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Статті в журналах з теми "TESTICULAR GERM CELL TUMOR"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Islam, Sardar. "Metastatic Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Presented With Hemoptysis- A Case Report." Journal of Surgical Case Reports and Images 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1897/017.

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A 35 year’s old male presented with right testicular swelling for last six month. He developed hemoptysis and mild dyspnea for 2 weeks. Ultrasonography revealed testicular malignancy with multiple heterogenecity. CT scan of the abdomen did not reveal any lymph node metastasis. His X-ray chest showed extensive pulmonary metastasis. All three tumor markers were raised. Histology was suggestive of mixed germ cell tumor with a rare combination of Seminoma and Choriocarcinoma. Because of this rare combination of 2 varieties of testicular germ cell tumor and advanced systemic metastasis we presented this case.

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2

Chieffi, Paolo, Marco De Martino, and Francesco Esposito. "New Anti-Cancer Strategies in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors." Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery 14, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574892814666190111120023.

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Background: The most common solid malignancy of young men aged 20 to 34 years is testicular germ cell tumor. In addition, the incidence of these tumors has significantly increased throughout the last years. Testicular germ cell tumors are classified into seminoma and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, which take in yolk sac tumor, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. There are noteworthy differences about therapy and prognosis of seminomas and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, even though both share characteristics of the primordial germ cells. </P><P> Objectives: The study is focused on different molecular mechanisms strongly involved in testicular germ cell line tumors underlying new strategies to treat this human neoplasia.Methods:Bibliographic data from peer-reviewed research, patent and clinical trial literature, and around eighty papers and patents have been included in this review.Results:Our study reveals that several biomarkers are usefully utilized to discriminate among different histotypes. Moreover, we found new patents regarding testicular germ cell tumor treatments such as the expression of claudin 6, monoclonal antibody (Brentuximab Vedotin), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with the FDA-approved drugs pembrolizumab and nivolumab or the oncolytic virus Pelareorep, the combination of selective inhibitors of Aurora kinase.Conclusion:Finally, the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumor needs to be deeply understood so that it will improve data on stem cells, tumorigenesis and disease tumor management by more selective treatment.

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3

Iqbal, Jawed, Shahnaz Imdad Kehar, Nazish Jaffer, and Farah Asad. "Frequency and morphological study of testicular germ cell tumor." Professional Medical Journal 26, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 1794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.10.4144.

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Objectives: To assess the frequency of various histopathological types of testicular germ cell tumor in our study population. The prime identification of testicular germ cell tumor is important to prevent the advance stage of cancers. The present study was design to assess the frequency of different morphological types of testicular germ cell tumor which have a mirror effect on the treatment and prognosis of tumor. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Period: 10 years period from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2015. Material and Methods: A 34 cases of testicular germ cell tumor were studied for morphological features using all properly formalin fixed, paraffin embedded surgical pathological testicular specimens received during the above period. All relevant clinical information was recorded on designed proformas. Section were taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Data entered and analysed through computer software SPSS version 21. Results: The result of study showed that the frequency of testicular germ cell tumor was 0.80% among all malignancy in male. Out of 36 cases of testicular tumor, 34 (94.5%) were germ cell tumors and remaining 02 (5.5%) cases were sex cord stromal tumor. Among 34 cases of germ cell tumor 12 (35.2%) cases of mixed germ cell tumor found which was the most common between them, followed by seminoma 10 (29.4%) cases. However 05(14.7%) of yolk sac tumor, 04 (11.6%) of teratoma and 03(8.8%) of embryonal tumor were found. Conclusion: Results revealed that frequency of different types of testicular germ cell tumor in this study were in accordance to national and international studies. However the incidence of tumor varies noticeably in different geographical areas. Different pattern of seminomas and non – seminomas also may be emerging.

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4

Woldu, Solomon L., James F. Amatruda, and Aditya Bagrodia. "Testicular germ cell tumor genomics." Current Opinion in Urology 27, no. 1 (January 2017): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mou.0000000000000347.

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5

Javed, Muhammad Sheraz, Muhammad Irfan Munir, and Muhammad Saad Siddique. "PURE YOLK CELL TESTICULAR TUMOR;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 04 (April 6, 2017): 637–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.04.1534.

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Background: Testicular tumor primarily originate from germ cells and are foundin all age groups. Among germ cell tumors one is pure yolk cell tumor which is tumor of infantand pediatric age group and is extremely rare in adulthood. Case Presentation: Current titledcase report is about a 23 year old male who presented with painless enlargement of righttestis. Examination revealed as hard lump involving right testis and clinically epididymis spared.Hormonal assessment consistent with malignant lesion of testis. Right inguinal approachedorchidectomy done and histopathology revealed it as pure yolk sac tumor of testis. Conclusion:Pure yolk cell tumor in adulthood is a very rare tumor and once diagnosed, need follow up inpost-operative circumstances.

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6

Miacola, Carlos, Ottavio Colamonico, Carlo Bettocchi, Vito Ricapito, Silvano Palazzo, Marcello Campagna, Michele Battaglia, and Pasquale Martino. "Burned-out in a mixed germ cell tumor of the testis: The problem of pT0. Case report." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 86, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2014.4.389.

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Germ cell tumors constitute the majority of all testicular tumors, which are relatively rare overall and are mainly encountered in young adults and teenagers. The term ‘burned-out’ germ cell tumor refers to the presence of a metastatic germ cell tumor with histological regression of the primary testicular lesion. Clinical examination of the testes and scrotal sonography is the initial diagnosis of such neoplasms. We report an unusual case of a burned-out testicular tumor with metastases to retroperitoneal lymphnodes in an asymptomatic patient with right testicular hypoechoic nodule associated with multiple calcifications of the testicular parenchyma.

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7

Damjanov, Ivan. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Serological and Immunohistochemical Diagnosis." Acta Medica Academica 50, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.326.

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<p>This review deals with serologic and immunohistochemical tumor markers used in clinical laboratories for the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors. Time tested serologic markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase are routinely used in the work-up of patients with testicular tumors. Professional organizations regulating the practice of medicine in most countries worldwide require that the laboratory values for these serologic reactants be included in the pathology reports on testicular tumors as part of the tumor staging process. Immunohistochemical markers of testicular germ have been identified and widely tested during the first two decades of the XXI century. We have selected the most useful immunohistochemical markers from a few of these markers and discussed them in this review.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>. Published data show that testicular tumor markers are widely used in routine practice. The study of tumor markers has improved the pathologic and clinical diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors and has thus contributed to their treatment.</p>

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8

Curreri, Stephanie A., Sarah C. Markt, Rowan Miller, Elizabeth O'Donnell, Brandon David Bernard, Sophia C. Kamran, Laurence Albiges, Alexi A. Wright, Christopher Sweeney, and Clair Beard. "Bilateral testicular germ cell tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2015): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.392.

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392 Background: Germ cell tumors (GCTs), both seminomatous and non-seminomatous, account for greater than 90% of testicular cancers. While bilateral testicular GCTs are rare, the incidence of bilateral tumors has increased over time. Methods: 668 cases of bilateral and 38,593 cases of unilateral testicular GCTs were reported between 1973 and 2011 by the SEER database. Patient characteristics and tumor features were analyzed. Results: The incidence of bilateral GCTs among men with testicular GCTs was 1.7% (668 of 39,261 total cases). Among the 668 men with bilateral GCTs, 53% (n=353) of second GCTs occurred within three years after the first cancer. 29% (n=196) of bilateral tumors occurred synchronously. Among patients with bilateral GCTs, 378 first GCTs and 466 second GCTs were seminomatous. 43% of bilateral cases were concordant seminomatous GCTs, 16% were concordant non-seminomas, and 41% were discordant histologies. 68% of unilateral GCTs, 70% of first GCTs, and 82% of second GCTs were staged as Localized disease. Testicular cancer was the cause of death for 4% (n=1,630) of men with a unilateral GCT and 1% (n=8) of men with bilateral GCTs. A second malignant neoplasm (SMN) was the cause of death for 2% (n=736) of men with a unilateral GCT and 2% (n=16) of men with bilateral GCTs. Conclusions: Among men with bilateral testicular GCTs, 59% had concordant histological diagnoses between their first and second tumor. Most (53%) second cancers among men with bilateral tumors occurred within three years after diagnosis of first cancers. Men who experience bilateral testicular GCTs do not appear to have an increased risk of death due to testicular cancer or a subsequent non-germ cell malignant neoplasm compared to men with a unilateral testicular GCT. [Table: see text]

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9

Kojo, Kosuke, Koji Kawai, Takashi Kawahara, Tomokazu Kimura, Shuya Kandori, Yoshiyuki Nagumo, Satoshi Nitta, et al. "Recent malignant testicular tumor trend in Japan, a country with an aging population: a large-scale study of 2012–2015 hospital-based cancer registry data." Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 50, no. 10 (July 6, 2020): 1201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyaa110.

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Abstract Objective Japan’s national database of hospital-based cancer registries is estimated to cover ~67% of all new cancer cases. Using this database, we analyzed the characteristics of the recently diagnosed testicular malignancy. Methods We obtained data for 6510 adult testicular malignancy patients diagnosed in 2012–2015. The distributions of patient ages, histological diagnoses and testicular germ cell tumor hospital care volumes were determined. Results The most common histology was seminoma (60.3% of all testicular malignancies), followed by non-seminoma (24.1%) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (13.1%). The median and mean ages of the testicular germ cell tumor patients were high at 38 and 39.8 years, respectively. The age distribution peaked at 30–40 years, followed by 40–50 years. Approximately 18% of testicular germ cell tumor patients were ≥50 years. The ages of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients peaked at 70–80 years (mean 67.7 years). When the analysis was limited to the testicular germ cell tumor patients who received first-course cancer treatment at the participating hospitals, the number of high-volume hospitals with ≥20 testicular germ cell tumor care volume was limited to 61 (10.0% of the 605 hospitals that treated ≥1 testicular germ cell tumor patient). However, when the patients who changed hospitals during treatment or relapsed after treatment completion were analyzed together, the number of high-volume hospitals increased to 104 (17.0% of 612 hospitals). Conclusion The testicular germ cell tumor patients’ mean age was nearly 40 years. The proportions of older testicular germ cell tumor patients and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients were higher than previously thought. The reasons for this trend are unknown, but it is important to address the trend identified herein in a country with a super-aging population.

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10

González Quintela, A. (a), E. (b) Lόpez Bonet, J. (a) Román, and P. (a) Aramburo. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Seven Years after a Retroperitoneal Germ Cell Tumor." European Urology 19, no. 4 (1991): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000473655.

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11

Ustinova, T. V., L. V. Bolotina, A. A. Fedenko, H. S. Gevorgyan, A. A. Paichadze, A. L. Kornietskaya, N. V. Vorobyev, et al. "COMBINED TREATMENT OF A PATIENT WITH A TESTICULAR GERM CELL TUMOR WITH SIGNS OF MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE." Research and Practical Medicine Journal 6, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17709/2409-2231-2019-6-3-12.

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Testicular cancer is a rare malignant tumor. In the structure of general cancer incidence, this nosology accounts for about 1–1.5% of cases. Among this pathology, about 90–95% is due to testicular germ cell tumors. Currently, testicular cancer is a potentially treatable solid tumor with a 10-year survival rate of more than 95% upon timely diagnosis and proper treatment. In this regard, early diagnosis and treatment of this pathology is an urgent task today. The article presents a clinical observation of the treatment of a patient with a testicular germ cell tumor. The presented clinical case demonstrates the successful conduct of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and further orchifuniculectomy in the presence of distant metastases namely in case of a non-seminomic form of a testicular germ cell tumor. The approach to treating patients with testicular tumors must be individualized and take into account both the potential gain and the potential risks of the treatment being performed.

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12

Droz, Jean-Pierre, Pierre Ruffie, Gilles Piot, Marwane Ghosn, Jean-Michel Caillaud, Dominique Elias, Jean-Louisee Perrin, and Philippe Levasseur. "Sarcoidosis and Testicular Germ Cell Tumor." Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 24, no. 3 (January 1990): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365599009180853.

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13

Tomašković, Igor, Tomislav Sorić, Davor Trnski, Boris Ružić, and Ognjen Kraus. "Giant Testicular Mixed Germ Cell Tumor." Medical Principles and Practice 13, no. 2 (2004): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000075639.

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14

Dieckmann, K. P., and V. Loy. "Prevalence of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with testicular germ cell neoplasms." Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 12 (December 1996): 3126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1996.14.12.3126.

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PURPOSE Testicular intraepithelial neoplasia ([TIN], so-called carcinoma in situ of the testis) is hypothesized to be the precursor of testicular germ cell neoplasms. According to previous studies, it can be detected by testicular biopsy. Since patients with a unilateral testicular tumor are at high risk of a second testicular tumor, it seemed feasible to examine the prevalence of contralateral TIN in patients with testicular germ cell cancer and correlate it with the known prevalence of bilateral testicular tumors. The aim was to provide more evidence for the role of TIN as the preinvasive stage of testicular cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nineteen hundred fifty-four consecutive patients with a unilateral testicular germ cell tumor underwent contralateral biopsy. All specimens were examined immunohistologically. RESULTS TIN was observed in 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.95% to 5.91%). Testicular atrophy and a history of undescended testis were more frequently observed in patients with contralateral TIN, but only atrophy was shown to be independently associated by multivariate analysis. Patients with testicular atrophy have a 4.3-fold increased risk of having contralateral TIN. Sixty-four percent of TIN cases were found in normal testes. Patients with TIN were significantly younger than those without (P < .0017). Three patients developed a second testicular tumor despite a negative biopsy for TIN. CONCLUSION The prevalence of contralateral TIN corresponds well to the known prevalence of bilateral testicular tumors. Testicular atrophy is a strong indicator for the presence of TIN, but approximately 60% of TIN cases occur without atrophy. The present data are in accordance with the theory that TIN is an early step in the histogenesis of testicular germ cell neoplasms.

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15

Gadde, Ramya, Kanika Arora, Michelle Madden Felicella, Sohrab Arora, Liang Cheng, Hakmin Park, Nilesh S. Gupta, M. Shahriar Salamat, and Sean R. Williamson. "Cystic Trophoblastic Tumor in a Primary Central Nervous System Post-Chemotherapy Germ Cell Tumor: The First Case Report." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 28, no. 8 (June 4, 2020): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896920929751.

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Cystic trophoblastic tumor (CTT) is an uncommon trophoblastic proliferation of germ cell tumor origin, mostly reported in post-chemotherapy metastases of testicular germ cell tumors and rarely primary untreated testicular tumors. To date, we are not aware of occurrence in a non-testicular tumor. A 12-year-old boy presented with limb swelling, increased appetite, weight gain, and precocious puberty. Evaluation revealed right frontal lobe mass and elevated α-fetoprotein and β-human chorionic gonadotrophin. After response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the tumor was resected. Microscopically, the resection contained predominantly smooth muscle tissue with scattered small foci of glandular teratoma and CTT. Immunohistochemistry (SALL4, glypican 3) revealed no residual yolk sac tumor. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed gain of chromosome 12p. The patient has been disease-free for 13 years. This report expands the spectrum of primary central nervous system germ cell tumors with the occurrence of CTT in this site.

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16

Shogbesan, Oluwaseun, Abdullateef Abdulkareem, Asad Jehangir, Sunila Byreddy, Sharon Swierczynski, and Anthony Donato. "Gastrointestinal Involvement of Testicular Germ Cell Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4789259.

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Testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) are the commonest solid tumors in young men. Typical presentation is with painless scrotal swelling; however, symptoms related to complications or metastasis may be the initial presentation. Gastrointestinal (GI) metastasis is seen in about 5% of patients with germ cell tumors and presentation is commonly with GI bleed. It is important to have GCT as a differential diagnosis of GI bleed in young men presenting with unexplained anemia as direct questioning about scrotal swelling and genital examination when appropriate will guide further investigation and facilitate prompt diagnosis. We present a case of a 26-year-old man with testicular germ cell tumor and severe anemia secondary to extension and perforation of duodenum by retroperitoneal metastasis and a review of the literature on the gastrointestinal manifestations of testicular germ cell tumors.

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17

Nastały, Paulina, Christian Ruf, Pascal Becker, Natalia Bednarz-Knoll, Małgorzata Stoupiec, Refik Kavsur, Hendrik Isbarn, et al. "Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Testicular Germ Cell Tumors." Clinical Cancer Research 20, no. 14 (March 14, 2014): 3830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2819.

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18

Arai, Gaku, Hiroshi Okada, Yuko Sadaoka, Shigeyuki Ohta, Koujiro Nishio, Ryo Sato, Makoto Kawaguchi, et al. "Testicular microlithiasis in Japanese male infertility patients: Clinical implications for predicting future testicular malignancy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e15579-e15579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e15579.

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e15579 Background: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is commonly diagnosed by scrotal ultrasonography (US) in which it appears as multiple, small, uniform, echogenic foci without shadowing, scattered randomly throughout the testicular parenchyma. It is also prevalent in several urologic diseases including subfertility and testicular germ cell tumor. TM has been reported to be associated with carcinoma in situ (CIS) and the development of second testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) after contralateral orchiectomy treatment for primary TGCT; however, no prospective studies have investigated the relationship between the detection of TM in patients without TGCT and future development of TGCT. In the present study, therefore, we investigated the prevalence of TM in the testes of male infertility patients and unilateral TGCT patients to determine if TM could be a predictor of future germ cell tumor in such patients. Methods: A total of 1,139 subfertile patients (296 with nonobstructive azoospermia, 58 with obstructive azoospermia, and 785 with oligozoospermia) and 22 unilateral testicular germ cell tumor patients were enrolled in the study. Prevalence of testicular microlithiasis according to testicular ultrasonography was compared between patients, and development of testicular germ cell tumors was monitored for at least 3 years. All patients were fully informed about the study, and their prior consent was obtained according to the recommendation of the institutional ethics committee. Results: The prevalence of TM was significantly higher in unilateral TGCT patients (40.9%) than in subfertile men (8.6%). No infertile patients without TM developed TGCT but one infertile patient with TM developed TGCT (seminoma) during follow up. One seminoma patient with TM in his remaining testis went on to developed testicular seminoma 3years after primary surgery. Conclusions: Testicular microlithiasis is more common in testicular germ cell tumor patients than in subfertile men. Since TM could be a surrogate marker for future TGCT in both patient populations, TM patients are recommended to perform careful self-checking of the testes and periodical testicular ultrasonography.

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19

Colls, B. M., V. J. Harvey, L. Skelton, P. I. Thompson, and C. M. Frampton. "Bilateral germ cell testicular tumors in New Zealand: experience in Auckland and Christchurch 1978-1994." Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 7 (July 1996): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1996.14.7.2061.

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PURPOSE The incidence of germ cell testicular tumors (GCTTs) is increasing world wide, and with effective treatment, the majority of patients are being cured. Thus, the clinical and social impact of a second testicular tumor is becoming more important. The frequency, cumulative risk, and relative risk of developing a second testicular cancer in New Zealand have been documented and compared with other reports. PATIENTS AND METHODS The records of 741 men presenting with germ cell testicular cancer in Auckland and Christchurch between 1978 and 1994 have been reviewed, and these data have been compared with data from other published studies. Cumulative risk was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Over 2% of the study population developed a second germ cell testicular cancer. The cumulative risk was 5.2% over 15 years. The relative risk of developing a contralateral testicular tumor is 27.5 times higher than age-matched New Zealand peers. These results match the only comparable report in the literature. Five of the 16 bilateral tumors (31%) were synchronous, which is a higher incidence than in any other reported series. There was no concordance of histology in the first and second tumors. Prior exposure to cisplatin combination chemotherapy did not prevent the development of a second tumor. CONCLUSION Men who are cured of a germ cell testicular cancer have a greatly increased risk of developing a second testicular cancer. Such patients should be informed of this risk and ideally kept under long-term surveillance.

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20

Fukushima, Toshirou, Takuro Noguchi, Takashi Kobayashi, Nodoka Sekiguchi, Takesumi Ozawa, Tomonobu Koizumi, and Hisashi Tamada. "Late and Rapid Relapse in Mediastinum from Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Stage I Over 13 Years after Surgery." Case Reports in Oncology 12, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501446.

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Patients with stage I testicular germ cell tumors have a long life expectancy, but the tumors have a potential to relapse after treatment. Although relapse is observed within a few years in most cases, late relapse over 10 years after initial treatment has also been reported in patients with stage I testicular germ cell tumors. We encountered a case of testicular seminoma that developed mediastinal lymph node metastasis 13 years after radical surgery for the primary tumor. The relapsed disease progressed rapidly and the patient died within 1 month due to respiratory failure without any chance for therapy. On postmortem examination, the thoracic lesions were pathologically confirmed to be metastases from the testicular seminoma with yolk sac tumor. Here, we report the clinical course and a review of the relevant literature. Based on our experience, we emphasize long-term follow-up and/or careful examination in patients with stage I testicular germ cell tumors.

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21

Ye, Huihui, and Thomas M. Ulbright. "Difficult Differential Diagnoses in Testicular Pathology." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 136, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2011-0475-ra.

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Context.—Although relatively rare, testicular cancer is the most common solid organ malignancy in young men and remains a leading cause of cancer death in this population. Different types of testicular tumors are treated differently, with an overall very high cure rate with proper management. Pathologists must, therefore, be familiar with important diagnostic pitfalls in testicular pathology, particularly those that result in different treatments or prognoses. Objective.—To summarize key diagnostic features and useful ancillary tools for the most frequently encountered problems in testicular tumor pathology. Data Sources.—Current texts, PubMed (National Library of Medicine) articles, and archives at Indiana University School of Medicine and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center were all reviewed. Conclusions.—Problematic differential diagnoses include seminoma versus nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, germ cell tumors versus non–germ cell tumors, intratubular germ cell neoplasia versus atypical germ cells with maturation arrest, pseudolymphovascular invasion versus real lymphovascular invasion in germ cell tumors, and macroscopic Sertoli cell nodules versus Sertoli cell tumors. In almost all cases, awareness of the differential diagnostic possibilities based on routine light microscopic features permits application of either additional, directed observations or immunohistochemical studies that lead to an accurate diagnosis.

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Adham, Walid K., Bharat K. Raval, Maria C. Uzquiano, and Luciano B. Lemos. "Bilateral Testicular Tumors: Seminoma and Mixed Germ Cell Tumor." RadioGraphics 25, no. 3 (May 2005): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.253045188.

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23

Knyazeva, M. S., V. A. Zagoruiko, A. V. Khokhlova, I. V. Nazarova, A. V. Shalaev, E. I. Sidina, L. M. Zabegina, et al. "Expression of miR-302a, miR-302b, miR-302c, miR-302d, miR-367, miR-371, miR-372, miR-373, miR-10b, miR-21 and miR-93 in cells of different histotypes of testicular germ cell tumors." Advances in Molecular Oncology 9, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2313-805x-2022-9-1-20-32.

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Introduction. Testicular germ cell tumor is a relatively rare disease. Its high social significance is due to the fact that this pathology occurs in young patients. The standard schemes of polychemotherapy determine the potential possibility of effective treatment for most of the patients even with an advanced disease. Several circulating markers (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and lactate dehydrogenase) are being used for therapy monitoring, but the low diagnostic specificity of these molecules determines the need to develop new approaches. Over the past years, circulating microRNA, for instance miR-371a-3p, appeared to be promising marker for testicular germ cell tumor monitoring. However, to develop and to implement in practice the microRNA-based diagnostic technologies, it’s necessarily to understand the features of the microRNA expression alterations specific for different histological types of testicular germ cell tumor.The study objective – to evaluate changes in the expression of several potential marker microRNA molecules (miR-302/ miR-367, miR-371/miR-373) in testicular germ cell tumor samples of various histological types.Materials and methods. Testicular germ cell tumor samples (n = 61), including seminomas, embryonic carcinomas, post-pubertal teratomas, yolk sac tumors, chorioncarcinomas, and corresponding normal tissue samples (n = 61) were included in the study. The analysis of selected miRNA expression was performed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction.Results. We identified the changes in the expression profile of the miR-302/miR-367 cluster typical for semines, embryonic carcinomas, post-pubertal teratomas, yolk sac tumors and chorioncarcinomas, as well as changes in the expression profile of the miR-371/miR-373 cluster, universal for all histotypes except chorioncarcinomas. Inhibition of miR-10b and miR-145 expression in semines, embryonic carcinomas, and post-pubertal teratomas was demonstrated.Conclusion. Activation of miR-302b, miR-302d, miR-371a expression and inhibition of miR-10b, miR-145 expression in the tissue of the most common variants of testicular germ cell tumor is a characteristic feature of these tumors. The detected changes are significant and can lead to corresponding changes in the profile of circulating microRNAs.

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Karki, S., and RR Bhatta. "Histopathological analysis of testicular tumors." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 2, no. 4 (September 25, 2012): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v2i4.6883.

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Background: Testicular cancers are rare in most countries. However, in many western countries its incidence has been increasing since the middle of the twentieth century. A definite geographic and racial distribution is seen in testicular tumors. The purpose of the study was to analyze the pattern and distribution of testicular cancers in one of the hospital in Nepal.Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study, in which cases were retrieved from the computer database between September 2006 and August 2011 in the department of Pathology. Pertinent data like age and histopathology of tumor were collected from the surgical pathology reports.Results: Testicular tumors were uncommon, comprising only 11.4% (8/70 cases) of all testicular lesions. Most of these tumors (50%) were seen between 4th and 5th decades. Germ cell tumors were the commonest tumors (62.5%), among which seminomas and mixed germ cell tumors were most frequently encountered, two cases each. Thirty percent of the biopsies consisted of undescended testis and none of them showed malignancy. Other tumors diagnosed were Non Hodgkin Lymphoma, leukemic infiltration and metastasis.Conclusion: Testicular tumors are uncommon in our population. As evident in other parts of the world, germ cell tumor was common in this study as well. However, unlike in Western population, no tumor was seen in undescended testis.Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2012) Vol. 2, 301-304DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v2i4.6883

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25

Cimen, Serhan, Ali Gunes, Ali Beytur, and Hasan Gokce. "Germ cell testicular tumor showing spontaneous regression." Annals of Medical Research 25, no. 4 (2018): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2018.08.156.

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Turan, Demet, MehmetAkif Özgül, Gamze Kirkil, and Erdogan Çetinkaya. "Endobronchial metastasis of testicular germ cell tumor." Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology 20, no. 3 (2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejop.ejop_32_18.

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Aydiner, Adnan, Vakur Olgaç, Emin Darendeliler, Nakiye öztürk, Koray Dinçol, Gülçin Erseven, and Haluk Onat. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumor with Gastric Metastasis." Acta Oncologica 32, no. 4 (January 1993): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841869309093625.

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Djaladat, Hooman, Kamran Movassaghi, Hamed Ahmadi, Craig R. Nichols, and Siamak Daneshmand. "Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy in Testicular Germ Cell Tumor." Urology 83, no. 3 (March 2014): e7-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2013.11.003.

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Villanueva, María José, Fátima Navarro, Antonio Sánchez, Mariano Provencio, Félix Bonilla, and Pilar España. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumor and down Syndrome." Tumori Journal 86, no. 5 (September 2000): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160008600514.

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The association between Down syndrome and testicular germ cell tumors may be more frequent than expected according to chance, but few reports have focused on this excess. We report two cases of this association and review the English medical literature.

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30

Batool, Aalia, Najmeh Karimi, Xiang-Nan Wu, Su-Ren Chen, and Yi-Xun Liu. "Testicular germ cell tumor: a comprehensive review." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 76, no. 9 (January 22, 2019): 1713–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03022-7.

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31

Delahunt, Brett, Heng H. Teoh, V. Balakrishnan, John N. Nacey, and Simon P. Clark. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumor with Pineal Metastases." Neurosurgery 26, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199004000-00023.

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Abstract A patient with a mixed testicular germ cell tumor (choriocarcinoma, teratocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma) that had metastasized to the lungs, cerebrum, and pineal gland is presented. The metastases had resulted in localized neurological signs and initially, on clinical grounds, a primary intracranial lesion could not be excluded. The occurrence of tumor metastases to the pineal gland is discussed and the literature is reviewed.

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Jonjev, Ž. S., J. Rajić, M. Majin, and D. Donat. "Intracardiac metastasis from germ cell testicular tumor." Herz 37, no. 6 (February 25, 2012): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00059-012-3595-z.

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33

Mego, Michal, Zuzana Cierna, Daniela Svetlovska, Dusan Macak, Katarina Machalekova, Viera Miskovska, Michal Chovanec, Vanda Usakova, Pavel Babal, and Jozef Mardiak. "PAPR1 expression in testicular germ cell tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e15027-e15027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e15027.

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e15027 Background: Testicular germ-cell tumours (TGCTs) represent a model for the cure of cancer. Nonetheless, a small proportion of patients develop disease recurrence. PARP inhibitors represent a new class of promising drugs in anticancer therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) expression in TGCTs and to correlate expression patterns with clinico-pathological variables. Methods: In this translational study, tumor specimens from 124 patients with GCTs were identified. PARP1 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody, scored by the multiplicative quickscore (QS) method and compared to PARP1 expression in testicular tissue of normal testis. The QS was calculated by multiplying the percentage score by the staining intensity score to yield a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 18. Based on the QS nuclear PARP1 expression was graded as low (0–9) or high (10–18). Results: We observed higher expression of PARP1 in testicular tumors compared to normal tissue of testis (mean QS = 10.04 vs. 3.60, p < 0.0000001). Mean QS ± SD for each histological subtype was following: intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) = 18.00 ± 0.00, embryonal carcinoma = 9.62 ± 5.64, seminoma = 9.74 ± 6.51, yolc sac tumor = 7.8 ± 7.20, teratoma = 5.87 ± 5.34, and choriocarcinoma = 4.50 ± 8.33. The PARP1 overexpression (QS > 9) was most often detected in ITGCN (100% of specimen with PARP1 overexpression), seminona (52.6%), embryonal carcinoma (47.0%), yolc sac tumor (33.3%), teratoma (26.7%), and choriocarcinoma (25.0%), compared to 1.9% of normal testicular tissue specimen. There was no association between PARP1 expression and clinical variables. Conclusions: PARP1 overexpression is an early event in the development of TGCTs. We suggest that PARP1 could represent a novel treatment target in TGCTs and the assessment of PARP1 expression in tumor samples may lead to the consideration of TGCTs patients for PARP inhibitor therapy.

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Imperial, Sandy L., and Jagmohan S. Sidhu. "Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Arising in Splenogonadal Fusion." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-1222-ngctai.

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Abstract Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital malformation in which the spleen is abnormally connected to the gonads or to the mesonephric derivatives. A few more than 150 cases have been described in the world literature. We report an additional case of splenogonadal fusion. A nonseminomatous germ cell tumor was found in the testicle involved in this splenogonadal fusion. To our knowledge, this is the third reported case of a testicular neoplasm associated with splenogonadal fusion and the first reported case of intra-abdominal nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor arising in this rare anomaly. The literature pertaining to splenogonadal fusion and the testicular tumor arising in this anomaly is briefly reviewed.

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Albers, Peter. "Testicular germ cell tumors." Asian Journal of Urology 8, no. 2 (April 2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2021.02.002.

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Abu-Jawdeh, Graziella M., and Ryoichi Oyasu. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumors." Pathology International 41, no. 2 (February 1991): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb02503.x.

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37

Bridges, Benjamin, and Arif Hussain. "Testicular germ cell tumors." Current Opinion in Oncology 19, no. 3 (May 2007): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cco.0b013e3280ad43df.

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38

Mannuel, Heather D., Nirupama Mitikiri, Maleha Khan, and Arif Hussain. "Testicular germ cell tumors." Current Opinion in Oncology 24, no. 3 (May 2012): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cco.0b013e32835167fc.

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39

Nallu, Anitha, Heather D. Mannuel, and Arif Hussain. "Testicular germ cell tumors." Current Opinion in Oncology 25, no. 3 (May 2013): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cco.0b013e32835ff3e3.

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40

Haas, Rainer, Piroska Schmidt, Ulrich Göbel, and Dieter Harms. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumors." Klinische Pädiatrie 207, no. 04 (July 1995): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1046531.

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41

Bridges, Benjamin, and Arif Hussain. "Testicular germ cell tumors." Current Opinion in Oncology 18, no. 3 (May 2006): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cco.0000219257.37843.ca.

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42

Stueck, Ashley E., John E. Grantmyre, Lori A. Wood, Cheng Wang, and Jennifer Merrimen. "Spermatocytic Tumor With Sarcoma: A Rare Testicular Neoplasm." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 25, no. 6 (April 25, 2017): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896917706156.

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Spermatocytic tumor, formerly known as spermatocytic seminoma, is an uncommon testicular neoplasm which is a distinct clinicopathologic entity from classic seminoma. These tumors are not associated with germ cell neoplasia in situ, other germ cell tumors, or isochromosome 12p. Although typically, these tumors have an excellent prognosis occasional cases are associated with sarcoma and have a very poor prognosis. We present a case of spermatocytic tumor with sarcoma showing a chondrosarcomatous component, discuss the pathologic findings and differential diagnosis and provide follow-up information.

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43

Cano Garcia, Cristina, Andrea Panunzio, Stefano Tappero, Mattia Luca Piccinelli, Francesco Barletta, Reha-Baris Incesu, Kyle W. Law, et al. "Survival of Testicular Pure Embryonal Carcinoma vs. Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Patients across All Stages." Medicina 59, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030451.

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Background and Objectives: The impact of pure histological subtypes in testicular non-seminoma germ cell tumors on survival, specifically regarding pure embryonal carcinoma, is not well established. Therefore, this study aimed to test for differences between pure embryonal carcinoma and mixed germ cell tumor patients within stages I, II and III in a large population-based database. Materials and Methods: We relied on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (2004–2019) to identify testicular pure embryonal carcinoma vs. mixed germ cell tumor patients. Cumulative incidence plots depicted cancer-specific mortality that represented the main endpoint of interest. Multivariable competing risks regression models tested for differences between pure embryonal carcinoma and mixed germ cell tumor patients in analyses addressing cancer-specific mortality and adjusted for other-cause mortality. Results: Of 11,223 patients, 2473 (22%) had pure embryonal carcinoma. Pure embryonal carcinoma patients exhibited lower cancer-specific mortality relative to their mixed germ cell tumor counterparts for both stage III (13.9 vs. 19.4%; p < 0.01) and stage II (0.5 vs. 3.4%, p < 0.01), but not in stage I (0.9 vs. 1.6%, p = 0.1). In multivariable competing risks regression models, pure embryonal carcinoma exhibited more favorable cancer-specific mortality than mixed germ cell tumor in stage III (hazard ratio 0.71, p = 0.01) and stage II (hazard ratio 0.11, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Pure embryonal carcinoma exhibits a more favorable cancer-specific mortality profile relative to mixed germ cell tumor in stage II and III testicular cancers. Consequently, the presence of mixed germ cell tumor elements may be interpreted as a risk factor for cancer-specific survival.

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44

Hayashi, Tetsuo, Masahide Mine, Shin-Ichi Kojima, and Hideaki Sekine. "Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor Followed by Metachronous Testicular Tumor." Urologia Internationalis 57, no. 3 (1996): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000282911.

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45

Alatassi, Houda, Brittany E. O’Bryan, Jamie C. Messer, and Zhenglong Wang. "Nephroblastoma Arising from Primary Testicular Germ Cell Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Pathology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7318672.

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Adult extrarenal nephroblastoma is a very rare tumor. Nephroblastoma arising from primary testicular germ cell tumor is exceedingly rare. To our knowledge, only three cases have been reported in the English literature. We report a case of a 19-year-old man who presented with a large right testicle. Image studies showed a large retroperitoneal mass along with liver and lung metastases. Orchiectomy demonstrated a mixed germ cell tumor composed of yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, and mature and immature teratoma with a significant portion of nephroblastoma. The patient received chemotherapy and no recurrence was noted during six months of followup. WT-1 expression was also studied due to the lack of consistency of its expression in testicular nephroblastoma in the literature. We also present a discussion and review of the literature due to its rarity, which indicate an adverse prognosis for patients with nephroblastoma components receiving standard chemotherapeutical regimes for testicular germ cell tumors.

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46

Garg, Richa, and Sunil Gupta. "Testicular Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Diagnosed on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology - Is It Reliable?" International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 2239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/art2020827.

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47

Ulbright, Thomas M. "Recently Described and Clinically Important Entities in Testis Tumors: A Selective Review of Changes Incorporated Into the 2016 Classification of the World Health Organization." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 143, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2017-0478-ra.

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Context.— In 2016 the World Health Organization published a revised classification of testicular neoplasms based upon advances in understanding their pathogenesis and molecular biology. The rationale for this revision and additional clinically relevant observations were the topics of a talk given to the Houston Society of Clinical Pathologists in April 2017. This paper summarizes that talk. Objective.— To summarize and explain the most important changes to the classification of testicular neoplasms in the World Health Organization 2016 revision. Data Sources.— Peer-reviewed published literature and contributions by individuals with expertise in this area that were also reviewed by genitourinary pathologists. Conclusions.— Most changes occurred in the germ cell tumor classification, including replacement of the terms intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified and carcinoma in situ by germ cell neoplasia in situ; subdivision of the tumors into 2 main categories, those derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ and those not derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ; distinction of germ cell neoplasia in situ from germ cells with delayed maturation and pre–germ cell neoplasia in situ; expansion of the trophoblastic tumor category to include epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and cystic trophoblastic tumor; and substitution of spermatocytic tumor for spermatocytic seminoma and its placement in the non–germ cell neoplasia in situ group. Other revisions included eliminating sclerosing Sertoli cell tumor as a distinct entity; the recognition of intratubular hyalinizing Sertoli cell tumor; and acceptance of the role of undifferentiated gonadal tissue in the pathogenesis of gonadoblastoma.

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48

Richie, Jerome P. "Re: Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Testicular Germ Cell Tumors." Journal of Urology 196, no. 1 (July 2016): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.167.

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49

Doyle-Lindrud, Susan. "Testicular Cancer: Implications for Primary Care Providers." Clinical Scholars Review 1, no. 2 (November 2008): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1939-2095.1.2.114.

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Germ cell tumors are the most common solid tumor in men between 15 and 34 years of age. Survival from germ cell tumor is high, with a 5-year survival rate of 90% (Schmoll et al., 2004). Because this cancer affects young men, they have many years to manifest the long-term side effects of treatment. Second primary cancers are a leading cause of death among testicular cancer survivors (Zagars, Ballo, Lee, & Strom,2004). This case study reviews the clinical course of a 27-year-old male with a newly diagnosed nonseminoma germ cell tumor. Diagnostic and treatment-related issues for both patient and health care provider are addressed. Guidelines for the surveillance of nonseminoma patients after treatment and the implications of long-term follow-up are reviewed.

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DeLozier-Blanchet, C. D., H. Walt, M. C. Hofmann, and E. Engel. "Cytogenetic studies of testicular germ cell tumors and tumor cell lines." Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 38, no. 2 (April 1989): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4608(89)90594-3.

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