Статті в журналах з теми "Texts and visibilities"

Critical attention to invisible disability raises interesting questions about the social and corporeal (in)visibility of disability. The article conceptualizes invisible disability in relation to the visible body, while maintaining the category’s ties with social visibility. To explore invisible disability, economies of visibility—originally proposed in black feminist media scholarship—is developed as a lens to explore the connections between (in)visible embodiment and social visibility in media texts. The lens is used to examine the representation of characters with invisible disability and visible disability in the case study of the popular Australian soap opera Home and Away. The examination illuminates economies of visibility as a productive way of grappling with how invisible disability vexes the visual binary of disabled/able-bodied.

With this special issue, we aim to address visibility not just as a representation of the social, but as an aspect and element of social and cultural orders and actions sui generis. The texts in this volume are dedicated to understanding the practices, power relations and the technological infrastructures in which (audio)-visual practices unfold. To make our proposition clear, we lay out a methodological strategy that we—drawing from French, German and Anglo-Saxon debate—call sociology with the image. Then we provide an overview of the articles in this special issue and point to some ongoing tensions within qualitative inquiry more broadly.

ResumoA partir da concepção de texto científico como laboratório de fabricação de mundos, este artigo procede uma experimentação mediada pela escritaCOM os coletivos que compuseram três textos sobre violências e segurança pública, cartografando os mundos que se tornaram visíveis e ganharam consistência por meio dos escritos e interrogando os mundos que ainda estão invisíveis. A conexão entre os três textos evidencia as tensões e os embates que tecem o mundo das violências e segurança pública, no qual se fabricam cotidianamente visibilidades e invisibilidades, luzes e sombras, justificativas e questionamentos, vigilantes e vigiados. Destaca-se na tessitura deste mundo o debate contemporâneo em torno das tecnologias de vigilância e a complexidade que envolve as políticas públicas de segurança quando associadas à proteção dos cidadãos. Conclui-se que a escritaCOM potencializa o transporte de múltiplas vozes que caracterizam o mundo da vida, muitas delas silenciadas em nosso cotidiano, tornando-as audíveis.Palavras-chave: texto científico; violência; segurança pública; tecnologias de vigilância; escreverCom. AbstractBased on the conception of the scientific text as a laboratory for the fabrication of worlds, this article examines experimentation with a writeWITH methodology involving collectives which wrote three texts on violence and public safety as a cartography of worlds that have become visible and consistent through the writings, and questioning those still invisible. The common thread of these three texts brings out the tensions and clashes that weave through the world of violence and public safety in which visibilities and invisibilities, light and shadow, justifications and questionings, overseers and the overseen are fabricated daily. Upon the fabric of this world emerges the contemporary debate on surveillance technology and the complexity involving public security policies associated with the protection of citizens. We posit that the writeWITH methodology boosts the carry of multiple voices that characterize the world of life, many of them silenced in our daily lives, making them audible once again.Keywords: scientific text; violence; public safety; surveillance technologies; writeWITH.

ABSTRACT We present a new gravitational lens modelling technique designed to model high-resolution interferometric observations with large numbers of visibilities without the need to pre-average the data in time or frequency. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method using validation tests on mock observations. Using small data sets with ∼103 visibilities, we first compare our approach with the more traditional direct Fourier transform (DFT) implementation and direct linear solver. Our tests indicate that our source inversion is indistinguishable from that of the DFT. Our method also infers lens parameters to within 1 to 2 per cent of both the ground truth and DFT, given sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When the SNR is as low as 5, both approaches lead to errors of several tens of per cent in the lens parameters and a severely disrupted source structure, indicating that this is related to the SNR and choice of priors rather than the modelling technique itself. We then analyse a large data set with ∼108 visibilities and a SNR matching real global Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations of the gravitational lens system MG J0751+2716. The size of the data is such that it cannot be modelled with traditional implementations. Using our novel technique, we find that we can infer the lens parameters and the source brightness distribution, respectively, with an RMS error of 0.25 and 0.97 per cent relative to the ground truth.

For an aperture synthesis radiometer (ASR), the visibility and the modified brightness temperature (BT) are related to the Fourier transform when the distance between the system and the source is in the far-field region. BT reconstruction can be achieved using G-matrix imaging. However, for ASRs with large array sizes, the far-field condition is not satisfied when performing performance tests in an anechoic chamber due to size limitations. Using far-field imaging methods in near-field conditions can introduce errors in the images and fail to correctly reconstruct the BT. Most of the existing methods deal with visibilities, converting near-field visibilities to far-field visibilities, which are suitable for point sources but not good for extended source correction. In this paper, two near-field imaging methods are proposed based on the near-field distance. These methods enable BT reconstruction in near-field conditions by generating improved resolving matrices: the near-field G-matrix and the F-matrix. These methods do not change the visibility measurements and can effectively image both the point source and the extended source in the near field. Simulations of point sources and extended sources in near-field conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of both methods, with F-matrix imaging outperforming near-field G-matrix imaging. The feasibility of both near-field imaging methods is further validated by carrying out experiments on a 10-element Y-array system.

Since the land surface has been changing naturally or manually, DEMs have to be updated continually to satisfy applications using the latest DEM at present. However, the cost of wide-area DEM production is too high. DEMs, which cover the same area but have different quality, grid sizes, generation time or production methods, are called as multi-source DEMs. It provides a solution to fuse multi-source DEMs for low cost DEM updating. The coverage of DEM has to be classified according to slope and visibility in advance, because the precisions of DEM grid points in different areas with different slopes and visibilities are not the same. Next, difference DEM (dDEM) is computed by subtracting two DEMs. It is assumed that dDEM, which only contains random error, obeys normal distribution. Therefore, student test is implemented for blunder detection and three kinds of rejected grid points are generated. First kind of rejected grid points is blunder points and has to be eliminated. Another one is the ones in change areas, where the latest data are regarded as their fusion result. Moreover, the DEM grid points of type I error are correct data and have to be reserved for fusion. The experiment result shows that using DEMs with terrain classification can obtain better blunder detection result. A proper setting of significant levels (α) can detect real blunders without creating too many type I errors. Weighting averaging is chosen as DEM fusion algorithm. The priori precisions estimated by our national DEM production guideline are applied to define weights. Fisher’s test is implemented to prove that the priori precisions correspond to the RMSEs of blunder detection result.

Since the land surface has been changing naturally or manually, DEMs have to be updated continually to satisfy applications using the latest DEM at present. However, the cost of wide-area DEM production is too high. DEMs, which cover the same area but have different quality, grid sizes, generation time or production methods, are called as multi-source DEMs. It provides a solution to fuse multi-source DEMs for low cost DEM updating. The coverage of DEM has to be classified according to slope and visibility in advance, because the precisions of DEM grid points in different areas with different slopes and visibilities are not the same. Next, difference DEM (dDEM) is computed by subtracting two DEMs. It is assumed that dDEM, which only contains random error, obeys normal distribution. Therefore, student test is implemented for blunder detection and three kinds of rejected grid points are generated. First kind of rejected grid points is blunder points and has to be eliminated. Another one is the ones in change areas, where the latest data are regarded as their fusion result. Moreover, the DEM grid points of type I error are correct data and have to be reserved for fusion. The experiment result shows that using DEMs with terrain classification can obtain better blunder detection result. A proper setting of significant levels (α) can detect real blunders without creating too many type I errors. Weighting averaging is chosen as DEM fusion algorithm. The priori precisions estimated by our national DEM production guideline are applied to define weights. Fisher’s test is implemented to prove that the priori precisions correspond to the RMSEs of blunder detection result.

AbstractThe Fault Diagnosis Expert System for the Australia Telescope analyses ~12000 items of monitor data every minute that report the health and stability of specific components and signal pathways in the array. These data are divided into signatures which are matched against signatures of known failure modes to diagnose problems with the array. Knowledge about many of the failures is acquired by generating them in earlier tests. The system keeps a six-hour history of the detailed behaviour of all monitor data as well as the visibilities. It archives the data in half-hour intervals, characterising the interval with a small set of robust statistical estimators. An interactive graphical user interface allows the simultaneous display of twenty-four histories of either the 6-hour data or one week of the characterised data, together with options for plotting one history against another and for calculating their robust regression.

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is widely used in autonomous vehicles to obtain precise 3D information about surrounding road environments. However, under bad weather conditions, such as rain, snow, and fog, LiDAR-detection performance is reduced. This effect has hardly been verified in actual road environments. In this study, tests were conducted with different precipitation levels (10, 20, 30, and 40 mm/h) and fog visibilities (50, 100, and 150 m) on actual roads. Square test objects (60 × 60 cm2) made of retroreflective film, aluminum, steel, black sheet, and plastic, commonly used in Korean road traffic signs, were investigated. Number of point clouds (NPC) and intensity (reflection value of points) were selected as LiDAR performance indicators. These indicators decreased with deteriorating weather in order of light rain (10–20 mm/h), weak fog (<150 m), intense rain (30–40 mm/h), and thick fog (≤50 m). Retroreflective film preserved at least 74% of the NPC under clear conditions with intense rain (30–40 mm/h) and thick fog (<50 m). Aluminum and steel showed non-observation for distances of 20–30 m under these conditions. ANOVA and post hoc tests suggested that these performance reductions were statistically significant. Such empirical tests should clarify the LiDAR performance degradation.

AbstractVery Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at sub-millimeter waves has the potential to image the shadow of the black hole in the Galactic Center, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), and thereby test basic predictions of the theory of general relativity. We investigate the imaging prospects of a new Space VLBI mission concept. The setup consists of two satellites in polar or equatorial circular Medium-Earth Orbits with slightly different radii, resulting in a dense spiral-shaped uv-coverage with long baselines, allowing for extremely high-resolution and high-fidelity imaging of radio sources. We simulate observations of a general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model of Sgr A* for this configuration with noise calculated from model system parameters. After gridding the uv-plane and averaging visibilities accumulated over multiple months of integration, images of Sgr A* with a resolution of up to 4 μ as could be reconstructed, allowing for stronger tests of general relativity and accretion models than with ground-based VLBI.

Abstract A climatology of nonfreezing drizzle is created using surface observations from 584 stations across the United States and Canada over the 15-yr period 1976–90. Drizzle falls 50–200 h a year in most locations in the eastern United States and Canada, whereas drizzle falls less than 50 h a year in the west, except for coastal Alaska and several western basins. The eastern and western halves of North America are separated by a strong gradient in drizzle frequency along roughly 100°W, as large as about an hour a year over 2 km. Forty percent of the stations have a drizzle maximum from November to January, whereas only 13% of stations have a drizzle maximum from June to August. Drizzle occurrence exhibits a seasonal migration from eastern Canada and the central portion of the Northwest Territories in summer, equatorward to most of the eastern United States and southeast Canada in early winter, to southeastern Texas and the eastern United States in late winter, and back north to eastern Canada in the spring. The diurnal hourly frequency of drizzle across the United States and Canada increases sharply from 0900 to 1200 UTC, followed by a steady decline from 1300 to 2300 UTC. Diurnal drizzle frequency is at a maximum in the early morning, in agreement with other studies. Drizzle occurs during a wide range of atmospheric conditions at the surface. Drizzle has occurred at sea level pressures below 960 hPa and above 1040 hPa. Most drizzle, however, occurs at higher than normal sea level pressure, with more than 64% occurring at a sea level pressure of 1015 hPa or higher. A third of all drizzle falls when the winds are from the northeast quadrant (360°–89°), suggesting that continental drizzle events tend to be found poleward of surface warm fronts and equatorward of cold-sector surface anticyclones. Two-thirds of all drizzle occurs with wind speeds of 2.0–6.9 m s−1, with 7.6% in calm wind and 5% at wind speeds ⩾ 10 m s−1. Most drizzle (61%) occurs with visibilities between 1.5 and 5.0 km, with only about 20% occurring at visibilities less than 1.5 km.

Abstract. When it comes to business and marketing, huge outdoor advertising is considered as one of the best ways by contributing largely in disseminating information about a product, service or even raise awareness. With commuters or the people riding in a moving car as its target audience, the placement of advertising materials is very crucial since it should be visible and must deliver its message in a short span of time. This study tests the methodology of gathering data using action camera and DSLR mounted and situated on a moving vehicle, utilizing structure from motion techniques, to extract the geometry of the billboards from the point cloud generated from structure-from-motion as acquired from camera videos that would be used to represent these billboards in the three-dimensional space. These extracted geometries would be used for visibility analysis from a passenger’s point of view by assessing the percentage of visible content and logos of each billboard from each point of observation along the path of a moving vehicle. The results of this study are nine sets of mean percent visibilities and raster representations that show the mean percent visibility of the billboards as viewed from the road of interest. To assess product placement effectiveness of the billboards, visibility percentage of the product logos contained in the nine billboards was also obtained.

Basé sur un travail de terrain commencé en 2008, ce texte aborde la stratégie managériale adoptée par des jeunes, réunis au sein d’une structure bureaucratique – l’Union des talibés de Matié Boiké Samassi (UTMBS) –, pour encadrer et accompagner une entreprise religieuse initiée par des aînés sociaux au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire. Ce projet, parti du village de Kélindjan, est une rencontre annuelle organisée par un cheikh qadiri – Matié Boiké Samassi – et ses talibés pour accomplir des actes de dévotions au prophète Muhammad à l’occasion du Maouloud. Timides au départ, ces célébrations, avec la réputation de son initiateur pour les bienfaits de sa baraka, ont commencé à avoir de la visibilité sociale suite à l’implication des jeunes. Dans un contexte de retour à la normalité, à la fin de la décennie de crise militaro-politique qu’a connue le pays, ces moments de retrouvailles ont revêtu de nouvelles formes et propulsé le Maouloud (y compris ses rituels) au-delà de cette région.

Abstract Many large grass fires occurred in north Texas and southern Oklahoma on 9 April 2009, destroying hundreds of homes and businesses and burning thousands of acres of grasslands, producing large smoke and debris plumes that were visible from various remote sensing platforms. At the same time, strong westerly winds were transporting large amounts of dust into the region, mixing with the smoke and debris already being generated. This research uses surface- and satellite-based remote sensing observations of this event to assess the locations of fires and the spatial distribution of smoke and dust aerosols. The authors present a unique perspective by analyzing radar observations of fire debris in conjunction with the satellite analysis of submicrometer smoke aerosol particles. Satellite data clearly show the location of the individual fires and the downwind smoke plumes as well as the large dust storm present over the region. In particular, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical thickness at 0.55 μm within the dust plume was around 0.5, and it increased to greater than 1.0 when combined with smoke. Using the difference in 11- versus 12-μm brightness temperature data combined with surface observations, the large extent of the dust plume was evident through much of north-central Texas, where visibilities were low and the 11–12-μm brightness temperature difference was negative. Conversely, smoke plumes were characterized by higher reflectance at 0.6 μm (visible wavelength). Cross sections of radar data through the several smoke and debris plumes indicated the burnt debris reached up to 5 km into the atmosphere. Plume height output from modified severe storm algorithms produced similar values. Since smoke aerosols are smaller and lighter when compared with the debris, they were likely being transported even higher into the atmosphere. These results show that the combination of satellite and radar data offers a unique perspective on observing the characteristics and evolution of smoke and debris plume emanating from grass fire events.

Context. It has been proposed that Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at submillimeter waves will allow us to image the shadow of the black hole in the center of our Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), and thereby test basic predictions of the theory of general relativity. Aims. This paper presents imaging simulations of a new Space VLBI (SVLBI) mission concept. An initial design study of the concept has been presented in the form of the Event Horizon Imager (EHI). The EHI may be suitable for imaging Sgr A* at high frequencies (up to ∼690 GHz), which has significant advantages over performing ground-based VLBI at 230 GHz. The concept EHI design consists of two or three satellites in polar or equatorial circular medium-Earth orbits (MEOs) with slightly different radii. Due to the relative drift of the satellites along the individual orbits over the course of several weeks, this setup will result in a dense spiral-shaped uv-coverage with long baselines (up to ∼60 Gλ), allowing for extremely high-resolution and high-fidelity imaging of radio sources. Methods. We simulated observations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) models of Sgr A* for the proposed configuration and calculate the expected noise based on preliminary system parameters. On long baselines, where the signal-to-noise ratio may be low, fringes could be detected assuming that the system is sufficiently phase stable and the satellite orbits can be reconstructed with sufficient accuracy. Averaging visibilities accumulated over multiple epochs of observations could then help improving the image quality. With three satellites instead of two, closure phases could be used for imaging. Results. Our simulations show that the EHI could be capable of imaging the black hole shadow of Sgr A* with a resolution of 4 μas (about 8% of the shadow diameter) within several months of observing time. Conclusion. Our preliminary study of the EHI concept shows that it is potentially of high scientific value. It could be used to measure black hole shadows much more precisely than with ground-based VLBI, allowing for stronger tests of general relativity and accretion models.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to elaborate the methods used in determining matla 'according to the criteria of mass organizations in Indonesia as well as reviewing the opinions of imam madzab regarding the enactment of matla', both global and local. This study departs from several problems in Indonesia, namely the determination of the beginning of the month of Ramadan, Shawwal, and Dhulhijjah. Some of the mass organizations in Indonesia, especially NU, Muhammadiyah, and the Government have different determinations, especially in matla' (place) to see the new moon. The research method used is qualitative.The type of data used is secondary data with data collection techniques through books and journal texts. The results of this study indicate that matla 'is very influential in determining the visibility of the new moon at altitude (matla'), so that in this case the determination of the beginning of the month various mass organizations in Indonesia have many differences in determining the beginning of the month of Hijriyah, Shawwal, and Zulhijjah. Even the opinions of the Imam of the madzab differ, but Indonesia adheres to the Shafi'i madzab in determining matlak. It is recommended that in Indonesia each mass organization discusses its determination, both in terms of the beginning of the month and the matla '(place). Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari metode yang digunakan dalam penentuan matla’ menurut kriteria ormas-ormas di Indonesia serta mengkaji pendapat imam madzab mengenai berlakunya matla’, baik global maupun lokal. Penelitian ini berangkat dari beberapa permasalahan yang ada di Indonesia, yaitu adanya penetapan awal bulan Ramadhan, Syawal, dan Dzulhijjah. Beberapa dari ormasormas di Indonesia khususnya NU, Muhammadiyah, dan Pemerintah berbeda penentuan, terutama pada matla’ (tempat) untuk melihat hilal dan terbitnya hilal. metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui buku dan teks jurnal. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa matla’ sangat berpengaruh terhadap penetuan visibilitas hilal pada ketinggian tempat (matla’), sehingga dalam hal ini penentuan awal bulan berbagai ormas-ormas yang ada di Indonesia banyak perbedaan dalam menetapkan awal bulan Hijriyah, Syawal, dan Zulhijjah. Bahkan pendapat imam madzab berbeda-beda, tetapi Indonesia menganut madzab Syafi’I dalam penentuan matlak. Sebaiknya di Indonesia setiap ormas berdiskusi mengenai penentuannya, baik dari segi awal bulan maupun matla’ (tempat).

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in the deep venous circulatory system. Generally, patients experience pain, swelling, increased visibility of skin veins, erythema, cyanosis, and fever. Benson relaxation technique and 0.9% NaCl compress is a combination of nursing interventions that can support the success of medical interventions to overcome changes in the pain scale. This scientific work aims to determine the effectiveness of nursing care in deep vein thrombosis patients with the application of Benson relaxation techniques and 0.9% NaCl compresses. Not through research ethics tests because interventions are commonly applied and only observations are made on the value of changes in the pain scale. Nursing care is given to Mr. C for 3 consecutive days with the application of the Benson relaxation technique and 0.9% NaCl compress. There was no decrease in pain scale on the first day with a pain scale of 6 (NRS). However, there was a decrease in the pain scale on the second and third days with pain scales of 4 and 2. Case analysis showed that Benson relaxation provides a sense of comfort and relaxation resulting in endorphins that affect pain impulses and 0.9% NaCl compresses provide skin stimulation thereby reducing pain transmission through C and delta A fibers are small in diameter, so that the synaptic gate closes the transmission of pain impulses. These results cannot be separated from the provision of other interventions. It is expected that nurses can optimally educate patients about the effectiveness of Benson's relaxation techniques and 0.9% NaCl compresses and carry out them according to standard operating procedures during treatment in hospitals and at home. Deep vein Thrombosis (DVT) adalah suatu kondisi terbentuknya bekuan darah dalam sistem peredaran vena dalam. Umumnya pasien mengalami nyeri, bengkak peningkatan visibilitas vena kulit, eritema, sianosis, dan demam. Teknik relaksasi benson dan kompres NaCl 0,9% adalah kombinasi intervensi keperawatan yang dapat menunjang keberhasilan intervensi medis untuk mengatasi perubahan pada skala nyeri. Karya ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas asuhan keperawatan pada pasien deep vein thrombosisi dengan penerapan teknik relaksasi benson dan kompres NaCl 0,9%. Tidak melalui uji etik penelitian karena intervensi lazim diterapkan dan hanya dilakukan pengamatan terhadap nilai perubahan dari skala nyeri. Asuhan keperawatan diberikan pada Tn. C selama 3 hari berturut-turut dengan penerapana teknik relaksasi benson dan kompres NaCl 0,9%. Tidak terjadi penurunan skala nyeri pada hari pertama dengan skala nyeri 6 (NRS). Akan tetapi terjadi penurunan skala nyeri pada hari kedua dan ketiga dengan skala nyeri 4 dan 2. Analisa kasus menunjukkan relaksasi benson memberikan rasa nyaman dan rileks sehingga menghasilkan endorphine yang mempengaruhi impuls nyeri dan kompres NaCl 0,9% memberikan stimulasi kulit sehingga mengurangi transmisi nyeri melalui serat C dan delta A berdiameter kecil, sehingga gerbang sinaptik menutup transmisi impuls nyeri. Hasil ini tidak lepas dari pemberian intervensi lain. Diharapkan perawat secara optimal dapat melakukan edukasi kepada pasien tentang efektivitas teknik relaksasi benson dan kompres NaCl 0,9% serta menjalankannya sesuai standar operasional prosedur saat perawatan di rumah sakit maupun di rumah.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to critically analyse how intersections of race and class shape representations of Black and white gay men in QueerLife, a South African online magazine. It focuses on QueerLife's '4men' section and how its content represents classed and raced gay identities. My argument is that QueerLife forwards racialised and classed representations of the gay lifestyle, which reinforce homonormalisation within what is known as the "Pink Economy". Using Critical Diversity Literacy (CDL) to read the underlying meanings in texts and images, the article concludes that QueerLife is complicit in the construction of gay identity categories that seek to appeal to urban, white, middle-class gay-identifying communities in South Africa. The article also demonstrates how, when Black bodies are represented in QueerLife, exceptionalism mediates their visibility in this online magazine. Overall, the findings demonstrate how Black and white gay bodies are mediated online and how their different racial visibilities are negotiated within the system of structural racism. Keywords: Class, gayness, Pink Economy, QueerLife, representation, racism.

Abstract ALMA (Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array) observations of the thermal emission from protoplanetary disc dust have revealed a wealth of substructures that could evidence embedded planets, but planet-driven spirals, one of the more compelling lines of evidence, remain relatively rare. Existing works have focused on detecting these spirals using methods that operate in image space. Here, we explore the planet detection capabilities of fitting planet-driven spirals to disc observations directly in visibility space. We test our method on synthetic ALMA observations of planet-containing model discs for a range of disc/observational parameters, finding it significantly outperforms image residuals in identifying spirals in these observations and is able to identify spirals in regions of the parameter space in which no gaps are detected. These tests suggest that a visibility-space fitting approach warrants further investigation and may be able to find planet-driven spirals in observations that have not yet been found with existing approaches. We also test our method on six discs in the Taurus molecular cloud observed with ALMA at 1.33 mm, but find no evidence for planet-driven spirals. We find that the minimum planet masses necessary to drive detectable spirals range from ≈0.03 to 0.5 MJup over orbital radii of 10 to 100 au, with planet masses below these thresholds potentially hiding in such disc observations. Conversely, we suggest that planets ≳ 0.5 to 1 MJup can likely be ruled out over orbital radii of ≈20 to 60 au on the grounds that we would have detected them if they were present.

Abstract Interferometric closure invariants, constructed from triangular loops of mixed Fourier components, capture calibration-independent information on source morphology. While a complete set of closure invariants is directly obtainable from measured visibilities, the inverse transformation from closure invariants to the source intensity distribution is not established. In this work, we demonstrate a deep learning approach, Deep learning Image Reconstruction with Closure Terms (DIReCT), to directly reconstruct the image from closure invariants. Trained on both well-defined mathematical shapes (two-dimensional gaussians, disks, ellipses, m-rings) and natural images (CIFAR-10), the results from our specially designed model are insensitive to station-based corruptions and thermal noise. The median fidelity score between the reconstruction and the blurred ground truth achieved is ≳ 0.9 even for untrained morphologies, where a unit score denotes perfect reconstruction. In our validation tests, DIReCT’s results are comparable to other state-of-the-art deconvolution and regularised maximum-likelihood image reconstruction algorithms, with the advantage that DIReCT does not require hand-tuned hyperparameters for each individual prediction. This independent approach shows promising results and offers a calibration-independent constraint on source morphology, ultimately complementing and improving the reliability of sparse VLBI imaging results.

The concept of a new space very long baseline interferometry (SVLBI) system named the Event Horizon Imager (EHI) has been proposed to dramatically improve black hole imaging and provide precise tests of the theory of general relativity. This paper presents imaging simulations for the EHI. We investigate the ability to make high-resolution movies of the black hole shadow and jet launching region around the supermassive black hole M87* and other black hole jets with a three-satellite EHI configuration. We aim to identify orbital configurations to optimize the $uv$-coverage to image variable sources. Observations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) models were simulated for the configuration, consisting of three satellites in circular medium earth orbits with an orbital plane perpendicular to the line of sight. The expected noise was based on preliminary system parameters. Movie frames, for which a part of the $uv$-coverage may be excessively sparse, were reconstructed with algorithms that recover missing information from other frames. Averaging visibilities accumulated over multiple epochs of observations with an appropriate orbital configuration then improves the image quality. With an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, timescales of observed variability were decreased. Our simulations show that the EHI with standard system parameters is capable of imaging the variability in the M87* environment on event horizon scales with approximately a month-long temporal resolution. The EHI with more optimistic noise parameters (enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio about 100-fold) would allow for imaging of the variability on gravitational timescales. Observations with an EHI setup at lower frequencies are capable of imaging the variability in extended jets. Our study shows that the EHI concept can be used to image the variability in a black hole environment and extended jets, allowing for stronger tests of gravity theories and models of black hole accretion, plasma dynamics, and jet launching.

Abstract Community health center (Puskesmas) as the front line in health services must improved their quality continuously. Therefore, Puskesmas need strong tools to measure their quality. The tool must be used both by the Puskesmas itself and by the health agency. This study aims to develop a reliable quality measurement tool in the form of Health Service Quality Index (HSQI). This study is a cross-sectional and observational. Data collection was conducted in June–October 2017 in. 200 community centers selected by convenience sampling, by assessing the completeness of regulations and documents; observations, simulations, and interviews. The questionnaire consisted of 344 scoring elements (SE) derived from the results of the content vaidity test and the feasibility of answers to questions 776 of the SE accreditation instruments. Data analysis in this study used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and multinomial logistic regression analysis. The results of validity and reliability test for construct variables based on Malcolm Baldrige concept of 344 SE showed 179 valid SE with alpha cronbach > 0.8 and r > 0.75. Next to the 179 SE, an SEM is conducted to obtain the first alternative Health Services Quality Index (HSQI) consisting of 88 SE. For these 88 SE the content validity and suitability of the references tests were conducted to obtain a second alternative of HSQI consisting of 18 SE. Finally, multinomial logistic regression was carried out which resulted in 85.4% conformity for the first alternative (88 SE) and 76.7% for the second alternative (18 SE) on the results of the accreditation assessment (basic, intermediate, primary, and plenary). The HSQI can describe the quality of services with a predictive power of over 76% on the result of Puskesmas accreditation, so that the index can be used by community health center to assess the quality of their services more quickly and more easily. Abstrak Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) sebagai barisan terdepan dalam pelayanan kesehatan harus meningkatkan mutunya terus menerus. Oleh karena itu, puskesmas membutuhkan alat yang kuat untuk mengukur kualitasnya. Alat tersebut harus dapat digunakan baik oleh puskesmas sendiri maupun oleh Dinas Kesehatan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan alat ukur mutu yang reliabel dalam bentuk Indeks Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan (IMPK). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional secara potong lintang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Juni–Oktober 2017 pada 200 puskesmas penelitian yang dipilih secara convenience sampling, dengan cara menilai kelengkapan regulasi, kelengkapan dokumen, pengamatan, simulasi, dan wawancara. Kuesioner terdiri atas 344 elemen penilaian (EP) yang berasal dari hasil uji validitas isi dan visibilitas jawaban dari pertanyaan 776 EP instrumen akreditasi. Analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dan analisis regresi secara multinomial logistik. Hasil dari uji validitas dan reliabilitas terhadap variabel konstruk berdasarkan konsep Malcolm Baldrige terhadap 344 EP, menunjukkan 179 EP yang valid dengan alpha cronbach > 0,8 dan r > 0,75. Selanjutnya terhadap 179 EP ini dilakukan analisis SEM sehingga didapatkan IMPK alternatif pertama terdiri dari 88 EP. Terhadap 88 EP ini dilakukan uji validitas isi dan kesesuaiannya dengan referensi sehingga didapatkan IMPK alternatif kedua terdiri dari 18 EP. Akhirnya, dilakukan analisis regresi multinomial logistik yang menghasilkan kesesuaian 85,4% untuk alternatif pertama (88 EP) dan 76,7% untuk alternatif kedua (18 EP) terhadap hasil penilaian akreditasi (dasar, madya, utama, dan paripurna). IMPK ini dapat menggambarkan mutu layanan dengan kekuatan prediksi di atas 76% terhadap hasil akreditasi puskesmas, sehingga indeks tersebut bisa digunakan oleh puskesmas untuk menilai mutu layanannya dengan lebih cepat dan lebih mudah.

SCULLY: I said, I got the lab to rush the results of the Szczesny autopsy, if you're interested.MULDER: I heard you, Scully.SCULLY: And Szczesny did indeed drown, but not as the result of the inhalation of ectoplasm as you so vehemently suggested.MULDER: Well, what else could she possibly have drowned in?SCULLY: Margarita mix, upchucked with about 40 ounces of Corcovado Gold tequila which, as it turns out, she and her friends rapidly consumed in the woods while trying to reenact the Blair Witch Project.MULDER: Well, I think that demands a little deeper investigation, don't you?SCULLY: No, I don't.— The X-Files, “All Things” (0717) IntroductionMikel J. Koven argues that “The X-Files [1993-2002, films 2005, 2010, revived 2016-2018] was the American television series that defined the zeitgeist of the 1990s” (337) by tapping into “pre-millenium paranoia and the collapse of traditional beliefs” (338). In each episode, “True Believer” and FBI agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and his partner, the skeptical and rational Dr Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), travel through a post-Cold War American landscape that is manifesting varying levels of anxiety about the century to come. The series is preoccupied with a series of questions that have, by the second decade of the twenty-first century, come to be answered fairly definitively. Have aliens visited Earth? (Well, if you believe a team of Harvard scientists, maybe [see Freeman], but there is no evidence of alien colonisation just yet.) Does the US government have its citizens’ best interests at heart? (In its current incarnation, no.) Will climate change have monstrous consequences? (Yes, we’re seeing them.) What do we do about the shady forces operating in post-Soviet Union Russia? (God knows, but they seem to be doing a good job of changing the shape of “democracy” in an increasing number of countries.)These broader socio-political aspects of The X-Files have been explored in a number of studies (see Koven; Moses; Wildermuth). In this article, I focus in more closely on some of the ways in which the character of Scully can be read as a complex engagement with a particularly 1990s version of third-wave feminism. I suggest that the type of feminism embodied in the character of Scully taps into the zeitgeist of the 1990s, a decade characterised not only by a growing media-driven “backlash” against feminism (see Faludi), but also by emergent third wave of feminism driven by movements such as “Riot Grrrl” (centred on openly feminist bands like Bikini Kill and Huggy Bear) and the various, and often contested, feminisms endorsed by a new generation of writers like Susan Faludi, Naomi Wolf, and even Katie Roiphe. Part of Scully’s longevity as a feminist icon can be attributed to the fact that while she is not without her own contradictions and complexities, she emerged from a televisual landscape dominated by particularly insipid representations of professional women. Scully, with her combination of lively wit and serious scientific mind, represented a radical imagining of professional femininity in the 1990s.Working against the Backlash: Scully and the Power of ProfessionalismBy the late 1980s, the political gains made by the second-wave feminism in the 1960s and early 1970s had come increasingly under fire in a “backlash” that “worked to revoke the gains made by the feminist movement” (Genz and Brabon 53). L.S. Kim argues this backlash is reflected in the fact that while strong female characters had always been a feature of US television (e.g. Mary Tyler Moore), in the 1990s televisual landscape feminism was often made popular in a type of “postfeminist discourse in which it is acceptable to be pro-woman but not to be feminist” (319). The quintessential example of this trend was David E. Kelley’s series about a Boston lawyer, Ally McBeal (1997-2002), in which McBeal’s primary dilemma is presented as being that she has “too many choices, too much freedom, and too much desire” which leads to “never-ending searching and even to depression and dysfunction” (Kim 319). McBeal’s professional success never seems to compensate for her various romantic disappointments and these remain the focal point of Kelley’s series.Part of what sets Scully apart from a character like McBeal is her unerring professionalism, and her strong commitment to equality in her relationship with Mulder. Scully displays none of McBeal’s neuroses, and she is unapologetically feminist in her disposition. She also understands implicitly the pivotal role she plays in the partnership at the heart of the X-Files. Scully is, then, a capable, professional woman who not only remains professional at all times, but who also works as a powerful grounding force to her partner’s more outlandish approaches and theories. As series creator Chris Carter has been forced to concede on numerous occasions, without the rational and practical figure of Scully in the morgue to (usually) prove and (sometimes) disprove Mulder’s theories, The X-Files as we know them would cease to exist. In fact, and somewhat paradoxically, in order to best understand Scully as a character, one needs to recognise the significance of the relationship between Scully and Mulder that lies at the heart of the series. The sheer force of Scully’s professionalism, and its resistance to being conscripted straightforwardly into a traditional romantic plot, becomes an important contributor to the powerful sexual tension between Mulder and Scully that came to define the series. Scully also, as critics and commentators were quick to point out, takes on the traditionally masculine role of skeptical scientist on the series, with Mulder positioned in the typically feminine role of intuitive “believer” (in, among other things, aliens, Chupacabra, big foot, and psychic powers). There are, of course, problems with this approach, but for now it is enough to simply point out that this positioning of Mulder and Scully is an important feature of the internal structure of The X-Files and speaks to an awareness of, and desire to challenge, the traditional association of women with intuition and men with rationality. Indeed, Linda Badley points out that the relationship between the two agents is “remarkably egalitarian, challenging traditional gender roles as portrayed on television” (63).Scully and Mulder’s relationship, a relationship that is at once personal and professional, is also grounded in genuine equality and respect. Mulder never undermines Scully, he (occasionally) knows when to bow to her superior scientific reasoning, and his eventual love for his partner is based in his understanding that Scully’s skepticism offers the perfect counterpart to his openness to the paranormal. In fact, one might say that Mulder, at least in part, falls in love with Scully’s professionalism and with her commitment to scientific reasoning. Mulder admits as much himself in the film The X-Files: Fight the Future (1998): “as difficult and frustrating as it’s been sometimes, your goddamn strict rationalism and science have saved me a thousand times over. You kept me honest. You made me a whole person.” In this calculation, Scully is not only Mulder’s equal, she is his missing piece. While she might sometimes grumble about merely playing Watson to Mulder’s Holmes (see “Fight Club” [0720]), Scully’s role is much more important than this, and Mulder (and the viewer) knows it.In the context of the televisual landscape of the 1990s, this representation of Scully as a character who is every bit as intelligent and as integral to the action of the series as her male partner, was incredibly powerful. It marked Scully as a third-wave feminist character in an era dominated by women who seemed to conform to the kind of problematic post-feminism embodied by Ally McBeal. In a recent interview, Gillian Anderson acknowledged the significant role Scully played in opening up possibilities for the representation of women on television in the 1990s. She observed, “a lot of women felt that they saw something recognisable for the first time [in Scully and] there were a lot of young women whose eyes were opened to feeling like they were finally represented in some way on television” (Anderson in Idato n.p.) Many women saw themselves in this character, and there can be little doubt The X-Files spearheaded a shift towards a more representative approach to the writing of female roles in US television in which layered and complex characters such as Scully became the norm rather than the exception. Rosalind Gill, for example, notes that “quality television” has “evolved since the 1990s into a site of rich and complex representations of gender including Homeland, Veep, House of Cards, Orange is the New Black, Transparent, and The Good Wife” (620).One of the other pervasive positive effects associated with the character of Scully is that she functioned, and indeed continues to function, as a role model for women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). A recent report commissioned by 21st Century Fox, the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, and J. Walter Thompson Intelligence found that “Scully’s media depiction of a high-achieving woman in STEM asked a generation of girls and women to imagine new professional options… Scully also influenced a generation of young women to study and pursue careers in STEM” (3). Although this report is not entirely impartial (21th Century Fox owns The X-Files), it found that “among women who are familiar with Scully’s character, 91% say she is a role model for girls and women” (5). This finding tallies with those of a variety of earlier online observers who noticed Scully had become a touchstone character “who inspired an entire generation of young women to pursue medical, scientific, and law enforcement degrees as positions” (Consalvi). To an extent not seen before in the history of television, Scully became an important role model for young women in the STEM professions. Scully’s fictional professionalism helped to create a new generation of real-life female STEM professionals.But it is worth remembering that in other respects, Scully is a complicated feminist heroine. This is largely because The X-Files’ production team’s own feminist credentials were often less-than-inspiring. The series was created by a man, and was written and directed predominantly by men in all of its various filmic and televisual incarnations. As Anderson herself pointed out on her Twitter feed for 29 June 2017, of the 207 episodes of X-Files produced, only 2 were directed by women (fig. 1). Famously, when the X-Files began in the early 1990s, Anderson was paid far less than her co-star Duchovny and was even asked to stand behind him on camera. The actor agitated successfully for equal pay after three years in the role, and for the right to stand beside her televisual partner, rather than behind him, even if, somewhat astonishingly, Twenty First Century Fox also offered Anderson less than Duchovny to reprise her famous role in 2016. (Anderson eventually received equal pay for equal billing.)Fig. 1: Gillian Anderson tweet, 29 June 2017.It ought to be remembered, then, that Scully’s feminism is predominantly a construction of men, overlaid with the undoubted feminine empowerment brought to the role by Anderson. As far back as 1998, Linda Badley noticed that for Scully/Anderson “the transference of ‘feminist’ characteristics between character and star is unusually strong—to the extent that a discussion of one must refer to the other. And Anderson/Scully is instantly recognisable as an icon of popular feminism” (62). But in more recent years, Anderson has made even clearer her own feminist leanings. She has done this through the publication (with Jennifer Nadel) of the explicitly feminist We: The Uplifting Manuel for Women Seeking Happiness (2017); by taking up more explicitly feminist roles, such as that of Stella Gibson in the acclaimed BBC series The Fall (2013-present); and through her Twitter feed. The significance of Anderson’s online feminist presence is highlighted by Lauren Modery, who notes: “the next time you’re having a day where you’re not sure if you’re being the best feminist you can be, just ask yourself “what would Gillian Anderson do?” and go to her Twitter account” (Modery). Scully’s 1990s Feminism in a Twenty-First Century ContextFor much of the series, Scully’s feminism can be viewed as a form of the “New Feminism” that Stephanie Genz and Benjamin Brabon associate with the late 1990s and with Natasha Walter’s book The New Feminism (1998). This “New Feminism” attempts to break from second-wave feminism by decoupling the personal from the political (64). Badley, for example, points out that Scully’s feminism is strictly based on individual empowerment: “rather than challenge patriarchy directly or join forces with women activists, Scully channels her anger/ambition into fitting into the system” (70). But equally, Scully’s feminism could be seen as a prototype of the kind of “neo-liberal” feminism that theorists such as Angela McRobbie associate with the present moment, a feminism which “discards the older, welfarist and collectivist feminism of the past, in favour of individualist striving” (4). Certainly, over the course of the 25 years, The X-Files has been in existence, we have seen little evidence that Scully has female friends (or indeed, that she interacts with anyone much outside of Mulder and her family).When other women do enter the picture, such as when Mulder’s one-time lover and co-founder of the X-Files, Diana Fowley appears in the fifth season of the series (see “The End” [0520]), Scully is often positioned in an antagonistic relationship with them. In this context, it is notable that “All Things,” a seventh-season episode directed and written by Anderson, places Scully’s interaction with Colleen Azar, a woman from the American Taoist Healing Centre, at the centre of the narrative. Azar’s exhortations to Scully to “slow down” are presented as the wise words of a female ally in this episode, and Scully does well to heed them. This episode, consciously I think, works as a counter to the more typical representation of Scully as being in competition with women for Mulder’s interest, evident in episodes like “Alpha” (0616) and “Syzygy” (0313). In this respect, Anderson appears to be aligning Scully with a feminism that is much more inclusive than it appears in other, male-written, episodes.From the vantage point of the second decade of the twenty-first century, one of the more problematic elements The X-Files has to do with its representation of sex and sexuality. Sex, in the world of The X-Files, is very 1990s in orientation. In fact, it echoes the way in which sex operated in the Clinton impeachment: denial, denial, denial, even in the face of clear evidence it took place. We see this most obviously in “All Things,” which begins with a shot of Scully getting dressed in front of a mirror, that pans to a shot of an undressed Mulder in bed. This opening seems to suggest the two had spent the night together, but nothing overtly sexual actually takes place in the episode. Indeed, any sexual activity that ever takes place in the X-Files happens off camera, but it is nonetheless worth pointing out that while the equally solitary Mulder is repeatedly characterised in the series by his porn fetish, Scully’s sexuality is repeatedly denied or diminished in the series. Moreover, any overt expression of Scully’s sexuality (such as in “Milagro,” [0618] where she falls for a writer living next door to Mulder) typically ends badly, with Scully placed in peril by her sexual desires.Scully’s continued presence in the twenty-first century, however, means that while her character is rooted in what we might call a “1990s feminist disposition” (she prides herself on being a “woman in a man’s world”; she demonstrates little interest in stereotypically feminine pursuits such as shopping or make up; her focus is on work, rather than romance), she has also been allowed the room to grow and develop. Perhaps most notably, the 2018 Scully is allowed to embrace her sexuality. Sexual activity still appears off screen, of course, but in “Plus One” (1103), we see her actively pursue sex with Mulder (twice!), while her vibrator makes an unapologetic cameo appearance in “Rm9sbG93ZXJz” (1107). Given that we live in a decade saturated in sexual imagery, it makes no sense for 2018 Scully to be as chaste and buttoned up as she was in the 1990s.Finally, in a series in which the wild speculation of the conspiracy theories is almost always true, Scully’s feminist commitment to rationality, science and the power of logic might appear to be undermined at every turn. Badley, for example, reminds us that while Scully may “have medicine and the law on her side ... Mulder’s vision is validated by Chris Carter, as the prologue to nearly every episode reminds us” (67). This is highlighted in “Field Trip” (0621) when Scully wonders, “Mulder, can’t you just for once, just ... for the novelty of it, come up with the simplest explanation, the most logical one instead of automatically jumping to UFOs or Bigfoot or…” Mulder simply counters with:Scully, in six years, how … how often have I been wrong? No seriously, I mean, every time I bring you a case we go through this perfunctory dance. You tell me that I’m not being scientifically rigorous and that I’m off my nut, and then in the end who turns out to be right like 98.95 of the time? I just think I’ve ... earned the benefit of the doubt here.Interestingly enough, however, it is Scully who solves the mystery at the heart of this particular episode of X-Files—Mulder and Scully are indeed trapped inside a giant fungus, being slowly digested by its gooey secretions.And while Mulder’s viewpoint is most often endorsed in the series, the chaos of the Trump administration illustrates perfectly the dangers behind the valorisation of the irrational over the rational. In a decade in which rationality itself is coming under increasing threat—by “fake news”; through a hostility towards the science of climate change; in the desire to wind back further the gains of the feminist movement—we need to remember the importance of the strong and abiding relationship between rationality and feminism. This is a relationship that goes at least as far back as Mary Wollstonecraft’s (1759-1797) Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), is at the heart of the feminist gothic writings of women like Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823) and Mary Shelley (1797-1851). This commitment to the power of rationality lives on in the character of Dana Scully.Conclusion: Scully as Twenty-First-Century Feminist IconI have argued throughout this article that there are limitations of the kind of feminism embodied in Scully, but it is clear that she has come to represent a type of woman who refuses to let men dictate her behaviour, and who maintains her professionalism even under the most difficult of circumstances. A host of Scully memes now circulating on the web celebrate the character’s competence, intelligence, and compassion (figs. 2, 3, and 4). The character of Scully now exists far beyond the confines of the television screen and the imaginations of her predominantly male authors. Scully’s continuing relevance to twenty-first century feminists is reflected in this meme recently placed by Anderson on her Twitter account in response to the allegations of sexual misconduct directed at US Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanagh (fig. 5). Rarely have the 1990s seemed so relevant to the present moment.Fig. 2: Scully meme, Meme Generator.Fig. 3: Rustnsplinters, “Scully Motivational.” Deviant Art.Fig. 4: E.H. Redlum, “Scully: Meme Style.” Deviant Art.Fig. 5: Gillian Anderson tweet.ReferencesBadley, Linda. “Scully Hits the Glass Ceiling: Postmodernism, Postfeminism, Posthumanism, and The X-Files.” Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television. Ed. Elyce Rae Helford. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. 61-90.Consalvi, Sydney. “The Scully Effect Continues: How The X-Files’ Dana Scully Changed Television Forever.” Odyssey. 9 Aug. 2016. 1 Dec. 2018 <https://www.theodysseyonline.com/scully-effect>.Faludi, Susan. 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