Статті в журналах: "Test feu vertical UL 94"

1

Jin, Tian-Xiang, Xian-Yin Zhang, Yun-Feng Tao, Dan Wang, Feng Chen, and Qiang Fu. "A novel biodegradable phosphorus-containing copolyester with preferable flame retardancy and mechanical properties." RSC Advances 5, no. 75 (2015): 61364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11390c.

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2

Hoang, Quy Thi Dong, Cuong Ngoc Hoang, Anh Huynh Tram Pham, Vien Tri Thiem, Huong Ngoc Nhu Nguyen, and Vy Thi Kim Trinh. "FLAME RETARDATION PERFORMANCES OF HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT WHEN APPLIED TO UNSATURATED POLYESTER." Science and Technology Development Journal 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v15i3.1819.

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In order to improve fire performance of polymeric materials, phosphorus flame retardants (FRs) were studied in an attempt to obtain UL-94 ratings for materials based on unsaturated polyester. The fire behaviors and thermal stability properties were evaluated using UL-94 vertical test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The UL-94 test results show that V-1 rating is achieved. TGA and UL-94 results concluded that phosphorus FRs employed in this study works on both vapor phase and condensed phase, but the vapour phase is dominant mode of action. These suggested that the addition of FRs probably does affect on the char layer formed during combustion behavior and increase the flame retardant properties in the case of condensed phase mode of action. The efficiency of flame retardant of phosphorus also highly depends upon the phosphorus moieties generated during the decomposition which further converted to radical capturing species, and consequently quenching the flame in the case of gas phase mode of action. These FRs can be promising candidates that replace the halogen-based.

3

Pham, Linh Thi Thuy, Hien Thi Thu Nguyen, and Quy Thi Dong Hoang. "Flame retardation performances of non-halogen flame retardant applied to composite PVC-wood flour." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i4.905.

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In order to improve the fire performance of composite materials, halogen-free flame retardant (diamonium hydrogen phosphate- DAP) was studied in an attempt to obtain UL-94 ratings for composite PVC-wood flour (PVC-WF). The fire behaviors and thermal stability properties were evaluated using UL- 94 vertical test, LOI test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The UL- 94 test results show that V-0 rating is achieved at 1.5 wt% of DAP loading. The incorporation of halogene-free flame retardant (FR) increases the flame retardant properties as well as the amounts of charred residues protecting the mixture from further degradation. This assertion can be accepted when observing that the char residual of PVC-WF/DAP mixture at 600 oC is much higher than that of neat PVC-WF. The char layer may limit the amount of fuel available and insulate the underlying composite material from the flame and, thus, inhibit further degradation. This FR is a promising candidate that could replace the halogenbased flame retardant.

4

Dai, Pei Bang, Lin Ying Yang, Ting Zheng, Chang Qin, and Qi Chen Tang. "Flame Retardant Effect of a Modified Intumescent Flame Retardant on a Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Key Engineering Materials 748 (August 2017): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.748.51.

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A rigid polyurethane (PU) flame retardant composite foam was prepared by the compounding of polyols and diisocyanates with a modified intumescent flame retardant (MIFR). The MIFR was based on the three components of intumescent flame retardant normally used and was modified in a surfactant TX-10 solution. The flame retardancy of the PU flame retardant composite foams were evaluated by using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 (vertical flame) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When MIFR was fixed at 20.0 wt% in PU/MIFR composite foams, the MIFR could enhance the flame retardancy and pass V-0 rating of UL-94 test. The microstructures observed by SEM demonstrate that a suitable amount of MIFR can promote formation of compact intumescent charred layers in PU foams.

5

Zhang, Tie, Weishi Liu, Meixiao Wang, Ping Liu, Yonghong Pan, and Dongfa Liu. "Synthesis of a boron/nitrogen-containing compound based on triazine and boronic acid and its flame retardant effect on epoxy resin." High Performance Polymers 29, no. 5 (May 25, 2016): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316650929.

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With the aim of developing a novel organic flame retardant, an organic boronic acid derivative containing a triazine ring (2,4,6-tris(4-boronic-2-thiophene)-1,3,5-triazine (3TT-3BA)) was synthesized. The thermal properties of 3TT-3BA and its corresponding intermediate products were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that 3TT-3BA has a high char yield (56.9%). The flame retardant properties of epoxy resin (EP) with 3TT-3BA were investigated by cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, and vertical burning test (UL 94). The LOI of EP with 20% 3TT-3BA is 31.2% and the UL 94 V-0 rating is achieved for EP with 20% 3TT-3BA. The flame retardant mechanism of 3TT-3BA in EP was investigated using TGA–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

6

Liu, Sun, Yi Lun Tan, Si Chun Shao, Yin Yin Hui, and Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Polyhydroxy Triazine Charring Agent and Properties of its Flame Retarded Polyproylene." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.23.

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In this study, a novel polyhydroxy triazine charring agent (PT-CA) was synthesized through the solid-state reaction of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and pentaerythritol. Meanwhile, the molecular structure of the chemical compound was determined by FTIR, elemental analysis and thermalgravimetric analysis (TG).Then it is combined with microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and melamine phosphate (MP) to impart flame retardance and dripping resistance for polypropylene (PP).The fire performance of treated PP was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL-94).It has been found that the treated PP with the optimal flame retardant formulation of MAPP:MA:PTCA=18:6:6 (weight ratio, formulation 10) gives an LOI of 31.5 and UL-94 V-0 rating.

7

Wang, Yong, and Jun Zhang. "Thermal stabilities of drops of burning thermoplastics under the UL 94 vertical test conditions." Journal of Hazardous Materials 246-247 (February 2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.020.

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8

Bachtiar, Erik Valentine, Katarzyna Kurkowiak, Libo Yan, Bohumil Kasal, and Torsten Kolb. "Thermal Stability, Fire Performance, and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Fabric-Reinforced Polymer Composites with Different Fire Retardants." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040699.

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In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ALH) with different mass contents were used as fire retardants (FRs) on plant-based natural flax fabric-reinforced polymer (FFRP) composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI), and the Underwriters Laboratories (UL)-94 horizontal and vertical tests were carried out for evaluating the effectiveness of these FR treatments. Flat-coupon tensile test was performed to evaluate the effects of FR treatment on the mechanical properties of the FFRP composites. For both fire retardants, the results showed that the temperature of the thermal decomposition and the LOI values of the composites increased as the FR content increases. Under the UL-94 vertical test, the FFRP composites with 20% and 30% APP (i.e., by mass content of epoxy polymer matrix) were self-extinguished within 30 and 10 s following the removal of the flame without any burning drops, respectively. However, the mechanical tensile tests showed that the APP treated FFRP composites reduced their elastic modulus and strength up to 24% and 18%, respectively. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) for morphology examination showed an effective coating of the flax fibres with the FRs, which improved the flame retardancy of the treated composites.

9

Hu, Xiao Ping, Yu Yang Guo, Quan Min Xu, Hui Min Heng, and Liang Jun Li. "Synthesis of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Oligomer and its Application in ABS Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.204.

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A novel intumescent flame retardant oligomer containing phosphorous-nitrogen structure (PSPTR) was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The thermal behavior of PSPTR was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA data shows that PSPTR has a high initial temperature of thermal degradation and a high char residue of 41.18wt% at 700 . A novel intumescent ﬂame retardant (IFR) system, which is composed of PSPTR and novolac phenol (NP), was used to impart ﬂame retardancy of ABS. The combustion behaviors of the ABS/IFR composites were investigated by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. When the content of IFR (PSPTR:NP=1:1 mass ratio) is 30 wt%, the LOI value of ABS/IFR reaches 28.2, and the vertical burning test reaches UL-94 V-1 rating.

10

Cheng, Xi, Jianming Wu, Yulin Li, Chenguang Yao, and Guisheng Yang. "SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate: Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties." Journal of Fire Sciences 37, no. 2 (March 2019): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119830591.

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Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame-retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). The flame-retardant properties of the TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO were investigated by LOI and vertical burning test (UL-94). The results indicated that TPE-S containing 16 wt% AHP, 20 wt% MCA, and 10 wt% PPO reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and its LOI value was 28.2%. It performed well in the cone calorimeter (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests showed that AHP and MCA acted in gaseous phase, while AHP and PPO helped to form char residue. The SEM graphs demonstrated that continuous and compact films cover bubbles of the char layer in TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO. The proposed flame-retardant mechanisms of such systems were summarized.

11

Wang, Yong, Jun Zhang, Jinder Jow, and Kenny Su. "Analysis and Modeling of Ignitability of Polymers in the UL-94 Vertical Burning Test Condition." Journal of Fire Sciences 27, no. 6 (July 30, 2009): 561–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904109099999.

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12

Kempel, Florian, Bernhard Schartel, Julio M. Marti, Kathryn M. Butler, Riccardo Rossi, Sergio R. Idelsohn, Eugenio Oñate, and Anja Hofmann. "Modelling the vertical UL 94 test: competition and collaboration between melt dripping, gasification and combustion." Fire and Materials 39, no. 6 (June 24, 2014): 570–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.2257.

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13

Geng, Junming, Jianyu Qin, and Jiyu He. "Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203496.

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An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, the cone calorimeter (CONE) test as well as other characterization methods. The results showed that the intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT can be successfully prepared by the melting method and that the MMT is evenly dispersed in the EP/DOPO-MMT composite in the form of nanosheets. The EP/DOPO-MMT nanocomposites showed the optimal flame retardancy (LOI, UL-94, PHRR, etc.) among the EPs with DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixture of DOPO+MMT. The flame-retardant grade of the material reached V-0.

14

Liu, Nian, Na Wang, Lingtong Li, Weidi He, Jianbing Guo, Xiaolang Chen, Kun Zhang, and Hong Wu. "Modified expandable graphite as an effective flame retardant for LLDPE/EVA composites filled with Mg(OH)2/Al(OH)3." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 7 (February 24, 2019): 938–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718815539.

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The flammability, thermal properties, and synergistic effects of modified expandable graphite (MEG) with magnesium hydroxide (MH) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) on the linear low-density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (LLDPE/EVA) blends are investigated by Underwriters Laboratories-94 (UL-94) vertical combustion test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the MEG improves the flame-retardant efficiency of LLDPE/EVA blends. The addition of MEG apparently improves the LOI values and the UL-94 rating of LLDPE/EVA composites. The data obtained from the CCT show that the heat release rate (HRR), the total heat release (THR), and the gas production rate of composites with MEG decrease remarkably with increasing the content of MEG. When 10 phr of MEG is added, the char residues of LEMEG10 increase to 38.2% from 2.7% of LLDPE/EVA. The results of SEM and CCT present that MEG can improve the quality of char layers. The rate of char formation is enhanced also due to the existence of MEG, which plays an important role to improve the flame retardancy of the LLDPE/EVA composites.

15

Niu, Mingjun, Zhongzhou Zhang, Zizhen Wei, and Wanjie Wang. "Effect of a Novel Flame Retardant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Combustion Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102407.

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Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased materials, but its inherent flammability limits its applications. A novel flame retardant hexa-(DOPO-hydroxymethylphenoxy-dihydroxybiphenyl)-cyclotriphosphazene (HABP-DOPO) for PLA was prepared by bonding 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to cyclotriphosphazene. The morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal stability and burning behaviors of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a universal mechanical testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value reached 28.5% and UL-94 could pass V-0 for the PLA blend containing 25 wt% HABP-DOPO. A significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for PLA/HABP-DOPO blends. PLA/HABP-DOPO blends exhibited balanced mechanical properties. The flame retardant mechanism of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends was evaluated.

16

Zhang, Qing, Huiyuan Liu, Junxia Guan, Xiaochun Yang, and Baojing Luo. "Synergistic Flame Retardancy of Phosphatized Sesbania Gum/Ammonium Polyphosphate on Polylactic Acid." Molecules 27, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154748.

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Phosphating sesbania gum (DESG) was obtained by modifying sesbania gum (SG) with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and endic anhydride (EA). The structure of DESG was determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Flame-retardant polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared by melt-blending PLA with DESG, which acted as a carbon source, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which acted as an acid source and a gas source. The flame retardancy of the PLA composite was investigated using vertical combustion (UL-94), the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the cone calorimeter (CONE) test. Thermal properties and morphology were characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. Experimental results indicated that when the mass ratio of DESG/APP was equal to 12/8 the LOI value was 32.2%; a vertical burning test (UL-94) V-0 rating was achieved. Meanwhile, the sample showed a lowest total heat release (THR) value of 52.7 MJ/m2, which is a 32.5% reduction compared to that of neat PLA. Using FESEM, the uniform distribution of DESG and APP in the PLA matrix was observed. The synergistic effect of DESG and APP effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of PLA. Additionally, the synergistic mechanism of DESG and APP in PLA was proposed.

17

Qiao, Yihui, Yanbin Wang, Menghao Zou, Dehuan Xu, Yingtong Pan, Zhonglin Luo, and Biaobing Wang. "One-Step Synthesis of Highly Efficient Oligo(phenylphosphonic Dihydroxypropyl Silicone Oil) Flame Retardant for Polycarbonate." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121977.

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A highly efficient flame retardant and smoke suppression oligomer, oligo(phenylphosphonic dihydroxypropyl silicone oil) (PPSO), was synthesized by a one-step reaction. The chemical structure of PPSO was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR), and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si NMR). The flame-retardant effect of PPSO on the polycarbonate (PC) matrix was investigated by limiting oxygen index, UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimetry, respectively. The results showed that PC/PPSO composites passed UL-94 V-0 rate testing with only 1.3 wt. % PPSO. Furthermore, the incorporation of PPSO can suppress the release of smoke. The flame-retardant mechanism was also investigated via thermogravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), field-emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. From the result of pyrolysis gas and char residue, PPSO played a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism including the gas phase and the condensed phase.

18

Li, Xiao Yan, Yan Chun Li, Chen Jie Shi, Si Si Cai, Xia Wang, Fan Fan, and Ao Li. "Influence of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flammability and Tensile Behavior of Oil-Extended SEBS." Advanced Materials Research 749 (August 2013): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.65.

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A kind of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) were used for flame retarding of oil-extended hydrogenated styrene-butylenes-styrene (O-SEBS). The samples were systemically characterized by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results showed that the IFR retardant can promote residual chars with multi-micro holes on the surface of SEBS to inhibit flame; with 45% IFR content, the LOI is 28.3 and flame retardant level is UL-94 classification of V-0, with no dripping. The morphological structures observed by SEM demonstrated that higher IFR content promote to form larger and compact films cover on bubbles of the intumescent char layer. The TG data revealed that the IFR could change the degradation behavior of the O-SEBS, enhance the thermal stability and increase the char residue, The tensile strength of all the O-SEBS/IFR blends had the tensile strength of more than 4MPa and the elongation of more than 850%.

19

Linh, Pham Thi Thuy, and Hoang Thi Dong Quy. "Thermoplastic polyurethane flame retardant using phosphorus/phosphorus-nitrogen compounds." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i1.680.

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In order to improve fire performance of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material, halogen-free flame retardants (triphenylphosphate- TPP and diamonium hydrogen phosphate-DAP) were studied in an attempt to obtain UL-94V ratings. The fire behaviors and thermal stability properties were evaluated using UL-94 vertical test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The UL- 94V results showed that V-0 ratings were achieved at 5 wt% of DAP or 7.5 wt% loading of TPP. The incorporation of these flame retardant (FR) increases the flame retardant properties as well as the amounts of charred residues protecting the mixture from further degradation. This assertion could be accepted when observing that the char residual of TPU/DAP mixture at 500–600oC was much higher than that of neat TPU. The char layer limited the amount of fuel available and insulate the underlying composite material from the flame and, thus, make further degradation more difficult. The mechanism of flame retardants was also discussed in this study.

20

Li, Liang, and Zaisheng Cai. "Flame-Retardant Performance of Transparent and Tensile-Strength-Enhanced Epoxy Resins." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020317.

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In this study, a flame-retardant additive with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) groups denoted DSD was successfully synthesized from DOPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), and salicylaldehyde. The chemical structure of DSD was characterized by FTIR–ATR, NMR, and elemental analysis. DSD was used as an amine curing agent, and the transparent, tensile strength-enhanced epoxy resins named EP–DSD were prepared via thermal curing reactions among the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and DSD. The flame-retardancy of composites was studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 test. The LOI values of EP–DSD composites increased from 30.7% for a content of 3 wt % to 35.4% for a content of 9 wt %. When the content of DSD reached 6 wt %, a V-0 rating under the UL-94 vertical test was achieved. SEM photographs of char residues after the UL-94 test indicate that an intumescent and tight char layer with a porous structure inside was formed. The TGA results revealed that EP–DSD thermosets decomposed ahead of time. The graphitization degree of the residual chars was also investigated by laser Raman spectroscopy. The measurement of tensile strength at breaking point shows that the loading of DSD increases the tensile strength of epoxy thermosets. Py-GC/MS analysis shows the presence of phosphorus fragments released during EP–DSD thermal decomposition, which could act as free radical inhibitors in the gas phase. Owing to the promotion of the formation of intumescent and compact char residues in the condensed phase and nonflammable phosphorus fragments formed from the decomposition of DOPO groups, EP–DSD composites displayed obvious flame-retardancy.

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Wang, Peilong, Xianling Fu, Yongchun Kan, Xin Wang, and Yuan Hu. "Two high-efficient DOPO-based phosphonamidate flame retardants for transparent epoxy resin." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 3 (March 8, 2018): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318762037.

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In this work, two kinds of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based phosphonamidate flame retardants named 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl methane (DDM)-DOPO and morpholine (MPL)-DOPO are successfully synthesized by the classic Atherton–Todd reaction, and their chemical structures are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Epoxy composites containing DDM-DOPO or MPL-DOPO are prepared, which still retain relatively high transparency compared with pure epoxy resin (EP). Its fire behavior is studied in terms of vertical burning test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter tests. The LOI values can achieve 30% and UL-94 test past V-0 rating for DDM-DOPO-modified epoxy composites with 0.25 wt% phosphorus content. The cone calorimeter results indicate that the modified epoxy composites can release less heat and smoke compared with pure EP. Also, thermal degradation behavior and flame-retardant mechanism of epoxy composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results indicate that two DOPO-based phosphonamidates show a significant gaseous-phase effect on reducing the release of combustible volatiles.

22

Lai, Xuejun, Jiedong Qiu, Hongqiang Li, Xingrong Zeng, Shuang Tang, Ye Chen, and Zhen Chen. "Flame-Retardant and Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Caged Phosphate Charring Agent with Melamine Pyrophosphate for Polypropylene." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/360274.

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An efficient caged phosphate charring agent named PEPA was synthesized and combined with melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) to flame-retard polypropylene (PP). The effects of MPP/PEPA on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of PP were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetric test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that PEPA showed an outstanding synergistic effect with MPP in flame retardant PP. When the content of PEPA was 13.3 wt% and MPP was 6.7 wt%, the LOI value of the flame retardant PP was 33.0% and the UL-94 test was classed as a V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (AV-HRR), and average mass loss rate (AV-MLR) of the mixture were significantly reduced. The flame-retardant and thermal degradation mechanism of MPP/PEPA was investigated by TGA, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), TG-FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDXS). It revealed that MPP/PEPA could generate the triazine oligomer and phosphorus-containing compound radicals which changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP. Meanwhile, a compact and thermostable intumescent char was formed and covered on the matrix surface to prevent PP from degrading and burning.

23

Kim, Woojung, and Dong Quy Hoang Thi. "Organo-phosphorus flame retardants when applied to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1i6.629.

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In order to find an effective halogen-free flame retardant for acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene copolymer (ABS), organo-phosphorus compounds were studied and their flame retarding performances were determined by UL 94 vertical test. It is found that the flame retardancy strongly depends on phosphorus (P) content of organophosphorus compounds. Only the mixture of ABS with 2-(6-oxido-6Hdibenz< c,e><1,2>oxaphosphorin-6-yl) methyl diethyl phosphinate (ODOPM-DE), which has the highest P content, i.e., 17.68 % gives V-0 rating for the 70/30 composition.

24

Kheyrabadi, Rasool, Hossein Rahmani, and S. Heydar Mahmoudi Najafi. "Flame-retardant halogen-free polymers using phosphorylated hexaglycidyl epoxy resin." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316688759.

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Flame-retardant halogen-free epoxy resin, containing phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in the main chain, was synthesized through the curing of tris(3-(bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)amino)phenyl)phosphine oxide (HGE, hexaglycidyl epoxy monomer), starting from tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAPO) and epichlorohydrin. The molecular structure of HGE with molecular weight 660 was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. Epoxy equivalent weight determined by titration method was 120. The thermal curing behavior of the HGE/TAPO was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. An intense exotherm due to curing reaction was observed in the temperature range from 123°C to 215°C. The HGE cured with TAPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and the thermal behaviors were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The flame retardancy properties of the HGE/TAPO, DDS, and DAN were evaluated by vertical burning test (UL-94 V). The high performance cured epoxy resins showed high thermal stability and UL-94 V-0 flame retardancy rating.

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Meng, Lingyu, Xiangrui Li, Mingli Liu, Chunfeng Li, Lipeng Meng, and Sen Hou. "Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate and Its Application in Polypropylene Resins." Coatings 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2022): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111738.

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Herein, a simple and environment-friendly method of coupling agent treatment of APP (ammonium polyphosphate) is provided and an optimum process of modification via coupling agent is identified. The effects of coupling agent type, dosage, modification time, and modification temperature on the modification of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were investigated using an orthogonal experimental design. The modified ammonium polyphosphate (KAPP) was characterized under optimal process conditions using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The treatment greatly improved the water solubility, dispersibility, and thermal stability of KAPP; and the application of KAPP in polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The flexural properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy were studied using mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis, oxygen index, and UL-94 vertical combustion. The results show that the KAPP-added polypropylene composites have better bending properties when compared with the APP-added PP composites. SEM analysis suggests that the surface of KAPP became smoother and flat; dispersion was better, compatibility with the PP matrix was improved, and there were no prominent voids and gaps in the cross-section. A different degree of improvement in flame retardancy was also observed as per the LOI and vertical combustion results, wherein the PP composites prepared by adding 20% KAPP achieved the LOI of 27.6% and passed the UL-94 test with V-0 rating.

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Tomiak, Florian, Kevin Schneider, Angelina Schoeffel, Klaus Rathberger, and Dietmar Drummer. "Expandable Graphite as a Multifunctional Flame-Retarding Additive for Highly Filled Thermal Conductive Polymer Formulations." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081613.

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Expandable graphite (EG) and graphite (G) were assessed as multifunctional additives improving both flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in highly filled, thermal conductive polymeric materials based on polyamide 6 (PA6). Fire testing was conducted using modern UL-94, LOI and cone calorimeter test setups. It is demonstrated that thermal conductivity can significantly influence the time to ignition, although offering little fire resistance once ignited even in highly filled systems. Thus, for PA6 formulations containing solely 70 wt.% G, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) measured in cone calorimeter tests was 193 kW/m², whereas PA6 formulations containing 20 wt.% EG/50 wt.% G did not exhibit a measurable heat development. Particular attention was paid to effect separation between thermal conductivity and residue formation. Good thermal conductivity properties are proven to be particularly effective in test scenarios where the heat impact is comparatively low and the testing environment provides good heat dissipation and convective cooling possibilities. For candle-like ignition scenarios (e.g., LOI), filling levels of >50 wt.% (G or EG/G) are shown to be sufficient to suppress ignition exclusively by thermal conductivity. V0 classifications in UL-94 vertical burning tests were achieved for PA6 formulations containing ≥70 wt.% G, ≥25 wt.% EG and ≥20 wt.% EG/25 wt.% G.

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Beltrán-Ramírez, F. I., L. F. Ramos-deValle, E. Ramírez-Vargas, S. Sánchez-Valdes, A. B. Espinoza-Martínez, J. G. Martínez-Colunga, O. S. Rodríguez-Fernandez, E. N. Cabrera-Alvarez, and M. L. López-Quintanilla. "Effect of Nanometric Metallic Hydroxides on the Flame Retardant Properties of HDPE Composites." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/969184.

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The effect of nanometric magnesium and aluminum hydroxides on the flame retardancy of high density polyethylene was studied. Additionally, the effect of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PEgMA) and methyl acrylate grafted polyethylene (EMA) compatibilizers, on the tensile properties, was also studied. Morphological characterization of nanocomposites was carried out by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Flame retardant properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by the UL-94 horizontal and vertical tests as well as by cone calorimeter tests. Thermal degradation behavior was analyzed with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Tensile tests were carried out according to ASTM D 638-03 in an Instron 4301 tensile testing machine. From STEM images, a good dispersion of flame retardants (MH and ATH) in the polymer matrix was observed, which was reflected in the flame retardant properties. Results showed that the combination of nanometric MH and ATH produced excellent flame retardant properties, achieving a classification of V0 in the UL-94-V test and producing the lowest peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the lowest total heat released (THR) in the cone calorimeter test. Finally, the addition of compatibilizer, especially PEgMA, resulted in much better tensile properties as compared to the noncompatibilized composition, maintaining the flame retardant properties.

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Dong, Yanmao, and Zhiyang Shen. "Synthesis of PMM and Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect with Ammonium polyphosphate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2713, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2713/1/012021.

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Abstract A novel flame retardant poly {[(2-Methyl-acrylic acid 2-(dimethoxyphosphoryloxy)-ethyl ester]-co-[2-Methyl-acrylic acid 2-(trimethoxysiloxy)-ethyl ester]} (PMM) containing dimethoxyphosphoryloxy and trimethoxysiloxy groups in side chains was synthesized. The structure of PMM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and the thermal performance of PMM was characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of PMM on polypropylene’s flame retardancy and thermal behaviors was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), and TG tests. The experimental results indicate that the addition of PMM helps to improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of PP. When the addition of PMM and APP in PC was 15% and 20%, the LOI value of PC reached 28.4%, and the UL-94 test rating reached V-0 level. The charred structure observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the char surface for PP/APP/PMM system holds an intumescent char structure compared to neat PP, and the synergy exists in the composites. The PMM slightly decreased the tensile property in terms of strength but increased the elongation at break for PP composites.

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S, Sakthivel, Magibalan S, Jeyaprakasam S, and Venkatraman J. "Improving Fire Resistance in E-Vehicles: A Study on MPP-Enhanced S-Glass/Phenolic Hybrid Composites." E3S Web of Conferences 529 (2024): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452902001.

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The automotive industry has benefited greatly from the advancements in fireproof, high-strength fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites during the last several decades. S-Glass/Phenolic hybrid composites made by hydraulic compression molding are the subject of this investigation into the effects of Melamine Polyphosphate (MPP) on their thermal and fire performance. In addition to studying the morphology of the samples, researchers analyzed the thermal and fire performances of hybrid laminates made with neat laminates and varying compositions of MPP (ranging from 3% to 15% by weight). Tests included UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and the impacts of accelerated heat ageing on the behavior of the hybrid specimens. The results demonstrated that specimens filled with higher MPP performed better in a fire compared to neat samples. According to the results in UL 94 horizontal burning test and vertical burning test, specimens filled with 12 and 15 wt. % MPP demonstrated a reduced flame spreading rate and fulfilled the V-0 criteria. Simultaneously, the energy absorption capacity of hybrid configurations is severely limited by heat ageing, due to its temperature and duration dependent. The research proved that the suggested S-Glass / Phenolic / Melamine Polyphosphate hybrid composites were suitable for creating environmentally friendly electric vehicle battery housings and fire-resistant automotive parts.

30

Zhao, Wei, and Bin Li. "Effect of a Novel Phosphorus and Silicon System on Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation of PC." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.3.

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The novel phosphine was used with a silicon resin to impart flame resistancy to polycarbonate. Combustion behaviors and thermal degradation properties of flame retardancy PC have been assayed by limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test and thermogravimetric analysis. Dynamic rheological of FR-PC was also examined. Flame retardant consisted of 80 wt.% PPPO and 20 wt.% silicon resin possesses excellent flame retardancy for PC. LOI value of FR-PC is 33.0% and passes UL-94 V-0 rating. SEM revealed that the char yield as well as char properties have direct effects on the flame retardancy.

31

Shi, Xuejun, Baoting Wei, Yongjun Han, Xiangxiang Du, and Guoxu He. "Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses." e-Polymers 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 742–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0070.

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Abstract Silicon carbide (SiC) was modified by melamine polyphosphate (MPP)-modified silicone to form SiC-MPP, then incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for developing thermally resistant composites, which showed thermal conductivity and flame retardancy performance. The EP/SiC-MPP composites were prepared by blending and cured under 60°C for 2 h and 150°C for 8 h. The grafting degree of SiC-MPP was analyzed using Fourier transform Infrared, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric measurements. The flame retardancy of the EP/SiC-MPP composites was studied by UL-94 vertical combustion and cone calorimetry test. The results showed that for EP/SiC-MPP containing 20 wt%, the UL-94 was case V1. Also compared to pure epoxy, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of composites was reduced from 800 to 304 kW·m−2. The thermal conductivity of EP/SiC-M20 composites was 0.53 W·m−1·K−1, almost 2.5-fold higher than pure epoxy (0.21 W·m−1·K−1). The as-prepared EP/SiC-MPP composites exhibited enhanced flame retardancy and thermal conductivity. Based on analyses performed, these composites took credit-related applications.

32

Zhao, Qianqiong, Congyan Chen, Ruilan Fan, Yong Yuan, Yalin Xing, and Xiao Ma. "Halogen-free flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam with a nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904116684363.

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A halogen-free flame retardant containing nitrogen and phosphorus, 2-[anilino-(6-oxobenzo[c][2,1]benzoxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl]phenol (PDOP), has been synthesized by reaction of benzo[c][2,1]benzoxaphosphinine-6-oxide (DOPO) with 2-( N-phenyliminomethyl)phenol. Halogen-free flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF-PDOP) were prepared using PDOP as a flame retardant. The flammability was investigated using limiting oxygen index, a vertical burning test (UL-94), and a cone calorimeter. When PDOP (10 wt%) as flame retardant was added to RPUF (RPUF-PDOP10%), the limiting oxygen index value was increased from 18% to 27%, and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved; meanwhile, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and the average mass-loss rates of RPUF-PDOP10% were reduced from 246 to 207 kW m−2, from 26.9 to 21.0 MJ/m2, and from 0.043 to 0.033 g/s, respectively. Especially, the initial decomposition temperature of RPUF-PDOP10% was decreased from 228°C to 209°C. The final residual char from decomposition of RPUF-PDOP10% was significantly increased up to 35.6%. The addition of PDOP did not markedly decrease the mechanical properties of the resulting flame-retardant RPUFs.

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Jin, Xiaodong, Suping Cui, Shibing Sun, Jun Sun, and Sheng Zhang. "The Preparation and Characterization of Polylactic Acid Composites with Chitin-Based Intumescent Flame Retardants." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 3513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203513.

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In this work, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system was fabricated by the introduction of chitin as a green charring agent, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the acid source, and melamine (MEL) as the gas source. The obtained chitin-based IFR was then incorporated into a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix using melt compounding. The fire resistance of PLA/chitin composites was investigated via the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter (CONE) tests. The results demonstrated that the combination of 10%APP, 5%chitin and 5%MEL could result in a 26.0% LOI, a V-0 rating after UL and a 51.2% reduction in the peak heat release rate during the CONE test. Based on the mechanism analysis from both the morphology and the chemical structure of the char, it was suggested that chitin was a promising candidate as a charring agent for chitin reacted with APP and MEL with the formation of an intumescent layer on the surface.

34

Yan, Wei, Jie Yu, Mingqiu Zhang, Lijuan Long, Tao Wang, Shuhao Qin, and Weijiang Huang. "Novel flame retardancy effect of phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative on epoxy resin." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 6 (July 3, 2017): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317716525.

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A series of flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs) containing either phenethyl-bridged 9 or 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (bisDOPO) were prepared. The flame-retardant properties of bisDOPO on EP composites were characterized by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 vertical burning, and the cone calorimeter test (CCT).The LOI of the EP/bisDOPO composites increased from 21.8% to 38.0%, and the hybrids with the 10 wt% bisDOPO obtained a V-0 rating in the UL94 vertical burning test. The char residue following the CCT showed intumescent structures with continuous and compact surfaces that can effectively suppress the spread of the flame and extinguish the fire. This was confirmed through both visual observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. The flame-retardant mechanism was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry, SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Overall, bisDOPO was an effective flame retardant with potential applications within EP.

35

Wang, Ning Ping, Hai Shan Tang, Lang Ping Xia, Si Chun Shao, Jie Zhu, and Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of Triazine-Based Charring Agent and its Application in Flame Retarded Polypropylene." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.623.

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In this study, N,N-(2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazinyl) diethylenetriamine were synthesized by cyanuric chloride, diethylenetriamine and ammonia with a novel process in three steps, and it can be used as charring agent in intumescent flame retardant. Its chemical structures were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and elemental analysis. Meanwhile, the TGA results showed that triazine-based charring agent had good thermostability. Furthermore, the fire performancce of composites blended by the flame retardant and polypropylene was investigated by vertical burning test. The results revealed good fire retardancy that flame retardant polypropylene with 5.1wt% charring agent, 2.8wt% anti-dripping and 20.1wt% APP, was reached UL-94 V-0 rating.

36

Zheng, Yu Lei, Shuang Chen, Jia Hui Wang, and Ru Xiao. "Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Polyamide 66." Materials Science Forum 977 (February 2020): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.977.102.

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Polyamide 66 (PA66) benefits from excellent mechanical properties and good chemical resistance, which enabled wide application of this material in various industrial fields; however, it suffers from high flammability. Generally, preparation of a flame retardant PA from a reactive flame retardant involves a two-step process. In this study, the flame retardant PA66s (FRPA66s) are synthesized via a one-pot melt copolycondensation route by using a reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant (FR-B). Then, molecular weight, some mechanical and thermal properties along with flame retardant properties of FRPA66s were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), instron material testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, vertical burning test (UL 94), and limiting oxygen index test (LOI) techniques. The experimental results confirmed that FRPA66s synthesized by the one-pot method have very similar properties compared to those obtained via the two-step process. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good non-flammability behavior with limiting oxygen index value of over 30% and a vertical burning test result of V-0 rating.

37

Wang, Fang, Wenbo Shi, Yuliang Mai, and Bing Liao. "Effect of Thermal Conductive Fillers on the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Conductivity, and Thermal Behavior of Flame-Retardant and Thermal Conductive Polyamide 6." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 4114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244114.

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In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with improved flame retardancy and thermal conductivity were prepared with different thermal conductive fillers (TC fillers) such as aluminum nitride (AlN) and boron nitride (BN) in a PA6 matrix with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) as a fire retardant. The resultant halogen-free flame retardant (HFFR) and thermal conductive (TC) PA6 (HFFR-TC-PA6) were investigated in detail with a mechanical property test, a limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical burning test (UL-94), a cone calorimeter, a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphology of the impact fracture surface and char residue of the composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the thermal conductivity of the HFFR-TC-PA6 composite increased with the amount of TC fillers. The TC fillers exerted a positive effect for flame retardant PA6. For example, the HFFR-TC-PA6 composites with the thickness of 1.6 mm successfully passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI of more than 29% when the loading amount of AlN-550RFS, BN-SW08 and BN-NW04 was 30 wt%. The morphological structures of the char residues revealed that TC fillers formed a highly integrated char layer surface (without holes) during the combustion process, as compared to that of flame retardant PA6/AlPi composites. In addition, the thermal stability and crystallization behavior of the composites were studied.

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Huang, Shan, Xiao Hou, Jiaojiao Li, Xiujuan Tian, Qing Yu, and Zhongwei Wang. "A novel curing agent based on diphenylphosphine oxide for flame-retardant epoxy resin." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 10 (December 11, 2017): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317745957.

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A phosphorous/nitrogen-containing diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO) derivative (DPO-SS) was designed and synthesized via a two-step reaction of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, and DPO. The structure of DPO-SS was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). DPO-SS was used as a flame retardant and curing agent for copolymerizing with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A. Thermal and flame-retardant properties of the obtained flame-retardant epoxy resin (F-EP) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic thermomechanical analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, vertical burning test (UL-94), and cone calorimeter test. Results indicated that all F-EP samples exhibited excellent thermal stability and flame-retardant property. Especially for F-EP with P content of 0.7 wt% (denoted as EP/P-0.7), it achieved high LOI values (32.4%) and UL-94 V-0 rating. Compared with pure EP, all F-EP samples showed lower heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke produce, and little Tg fluctuation. In order to study the flame-retardant mechanism, the char residues were investigated by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis. The results manifested that DPO-SS acted as flame retardant in both gas phase and condensed phase. Water absorption properties of pure EP and F-EP were also compared through immersion experiments. Results showed that EP/P-0.7 sample had apparently lower water absorptivity than pure EP.

39

Zhang, Heng, Junliang Lu, Hongyan Yang, Jinyan Lang, and Heng Yang. "Comparative Study on the Flame-Retardant Properties and Mechanical Properties of PA66 with Different Dicyclohexyl Hypophosphite Acid Metal Salts." Polymers 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121956.

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Three metal salts of dicyclohexyl hypophosphite, namely dicyclohexyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADCP), dicyclohexyl magnesium hypophosphite (MDCP), and dicyclohexyl zinc hypophosphite (ZDCP), were synthesized. These flame retardants were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, and the results showed that ADCP and ZDCP had higher thermal stabilities than MDCP. They were then separately mixed with polyamide 66 (PA66)to prepare composite materials, of which the combustion properties were determined by the limiting oxygen index method and horizontal/vertical burning experiments. The mechanical properties of the materials were further evaluated using an electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that all the three flame retardants exerted a flame-retardant effect on PA66, but the flame-retardant effect of MDCP was inferior to those of ADCP and ZDCP. All the composites also showed similar mechanical properties. Among the three flame retardants, ADCP had the best overall performance for raw materials, showing good flame-retardant properties while maintaining the mechanical properties of the raw materials. The optimal dosage of ADCP was 15 wt %, at which a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test (UL 94 test) can be obtained.

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Atabek Savas, Lemiye, Aysenur Mutlu, Ali Sinan Dike, Umit Tayfun, and Mehmet Dogan. "Effect of carbon fiber amount and length on flame retardant and mechanical properties of intumescent polypropylene composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317710319.

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The effects of carbon fiber amount and length were studied on the flame retardant, thermal, and mechanical properties of the intumescent polypropylene composites. The flame retardant properties of the intumescent polypropylene-based composites were investigated using limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test (UL-94), and mass loss calorimeter. The mechanical properties of the composites were studied using tensile test and dynamic mechanical analysis. According to the flammability tests results, the antagonistic interaction was observed between carbon fiber and ammonium polyphosphate. The limiting oxygen index value reduced steadily as the added amount of carbon fiber increased. Mechanical test results revealed that the addition of carbon fiber increased the tensile strength and the elastic modulus as the added amount increased. No effect of carbon fiber length was observed on the flammability, fire performance, and tensile properties of composites, whereas the elastic modulus increased as the carbon fiber initial length increased.

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Guo, Yu, Meihui Zhou, Guang-Zhong Yin, Ehsan Kalali, Na Wang, and De-Yi Wang. "Basalt Fiber-Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites: Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Flame Retardancy." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040902.

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We aimed to study the impact of surface modification of basalt fiber (BF) on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber-based epoxy composites. Four different types of pretreatment approaches to BF were used; then a silane coupling agent (KH550) was applied to further modify the pretreated BF, prior to the preparation of epoxy resin (EP)/BF composites. The combination of acetone (pre-treatment) and KH550 (formal surface treatment) for basalt fiber (BT-AT) imparted the EP/BF composite with the best performance in both tensile and impact strengths. Subsequently, such modified BF was introduced into the flame-retardant epoxy composites (EP/AP750) to prepare basalt fiber reinforced flame-retardant epoxy composite (EP/AP750/BF-AT). The fire behaviors of the composites were evaluated by vertical burning test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and cone calorimetry. In comparison to the flame-retardant properties of EP/AP750, the incorporation of BF-AT slightly reduced LOI value from 26.3% to 25.1%, maintained the good performance in vertical burning test, but increased the peak of the heat release rate. Besides, the thermal properties and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), universal tensile test, impact test and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

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Chen, Chen, Shuai Wang, Zheng Zhang, Dongdong Wei, Jian Liu, and Zhou Lu. "Polysiloxane Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus and Nitrogen for Cotton Fabrics." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.3.5.

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Poly[tetra(tetramethylcyclosiloxyl-piperazin)-phosphinic acid methyl ether) (PNCTSi) was successfully synthesized, and its chemical structure was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) spectroscopy. The flammability and thermal decomposition behaviors of cotton fabrics treated with PNCTSi were systematically evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. As a result, the LOI value reached 30.1% and the char length decreased to 10.3 cm when cotton fabrics were treated in 300 g/L of PNCTSi solution for 30 min. According to TGA results, the residual rate of treated cotton fabrics at 800 °C increased to 16.4%. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and CO2/CO ratio significantly decreased.

43

Hu, Shan, Hui Zheng, Shang Yue Shen, Hong Chang Han, Hui Jing, and Shuo Li. "Synergistic Effects of Zinc Oxide on Intumescent Flame-Retarded Polypropylene Composites." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.279.

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The melamine phosphate (MP) was synthesized from melamine and phosphate acid. Zinc oxide (ZnO) was used as a synergistic agent by adding into the MP during the synthesis process. The reaction products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The properties of polypropylene (PP) composites containing intumescent flame retardant (IFR) additives of melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol (PER) were investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the LOI value of the composites could be enhanced obviously with suitable content of ZnO. When the ZnO content was 6 wt% in MP, the LOI value reached 34.1%, which showed 10% higher than that of the composites without ZnO.

44

Yang, Xue, Yan Zhang, Jia Chen, Liyong Zou, Xuesong Xing, Kangran Zhang, Jiyan Liu, and Xueqing Liu. "Flame-Retardant Thermoplastic Polyether Ester/Aluminum Butylmethylphosphinate/Phenolphthalein Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Antidripping." Polymers 16, no. 4 (February 18, 2024): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16040552.

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Aluminum butylmethylphosphinate AiBMP as a flame retardant and phenolphthalein as a synergistic agent were applied in a thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE)) in the current study. The thermal properties, flame retardancy, crystallization and mechanical properties of TPEE/AiMBP with or without phenolphthalein were investigated using various characterizations, including the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL 94), thermogravimetric analysis TG, differential scanning calorimetry, microcombustion calorimeter (MCC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical tests. The results revealed that AiBMP alone is an efficient flame retardant of TPEE. Adding 15 wt.% AiBMP increases the LOI value of TPEE from 20% to 36%. The formula TPEE-15 AiBMP passed the UL 94 V-0 rating with no dripping occurring. The MCC test shows that AiBMP depresses the heat release of TPEE. In comparison with pure TPEE, the heat release rate at peak temperature and the heat release capacity of TPEE-15AiBMP are reduced by 46.1% and 55.5%, respectively. With the phenolphthalein added, the formula TPEE/13AiBMP/2Ph shows a higher char yield at high temperatures (>600 °C), and the char layer is stronger and more condensed than TPEE-15AiBMP.The tensile strength and elongation at break values of TPEE-13AiBMP-2Ph are increased by 29.63% and 4.8% in comparison with TPEE-15AiBMP. The SEM morphology of the fracture surface of the sample shows that phenolphthalein acts as a plasticizer to improve the dispersion of AiBMP within the matrix. The good char charming ability of phenolphthalein itself and improved dispersion of AiBMP make the TPEE composites achieve both satisfying flame retardancy and high mechanical properties.

45

Shiu, Bing-Chiuan, Kunlin Wu, Ching-Wen Lou, Qi Lin, and Jia-Horng Lin. "Synthesis of a Compound Phosphorus-Nitrogen Intumescent Flame Retardant for Applications to Raw Lacquer." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172858.

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Raw lacquer (RL) is a natural polymer compound with highly promising applications; however, its inflammable attribute restricts the industrial applications. In this study, melamine is used to formulate tri (1-melamine-2-propanol) phosphate (FR-1), after which it is synthesized with ammonium phosphate (FR-2) and diatomite to form a compound phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant (IFR). Next, IFR is used as the filling agent that then cross-links with RL, and as such RL/IFR membranes are formed after the curing. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, the vertical combustion test (UL-94), the microshape calorimetric analysis (CCT), and the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are conducted to examine the combustion resistance and thermal stability of the membranes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and electron scanning microscope (SEM) are performed to separately characterize the structure and compatibility; the mechanical properties of the membranes are also evaluated. The vertical combustion test results confirm that with 30 wt% of IFR, RL/IFR membranes acquire 12.3% higher LOI and a vertically combustion of V-0 level. The TGA indicates that RL/IFR membranes demonstrate a greater adhesion level, a higher rigidity, and better luster than pure RL membranes.

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Tan, Yi Lun, Liu Sun, Si Chun Shao, Jin Peng Fu, and Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine Halogen Acid Salts and its Application as Flame Retardant." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1087.

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In this paper, a series of novel halogen compounds, melamine halogen acid salts were directly synthesized by melamine and halogen acid in water phase. The chemical structures of melamine halogen acid salts were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis and1H-NMR. Meanwhile, the thermal properties of compounds were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA results showed that melamine halogen acid salts had good thermostability during polymer processing. Futhermore, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test were used to study the flame retardant properties of composites blended by melamine halogen acid salts and polymer. The results revealed good flame retardancy that flame retardant polyethylene with 2 wt% melamine hydrobromide in total 8 wt% flame retardants got LOI value of 29.7% and reached UL 94 V-0 rating.

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Lin, Zhaojun, Qianqiong Zhao, Ruilan Fan, Xiaoxue Yuan, and Fuli Tian. "Flame retardancy and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam conjugated with a phosphorus–nitrogen halogen-free intumescent flame retardant." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119890685.

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In this work, a halogen-free intumescent combining phosphorus and nitrogen, flame-retardant 2-((2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAPO) was successfully synthesized. It had been synthesized by reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3, 2-dioxphosphinane 2-oxide with Schiff base. Its chemical structure was characterized in detail by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectrum. The flame-retardant polyurethanes were prepared with different loadings of HAPO. The thermal properties, flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the pure polyurethane foam thermosets were investigated by a series of measurements involving thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index measurement, UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results of the aforementioned tests indicated that HAPO can significantly improve the flame retardancy as well as smoke inhibition performance of polyurethane foam. Compared with the PU-Neat, the limited oxygen index of flame-retardant polyurethanes (15%) thermoset was increased from 19.5% to 23.8% and its UL-94 reached V-0 rating. In addition, the cone test results showed that the heat release rate, total heat release, rate of smoke release, and total smoke production of flame-retardant polyurethanes (10%) were decreased obvious sly. The apparent morphology of carbon residue was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and results revealed that the modified polyurethane foam can form dense carbon layer after combustion. Thermogravimetric analysis results also indicated that the char amount of flame-retardant polyurethanes was obviously increased compared with PU-Neat. Based on the above analysis, we can draw the conclusions which in the condensed phase, phosphorus-based acids from the degradation of HAPO, this could promote the formation of continuous and dense phosphorus-rich carbon layer. In the gas phase, the flame-retardant mechanism was ascribed to the quenching effect of phosphorus-based radicals and diluting effect by non-flammable gases.

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Zhao, Chunxia, Zhangmei Sun, Jixuan Wei, Yuntao Li, Dong Xiang, Yuanpeng Wu, and Yusheng Que. "A Phosphorous-Containing Bio-Based Furfurylamine Type Benzoxazine and Its Application in Bisphenol-A Type Benzoxazine Resins: Preparation, Thermal Properties and Flammability." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081597.

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Polybenzoxazine (PBa) composites based on phosphorous-containing bio-based furfurylamine type benzoxazines (D-fu) and bisphenol-A type benzoxazines (Ba) were developed for flame retardation. The structure of D-fu was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The curing temperature of Ba/D-fu mixtures was systematically studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated the excellent char formation ability of the PBa composites with the addition of phosphorous-containing D-fu. The flame retardancy of the PBa composite materials was tested by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter (CONE). The LOI and UL-94 level of PBa/PD-fu-5% reached 34 and V0 rate, respectively. Notably, the incorporation of 5% D-fu into PBa led to a decrease of 21.9% at the peak of the heat-release rate and a mass-loss reduction of 8.0%. Moreover, the fire performance index increased, which demonstrated that the introduction of D-fu can diminish fire occurrence. The role of D-fu in the condensed and gas phases for the fire-resistant mechanism of the PBa matrix was supported by SEM-EDS and TGA/infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR), respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the Tg of PBa flame-retardant composites was around 230 °C. Therefore, PBa composites are promising fire-retardant polymers that can be applied as high-performance functional materials.

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Xu, Zihui, Jing Zhan, Zhirong Xu, Liangchen Mao, Xiaowei Mu, and Ran Tao. "A Bridge-Linked Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant for Endowing Vinyl Ester Resin with Low Fire Hazard." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 8783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248783.

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The high flammability of vinyl ester resin (VE) significantly limits its widespread application in the fields of electronics and aerospace. A new phosphorus-based flame retardant 6,6’-(1-phenylethane-1,2 diyl) bis (dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (PBDOO), was synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and acetophenone. The synthesized PBDOO was further incorporated with VE to form the VE/PBDOO composites, which displayed an improved flame retardancy with higher thermal stability. The structure of PBDOO was investigated using Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR). The thermal stability and flame retardancy of VE/PBDOO composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical burn test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimetry. The impacts of PBDOO weight percentage (wt%) on the flame-retardant properties of the formed VE/PBDOO composites were also examined. When applying 15 wt% PBDOO, the formed VE composites can meet the UL-94 V-0 rating with a high LOI value of 31.5%. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of VE loaded 15 wt% of PBDOO decreased by 76.71% and 40.63%, respectively, compared with that of untreated VE. In addition, the flame-retardant mechanism of PBDOO was proposed by analyzing pyrolysis behavior and residual carbon of VE/PBDOO composites. This work is expected to provide an efficient method to enhance the fire safety of VE.

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Zhang, Xiaoai, Yichao Xie, Weiping Guo, and Li Yan. "A Phosphorous-based Polyol for Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Scientific Journal of Technology 5, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/sjt.v5i4.4758.

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A phosphorus-containing polyol (P-polyol) was synthesized with diethyl ethylphosphate (DEEP) and trihydroxymethyl phosphane oxide (THPO) via transesterification reaction, which was introduced into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) by in-situ chemical reaction. The optimum synthesis conditions of P-polyol were investigated as follows: butyldihydroxychlorostannane as catalytic agent, the molar ratio of DEEP to THPO was 1:1 at 120-170℃, the yield was over 85%, the apparent viscosity of P-polyol was 1400 MPa.S with the hydroxyl value about 480 mg KOH/g and the acid value about 100 mg KOH/g. With the increase of adding P-polyol, the flame retardant properties of the RPUF increased continuously. When the P-polyol amount in white material was 40%, the LOI reached24.7% and vertical combustion test rated UL 94 V-0. TGA results show that the P-polyol promotes the degradation and the formation of char residue of RPUF significantly. The polyurethane foam had the characteristics of condensation phase. Simultaneously, the compressive strength of RPUF was increased by 50 % and 21% in horizontal and vertical direction, respectively, compared with neat RPUF.

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