Статті в журналах: "The risk of bankruptcy of corporations"

1

Lin, Chia-Liang, and Kuan-Min Wang. "Predicting the bankruptcy risk of Taiwanese OTC corporations." Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 9, no. 3 (August 2011): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2011.592359.

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Meric, Gulser, Berrin Guner, Shifei Chung, and Ilhan Meric. "A Comparison of Business Management Characteristics in U.S., German, and Japanese Manufacturing Corporations." Studies in Business and Economics 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2019-0011.

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AbstractComparing the management characteristics of business firms in different countries has been a popular research topic in business administration. In this paper, we compare the management characteristics of U.S., German, and Japanese manufacturing corporations. The findings of our study can provide valuable insights for corporate managers and global investors. We find that U.S. manufacturing corporations have the lowest liquidity risk (i.e., U.S. manufacturing firms have higher liquidity levels) compared with German and Japanese manufacturing corporations. German manufacturing corporations have the highest bankruptcy risk (i.e., German manufacturing firms have higher liability levels) compared with U.S. and Japanese manufacturing corporations. The average collection period of accounts receivable and the average payment period of accounts payable are significantly shorter in U.S. manufacturing corporations compared with their German and Japanese counterparts. Due to the extensive use of the just-in-time inventory management system in Japanese Keiretsu industry groupings, Japanese manufacturing corporations have higher inventory turnover rates (i.e., Japanese manufacturing corporations carry lower inventory levels) compared with U.S. and German manufacturing corporations. U.S. manufacturing corporations are able to earn higher operating profit margins compared with their German and Japanese counterparts because they are able to charge higher product prices to customers and/or they are able to have lower manufacturing costs. Japanese manufacturing corporations have the lowest annual sales and total assets growth rates compared with U.S. and German manufacturing corporations.

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3

Kovacova, Maria, and Tomas Kliestik. "Logit and Probit application for the prediction of bankruptcy in Slovak companies." Equilibrium 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.v12i4.40.

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Research background: Prediction of bankruptcy is an issue of interest of various researchers and practitioners since the first study dedicated to this topic was published in 1932. Finding the suitable bankruptcy prediction model is the task for economists and analysts from all over the world. forecasting model using. Despite a large number of various models, which have been created by using different methods with the aim to achieve the best results, it is still challenging to predict bankruptcy risk, as corporations have become more global and more complex. Purpose of the article: The aim of the presented study is to construct, via an empirical study of relevant literature and application of suitable chosen mathematical statistical methods, models for bankruptcy prediction of Slovak companies and provide the comparison of overall prediction ability of the two developed models. Methods: The research was conducted on the data set of Slovak corporations covering the period of the year 2015, and two mathematical statistical methods were applied. The methods are logit and probit, which are both symmetric binary choice models, also known as conditional probability models. On the other hand, these methods show some significant differences in process of model formation, as well as in achieved results. Findings & Value added: Given the fact that mostly discriminant analysis and logistic regression are used for the construction of bankruptcy prediction models, we have focused our attention on the development bankruptcy prediction model in the Slovak Republic via logistic regression and probit. The results of the study suggest that the model based on a logit functions slightly outperforms the classification accuracy of probit model. Differences were obtained also in the detection of the most significant predictors of bankruptcy prediction in these types of models constructed in Slovak companies.

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4

Blisse, Holger. "OWNERSHIP STABILIZATION OF SAVINGS BANKS BY FOUNDATIONS." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 21, 2016): 088–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.747.

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Foundations have recently played a specific role in the transformation of savings banks to joint stock companies (corporations) in Europe. The current discussion about the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and the growing responsibility of depositors in the event of bankruptcy, shifts the risk from the banking industry to a group that traditionally was never affected. As a support, and also as security for depositors of risk-sensitive and risk-responsible credit institutions, the group of owners becomes even more relevant. Within groups that are possible, a foundation, as owner, can intensify stability and signalize risk awareness and responsibility. This paper analyzes the innovative aspects and positive effects of a savings bank’s foundation as well as the problems of retaining typical features of a savings bank.

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5

Al-Tawil, Tareq Na’el. "Piercing the corporate veil: when LLCs and corporations may be at risk." International Journal of Law and Management 61, no. 2 (April 4, 2019): 328–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2018-0140.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the available judicial precedence using both the United Arab Emirates and UK laws to bring up a much broader understanding of wrongful and fraudulent trading concepts and provide a critical analysis of potential personal liabilities of directors in the UK and UAE jurisdictions for the acts of fraud and mismanagement. Design/methodology/approach This paper seeks to understand corporate fraud from the aspect of trading. It will take an in-depth look into wrongful trading and fraudulent trading in the UAE and UK jurisdictions while analyzing the punishment for the same. The study will also look at famous cases for the same while seeking to understand the mitigation measures undertaken in various nations across the world. Findings The author studies the contents and provisions of the UK Insolvency Act 1986, truly the concepts of wrongful trading and fraudulent trading are not explicitly mentioned in the UAE Law, but the said terms associated with “lifting of corporate veil” are notionally existent under the UAE Federal Law No2/2015, otherwise known as Companies Law (Articles 84 and 162-1), and under the UAE Bankruptcy Law (Federal Decree Law No. 9 of 2016), which provides legislation governing trading while the company is insolvent. Originality/value In the current paper, the author is keen to examine the available judicial precedence to bring up a much broader understanding of the mentioned concepts and provide a critical analysis of potential personal liabilities of directors in the UK and UAE jurisdictions for the acts of fraud and mismanagement.

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YASSER, FARAH. "INVESTIGATING THE LEVERAGE COMPOSITION OF PAKISTANI FIRMS THROUGH THEIR DETERMINANTS." Journal of Management and Research 3, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/jmr/31/0301004.

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To have an ideal mix of debt and equity in a balance sheet of an entity is till to date a very complicated issue for managers as there is no such rule to predict an optimal capital structure. An in-depth understanding is required for the corporate culture, the degree of the development of the capital market and the economy in which the firms operate. This study seeks to investigate the leverage composition of Pakistani corporations through their determinants. Fixed effect regression is used to show the relationship of determinants of capital structure on leverage corporations listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) for the period of 2006 to 2013. The results suggest that agency cost, growth, age, and size are significantly and negatively associated with the capital structure of Pakistan firms, however, collateral value of asset is significantly but positively associated with the capital structure of the firm. On the other hand, free cash flows, non debt tax shield, profitability, business risk and bankruptcy cost are not significantly associated with leverage composition of the firms and are against the signaling theory and peaking order theory. The key importance of this study is that no prior research was done for determinants like agency cost, free cash flows, bankruptcy cost and age as determinants of capital structure for Pakistani firms among other determinants. Further, this study does not confine to a particular sector rather it covers all companies listed by Karachi Stock Exchange.

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7

Sara Saeed, Mawal. "A Note on Corporate Capital Structure Theories." Lahore Journal of Business 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/ljb.2013.v1.i2.a6.

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Financial theory revolves around rational participants who want to maximize their utility or wealth for a given level of risk. This maximization, in the first place, calls for the optimality of available resources, making capital financing decisions critical for corporations. Any discussion on optimal capital structure leads back to Modigliani and Miller’s classical capital structure irrelevance hypothesis (1958), according to which, in an efficient market, the value of the firm is unaffected by its choice of capital structure in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, and asymmetric information. This irrelevance makes the firm’s managers indifferent to opting for debt or equity in the firm’s capital structure.

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8

Kovalová, Erika, and Katarína Frajtová Michalíková. "The creative accounting in determining the bankruptcy of Business Corporation." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207401017.

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If there is a period of unfavourable to critical economic development Business Corporation, there is no doubt about the significance of determining the actual factual moment of bankruptcy of the business corporation. In such a situation, it is crucial for further development approach of the statutory body of Business Corporation in terms of truly evaluation and timely search for a constructive solution. There are different methods of creative accounting to delaying the impending corporation bankruptcy. This paper describes the individual ways in which the creative accounting can favour the business corporation, e.g. increase the reported earnings or reduce the reported loss, manipulate with indicators used in financial analysis, conceal financial risk or strengthen the company´s access to finance. The reason for using these practices by the company management can be just a simple delay in solving the situation, trying to keep the company position as long as possible or the reasons are more complex and sophisticated. There are many model to predict the adjusting financial statements. We described and applied two of them, the CFEBT model and BENEISH M-score model.

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9

Stewart, Jim, and Cillian Doyle. "The measurement and regulation of shadow banking in Ireland." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 25, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 396–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-02-2017-0019.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study financial vehicle corporations (FVCs) and other special purpose vehicles (SPVs) in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a database of FVCs that are a central part of the shadow banking sector in Ireland. The database is derived from a European Central Bank (ECB) list of securities and from filings in Company Registration Office, Dublin. Findings Tax concessions are very valuable and has resulted in zero or close-to-zero effective tax rates. Although described as “bankruptcy remote”, FVCs/ SPVs in Ireland are associated with several banks that failed. Central Bank data are inconsistent with revenue data and have resulted in regulatory gaps. The main economic benefit to Ireland consists of payments to certain service providers. Research limitations/implications A complete population of FVCs/SPVs has not been used. Ownership of FVCs/SPVs has not been identified with consequent implications for identifying risk to the sponsoring firm or guarantor. Practical implications The study indicates data deficiencies in Central Bank data, with consequent implications for regulation and measuring the size of the shadow banking sector, and failure of FVCs/SPVs described as bankruptcy remote. Social implications The shadow banking sector has been a key source of instability and risk transference in the recent past. Research and understanding is vital to prevent a future occurrence. Originality/value There are no publicly available databases of individual FVCs/SPVs in Ireland. Hence, research on granular data is limited. The study develops a database derived from lists of securities published by the ECB. The study also relies on a database derived from company house records.

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Susilawati, Illa, Memen Kustiawan, and Ida Farida Adi Prawira. "Risiko Pajak dan Penghindaran Pajak Berdampak Pada Kebangkrutan Perusahaan : Tinjauan Sistematis." Jurnal Pendidikan Akuntansi (JPAK) 10, no. 1 (April 23, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpak.v10n1.p44-49.

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The study aims to explain the condition of a corporation if it performs tax evasion as to whether the company remains in good condition or bad condition. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by reviewing several journals with national or international standards that have been published within a period of 10 years starting from 2013 to 2021. The results of this study suggest that tax avoidance and tax risks have no effect on company bankruptcy. This is because internal and external control of the company effectively encourages the management to make good tax plans and adherence to tax evasion, so that the policies that have been established do not adversely affect the company in the future. It is hoped that the study will further explore the relationship between tax avoidance and the deep risk of bankruptcy, by viewing more tax accounting strategies that facilitate it and make reference to future research.

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11

Lomasky, Loren E. "LIBERTY AFTER LEHMAN BROTHERS." Social Philosophy and Policy 28, no. 2 (May 31, 2011): 135–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052510000245.

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AbstractThe financial Crunch of 2008 was easily explained by both the left and right–too easily. Each insisted that events thoroughly confirmed its own long-held views and utterly refuted those of the opposed camp. This essay argues that there are indeed new lessons to be drawn from the Crunch, lessons that involve balancing the bounty of the Invisible Hand against perils of the Prisoner's Dilemma. Liberal moral imperatives are traced to variables of Personal Choice and External Cost that are typically in tension with each other and thus generate needs for institutional reconstructions that change according to time and circumstance. Personal bankruptcy protection, limited liability corporations, and intellectual property are cited as examples. It is argued that the Crunch occurred because of failure adequately to balance these variables. Three paradoxes came to a head in 2008: Paradox of Efficient Markets; Paradox of Reduced Risk; Paradox of Hard-won Knowledge. The essay concludes with suggestions concerning specific lessons to be drawn from the Crunch and a corresponding list of lessons not to be drawn.

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Waluya Jati, Ahmad, Mohammad Naufal, Ike Arisanti, and Dhaniel Syam. "Asset Specificity On Conditional Conservatism." Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jrak.v11i1.15560.

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Asset specificity, an asset creates company’s distinctive competency that tough to be imitated by competitor. Howere asset specificity features a direct impact on a firm’s in progress truthful price determination, bankruptcy risk, liquidation value, and abandonment option. On alternative hand, the ownerhip of this quality specificity has serious consequences on finance strategy. Bank faces serious issue to create a correct valuation of specific and opaque asset so bank charges higher value of debt. we discover no distinction within the extent to that good news is delayed in earnings for corporations conditional on asset specificity. This study use 280 non finance service and non agriculture type listed in IDX on 2018. However The information assortment used documentation technique and also the data analysis utilized was multiple correlation analysis. we have a tendency to document a significant negative association between quality specificity and conditional conservatism especially in Mining, Miscellaneous industry, and good consumer Industry But we notice new findings within the infrastructure sector there's a significant positive impact of specificity Asset specificity on conservatism.

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13

Bhaduri, Anik. "Taking the Heat: (Non) disclosure of Climate Change Risks in India." Business Law Review 42, Issue 3 (June 1, 2021): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2021021.

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Following the bankruptcy of Pacific Gas and Electric in California, a number of academic commentators, central banks and regulators are coming to the realization that climate change poses a massive threat to the existing financial markets. While numerous legislative proposals to combat the emerging threat are being discussed across the world, there has been a massive rise in securities litigation involving climate change issues, particularly in the US. As early as in 2007, some US states had begun investigating companies for deliberately misleading their shareholders through non-disclosure of climate change risks. A number of similar suits have followed, increasingly binging into question the meaning and extent of ‘material information’ in the context of capital markets. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has identified climate change as a potential risk to the stability of the financial system, but there has been little legislative action in this regard. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has a provision similar to that in the US requiring all listed companies to disclose ‘material’ facts regarding their assets and value on the market, while Indian courts have long recognized that corporations as well as intermediaries on the securities market are bound by a fiduciary duty to disclose all material information to investors. Drawing a comparison with the rising trend of climate change related securities litigation in the US, this article explores whether a company failing to disclose risks associated with climate change would be in violation of the current Indian regulatory framework, and what kind of legislative changes, if any, are required to safeguard the interests of Indian investors.

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Vaziri, Mo, Rafiqul Bhuyan, and Ponkela Manue. "Alarming Factors in predictability of failure of financial institutions." International Journal of Business & Technology 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2012.1.1.01.

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The impact of failure of financial institutions is beyond just the failure of a public corporation. The failure of financial institutions in the USA, is a clear evidence that the greater macro impact is beyond just the failure of few financial institutions. It can bring down the entire economy and can have global devastating impact. By realizing the grave systemic risk of the failure, US government is forced to intervene and bail out many institutions for greater macro-economic reasons. It raises the view that perhaps the current regulating policies and methods are lacking efficiency in predicting the possibility of failure ahead of time and hence not effective in preventing that to happen. In this research we apply several existing methods of institutional failure and test the signaling ability of each method in predicting the bankruptcy well ahead of time. We apply Moody’s financial ratios, Standard and Poor’s financial ratio, vaziri’s financial ratio, Altman’s Z score and then applying logit model and discriminant analysis, we test each of these model’s predictive ability for future use. We analyze the reasons like changes in market, policy, economy, and political influence which have led to bankruptcy. Banks or financial institutions from Europe, United States and Asia are considered as samples. Samples are taken from same period to analyze the effect of different methods. The results from this analysis should help us find the most significant method that could be used to identify the risk, so that necessary action could be taken to prevent the effect or reject the project which could lead to bankruptcy in the future. This research would also offer policy recommendations for regulating agencies as to which factors should be analyzed deeply and how to implement a preventive measure ahead of any potential problems.

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Dibra, Rezart. "The Role of Corporate Governance Failure in the Banking Sector." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 34 (December 31, 2016): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n34p68.

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Corporate governance is the organizational arrangement by which a company represents and serves the interests of its investors. It encompasses anything from a company’s boards to executive compensation schemes to bankruptcy laws. Generally, the definitions of corporate governance which was found in the literature tend to share certain characteristics. One of this characteristic is the notion of accountability. Corporate governance is the process of supervision and control which intends to ensure that the company’s management acts in accordance with the interests of shareholders (Parkinson, 1994). Corporate governance, the internal policies and leadership that guide the actions of corporations, played a major part in the recent global financial crisis. While much blame has been targeted at compensation arrangements that rewarded extreme risk-taking but did not punish failure, the performance of large, supposedly, sophisticated institutional investors in this crisis have not been examined. Corporate governance has come to the forefront of academic research due to the vital role it plays in the overall health of economic systems. Corporate governance was long ignored as a matter of potential importance for the development of a nation’s economy. This paper, however, expresses some cases in the field of corporate governance, regarding the failure of corporate governance. Institutional investors failed to effectively monitor such volatile investments, ignoring relatively well-established corporate governance principles and best practices. Corporate Governance Failures offers nuanced and realistic proposals to mitigate future financial pitfalls.

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Wang, Lie-Huey, and Hsien-Chang Kuo. "The effects of corporate governance on capital structure in Taiwanese corporations after controlling for the heterogeneity of industries and firm size." Corporate Ownership and Control 6, Special Issue 1 (2008): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv6i1c1p3.

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Since the MM theory, scholars have discussed capital structure issues from the perspectives of agency problems in corporate governance. Corporate governance has been seen as the means to reducing the agency costs produced by aligning the interests of management and shareholders, and the incentive for the management to engage in opportunistic behavior has been influenced by the firm’s ownership and board of director structures. Previous studies, however, focus on traditional financial factors and neglect the debt and equity agency problems triggered by corporate governance and their possible influences on capital structure decisions. The sample used in this study consists of 317 firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange from 1998 to 2007. By controlling for the heterogeneity of industries and firm size, our models incorporate the cash flow rights-voting rights-seat control divergence, the ownership structure, and the structure of the board of directors to examine the effects of corporate governance on the firm’s capital structure. The results show that, when the divergence between cash flow rights and seat control is lower or when the divergence between voting rights and seat control is higher, the controlling shareholders can either control the board of directors to better monitor the firm or exhibit a preference for debt financing based on entrenchment motives. Further analysis indicates that blockholders prefer lower debt financing and do not expropriate minority shareholders. Financial institutional shareholders function through their provision of monitoring and the certification of debt for technological firms and can decrease the firms’ debts. The management in the technological industry firms prefers debt financing in order to obtain agency-related benefits. While directors in traditional industries or large firms might use personal or firm debt to tunnel the firm’s assets, the function of independent directors in technological firms or large firms of lowering debts in order to reduce the firm’s bankruptcy risks is more evident.

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Bidabad, Bijan. "Non-Usury Banking Fits the Change Strategy: The Solution to Revive the Economy." American Economic & Social Review 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v5i1.283.

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Based on the working in different fields of sciences for a long time, a solution to change the structure of banking products as a solution to economic crises is proposed. By sharing the risks economically this solution can make economic integrity among all economic sectors.In this paper, we are going to introduce a new Islamic financial institution with elaborated economic and financial characteristics. «Non-Usury Bank Corporation» (NUBankCo) is defined in a way that depositors are the shareholders of the Bank. This corporation is a new kind of shared ownership corporation, which its shareholders are deposit holders and their deposits work as corporation’s equities. The defined bank can perform non-usury operations, and by designing a behavioral model, it is shown that NUBankCo can draw an environment that the welfare of society is to be maximized. Mobility of deposit resources in NUBankCo is less than conventional banks, and there are fewer conflicts between large and small shareholders/depositors and limits the emergence of shareholders’ cartels and thus huge sudden outflow of funds which creates bankruptcy crises.

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Uzun, V. Y. "Bankruptcy of the agricultural holding: Causes, consequences, lessons (The case of “Eurodon”)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-10-117-131.

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The bankruptcy of large agricultural holdings has a very significant impact on production volumes, agricultural incomes, government spending on agricultural development and its effectiveness, consumer spending on food. This is illustrated with the case of the agricultural holding “Eurodon” which became bankrupt in 2019. Its bankruptcy brought down the financial results of the agricultural sector, increased the losses of agricultural organizations of the country by almost three times. The creditors’ claims on holding companies recognized by the arbitration court amounted to about 196 billion rubles taking into account the guarantees of agricultural holding organizations among themselves, without guarantees — 53 billion rubles. However, it was possible to sell the holding’s assets after bankruptcy for only 6 billion rubles. The main losses were endured by the “VEB. RF” Development Corporation. According to experts, new multi-billion loans are required to resume the holding’s operations at the volumes preceding its bankruptcy. The federal budget suffered huge losses due both to non-repayment of loans and to subsidies allocated to the holding for the period of its existence. Losses of the Rostov region are also significant: 6 thousand people lost their jobs (their salary amounted to 2.6 billion rubles a year). Also taxes to the budget, contributions to extrabudgetary funds, etc. ceased. Turkey prices on average increased by 14% in the country. The analysis of the bankruptcy case of “Eurodon” allowed to identify the risks of holdingization and develop a set of measures to reduce them.

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Kuznetsova, Lidia, and Oleksandr Bilotserkivets'. "Forsight in Ukraine: problems of organization in the context of world practice." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2021, no. 1 (April 10, 2021): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2021.01.127.

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The article presents the results of a research on world and European experience of foresight research. Attention is focused on the organization of foresight research and institutional support of foresight in EU countries. The authors substantiate the necessity of expanding the practice of foresight research in Ukraine in the conditions of those changes in the nature of the world economy that occur under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and on the verge of upcoming change in the Kondratiev long cycles. Current trends in the world economy facilitate access to foreign markets, but at the same time create certain risks for national economies. Increasing competition between domestic and foreign producers for many countries means the bankruptcy of domestic enterprises, especially medium- and high-tech ones, which are unable to compete with corporations that are more powerful. Domestic prices for almost all goods increasingly depend on prices in other markets, which can form imbalance between the cost and price of labor and destroy the labor market, increasing migration of the working population, especially those with high levels of human capital, which reduces the country's opportunities in education, science and production and even multiplicatively affects economic growth. In these conditions, it becomes extremely important to determine the guidelines for future economic development and society, which actualizes the whole range of foresight research. For Ukraine, where foresight research is limited, the experience of those countries where foresight has become an integral part of strategic planning is vital. The article is devoted to the study of this experience, which identifies the basic organizational measures of foresight research, the main aspects of foresight institutionalization and the problems that hinder the development of foresight in Ukraine. The publication was prepared within the research project on "Institutional and organizational basis for the foresight research "Economy of Ukraine – 2050” « (state registration No 0121U108846).

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Kuznetsova, Lidiia, and Oleksandr Bilotserkivets'. "Forsight in Ukraine: problems of organization in the context of world practice." Economy and forecasting 2021, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2021.01.102.

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The article presents the results of a research on world and European experience of foresight research. Attention is focused on the organization of foresight research and institutional support of foresight in EU countries. The authors substantiate the necessity of expanding the practice of foresight research in Ukraine in the conditions of those changes in the nature of the world economy that occur under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and on the verge of upcoming change in the Kondratiev long cycles. Current trends in the world economy facilitate access to foreign markets, but at the same time create certain risks for national economies. Increasing competition between domestic and foreign producers for many countries means the bankruptcy of domestic enterprises, especially medium- and high-tech ones, which are unable to compete with corporations that are more powerful. Domestic prices for almost all goods increasingly depend on prices in other markets, which can form imbalance between the cost and price of labor and destroy the labor market, increasing migration of the working population, especially those with high levels of human capital, which reduces the country's opportunities in education, science and production and even multiplicatively affects economic growth. In these conditions, it becomes extremely important to determine the guidelines for future economic development and society, which actualizes the whole range of foresight research. For Ukraine, where foresight research is limited, the experience of those countries where foresight has become an integral part of strategic planning is vital. The article is devoted to the study of this experience, which identifies the basic organizational measures of foresight research, the main aspects of foresight institutionalization and the problems that hinder the development of foresight in Ukraine

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21

Krüger, Josef GA. "Restructuring of Insolvent Corporations in Canada." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, no. 3 (June 19, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i3a2650.

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This paper gives a very general outline of the formal restructuring of insolvent corporations in Canada. For a South African audience, it is important to understand that in Canada a distinction is made between an "insolvent person" and a "bankrupt". A "bankrupt" means a person who has made an assignment into bankruptcy (voluntarily), or against whom a bankruptcy order has been made. An "insolvent person" means a person who is not bankrupt and who resides, carries on business or has property in Canada, whose liabilities to creditors amount to $1 000, and who is for any reason unable to meet his obligations as they generally become due, or who has ceased to pay his current obligations in the ordinary course of business as they generally become due, or the aggregate of whose property is not, at a fair valuation, sufficient, or, if disposed of at a fairly conducted sale under legal process would not be sufficient to enable payment of all his obligations, due and accruing due. An "insolvent person" in Canada may avoid bankruptcy by resorting to restructuring processes created by statute. The fact that a person becomes insolvent does not necessarily spell bankruptcy. Canadians are fortunate to have access to bankruptcy courts and insolvency practitioners with a high level of commercial and legal skills to assist them in restructuring their financial affairs and avoiding bankruptcy.

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Adler, Barry E., and Ian Ayres. "A Dilution Mechanism for Valuing Corporations in Bankruptcy." Yale Law Journal 111, no. 1 (October 2001): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/797516.

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Utama, Cynthia A., and Santi Rahmawati. "The Influence of Multinationality on Determinants of Change in Debt Level: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5517.

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This study aims to investigate whether: (1) the change in debt level is affected by agency problems, the probability of bankruptcy, firm size, and profitability; (2) the change in debt level is affected by multinationality (i.e., multinational corporations (MNCs) or domestic corporations (DCs)) and whether multinationality affects the relationship of agency problems, probability of bankruptcy, size, and profitability to the change in debt level. This study finds that in general, the change in debt level is negatively affected by the probability of bankruptcy and size. Furthermore, the changes in debt level for Indonesian MNCs are negatively affected by the probability of bankruptcy, firm size, and profitability. The negative effects of size and profitability on the change in debt level support the view of the Pecking Order Theory. However, for domestic companies, none of the determinants has a significant effect on the change in debt level. We also find that: (1) only size has a negative influence on the change in debt level when we include all interactive terms in the model; (2) if we include one interactive variable at a time, the probability of bankruptcy, firm size, and profitability have negative influences on the change in debt level; in addition, a positive impact of agency problems on the change in debt level is more pronounced for MNCs compared to DCs. Overall, we conclude that multinationality affects the relationship between agency problems and the change in debt level.Keywords: capital structure; Indonesia leverage; multinational corporations

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24

Gorbatkov, S. A., F. S. Rastegaeva, S. A. Farkhieva, T. V. Nakonechnaya, and T. N. Shashkova. "NEURONET LOGISTIC DYNAMIC MODEL TO DIAGNOSE AND FORECAST THE STAGES OF DEVELOPING BANKRUPTCY OF CORPORATIONS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 3 (May 25, 2019): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7391.

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Purpose of Study: The object of the study is the problem of financial management, in particular, the problem of forecasting the stage of developing bankruptcy of corporations-loaners and decision-making on the restructuring of credit debt. The subject of the research is the development of a dynamic model of bankruptcies with continuous time in conditions of high uncertainty and noise data, which allows diagnosing the stages of bankruptcy of the simulated object at any time (between the “time slices” in the data), as well as to predict the probability of bankruptcy in time ahead for a given horizon. Uncertainty is understood as a specific characteristic of the simulated class of dynamic bankruptcy problems –incompleteness and uncertainty in the data: in the training sample in the “time slices” only the boundary values of the probability of bankruptcy are specified (P=0 or P=1), i.e. there is no information about the intermediate values of P in the interval [0;1]. The uncertainty is determined by legal reasons: until the corporation is declared bankrupt by the arbitration court or the tax authorities, for it P=0, although objective accounting data may show proximity to bankruptcy. Methodology: The purpose of the study is to create an effective mathematical tool for predicting corporate bankruptcy to support decision-making on the financial management of corporations, which is focused on complex real-world modeling conditions. Results: On the basis of the system-wide law of inertia of the simulated dynamic system (or object), the original neuronet iterative logistic dynamic method (NLDM) is proposed, which allows eliminating the above incompleteness and uncertainty in the training sample and operate with continuous time in the procedures of diagnosis and prediction of bankruptcy stages of corporations-loaners. The adequacy of the dynamic model of bankruptcies is comprehensively investigated. The probability of correct identification of bankruptcies on the test set is not worse than 90%. The convergence of iterative procedures in the NLDM algorithm is investigated.

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25

Kaiser, Kevin M. J. "European Bankruptcy Laws: Implications for Corporations Facing Financial Distress." Financial Management 25, no. 3 (1996): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3665809.

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26

Jenčová, Sylvia, Róbert Štefko, and Petra Vašaničová. "Scoring Model of the Financial Health of the Electrical Engineering Industry’s Non-Financial Corporations." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 4364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174364.

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The aim of this paper is to estimate the probability of bankruptcy of the companies from the Slovak electrical engineering industry based on data obtained from financial statements. Parameters of the predictive model were estimated using binary logistic regression. This model is able to predict the probability of a company’s bankruptcy based on values of significant explanatory variables (accounts payable turnover ratio (APTR), return on sales (ROS), quick ratio (QR), financial leverage (FL), net working capital/assets (NWC/A)). The model is constructed using the financial data of a large sample of electrical engineering companies from 2017. Resulting estimated odds ratios show that, in the electrical engineering industry, ROS, QR, and NWC/A significantly reduce the likelihood of bankruptcy. In other words, if these financial indicators increase, the probability of bankruptcy decreases. Our results are also applicable to other industries connected with industrial production, especially the mechanical engineering industry.

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27

Jencova, Sylvia. "Prediction of Bankruptcy in Non-financial Corporations Using Neural Network." Montenegrin Journal of Economics 17, no. 4 (September 2021): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2021.17-4.11.

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28

Du, Chan. "Executive compensation, bankruptcy risk, and managerial risk taking." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 2 (2014): 552–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i2c6p3.

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Compensation studies suggest that equity-based compensation can align the interests of shareholders and managers in terms of managerial risk taking choices. This study extends the literature by examining whether equity-based compensation is used to incorporate the interests of bondholders with those of managers and shareholders in terms of managerial risk taking. In particular, it hypothesizes that equity-based compensation induced managerial risk taking is different for firms with and without high bankruptcy risk. Samples are partitioned according to measure of ex ante bankruptcy risk. The results show that the sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock returns volatility (Vega) has a lower impact on managerial risk taking for firms with higher bankruptcy risk than those with lower bankruptcy risk, while the sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock price (Delta) has a higher impact on managerial risk taking for firms with higher bankruptcy risk than those with lower bankruptcy risk, even after controlling for the effects of firm’s size, firm’s cash flow, and firm’s investment opportunities.

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29

Osmanova, Diana O. "Bankruptcy and Enforcement Proceedings: Legal Institution Correlation Issues." Jurist 5 (May 13, 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3929-2021-5-30-36.

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The author defends the position that it is inadmissible to identify the mechanisms of bankruptcy and enforcement proceedings, examining the aspects of the permissibility of initiating bankruptcy proceedings by the bankruptcy creditor of the debtor, a legal person whose claims are based on a judicial act that has entered into force, according to which the possibility of enforcement has been lost. The article proves that, in view of the function that the insolvency process performs for corporations, the initiating creditor should not be limited by the rules of limitation, since it actually acts in the interests of the civil law community, which unites all creditors of the debtor.

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30

Škerlíková, Tatiana. "Analysis of the Capital Structure of Domestic Corporations Preceding a Bankruptcy." Český finanční a účetní časopis 2014, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.cfuc.424.

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31

Foran, Frank R., and Terrence M. Warner. "Reorganizing the Insolvent Oil and Gas Corporation: The Courts and Fairness." Alberta Law Review 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr705.

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The authors discuss how, once all the concerned parties have concluded an agreement, a financially troubled organization can be reorganized. Aside from proceeding under Part III of the Bankruptcy Act or under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, the authors note that such a reorganization can be, and has been, effected under the Business Corporations Act The authors discuss the details of the CBCA reorganization, and explain how courts have given great latitude to insolvent corporations, to allow them to reorganize.

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32

Robinson, Dahlia. "Auditor Independence and Auditor-Provided Tax Service: Evidence from Going-Concern Audit Opinions Prior to Bankruptcy Filings." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 27, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2008.27.2.31.

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SUMMARY: This study examines whether auditors’ provision of tax services impairs auditor independence by focusing on auditors’ going-concern opinions among a sample of bankruptcy filing firms. The evidence from the bankruptcy setting is particularly salient given that the bankruptcy of corporations such as Enron motivated several provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. More recently, auditors’ provision of tax service to their audit clients has been the focus of new rules by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). Consistent with improved audit quality from information spillover, the study documents a significant positive correlation between the level of tax services fees and the likelihood of correctly issuing a going-concern opinion prior to the bankruptcy filing. One implication of this result is that restricting tax services by auditors of poorly performing firms may diminish the quality of auditors’ reporting decisions without leading to an improvement in auditor independence.

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33

Darrat, Ali F., Stephen Gray, Jung Chul Park, and Yanhui Wu. "Corporate Governance and Bankruptcy Risk." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 31, no. 2 (December 16, 2014): 163–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x14560898.

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34

Kraft, Holger, and Mogens Steffensen. "Bankruptcy, Counterparty Risk, and Contagion*." Review of Finance 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 209–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfm002.

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35

Woodlock, Peter, and Ramesh Dangol. "Managing Bankruptcy and Default Risk." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 26, no. 1 (October 21, 2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22002.

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36

Jannah, Lu'lu'ul, and Ridho Muhammad Purnomosidi. "Business Strategy, ISO 31000 and Bankruptcy Risk." Inovbiz: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis 9, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/inovbiz.v9i1.1892.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of business strategy to bankruptcy risk and the effect moderate of ISO 31000 to business strategy and bankruptcy. The sample of this study is 50 firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). the results support that business strategy has a significant effect on bankruptcy risk. Firms which implement either one of two generic business strategies of cost leadership or differentiation, sig-nificantly effect to the risk of bankruptcy. the second result is ISO 31000 has not effect moderated to business strategy and bankruptcy risk

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37

Del Castillo García, Agustín, and Sergio Manuel Fernández Miguélez. "Predictive potential of the bankruptcy global models in the tourism industry." Tourism & Management Studies 17, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18089/tms.2021.170402.

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The globalisation process and the recent economic crises have increased the development of models to identify the factors related to business bankruptcy. The tourism industry is not immune to this concern, and in the previous literature, bankruptcy prediction models are generally focused on hotels or restaurants. However, there are no experiences of global models for tourism companies. This study develops a global bankruptcy prediction model capable of predicting any activities carried out in the tourism industry with high precision. To this end, a sample of 406 Spanish companies that have developed their activity in three tourism industry sectors (hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies) in the period 2017-2019 has been used. This sample includes bankrupt and non-bankrupt corporations and has allowed the comparison between a global model and various focused models applying artificial neural network techniques. The results have confirmed the superiority of the global model and provide different sample selection and cost minimisation solutions for bankruptcy prediction modelling in the tourism industry

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38

Carruthers, Bruce G., Kevin J. Delaney, and Richard B. Sobol. "Strategic Bankruptcy: How Corporations and Creditors Use Chapter 11 to Their Advantage." Contemporary Sociology 22, no. 1 (January 1993): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075022.

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39

Shaqiri, Mentor Qerim, Ismail Mehmeti, and Orhan Maxhun Çeku. "Transnational Corporations and Their Role in the Economic Development." International Journal of Management Excellence 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 1830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v12i2.1071.

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This paper analyses the role of transnational corporations in a country's economy within the global economy. Over the last two decades of the twentieth century, in the world economy, there has been a rapid increase in the number of corporations. The increasing number of corporations has come as a result of large investments and adequate business plans in line with market requirements. The bigger the company is, the bigger the field for action. This has in some way even determined the merging of various companies, which then have extended their influence on the world's major markets. Corporate empowerment has raised many other issues related to their economic activity such as: the issue of workers’ rights, the elimination of double taxation, the issue of monopolies by these corporations, the insurance of the capital of these corporations, up to eventual bankruptcy. Thus, all these issues raise dilemmas regarding the role and impact of corporations on the development trends of a country.The aim of this paper is to identify the impact of transnational corporations on the development of a country's economy. For the elaboration of the paper several scientific methods have been used, including the literature review and the analytical method for analysing data from the field.

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40

Zhang, Yu Dong, and Le Nan Wu. "Bankruptcy Prediction by Genetic Ant Colony Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 186 (January 2011): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.186.459.

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Corporate bankruptcy is a hot topic in economical research. Traditional methods cannot reach satisfying classification accuracy due to the high dimensional features. In this study, we proposed a novel method based on wrapper-based feature selection. Moreover, a novel genetic ant colony algorithm (GACA) was proposed as the search method, and the rule-based model was employed as the classifier. Stratified K-fold cross validation method was taken as the statistical resampling to reduce overfitting. Simulations take 1,000 runs of each algorithm on the dataset of 800 corporations during the period 2006-2008. The results of the training subset show that the GACA obtains 84.3% success rate, while GA obtains only 48.8% and ACA obtains 22.1% success rate. The results on test subset demonstrate that the mean misclassification error of GACA is only 7.79%, less than those of GA (19.31%) and ACA (23.89%). The average computation time of GACA is only 0.564s compared to the GA (1.203s) and ACA (1.109s).

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41

Setiawan, Anton, Zuliani Dalimunthe, and Eko Rizkianto. "Bankruptcy Risk among Indonesian Stock Exchange Listed Companies." GATR Journal of Finance and Banking Review Vol. 4 (4) Oct-Dec 2019 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.4(2).

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Objective – This research analyses whether there was a change in bankruptcy risk of companies in Indonesia for the period between 2015–2018, during the first presidency period of Joko Widodo, when Indonesia experienced tremendous dynamic economic, political and technological change. Previous research generally discusses the predictability of bankruptcy models, whereas this study analyses how the dynamics of the bankruptcy risk of companies in Indonesia using the most widely known and recognized models. Methodology/Technique – We employed a Wilcoxon-rank test to evaluate whether there are differences in the bankruptcy risk of companies year to year for the overall company and for each sector. We evaluated 154 companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. Findings – We found that the number of companies categorized in the bankruptcy zone increased every year and almost doubled during the studied time period (49 companies in 2013 compared to 90 companies in 2018). Novelty – The analysis shows that there is a significant number of companies that experienced bankruptcy risk each year, except for the periods between 2013 to 2014 and 2016 to 2017. On average, when we look at more detail for sectors and each year, the results show statistically significant increasing bankruptcy risk in all sectors except the transportation sector. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Bankruptcy Risk; Corporate Bankruptcy Prediction; Altman Z-score; Wilcoxon Rank-test; Indonesia. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Setiawan, A; Dalimunthe Z; Rizkianto E. 2019. Bankruptcy Risk among Indonesian Stock Exchange Listed Companies, J. Fin. Bank. Review 4 (4): 122 – 127 https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.4(2) JEL Classification: G32, G33, E66.

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42

Dichev, Ilia D. "Is the Risk of Bankruptcy a Systematic Risk?" Journal of Finance 53, no. 3 (June 1998): 1131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00046.

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43

Kovalenko, Natalia V., and Iryna V. Panasiuk. "RISK MANAGEMENT OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS." Collection of Scientific Publications NUS, no. 4 (2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15589/znp2020.4(482).12.

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44

Sack, Allen L., and Abbas Nadim. "Strategic Choices in a Turbulent Environment: A Case Study of Starter Corporation." Journal of Sport Management 16, no. 1 (January 2002): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.1.36.

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The Starter Corporation, the industry leader in the sports licensed apparel business in the 1980s and 1990s, declared bankruptcy in 1999. This case study examines Starter’s rise and fall, focusing on the interaction between management decisions made over the years and the profound changes that were taking place in the sports licensing industry. It was found that Starter’s dependence on professional leagues for licensing agreements, a flood of new entrants into the licensing industry (especially large footwear manufacturers), the threat of substitute products, dependence on overseas and other suppliers, and players’ strikes and lockouts created a volatile business environment in which Starter had to compete. The major question raised in this case concerns the relative importance of environmental factors and strategic choices by management in Starter’s demise. Michael Porter’s (1980) “five forces model” of industry competition provided a theoretical starting point for this study.

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45

Jaki, Andrzej, and Wojciech Ćwięk. "Risk of Bankruptcy and Shareholder Value." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 82 (2016): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2016.4.82/2-33.

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46

Jia, Zhehao, Yukun Shi, Cheng Yan, and Meryem Duygun. "Bankruptcy prediction with financial systemic risk." European Journal of Finance 26, no. 7-8 (August 17, 2019): 666–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1351847x.2019.1656095.

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47

Podobnik, B., D. Horvatic, A. M. Petersen, B. Urosevic, and H. E. Stanley. "Bankruptcy risk model and empirical tests." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 43 (October 11, 2010): 18325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011942107.

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48

Bryan, Daniel, Guy Dinesh Fernando, and Arindam Tripathy. "Bankruptcy risk, productivity and firm strategy." Review of Accounting and Finance 12, no. 4 (October 28, 2013): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-06-2012-0052.

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49

Singhal, Rajeev, and Yun (Ellen) Zhu. "Bankruptcy risk, costs and corporate diversification." Journal of Banking & Finance 37, no. 5 (May 2013): 1475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.11.019.

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50

Golbe, Devra L. "Risk-taking by firms near bankruptcy." Economics Letters 28, no. 1 (January 1988): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90075-4.

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