy. Moreover, there is little work on moderators of relations between income, stress, and child outcomes, which could help identify factors that buffer children from the harm of stressful home environments. With longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics’ Child Development Supplement, the present study used fixed effects models to examine within-child associations between changes in family income, cumulative risk exposure (as measured by an index that includes a range of poverty-related stressors, such as economic strain, neighborhood crime, and physical and psychological home environments), and children’s cognitive, academic and socioemotional functioning. In addition, moderators of these associations were investigated in order to identify potential protective mechanisms and crucial levers for interventions and policy development. On the whole, findings were consistent with the cumulative stress model. On average, the estimated direct effects of changes in family income (i.e., prior to examining mediation or moderators) were not significant for changes in child outcomes. Yet, changes in income were, for the sample as a whole, indirectly related via changes in cumulative risk exposure: increases in income predicted decreases in cumulative risk exposure which, in turn, predicted improvements in achievement and declines in externalizing behavior. Additionally, these relations were moderated by child age, initial level of family income, and initial level of cumulative risk
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology

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This work analyses criminal recidivism and its role in aggravating penalty, in order to study the way Brazilian Legislation deals with it according to the evolution of the Penal Law. With this purpose the recidivism has been collated rationally from a general to private matter. It looks into the recidivism, its classification and related subjects, and evaluate its evolution in the Brazilian Penal Law it also analyses theories that justifies its application, furthermore it lists its penal and procedural effects coming from the recognition of recidivism. The main goal of this paper is to question the recidivism in the current Brazilian Law (Mainly through the Brazilian Federal Constitution/ 1988) due to the failure of the prison penalty to reintegrate the criminal in the society. After verifying how other countries use the recidivism, we suggest changes for it in Brazil according to compared law and the evolution in penal law, making sure the penal law will truly be applied .The crisis of the prison system is highlighted, giving emphasis to the overpopulation of our prisons, no existence of reintegration programs and lack of support to the ex convicts, all these factors leads to high rates of recidivism
Este trabalho analisa a reincidência criminal e seu emprego como circunstância agravante da pena, visando apurar se a atual legislação pátria a trata de forma adequada conforme a evolução do Direito Penal. Para a realização desta dissertação, a reincidência é cotejada por meio de um procedimento racional que transita do geral para o particular. Verifica a origem da recidiva, suas classificações e os institutos afins; examina a evolução da reincidência no direito penal brasileiro e as teorias que justificam sua aplicação, bem como arrola os demais efeitos penais e processuais decorrentes do reconhecimento da reincidência. O objetivo central deste trabalho é questionar a atual disciplina da reincidência na legislação brasileira, principalmente com base na Constituição Federal de 1988 e em razão do fracasso ressocializador da pena privativa de liberdade. Após verificar a utilização da reincidência em outros países, são sugeridas alterações desse instituto, no Brasil, consoante o direito comparado e a evolução do direito penal de garantias, para que seja aplicado o direito penal do fato. É destacada, ainda, a crise do sistema carcerário, com ênfase à superpopulação prisional, à ausência da função ressocializadora da pena de prisão e ao diminuto apoio aos egressos, fatores que contribuem para os elevados índices de reincidência criminal

Лемеха Р.І. Тяжкі наслідки як наскрізне кримінально-правове поняття: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08 – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право / Лемеха Ростислав Ігорович. – Львів: ЛьвДУВС, 2013. - 238 с.
Дисертація є комплексним дослідженням тяжких наслідків як наскрізного кримінально-правового поняття. Проаналізовано зміст та обсяг поняття тяжкого наслідку в усіх статтях КК України, у яких це термінопоняття використовується. Доведено відсутність будь-яких закономірностей, яким відповідали б усі статті КК України, у яких передбачена відповідальність за злочини, ознакою складів яких є тяжкі наслідки. Такі закономірності простежуються, як правило, лише для окремих груп статей. Запропоновано відмовитись від використання у КК України термінопонять «тяжкі наслідки», «інші тяжкі наслідки» та «особливо тяжкі наслідки» для позначення шкоди, яка заподіюється здоров’ю потерпілого. Пропонується, що у кожному конкретному складі злочину шкода здоров’ю як його ознака має бути конкретизована. Сформульовано конкретні пропозиції щодо внесення змін і доповнень у статті КК України, в яких законодавець застосовує вказівку на спричинення тяжких наслідків. Thesis is the comprehensive research of grave consequences as through criminal-legal concept. The content and scope of the concept of grave consequences in all the articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, where this term is used, were analyzed. The lack of any rule that would consolidate all the articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, where grave consequences are the sign of corpus delicti, is proved. Such rules can be traced only for separate groups of articles. There fusaltouse in the Criminal Code of Ukraine such concepts as «grave consequences», «other grave consequences» and «extra grave consequences» that refer to the harm, which is caused to a victim, is offered. It is also offered that in every specific corpus delicti the harm to health as its sign should be concretized. Specific offers for amending the articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, where the legislator uses the concept of grave consequences, are stated.

Construit autour du contrat de travail, le droit du travail s’appuie sur une relation bilatérale entre l’employeur et le salarié. Le prêt et la fourniture de main-d’œuvre perturbent cet équilibre parce que la force de travail du salarié bénéficie à un tiers au contrat de travail. La méfiance originelle s’est traduite par deux prohibitions de principe pénalement sanctionnées : le marchandage et le prêt illicite de maind’œuvre. L’évolution du marché économique a contraint le législateur à dépasser la seule répression pour envisager la légalisation et l’encadrement de mises à disposition de plus en plus variées. Ces nombreux à-coups législatifs, en l’absence de revalorisation des incriminations, remettent en cause l’efficacité de la prohibition pénale. Le droit pénal est-il encore adapté pour lutter contre les dérives des prêts et fournitures de main-d’œuvre ? Si l’encadrement répressif actuel et sa mise en œuvre sont critiquables, la dépénalisation « sèche » n’est pas pour autant la seule solution
Built around the employment contract, labour law is based on a bilateral relationship between an employer and an employee. The leasing and subcontracting of labour force disrupt this balance because the employee's labour force benefits a third party to the employment contract. The original mistrust resulted in two criminally sanctioned prohibitions: illegal subcontracting and illegal labour leasing. The evolution of the economic market has forced the legislator to go beyond repression alone and to consider the legalization and supervision of more and more types of manpower leasing. These numerous legislative interventions, in the absence of the revalorization of the incriminations, question the effectiveness of the criminal prohibition. Is criminal law still suited to fight against the excesses of labour leasing and subcontracting? Although the current repressive framework and its implementation are open to criticism, decriminalization alone is not the only solution

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar as influências do contexto da relação contratual na delimitação das obrigações das partes. Sustenta-se que os contratos sempre funcionam em contextos sociais específicos, que influenciam o significado das relações contratuais. Analisa-se como o Direito pode reconhecer e valorar o ambiente social e econômico de certas condutas adotadas pelas partes ao longo da relação obrigacional. Trata-se, consequentemente, de uma pesquisa voltada para as fontes das obrigações, no sentido de se averiguar se o contexto pode ser considerado como uma fonte de efeitos normativos para a relação contratual, especialmente nas relações de âmbito civil-empresarial. O problema do contexto como possível fonte de efeitos normativos é apresentado a partir de duas perspectivas: a primeira, mais ampla, é relativa ao desenvolvimento da teoria das fontes das obrigações e da função exercida pelo contexto da relação no desenvolvimento do que hoje se denomina Teoria Geral dos Contratos; a segunda, mais restrita, é referente à delimitação das obrigações em uma relação contratual a partir dos elementos contextuais da relação. Ao final, procura-se demonstrar que o contexto da relação contratual se apresenta como elemento influente na determinação do momento em que obrigações contratuais são contraídas e na delimitação das obrigações contraídas.
This dissertation has as its central theme the analysis of to what extent the context of the contractual relations influences the delimitation of contractual obligations. It is argued that contracts always function in specific social contexts, which influence the meaning of contractual relations. This study seeks to analyze how the law can acknowledge and value the social and economic environment of certain behaviors adopted by the parties along the obligatory relationship. It is, therefore, a study that addresses the question of whether the context can be considered as a source of normative effects for the contractual relationship, especially in civil-commercial relationships. The problem of context as a possible source of normative effects is presented from two perspectives: the first one, broader, concerning the development of the theory of sources of obligations and the function exerted by the context of the relations in the development of what is now called General Theory of Contracts; the second one, more restricted, regarding the delimitation of the obligations in a contract from the contextual elements of the relationship. This study aims, in the end, to demonstrate that the context of the contractual relationship is an influential element both in determining when contractual obligations arise and in delimiting the contractual obligations.

У дисертації проведено комплексне кримінально-правове дослідження поняття та загальних критеріїв індивідуалізації покарання при призначенні покарання за кримінальним правом України. Індивідуалізацію покарання визначено одним із базових елементів конструкції взаємопов’язаних завдань кримінального законодавства, принципів кримінальної відповідальності, цілей покарання, інших мір кримінально-правового характеру й основних інститутів кримінального права. Встановлено, що індивідуалізація покарання – це визначення судом виду й конкретної міри покарання на основі врахування індивідуального ступеня тяжкості вчиненого кримінального правопорушення, персоніфікованих якостей особи винного й ряду пом’якшуючих та обтяжуючих покарання обставин, що спрямоване на забезпечення досягнення цілей загальної превенції (відновлення соціальної справедливості) і приватної превенції (виправлення засудженого). Встановлено, що особа винного як загальний критерій індивідуалізації покарання є сукупністю правових, соціальних, психологічних та фізичних властивостей індивіда, визнаного винним у вчиненні кримінального правопорушення, які характеризують особу до моменту вчинення кримінального правопорушення, під час вчинення та після вчинення кримінального правопорушення і мають суттєве значення для вибору міри кримінально-правового впливу з точки зору досягнення мети покарання. З’ясовано, що ступінь тяжкості вчиненого кримінального правопорушення як загальний критерій індивідуалізації покарання є показником індивідуального рівня суспільної небезпеки конкретного посягання, який враховується судом під час призначення покарання. Зазначено, що обставини, які пом’якшують та обтяжують покарання як загальні критерії індивідуалізації покарання знаходяться за межами складу кримінального правопорушення, але при цьому безпосередньо впливають на пом’якшення або обтяження покарання, що призначається судом. В диссертации проведено комплексное уголовно-правовое исследование понятия и общих критериев индивидуализации наказания при назначении наказания по уголовному праву Украины. Индивидуализацию наказания определено одним из базовых элементов конструкции взаимосвязанных задач уголовного законодательства, принципов уголовной ответственности. целей наказания, других мер уголовно-правового характера и основных институтов уголовного права. Установлено, что индивидуализация наказания – это определение судом вида и конкретной меры наказания на основе учета индивидуальной степени тяжести совершенного уголовного преступления персонифицированных качеств личности виновного и ряда смягчающих и отягчающих наказание обстоятельств, направленное на обеспечение достижения целей общей превенции (восстановление социальной справедливости) и частной превенции (исправление осужденного). Установлено, что лицо виновного как общий критерий индивидуализации наказания является совокупностью правовых, социальных, психологических и физических свойств индивида, признанного виновным в совершении уголовного преступления, характеризирующих лицо к моменту совершения уголовного преступления во время совершения и после совершения уголовного преступления и имеют существенное значение для выбора мер уголовно-правового воздействия с точки зрения достижения цели наказания. Установлено, что степень тяжести совершенного уголовного преступления как общий критерий индивидуализации наказания является показателем индивидуального уровня общественной опасности конкретного посягательства, который учитывается судом при назначении наказания. Отмечено, что обстоятельства, смягчающие и отягчающие наказание как общие критерии индивидуализации наказания находятся за пределами состава уголовного преступления, но при этом непосредственно влияют на смягчение или обременение наказания, назначаемого судом. The dissertation deals with the comprehensive criminal law study of the concept and general criteria of individualization of punishment in sentencing under criminal law of Ukraine. The individualization of punishment is defined as one of the basic elements of the construction of interrelated tasks of criminal legislation, principles of criminal liability, purposes of punishment, and other measures of criminal law and the main institutions of criminal law. It is established that individualization of punishment is the determination of the type and specific measure of punishment by the court. It is based on the individual degree of seriousness of a criminal offense, personalized qualities of the perpetrator and a number of mitigating and aggravating circumstances aimed at ensuring the goals of general prevention (rectification of social justice) and private prevention (correction of the convict). That the formal side of justice is directly related to the individualization of punishment and provides for the fullest and most comprehensive consideration of all criteria for sentencing so that latter is commensurate with the offense. A fair punishment can be imposed only in accordance with the requirement of its individualization, just as the individualization of punishment cannot be achieved if the sentence imposed is unjust. Is justified by the prejudice of the fact that in conditions when the criminal law is a generalization of a typical situation of a criminal offense, contains an abstract formulation , is general, and the actions and the person of the offender - specific, respectively, the solution of the above problem is impossible without a certain «operational» scope of action provided by the court, which in relation to knowledge of a single case is a necessary prerequisite for individualization of punishment. It is noted that determining the punishment measure without individual consideration of specific features of the criminal offense, the perpetrator, a number of mitigating and aggravating circumstances is in clear contradiction with the principles of punishment fixed in criminal law – fairness, individualization, differentiation, and adequacy. It is notes that the person guilty in its structure and relationship with the external environment is a very complex system that combines biogenic, phychogenic and sociogenic substructures. It is concluded that the study of the perpetrator should be based on an expanded interpretation of the characteristics of such a person, which will achieve the goal of punishment and implement the principle of individualization of punishment in its appointment. Analyzed the approaches of «openness» and «exhaustiveness» of the list of mitigating and aggravating circumstances in sentencing. It has been proved that it is inexpedient to absolutes the formalization of the rules of talking into account the circumstances that mitigate aggravating punishments when determining the degree of criminal punishment. It is proved that a perpetrator of a crime as a general criterion of individualization of punishment is a set of legal, social, psychological and physical characteristics of the individual found guilty of a criminal offense, which characterize the person before, during and after the commission of criminal offense. They are essential for choice of the degree of criminal law influence in terms of achieving the purpose of punishment. The degree of seriousness of a criminal offense as a general criterion of individualization of punishment is an indicator of the individual level of social danger of a particular encroachment, which is taken into account by the court in sentencing. The essence of social danger is the objective ability of certain types of actions to lead to negative changes in social reality, to disrupt the system of social relations, to deform and introduce elements of disorganization into a particular system of law and order. It is noted that it is expedient to objectively measure the social danger of a crime from the position in which the instruments of such measurement are the nature and degree of public danger. The approaches of «openness» and «exhaustiveness» of the list of circumstances aggravating punishment in sentencing are analyzed. It is proved that it is inexpedient to absolutes the formalization of the rules of taking into account the circumstances that aggravate the punishment when determining the degree of criminal punishment. It is noted that mitigating and aggravating circumstances as general criteria of individualization of punishment are outside the components of the criminal offense, but they directly affect the mitigation or aggravation of the sentence imposed by the court. Without systematic analysis and detailed consideration and further motivation in the sentence of mitigating and aggravating circumstances, the court’s sentence, which determines the size of the sentence, cannot meet the requirements of individualization, fairness and persuasiveness.

The aim of this thesis has been to map the ethical journey of experienced nurses now practising in rural and remote hospitals in central and south-west Queensland and in domiciliary services in Brisbane. One group of the experienced nurses in the study were Directors of Nursing in rural and remote hospitals. These nurses were “hands on”, “multi-skilled “ nurses who also had the task of managing the hospital. Also there were two Directors of Nursing from domiciliary services in Brisbane. A grounded theory method was used. The nurses were interviewed and the data retrieved from the interviews was coded, categorised and from these categories a conceptual framework was generated. The literature which dealt with the subject of ethical decision making and nurses also became part of the data. The study revealed that all these nurses experienced moral distress as they made ethical decisions. The decision making categories revealed in the data were: the area of financial management; issues as end of life approaches; allowing to die with dignity; emergency decisions; experience of unexpected death; the dilemma of providing care in very difficult circumstances. These categories were divided into two chapters: the category related to administrative and financial constraints and categories dealing with ethical issues in clinical settings. A further chapter discussed the overarching category of coping with moral distress. These experienced nurses suffered moral distress as they made ethical decisions, confirming many instances of moral distress in ethical decision making documented in the literature to date. Significantly, the nurses in their interviews never mentioned the ethical principles used in bioethics as an influence in their decision making. Only one referred to lectures on ethics as being an influence in her thinking. As they described their ethical problems and how they worked through them, they drew on their own previous experience rather than any knowledge of ethics gained from nursing education. They were concerned for their patients, they spoke from a caring responsibility towards their patients, but they were also concerned for justice for their patients. This study demonstrates that these nurses operated from the ethic of care, tempered with the ethic of responsibility as well as a concern for justice for their patients. Reflection on professional experience, rather than formal ethics education and training, was the primary influence on their ethical decision making.

Le coauteur est traditionnellement défini en droit pénal comme l’individu qui, agissant avec un autre, réunit sur sa tête l’ensemble des éléments constitutifs de l’infraction. Pourtant, il est permis de douter de la pertinence de cette affirmation tant la jurisprudence comme la doctrine en dévoient le sens.En réalité, loin d’être cantonnée à une simple juxtaposition d’actions, la coaction doit être appréhendée comme un mode à part entière de participation à l’infraction. En effet, elle apparaît comme un titre d’imputation à mi-chemin entre l’action et la complicité, auxquelles elle emprunte certains caractères. Autrement dit, elle se révèle être un mode de participation à sa propre infraction. Surtout, son particularisme est assuré par l’interdépendance unissant les coauteurs : parce que chacun s’associe à son alter ego, tous sont placés sur un pied d’égalité. Ces différents éléments, qui se retrouvent dans sa notion et dans son régime, permettent ainsi d’affirmer la spécificité de la coaction tout en renforçant la cohérence entre les différents modes de participation criminelle
In criminal law, the co-perpetrator is classically presented as an individual who, acting jointly with another, gathers all the constitutive elements of the offence. However, one may harbor doubts concerning the relevance of this assertion since both case law and legal scholars denature its meaning.Actually, far from being limited to a mere juxtaposition of perpetrations, co-perpetration must be understood as a full mode of participation in the offence. Indeed, it appears as a form of imputation halfway between perpetration and complicity, from which it borrows some characteristics. In other words, it proves to be a mode of participation in one’s own offence. Above all, its particularism is provided by the interdependence between the co-perpetrators : because each of them joins forces with his alter ego, all are placed on an equal footing. These elements, which are found both in it’s concept and in it’s regime, demonstrate thereby the specificity of co-perpetration while strengthening the coherence of the different modes of criminal participation

Le coauteur est traditionnellement défini en droit pénal comme l’individu qui, agissant avec un autre, réunit sur sa tête l’ensemble des éléments constitutifs de l’infraction. Pourtant, il est permis de douter de la pertinence de cette affirmation tant la jurisprudence comme la doctrine en dévoient le sens.En réalité, loin d’être cantonnée à une simple juxtaposition d’actions, la coaction doit être appréhendée comme un mode à part entière de participation à l’infraction. En effet, elle apparaît comme un titre d’imputation à mi-chemin entre l’action et la complicité, auxquelles elle emprunte certains caractères. Autrement dit, elle se révèle être un mode de participation à sa propre infraction. Surtout, son particularisme est assuré par l’interdépendance unissant les coauteurs : parce que chacun s’associe à son alter ego, tous sont placés sur un pied d’égalité. Ces différents éléments, qui se retrouvent dans sa notion et dans son régime, permettent ainsi d’affirmer la spécificité de la coaction tout en renforçant la cohérence entre les différents modes de participation criminelle
In criminal law, the co-perpetrator is classically presented as an individual who, acting jointly with another, gathers all the constitutive elements of the offence. However, one may harbor doubts concerning the relevance of this assertion since both case law and legal scholars denature its meaning.Actually, far from being limited to a mere juxtaposition of perpetrations, co-perpetration must be understood as a full mode of participation in the offence. Indeed, it appears as a form of imputation halfway between perpetration and complicity, from which it borrows some characteristics. In other words, it proves to be a mode of participation in one’s own offence. Above all, its particularism is provided by the interdependence between the co-perpetrators : because each of them joins forces with his alter ego, all are placed on an equal footing. These elements, which are found both in it’s concept and in it’s regime, demonstrate thereby the specificity of co-perpetration while strengthening the coherence of the different modes of criminal participation

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Gendered labour market inequalities are a key area of feminist enquiry. Current approaches to theorising labour market inequalities usually conceive agentic social action and existing social structures as opposing forces, rather than as highly complex interwoven levels of social reality, which together constitute and reconstitute labour market inequalities over time. Further, these analyses tend to privilege either the social construction of gender or the different material circumstances of women’s lives in their accounts, inadequately addressing interfaces between ‘gender’ and the ‘material’. This study attempts to integrate these facets and levels of social reality more closely, offering an alternative account of how gendered labour market inequalities may be shored up or destablised over time. It builds on innovative work outside the field of labour market studies to do so. While the key existing accounts of labour market inequalities offer quite diverse explanations for these inequalities, gendered marital power relations and child-raising responsibilities, along with gendered patterns of participation in, and outcomes from, education and paid work are prominent features of them all. To acknowledge this prior research and some of its insights, analysis of the ‘transitions’ young women are currently making in these domains is a central feature of this study. In doing so, I acknowledge the wealth of research and debate on the late modern fracturing of youth to ‘adult’ transitions, and the future social changes these imply. I further suggest that disruptions and continuities in the forms of education, work, parenting and relationships that young Australian women aspire to, along with shifts in the timing and form of these transitions, have important potential implications for the maintenance or destabilisation of existing broader labour market inequalities over time. The alternative account offered here is developed by drawing on data gathered through a mixed methods study design, incorporating qualitative interviews and survey responses from groups of high SES and low SES young Australian women. Young women’s accounts of their aspirations for parenting, partnering, education and work, are treated using discursive analysis of the interview texts and comparison of these findings with descriptive statistics generated from the survey results. Theoretically, this analysis is guided by feminist poststructuralist notions of discourse, subject positioning and subjectivity. However, these poststructuralist concepts are reconciled with a notion of socio-cultural capital as a resource, developed to allow a ‘materialist’ edge in the empirical analyses. Additionally, insights from complexity thought provide a means for this study to conceive of the relationships between macro social structures and micro social processes as co-producing the labour market inequalities that the study addresses. The thesis of this study is that the social construction of gender, the material circumstances of women’s lives, and their agentic negotiations with these, are critical and interactive features of an adequate account of the processes through which labour market inequalities are shored up or destabilised over time. I suggest that the synthesised theoretical framework developed and presented here may be highly effective for this task. The contribution of the study is therefore fourfold. Firstly, it provides a snapshot of the transitions young Australian women with different material circumstances are making into relationships and parenting, education and work. Secondly, it offers novel insights into the processes through which labour market inequalities may be maintained or not. Thirdly, it offers an integrated account of the interplay between discursive/cultural and material/economic social forces in producing these inequalities. Finally, it augments existing scholarship by introducing an innovative theoretical synthesis to the study of labour market inequalities.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Gendered labour market inequalities are a key area of feminist enquiry. Current approaches to theorising labour market inequalities usually conceive agentic social action and existing social structures as opposing forces, rather than as highly complex interwoven levels of social reality, which together constitute and reconstitute labour market inequalities over time. Further, these analyses tend to privilege either the social construction of gender or the different material circumstances of women’s lives in their accounts, inadequately addressing interfaces between ‘gender’ and the ‘material’. This study attempts to integrate these facets and levels of social reality more closely, offering an alternative account of how gendered labour market inequalities may be shored up or destablised over time. It builds on innovative work outside the field of labour market studies to do so. While the key existing accounts of labour market inequalities offer quite diverse explanations for these inequalities, gendered marital power relations and child-raising responsibilities, along with gendered patterns of participation in, and outcomes from, education and paid work are prominent features of them all. To acknowledge this prior research and some of its insights, analysis of the ‘transitions’ young women are currently making in these domains is a central feature of this study. In doing so, I acknowledge the wealth of research and debate on the late modern fracturing of youth to ‘adult’ transitions, and the future social changes these imply. I further suggest that disruptions and continuities in the forms of education, work, parenting and relationships that young Australian women aspire to, along with shifts in the timing and form of these transitions, have important potential implications for the maintenance or destabilisation of existing broader labour market inequalities over time. The alternative account offered here is developed by drawing on data gathered through a mixed methods study design, incorporating qualitative interviews and survey responses from groups of high SES and low SES young Australian women. Young women’s accounts of their aspirations for parenting, partnering, education and work, are treated using discursive analysis of the interview texts and comparison of these findings with descriptive statistics generated from the survey results. Theoretically, this analysis is guided by feminist poststructuralist notions of discourse, subject positioning and subjectivity. However, these poststructuralist concepts are reconciled with a notion of socio-cultural capital as a resource, developed to allow a ‘materialist’ edge in the empirical analyses. Additionally, insights from complexity thought provide a means for this study to conceive of the relationships between macro social structures and micro social processes as co-producing the labour market inequalities that the study addresses. The thesis of this study is that the social construction of gender, the material circumstances of women’s lives, and their agentic negotiations with these, are critical and interactive features of an adequate account of the processes through which labour market inequalities are shored up or destabilised over time. I suggest that the synthesised theoretical framework developed and presented here may be highly effective for this task. The contribution of the study is therefore fourfold. Firstly, it provides a snapshot of the transitions young Australian women with different material circumstances are making into relationships and parenting, education and work. Secondly, it offers novel insights into the processes through which labour market inequalities may be maintained or not. Thirdly, it offers an integrated account of the interplay between discursive/cultural and material/economic social forces in producing these inequalities. Finally, it augments existing scholarship by introducing an innovative theoretical synthesis to the study of labour market inequalities.