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1
de Lange, Sarah L., and Simona Guerra. "The League of Polish Families between East and West, past and present." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42, no. 4 (October 27, 2009): 527–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2009.10.006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historical legacies play an important role in the rise of radical right parties in Central and Eastern Europe. This article conducts an in-depth study of the trajectory of a particular radical right party, the League of Polish Families, in a particular Central and East European country, Poland. The central objective of the article is to highlight that, although there are important similarities between the League of Polish Families and other radical right parties in both Central and Eastern Europe and Western Europe, the League of Polish Families differs in some respects, such as the composition of electorate and ideology from these parties. The article shows that the observed differences have their roots in the Polish historical legacy, that on some accounts deviates from the historical legacies present in other Central and East European countries.
2
Płoski, Marcin. "Państwo narodowe czy zjednoczona Europa w dyskursie parlamentarzystów Ligi Polskich Rodzin." Przegląd Sejmowy 26, no. 1(144) (2018): 89–111. https://ps.sejm.gov.pl/journal.nsf/PS.xsp?documentId=C490D5C5C6FBAD78C12582420042EDD6&lang=PL.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is an attempt to present national and European thought in the discourse of parliamentarians of the League of Polish Families in relation to two important processes of contemporary
times, namely the Poland’s transformation and its integration with European structures. The data
for the research are divided into the several spheres of social reality: politics, economy, culture,
technology (production) and consumption. In particular spheres antinomies could be noticed, becoming the subject of the research study, because of the political controversy. Analytical material
is cognitively interesting because of the contrary views in relation to other political opponents.
The League of Polish Families used, in its rhetoric, Eurosceptic views as a weapon to fi ght its political adversaries.
3
Koziełło, Tomasz. "Koncepcje ustrojowe polskiego obozu narodowego w XXI wieku na przykładzie Ligi Polskich Rodzin i Ruchu Narodowego." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 20, no. 1 (2022): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2022.1.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article analyses the political concepts of the contemporary Polish national camp, represented by the League of Polish Families (2001–2011) and the National Movement (since 2012). Both parties strived to create a national state in which the Polish nation would have a dominant position and pursue its own interests. According to the leaders of both parties, only a nation-state can pursue a policy of comprehensive internal social, economic and military development, making Poland an important player in international politics and ensuring the security and prosperity of its citizens.
4
Sanecka-Tyczyńska, Joanna. "Między mocarstwowością a peryferyjnością. Międzynarodowa pozycja Polski w XXI wieku w narodowej i konserwatywnej refleksji politycznej." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 19, no. 3 (2021): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2021.3.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research objective of this paper is to analyse trends in contemporary nationalist and conservative political thought from the system and problem-based perspectives through the lens of Poland's international status in the 21st century. The subject of the analysis is the political thought of two parties − the League of Polish Families (representing the nationalist trend) and Law and Justice (the conservative trend) in two dimensions. First − in the ideological dimension, covering political views with the greatest degree of generalisation. Second − in the programme dimension, understood as a set of specific political proposals, creating concepts and defining the conditions for their fulfilment in the future. The research objective was contingent on the following research questions: How did the League of Polish Families and the Law and Justice Party define and describe international order? What values were assigned key roles in shaping Poland's international position? What international roles were assigned to Poland?
5
Koziełło, Tomasz. "The Question of Local Self-Government in The Political Concepts of the Contemporary Polish National Camp." Reality of Politics 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop2021405.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this article is to analyse the attitude of the contemporary Polish national camp towards local government in the political concepts of the two most influential political parties of this trend - League of Polish Families and National Movement. In the article are characterized the most important issues such as: the role of local government, the tasks of local government, the postulated reforms.
6
Moroska, Aleksandra, and Krysztof Zuba. "Two Faces of Polish Populism. The Causes of the Success and Fall of Self Defence and the League of Polish Families." Totalitarianism and Democracy 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/tode.2010.7.1.123.
Повний текст джерела
7
Shibata, Yasuko. "Discursive Politics against Ethnic “Others”: The Racist and Xenophobic Discourse of the League of Polish Families, 2001-2007." Japanese Slavic and East European Studies 31 (2010): 35–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5823/jsees.31.0_35.
Повний текст джерела
8
Koziełlo, Tomasz. "Changes in political relevance of The League of Polish Families in result of parliamentary, municipal and European elections." Studia Politologiczne 52 (May 15, 2019): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2019.52.16.
Повний текст джерела
9
Keinz, Anika. "European Desires and National Bedrooms? Negotiating “Normalcy” in Postsocialist Poland." Central European History 44, no. 1 (March 2011): 92–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938910001196.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Only a few years ago rights of sexual minorities in Poland caused not only national controversies over what democracy means, but also gained international attention, visible in demonstrations in front of embassies in Berlin and London, wide media coverage, and protest letters to the Polish prime minister by the Helsinki Foundation of Human Rights as well as Amnesty International and the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). Several Polish politicians were repeatedly cautioned for their extreme conservative stance on homosexual issues and homophobic remarks as well as criticized for the prohibitions of the so-calledMarsz Równości(Equality March), the Polish version of the Christopher Street Day (usually known as Gay Pride Parade) as being against the standards of democracy and human rights. Finally, and in particular as a reaction to the various remarks of Polish politicians, a resolution against homophobia was submitted to the European Parliament in January 2006 and passed in June 2006. Despite the resolution, the then Polish minister of education, Roman Giertych (League of Polish Families, or LPR), caused another great stir at the European Union (EU) conference of ministers of education in Heidelberg, Germany, on March 1, 2007, when he stated that brochures on sexuality education published by the Council of Europe that contained information on homosexuality and homosexual relations were to be prohibited in Polish schools. In the same speech, he rebuked societies that allowed abortion on social grounds and called abortion a “legal crime” and a “new form of barbarism.”
10
Zuba, Krzysztof. "From fringe to fringe: the shift from the clericalist League of Polish Families to the anticlericalist Palikot Movement 2001–2015." Religion, State and Society 45, no. 2 (March 16, 2017): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2017.1290327.
Повний текст джерела
11
Pospíchal, Matěj. "Polska A, B i C? Volební geografie vybraných polských vojvodství." Středoevropské politické studie Central European Political Studies Review 19, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2017): 264–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cepsr.2017.34.264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study focuses on spatial analysis of the general election results in Lower Silesia, Lodz and Lesser Poland voivodeships in a period between 2001 and 2015. Primary subjects of the analysis are political parties Law and Justice, Civic Platform, Polish People´s Party and Democratic Left Alliance, but particularly works also with the results of another parties (Self-Defence, League of Polish families, Modern). Standard electoral geography methodological methods, such as cartographic display of election results, correlation analysis and concentration of the election results measurement have been used on the local level and along with Polish and Czech literature review are included in the study. Main goal of the study was to find out if there are structural differences in terms of electoral support for the parties on both regional and voivodeship level. The analysis proved deeper context of the election results in the eastern regions along with a changing spatial structure of the Law and Justice support in the first decade of the 21st century and related deepening differences between voter bases of the Law and Justice and the Civic Platform- strongest parties in Poland. Findings of the analysis might be useful for upcoming research of the analysis of the electoral support in terms of regional differences.
12
CHARNYSH, VOLHA, and EVGENY FINKEL. "The Death Camp Eldorado: Political and Economic Effects of Mass Violence." American Political Science Review 111, no. 4 (August 10, 2017): 801–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055417000296.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Transfer and redistribution of wealth accompany most violent conflicts throughout the world, yet the local-level political and economic effects of this phenomenon remain unexplored. We address this omission by examining the long-term impact on the surrounding communities of the Nazi death camp Treblinka in Poland, where nearly a million Jews were murdered. The assets of murdered Jews sometimes ended up in the hands of the local population. We are able to identify the enduring impact of these property transfers on local economic and political outcomes because the exact location of Treblinka was exogenous to the characteristics of surrounding communities. We find that communities located closer to the camp experienced a real estate boom but do not exhibit higher levels of economic and social development. These communities also showed higher support for an anti-Semitic party, the League of Polish Families. Our findings speak to an important but overlooked challenge to post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation.
13
Kołodziejczyk, Katarzyna. "Poland’s policy towards membership in the Economic and Monetary Union." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2020.25.2.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Poland’s accession to the European Union determines future membership in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The subject of the research is the analysis of Polish policy towards EMU membership during the first 15 years of Poland’s membership in the EU. The research is political nature and intentionally does not focus on the economic benefits and challenges associated with Poland’s membership in the EMU.
The aim of research is to focus on changes taking place in the policy towards Poland’s membership in the EMU conducted by the ruling parties, successively by the coalition of the Civic Platform (PO) and the Polish People’s Party (PSL) – PO-PSL in years 2007–2015 and then by the Law and Justice (PiS) in years 2005–2007 in consultation with the Self-Defence (Samoobrona RP) and the League of Polish Families (LPR) as well as 2015–2019 in the coalition with the Jarosław Gowin’s Agreement (Porozumienie Jarosława Gowina) and Zbigniew Ziobro’s Solidary Poland (Solidarna Polska).
The main research questions relate to how has Poland’s membership in the EMU been perceived by the ruling parties since 2004 and what are the reasons for the fact that joining the eurozone by Poland until recently had been the strategic goal of the ruling elite of the country, and nowadays the strategic goal has become non-entry into the EMU.
The main research methods were the analysis of the content of documents and a comparative method. The first method allowed presenting the perspective of Poland’s entry into the euro area from the side of the ruling parties policy. That is why the text was mainly based on source materials, i.e. reports, government documents, political speeches, party election programs and press articles. The second research method allowed to compare the concept of Poland’s membership in the EMU presented in various programs of the ruling political parties.
The result of the conducted research indicates the radicalisation of the views of the Polish political scene. It also proves that date of adoption of the single European currency depends not only on meeting the convergence criteria, but also on which political option will rule in Poland.
14
Moroska-Bonkiewicz, Aleksandra. "Political Responses to the Extreme Right in Poland. Motivations and Constraints for Collaboration in the Executive Arena." Studia Polityczne 47, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 65–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2019.47.4.03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the article is to indicate potential causes for formation of a government coalition with the extreme right-wing League of Polish Families (LPR) in Poland in 2006. The aim is to determine the motivation of the right-wing mainstream Law and Justice party to cooperate with LPR, but also to indicate potential reasons why the coalition was not concluded until nine months after the elections. The goal is therefore to highlight potential constraints in the formation of the coalition. The analysis uses theories of coalition formation based on the rational choice paradigm (office, policy and vote) combined with an empirical approach to coalition research, with particular emphasis on factors such as the structure of competition in the party system and the internal dynamics of parties. The starting point for this analysis is the result of research on the causes of cabinet collaboration with the extreme right in Western Europe. The aim is to indicate whether the motivations for forming a coalition with the extreme right in Poland are based on similar premises and mechanisms. The analysis combines the deductive approach resulting from the theory of coalition formation with the inductive analysis of facts and factors that accompanied the formation of the coalition. In order to achieve the assumed goals, the article uses quantitative and qualitative methods and systemic analysis.
15
Semenova, Inna Yu. "THE WORK OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS OF THE CHUVASH ASSR ON STRENGTHENING THE FAMILY (on the materials of the Chuvash regional council of the Militant Atheists League)." Historical Search 1, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-3-53-61.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the activities of the public organization of the Chuvash ASSR, which launched its intense activity in the territory of the national region in the 30–40s of the 20th century. On the basis of unpublished sources contained in the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic, the article analyzes the work of the Chuvash Regional Council of the Militant Atheists League (1927–1941) in the direction of anti-religious education in the family. The author notes that religious dogmata which for many centuries had been defining the marital sphere were subjected to criticism and persecution by the proletarians, which could not but affect the family values and principles in undereducated workers’-and-peasants’ families of the Chuvash.
According to the results of the study, the state policy of the Soviet power concerning marriage and family is determined; the conclusion is made about a significant influence of this public organization on the family; attention is drawn on its positive aspects of work in lower class families of workers’ and peasants’ families of Chuvashia. At the same time, the article notes discontent with the cultural and religious transformations which were carried out among some of undereducated inhabitants of the Republic, especially female workers and peasants, who were afraid of possible families breakdown due to their equalization in rights with men, increased female political activity (the work of female sectors of the ACP(b) Women’s Department and territorial organizations of women’s movements as well as due to the social policy for protecting motherhood and infancy carried out by the Soviet power.
16
Hoare, Karen J., and Denise L. Wilson. "The place for children's centres for New Zealand children." Australian Health Review 31, no. 1 (2007): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper examines the experience of poverty and child maltreatment among New Zealand?s children as compared with international statistics. New Zealand was a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1993, yet indicators suggest that implementation of the Articles of the Convention is limited. In the league of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries it ranks 23rd out of 26 for child poverty and 24th out of 27 for the child maltreatment death rate. A case will be made for coordination of existing and new services for children and families through a dedicated children?s centre, modelled on the United Kingdom?s Sure Start and Children?s Centre program that was modelled in part on the Head Start program of the United States. The paper reports on Wellsford, a rural community north of Auckland, which has embraced the children?s centre concept and is investigating ways to obtain funding to implement the idea.
17
ANTSZEWSKI, Andrzej. "Prawo i Sprawiedliwość w polskim systemie partyjnym (przyczynek do dyskusji o systemotwórczej roli partii)." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2011.16.1.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among the numerous functions of political parties, the role of creating the governance system is highly significant. It manifests itself in the ability of political parties to establish permanent relations with the other parties and in this way provides the essence of a party system. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate the role the Law and Justice party (PiS) plays in the creation of the governance system. Since 2005, PiS has been one of the two dominant political parties struggling to win the parliamentary and presidential elections. In order to determine the scope of this party’s influence on the shape of the party system, their achievements in elections, parliament and Cabinet activity need to be analyzed. Such a quantitative analysis allows us to grasp PiS’s development trends in political competition. The paper discusses the reasons for their electoral success in 2005 as well as their defeat in 2007 and the aftermath of both these elections for the party’s competition to the government. The achievements of PiS confirm that this party has won the status of a party that structures the political competition, a status that has not been lost irrespective of the five elections at different levels that the party has lost. PiS has successfully adopted the postulates of the Left in terms of the economy and social issues, whereas it has maintained the image of a right-wing party in terms of the shape of the state and its moral foundations. PiS has managed to form an electorate that differs from other parties’ electorates in terms of its social and demographic properties as well as its political attitudes, which reinforces the position of PiS in the electoral struggle. Yet PiS has failed to establish a permanent coalition government. The elimination of Self-Defence (Samoobrona) and the League of Polish Families (LPR) from the Sejm has practically deprived PiS of any coalition potential, or has at least significantly reduced this potential. This, coupled with a continuously growing negative electorate, may turn out to constitute the main obstacle to PiS regaining power.
18
Cherepania, Mariia. "COOPERATION OF BOADINGT SCHOOLS WITH CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS OF TRANSCARPATHIA OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY." Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», no. 1(48) (May 27, 2021): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2021.48.439-443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The activities of boarding schools in Transcarpathia in the first half of the XX-th century were organized and carried out with the direct participation of the state, but the active support of such institutions was carried out by various charitable organizations. The purpose of the article is to study the areas of cooperation of boarding schools in Transcarpathia in the first half of the XX-th century with charitable organizations. Methods applied: search and bibliographic method exists for the study of archival and library catalogs, collections and descriptions; content analysis of archival materials in order to identify the retro features of the organization and the content of cooperation of boarding schools of Transcarpathia with charitable organizations; interpretation and generalization − in order to update and identify ways to implement constructive historical experience in the modern practice of institutional care, formulation of conclusions, recommendations. The formation and development of boarding schools in Transcarpathia in the first half of the twentieth century depended primarily on the educational and social policy of the states to which the Transcarpathian lands belonged. Also, the activities of boarding schools of the first half of the XX-th century were accompanied by the active support of charitable public organizations that operated during the stay of the Transcarpathian lands as part of both Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia, including: League for the Protection of Children (creation of boarding schools at craft schools; holding charity events; supporting families in difficult life circumstances; organization of children's rehabilitation campaigns); the union «Shkolskaia pomoch» /»School help»/ (cooperation in the field of education of pupils of boarding schools, actively carries out student actions); union «Nadiya»/»Hope»/ (guardianship of war veterans' children); union of church teachers (guardianship of orphans of parish and state teachers, assistance in teaching in pedagogical education institutions); union «Patronage» (care for single mothers); counseling center «To our children»(care for the health of vulnerable children); Masaryk League against tuberculosis (children's recovery). Coordination of the actions of this unions, charitable foundations, public organizations was established on April 31, 1923 in the town Mukachevo. This work was carried out by the regional branch of the State Committee for Youth Guardianship, which was opened in the town Mukachevo in 1923.
19
TEMPLE, BOGUSIA. "Polish Families." Journal of Family Issues 22, no. 3 (April 2001): 386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251301022003006.
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20
Dajnowicz, Małgorzata. "The League of Women (Liga Kobiet) – the conditions for functioning of the women’s organisation in the communist system of the Polish People’s Republic (in the first period of the organisation’s activity from 1945 to 1975)." Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych, no. 2(9) (2020): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/cnisk.2020.02.09.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The League of Women (Liga Kobiet), until 1949 operating under the name of the Socio-Civic League of Women (Społeczno-Obywatelska Liga Kobiet), was a mass women’s organisation functioning in the Polish People’s Republic. Throughout the whole period, one of the priorities set by the organisation was to build up its mass character and, thus, to influence different social, professional and environmental groups of Polish women, fitting into the general agenda of implementing the communist regime in Polish society. Most League of Women’s members were also members to the Polish United Workers’ Party. The League of Women tried to play a role of a “utilitarian” organisation, supporting in a genuine and diverse way the Polish women’s environment. The period between 1945 and 1975 was the first stage of organisation’s activity; in the communist Polish People’s Republic it was a period of “isolation” of the Polish society from the Western world and of a significant influence of the Soviet Union’s policy on the social relations in the country. The League of Women was an example of an East European women’s organisation in the communist era.
21
Fiderewicz, Zbigniew. "ROLA „LIGI POLSKICH MIAST I MIEJSC UNESCO” W OCHRONIE DZIEDZICTWA KULTUROWEGO." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/odk_2017_04_15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
„League of Polish Cities and UNESCO Sites” [„Liga Polskich Miast i Miejsc UNESCO”] was founded in 2004, on the 2nd Forum of Polish Cities and UNESCO Sites in Jawor. The League was established by local government representatives and curators of Polish UNESCO List Sites. In 2005 the Local Tourist Organisation Association „League of Polish Cities and UNESCO Sites” was set up, which was officially registered in and started to operate 2006. The League is located in Toruń, and it has its registered office in the Toruń City Hall.The statutory objective of the League is to initiate and support actions aimed at maintaining in good condition Polish cities and sites inscribed in the World Heritage List, ensuring their proper use and promotion. According to the League, a model action guaranteeing conditions for proper protection of UNESCO sites is the creation of dedicated funds, similar to the National Fund for the Revaluation of Historic Buildings and Monuments in Krakow, with an annual amount of funds granted from the budget of the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland. Similar actions could be undertaken with regard to the Historic Monuments.In 2012 the League established a financial support scheme, financed from its own funds, in the form of a grant for the purpose of pursuance of the Association’s statutory tasks, in particular financing necessary investments in conservation work, restoration works and other works carried out on sites inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
22
Zaniewska, Agnieszka. "„Nasza Praca” – miesięcznik „wytycznych” do działań i praktyk Ligi Kobiet." Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych, no. 1(10) (2021): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/cnisk.2021.01.10.07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is an analysis of the “Nasza Praca” magazine published by the Main Board of the League of Women as an internal instruction of women’s organizations in this field. In the years 1947–1981, the journal was published in the form of a bulletin, the content of which was intended solely for analysis by members of the organization in all branches of the Polish People’s Republic. On the other hand, since 1981, with the breakthrough in the country and the League of Women itself, “Nasza Praca” became an open monthly addressed to all Polish women, including those who are not members of the Women’s League. The following article focuses on the guidelines of the Main Board of the Women’s League for field activists from the early 1980s.
23
Dobrowolski, Hubert, and Dariusz Włodarek. "Dietary Intake of Polish Female Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the energy expenditure and fulfillment of nutritional needs of female soccer players. Participants in this research were 41 professional soccer players from the three Polish female soccer league levels: Ekstraleague, I League and II League. The participants had their height and body mass measured. Total Energy Expenditure was measured by means of a SenseWear Pro3 Armband device. Data related to the food-intake energy values and the consumption of macro- and micronutrients were obtained through systematic recording of results, which was conducted over a three-day-long period at the start of the competitive season. The average age of the participants was 21 ± 5 years, the average height was 167.5 ± 5 cm, and the average body mass was 62.53 ± 9.8 kg. The average energy expenditure of the participants was 2811 ± 493 kcal/day, and their average energy intake was 1476 ± 434 kcal/day. The average consumption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins was 199 ± 20.6, 47.3 ± 20.7, and 72.3 ± 24.2 g/day, respectively. There was a prevalence of inadequate intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iodine, vitamins D, E and B1, and folate in the diet of the examined group. The remaining micronutrients were consumed in the prescribed amounts by at least 50% of the examined group. The participants demonstrated low energy intakes, and consequently, low consumption of macronutrients and a large number of micronutrients.
24
Šíma, Jan, and Jan Procházka. "Analysis of the Polish Highest Football League Competition System." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 3, no. 1 (2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2020.03.08.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper is focused on analysing the competition system of the highest Polish football league, in particular the championship part after the main competition, introduced in the season 2013/2014 and modified in the season 2017/2018. It is a study of the changes in the rankings after the regular part of the season, both in the group playing for the title and in the relegation group. It simulates a hypothetical situation as if the system had not been changed for the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons and the situation as if the current system had been played since the 2013/2014 season. In both cases, the results do not show huge variations, which so far challenges the needs for the 2017 modifications. In the long term, we can see a trend of higher variation of standings in the championship part after the main competition rather than in the relegation group. However, there are no major variations regarding the last two positions meaning relegation. In the six analysed seasons, the standings varied only in the seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 – when only one team moved regarding the relegation positions in both cases. The standing of the championship group teams varies much less; although only in two out of six analysed seasons, the regular season winning team have kept their positions and became the final champions.
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Gimžauskas, Edmundas. "The Activities of Fr Friedrich Muckermann in 1918–1919 in Vilnius: A Significant Application Towards a Civil Society? (The Phenomenon of the Christian Workers League)." Lithuanian Historical Studies 18, no. 1 (January 8, 2013): 67–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01801003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The activities of the German priest Friedrich Muckermann in Vilnius would belong to those cases when an extraordinary personality influenced crucially the development of the public process, by rallying an abundant crowd of followers. The assumptions of the social activities initiated by this Jesuit priest consisted of the transformation of the Catholic Church at the beginning of the 20th century from a confessional to a social category, and the conditioned general operation of the latter phenomenon. At the turn of 1918–1919 in Vilnius, due to the efforts of Muckermann, the League of Christian Workers appeared and gained more and more popularity in lower social strata. This seriously worried the Bolshevik government. Activists of the national movements conflicting with each other, in turn, understanding the prospects for the cultural-social consolidation begun by the priest to become political, naturally sought to influence the League. The arrest of Muckermann by the Bolsheviks not only encouraged a shift by the League to the Polish side, but also changed the nature of the organisation in the direction of radical action. Members of the League contributed actively to the capture of Vilnius by the Polish army in April 1919. And from that time, the organisation can be considered to be Polish, which in no way could be said about the League run by Muckermann. Leaving Bolshevik captivity at the end of 1919 in an exceptional way, he became not only a famous Catholic activist in interwar Germany, but also a symbol of the Christian resistance to Nazism.
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Jaworski, Paweł. "Polish experiences with Scandinavian activity in the League of Nations." Scandinavian Journal of History 40, no. 5 (September 14, 2015): 610–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2015.1083884.
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Sariusz-Skąpska, Izabella. "The Katyń Families." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 29, no. 4 (September 22, 2015): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415594672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
By appearance it would seem that Rodziny Katyńskie—the Katyń Families—are a veterans’ organization. The elderly, the last witnesses of the terrible Second World War, make up the majority of members. But these are not heroes, and they are not veterans. Who are they? In the first days after Poland regained its independence, after the first free elections of 4 June 1989, people from many cities leave the quiet of their homes and for the first time in their lives start talking about the history of their fathers, who had gone missing after 17 September 1939. The Katyń Families were formed. Statutes were written, and the aims of the organization were defined: explaining all of the circumstances of the Katyń Massacres, finding all of the locations where Polish prisoners of war died, and, finally, accomplishing their dignified burial in Polish War Cemeteries.
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Robinson, David. "Polish Families and Migration Since EU Accession." Housing Studies 27, no. 4 (June 2012): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2012.617911.
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GAJECKA, M., N. SWAPAN, M. PODFIGURNA-MUSIELAK, M. MRUGACZ, A. FRAJDENBERG, R. UPPALA, BA BEJJANI, and M. RYDZANICZ. "Genetics of high myopia in Polish families." Acta Ophthalmologica 86 (September 4, 2008): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.6353.x.
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Roczniok, Robert, Arkadiusz Stanula, Tomasz Gabryś, Urszula Szmatlan-Gabryś, Artur Gołaś, and Petr Stastny. "Physical fitness and performance of polish ice-hockey players competing at different sports levels." Journal of Human Kinetics 51, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe study aimed to determine the values of selected aerobic and anaerobic capacity variables, physical profiles, and to analyze the results of on-ice tests performed by ice-hockey players relegated to a lower league. Performance of 24 ice-hockey players competing in the top league in the 2012/2013 season was analysed to this end. In the 2013/2014 season, 14 of them still played in the top league (the control group), while 10 played in the first league (the experimental group). The study was conducted one week after the end of the playoffs in the seasons under consideration. The results revealed that only in the experimental group the analysed variables changed significantly between the seasons. In the Wingate test, significant changes were only noted in mean relative power (a decrease from 9.91 to 9.14 W/kg; p=0.045) and relative total work (a decrease from 299.17 to 277.22 J/kg; p=0.048). The ramp test indicated significantly lower power output in its final stages (364 compared with 384 W; p=0.034), as well as a significant decrease in relative VO2max (from 52.70 to 48.30 ml/min/kg). Blood lactate concentrations were recorded at the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th min of recovery after the ramp test. The rate of post-exercise recovery, ∆LA, recorded after the ramp test turned out to be significantly lower. The times recorded in the on-ice “6x30 m stop” test increased from 32.18 to 33.10 s (p=0.047). The study showed that playing in a lower league where games were less intensive, training sessions shorter and less frequent, had an adverse effect on the performance level of the investigated players. Lower VO2max recorded in the study participants slowed down their rates of post-exercise recovery and led to a significantly worse performance in the 6x30 m stop test, as well as lower relative power and relative total work in the Wingate test.
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Kosicki, Piotr H. "Forests, Families, and Films." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 29, no. 4 (September 16, 2015): 730–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415594670.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Taking theoretical cues from the respective works of Jan and Aleida Assmann and Dan Diner, this article has two fundamentally linked goals: to historicize Polish cultural memory of Katyń, emplotting it within a narrative arc encompassing the seven decades separating 1943 from 2015; and to identify individual and collective agency within the history of Polish memory of Katyń. Certainly, the word “Katyń” exists variously as toponym, as metonym, as rallying cry. Yet the historical narratives anchored in that word are the outcomes of actions taken by concrete actors—individuals, states, social movements, international institutions. Although this article takes seriously the many theoretical frameworks undergirding the academic study of collective memory, its principal focus is the balance of historical contingency and structure that has constituted discrete, identifiable episodes of both commemorating and forgetting.
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Grabowski, Artur. "Introduction to Analysis of the Sector of Professional Polish Soccer League." Współczesne Problemy Ekonomiczne 16 (2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/wpe.2018.16-06.
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Dajnowicz, Malgorzata. "Successful women in the Polish People’s Republic in the light of publications of the magazine «Zwierciadło: Pismo Ligi Kobiet Polskich»." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-64-71.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the scientific research included in the paper was to show the issue of Polish women and the cultural changes in the Polish People’s Republic in the end of 1980s. These transformations were reflected in women’s magazines, including in «Zwierciadło», being also a platform for disseminating the activities of the only official women’s movement at that time – League of Polish Women among readers. The research studies are new; so far scientific research on the importance of the women’s press on the subject of «Zwierciadło» has been conducted only by the author of this study. The method of press analysis, analysing individual studies of the «Zwierciadło» magazine, and the historical method of analysing source documents and literature on the subject were used in the study. As a result of the study, an image of women achieving professional, social and, thus, personal success, disseminated in «Zwierciadło», was shown. The image also demonstrated some role models for women – what the women’s success which Polish women should strive for can and should look like. «Zwierciadło: Pismo Ligi Kobiet Polskich», a magazine addressed to women, was published in 1982–1990 and promoted the organization and its achievements. The magazine sought to present issues concerning the life of Polish women, their everyday problems, but also successes to be enjoyed by Polish women and women from abroad. The magazine provided examples of women’s careers. Professional work was to be a way to personal success and social advancement. The image of successful women presented in the magazine differed from the possibility to achieve the success by typical magazine’s readers, including League of Polish Women members.
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Pławski, Andrzej, Marta Podralska, and Ryszard Słomski. "Recurrent APC gene mutations in Polish FAP families." Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice 5, no. 4 (2007): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1897-4287-5-4-195.
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Tałuć, Katarzyna. "Górska wędrówka w służbie wychowania „nowego” człowieka w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 12 (August 1, 2019): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.12.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mountain hikes in the service of the education of a “new” man in the interwar periodAfter the end of the First World War and rebirth of the Polish state, one of the most important objectives in visions of social education was the formation of a lasting system of moral concepts of Poles, a system that was the basis of constructing a “new” citizen. Inspirations for actions undertook by Polish teachers and tutors, which were to bring about a strengthening of values like patriotism, freedom, friendship, tolerance, respect for work, were ideas promoted by national and international organisations, e.g. League of Nations, International League of New Education, Society of Teachers from Schools and Higher Education Institutions, Polish Teachers’ Union or youth organisations of e.g. scouts. Methods of upbringing described in Polish pedagogical literature and applied in practice, which were appreciated by European scholars, included various forms of working with students outside school. These included excursions, trips, hiking camps, also in the mountains. The value of being in the mountains, the effort involved in climbing them, the need to educate a generation of young tourists respecting the natural environment were discussed in guides for tutors, teachers, regional studies specialists, and in the tourist press. The author examines selected publications, primarily tourist press addressed to young readers Orli Lot, Młody Krajoznawca Śląski, Młody Taternik in order to reconstruct the means used to functionalise the topic of mountain hikes in the interwar period.
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Franz, Maciej. "Ludność żydowska wobec państwa polskiego na terenie województwa stanisławowskiego w latach 1921–1922." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 22, no. 1 (2022): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2022.1.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polish-Jewish relations in the first half of the 20th century remain the most difficult fragment of our common fate. Very often opinions about them are formulated that are not based on a solid analysis of the source material. The ensuing text was created as a result of research work on previously unused source material relating to the beginnings of the Stanisławów Province in the years 1921–1922. Building the Polish state in the Eastern Borderlands was extremely difficult, especially in view of the hostility of the Ukrainian people fighting for the establishment of their own state, the weakness of their own administrative structures, or the lack of support from the powers of the League of Nations. The Jewish population maintained a cold neutrality in the face of the efforts and actions of the Polish state, favouring the efforts of the Ukrainian people. The image of the self-isolation of the Jewish population from the Polish state, reluctance to participate in elections or the census, is an important element in the discussion on Polish-Jewish relations in the Second Polish Republic.
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Gryko, Karol, Bogusław Słupczyński, and Anna Kopiczko. "Impact of Regulation Change on Half-Court Offence in the Polish Basketball League." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2016-0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Introduction. Each change in the rules of a sport affects the way it is performed. Therefore, changes in regulations require that new training models be developed. The aim of the study was to determine whether FIBA’s introduction of new regulations in the 2010/2011 season pertaining to the dimensions of certain parts of the playing area, which changed the conditions under which the game was played, impacted the offensive actions of the top three teams in the Polish Basketball League. Material and methods. The study analysed qualitative data describing the offences (n = 16,694) performed during 200 matches of the Polish Basketball League, that is the highest-level men’s professional basketball league in Poland, during two periods: the 2009/2010 season (110 matches; n = 9,343 offences), before the regulations were modified, and the 2010/2011 season (90 matches; n = 7,351 offences), after they were changed. The research involved the players of three teams who received the gold, silver, and bronze medals in the final standings of the Polish National Championship in the 2009/2010 season. Results. The study found a statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the overall number of tactical offensive actions of 3.84% and a significant (p < 0.05) 5% decrease in the mean number of points scored. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in half-court offences, amounting to almost 2% was also observed. This offensive system was characterised by a minor shift toward individual offences with the back to the basket and pick-and-roll offences; these changes, however, did not cause an increase in the level of effectiveness. Conclusions. The direction of the changes observed have been determined, which consisted in a reduction in the overall number of offensive actions and a shift in the place where they were completed, from the three-point area in particular, to the two-point area.
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Basista, Katarzyna, Barbara Filipek, and Krystian Sodzawiczny. "Bee pollen allergy in Polish beekeepers and their families." Advances in Dermatology and Allergology 5 (2012): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2012.31486.
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Monk, Kathleen. ": After Solidarity: Three Polish Families in America . Gaylen Ross." American Anthropologist 91, no. 2 (June 1989): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1989.91.2.02a00920.
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Basiaga, Jan P., Anna Róg, and Beata Zięba-Kołodziej. "Professional foster families in the reunification process-Polish experience." Child & Family Social Work 23, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12460.
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Yilmaz, Gözde. "Anne White, Polish Families and Migration Since EU Accession." Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 2 (March 2012): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2011.646477.
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Marzec, Arkadiusz. "Transitions and Threats to Family from the Standpoint of People in Their Thirties." Pedagogika Rodziny 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fampe-2015-0022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The aim of this study is to present certain aspects connected with transformation of contemporary Polish families and to indicate threats to performing their functions. Systematic, economic, social and cultural transformations have influenced lives of people and families and new opportunities emerged to improve standards of living, change attitudes and lifestyles. Contemporary families are characterized by varied structure and dominance of non-productive families formed primarily on non-economic grounds, which control and plan birth of children. However, families are facing a number of challenges and threats that affect performing the basic family functions. High unemployment rate, poverty, violence and addictions are only part of the phenomena that negatively affect quality of living of Polish families. This study presents opinions of young people about transitions and threats concerning family functions.
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Dzięgiel, Ewa. "Polszczyzna w transmisji międzypokoleniowej w rodzinach jednolitych i mieszanych we Lwowskiem." Acta Baltico-Slavica 43 (December 31, 2019): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2019.013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Polish language in intergenerational transmission in homogeneous and mixed families in the Lviv regionThe aim of this article is to analyse the conditions of intergenerational transmission of the Polish language in homogenous and mixed families in Sambir and Dobromyl in Ukraine. 21 families took part in the survey: 13 Polish couples, 6 Polish-Ukrainian and 2 Ukrainian of Ukrainian-Polish origin. The study is based on four layers of data: firstly, semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews with children and young people from each family (7–25 years of age); secondly, interviews with parents and grandparents; thirdly, family observation and, additionally, interviews with neighbours and friends of the families. The database of analysed audio recordings consists of conversations with 92 respondents (approximately 120 hours).The comparison shows that in Polish families the home language is Polish. Mixed couples, in turn, adopt one of two solutions: parents either apply the one parent – one language strategy (5 couples), or talk to their children in Ukrainian (1 couple). In families who rely on the former principle, in conversations among more household members and among the children themselves the Ukrainian language usually has an advantage. In the case of two Ukrainian couples of Ukrainian-Polish origin, the transmission of the Polish language was discontinued in previous generations: in one case the young participants of the study learned Polish in their childhood from their great-grandmother, in the other – on their own. Children from the presented families (with the exception of the family from Nyzhankovychi near Dobromyl) attended Polish Saturday schools; they also take part in the life of the local Roman Catholic parishes.The interviews and observations lead to the conclusion that the oldest people play a very important role in the transmission of Polish to next generations, especially in three-generation families living in the same household. Close relations between grandchildren and their Polish grandparents strengthen the position of the Polish language in everyday communication and foster their positive emotional attitude to the language.The study also confirms that most young people of Polish descent have a positive attitude towards emigration to Poland, which stems from difficult economic and political situation in Ukraine. The position of the Polish language is twofold: it is associated with the tradition and past of one’s own family on the one hand, and with the future on the other. Polszczyzna w transmisji międzypokoleniowej w rodzinach jednolitych i mieszanych we LwowskiemCelem artykułu jest analiza uwarunkowań transmisji międzypokoleniowej języka polskiego w małżeństwach jednolitych oraz mieszanych w Samborze i Dobromilu na Ukrainie. W badaniu wzięło udział 21 rodzin: 13 małżeństw polskich, 6 polsko-ukraińskich i 2 ukraińskie o ukraińsko-polskim pochodzeniu. Na potrzeby opracowania wykorzystano cztery warstwy danych: po pierwsze – wywiady częściowo standaryzowane (ustrukturyzowane) oraz swobodne rozmowy z dziećmi i młodzieżą z każdej rodziny (7–25 lat), po drugie – z rodzicami i dziadkami, po trzecie – obserwacje życia codziennego rodzin, i dodatkowo – wywiady z sąsiadami i znajomymi opisywanych rodzin. Na bazę analizowanych nagrań audio składają się rozmowy z 92 respondentami (około 120 godzin).Zestawienie pokazuje, że w rodzinach polskich językiem domowym jest polski. W małżeństwach mieszanych wprowadzono jedno z dwóch rozwiązań. Rodzice albo stosują strategię jeden rodzic – jeden język (5 par), albo rozmawiają z dziećmi po ukraińsku (1 para). W małżeństwach wykorzystujących zasadę jeden rodzic – jeden język, we wspólnych rozmowach domowników, w tym dzieci między sobą, z reguły przewagę zyskuje język ukraiński. W wypadku małżeństw ukraińskich, transmisja języka polskiego została przerwana w poprzednich generacjach. Młodzi uczestnicy badania nauczyli się języka polskiego: w jednej rodzinie – w dzieciństwie od prababci, w drugiej – samodzielnie. Dzieci z przedstawianych rodzin (za wyjątkiem rodziny z Niżankowic pod Dobromilem) uczyły się w polskich szkołach sobotnich. Łączy je też udział w życiu miejscowych parafii rzymskokatolickich.Wywiady i obserwacje prowadzą do wniosku, że bardzo ważną rolę w przekazie polszczyzny następnym pokoleniom odgrywają seniorzy, zwłaszcza w mieszkających razem rodzinach trójpokoleniowych. Bliskie kontakty wnuków z dziadkami-Polakami wzmacniają pozycję języka polskiego w codziennej komunikacji, wpływają też na pozytywny emocjonalny stosunek dzieci do tego języka.Badania potwierdzają ponadto, że wśród młodzieży polskiego pochodzenia utrzymuje się orientacja emigracyjna (wyjazdy na studia i do pracy do Polski), na co ma wpływ trudna sytuacja gospodarcza i polityczna na Ukrainie. Pozycja języka polskiego jest dwojaka: z jednej strony jest kojarzony z tradycją i przeszłością własnej rodziny, z drugiej – z przyszłością.
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Lichtarowicz, A. M., and J. F. Mayberry. "Gastrointestinal Disease Amongst Polish Migrants in Nottingham." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 80, no. 11 (November 1987): 692–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688708001111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main Polish migrations to Britain were in the 1940s and many families have retained a traditional diet. People of Polish origin living in Nottingham were interviewed and the frequency of gastrointestinal disease assessed. Gallstones were less common in English people and Polish migrants than in Poland. Appendicitis and haemorrhoids were commoner in Polish migrants that amongst people in Poland.
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KROSTA, ROKSANA, MILOSZ DROZD, ROBERT GORALCZYK, MACIEJ KOSTRZEWA, PATRICIA FISCHEROVA, and ANGELINA IGNATIEVA. "Models of speed development in soccer." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.12.2.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The main objective of this research was to determine a model of the Speed Abilities Development Index (SADI) in selected teams of the top league, the first and the second league in Poland. The indirect aim was to determine the most significant predictors that have the greatest effect on development of this model. Material and methods: The study examined a group of randomly selected 20 athletes (age 24 ± 3years) from four Polish premium league soccer teams, four teams of the first league and four teams of the second league, what amounted to 60 randomly selected players. The following independent variables related to starting and absolute running were considered: 5 m, 20 m, 30 m, 520 m, 530 m, 2030 m. Results: In the group of top league players the model determined the following predictors of speed as most significant: the sprint time of 5 to 30 m segment run, the sprint time recorded between 20 to 30 m and the mean result of the RAST. In the group of players from the first and second leagues, the predictors included: the time of 20 to 30 m run, mean result of the RAST and the sprint time of the 5 m run. Conclusions: A good soccer player should be prepared for both short (5 to 20 m) and longer (30 to 50 m) runs at the highest speed possible.
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Nithammer, Jasmin. "“Closing the Abyss of Moral Misery”: Poland, the League of Nations and the Fight against the Trafficking of Women and Children." East Central Europe 49, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-49010002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The study focuses on the emerging Second Polish Republic and its involvement in the international fight against the trafficking of women and children under the auspices of the League of Nations. In conflict with all neighbouring states, Poland was highly dependent on support from the new Western Entente-backed international system and in turn had to adhere closely to existing conventions and newly negotiated international policies. Using the example of the ratification process of the League of the Nations International Convention against the Traffic in Women and Children of 1921, the study shows that internationalism in the interwar period had a significant impact on national policymaking and state-building. Thus, it provides a better understanding of how anti-trafficking efforts in Poland interacted with policies deployed by the League of Nations and how international and transnational activism affected the construction of state institutions.
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Margasiński, Andrzej. "The Polish Adaptation of FACES IV-SOR." Polish Journal of Applied Psychology 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract My paper describes a Polish adaptation of the family assessment tool called FACES IV. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the model to the data with a sample of 499 Polish individuals from 150 families. The reliability measures of the two Balanced scales are similar to those of the American scales. However, the four Unbalanced scales have lower reliability. Reliability measures of Family Satisfaction and Family Communication are even higher than the American ones. A cluster analysis clearly depicted the extreme profiles of the Balanced and Unbalanced scales, with the remaining four profiles also present. Norms were developed for the various scales. Psychometric verification of this instrument showed that FACES IV-SOR is useful for research and clinical work with Polish families.
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Migdał, Jolanta. "Leksykograficzne wędrówki pąci i peregrynacji." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 13 (November 18, 2018): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.13.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents a lexicographical history of two word families: pąć and peregrynacja. It has been demonstrated how these families evolved quantitatively at various periods of the development of the Polish language, how the semantics of lexemes functioning in these aggregates changed. The analysed material has been excerpted from historical and modern general language dictionaries and etymological dictionaries of Polish as well as from expert publications in the field of religious studies.
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Musiał, Aleksandra. "A Testament to a Dying Vision of America." Świat i Słowo 36, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7922.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is a review of The League of Wives: The Untold Story of the Women Who Took on the U.S. Government to Bring Their Husbands Home (2019) by Heath Hardage Lee. The book presents a popular history of the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia, an organisation that advocated for the rights of American prisoners of war captured by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
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Żołnierczyk, Ewa. "Selected Sanctions in Polish Social Assistance Law." Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wrlae-2020-0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The social assistance system is determined by the support of individuals and families in their efforts to meet the necessary life needs. The purpose of assistance is to prevent difficult life situations that individuals and families cannot overcome using their own rights, resources and capabilities. This assistance must be provided in accordance with legal rules, and in all cases where these rules are not met, it must be modified, for example applying sanctions, otherwise it would turn into widespread distribution of public money. The author undertook an analysis of selected sanctions, which are provided for in the Act of 12 March 2004 on social assistance The Act of 12 March 2004 on social assistance (Journal of Laws 2019, item 2473) , reaching conclusions on the advisability and necessity of their application on a practical basis.