Статті в журналах: "Territories defense"

1

Temeles, Ethan J., Amanda B. Muir, Elon B. Slutsky, and Maren N. Vitousek. "Effect of Food Reductions on Territorial Behavior of Purple-Throated Caribs." Condor 106, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.691.

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AbstractWe experimentally reduced the number of flowers of two species of Heliconia (H. caribaea and H. bihai) by 50% on territories defended by male Purple-throated Caribs (Eulampis jugularis). Following reductions, males decreased the amount of time they spent feeding on their territories and lost a significant amount of weight, but increased their time feeding and regained weight to premanipulation levels following restoration of flower abundance. Territorial males also spent less time in defense following flower reductions, in part by reducing the durations of chases of female intruders. Significantly fewer females intruded onto male territories following reductions in only 1 of 3 years; in all 3 years, significantly more females intruded onto the more rewarding H. caribaea territories, which offered a greater number of flowers per inflorescence than H. bihai territories.Efectos de la Disminución de la Cantidad de Alimento sobre el Comportamiento Territorial de Eulampis jugularisResumen. Disminuimos experimentalmente en un 50% el número de flores de dos especies de Heliconia (H. caribaea y H. bihai) en territorios defendidos por machos de la especie Eulampis jugularis. Después de las disminuciones, los machos redujeron la cantidad de tiempo que pasaron alimentándose en sus territorios y perdieron una cantidad considerable de peso, pero aumentaron el tiempo de alimentación y recobraron su peso hasta los niveles de premanipulación una vez que se restauraron los niveles de abundancia de flores. Los machos territoriales también invirtieron menos tiempo en defensa luego de las reducciones en la cantidad de flores, en parte reduciendo la duración de las persecuciones a hembras intrusas. Significativamente menos hembras irrumpieron en los territorios de los machos tras las disminuciones en sólo uno de tres años; en los tres años, significativamente más hembras irrumpieron en los territorios con H. caribaea, los cuales ofrecieron un mayor número de flores por inflorescencia que los territorios con H. bihai.

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Morton, Eugene S., and Bridget J. M. Stutchbury. "Vocal Communication in Androgynous Territorial Defense by Migratory Birds." ISRN Zoology 2012 (March 1, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/729307.

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Many temperate zone breeding birds spend their non-breeding period in the tropics where they defend individual territories. Unlike tropical birds that use song for breeding and non-breeding territorial defense, vocal defense differs strikingly between breeding and non-breeding territories in migrants. Song, restricted to males, is used during defense of breeding territories but callnotes are used to defend non-breeding territories. To explain why callnotes and not songs predominate in the non-breeding context, we present an empirical model based upon predictions from motivational/structural rules, ranging theory and latitudinal differences in extra-pair mating systems. Due to sex role divergence during breeding that favors singing in males, but not females, females may be unable to range male song. Ranging requires a signal to be in both the sender and receiver’s repertoire to allow the distance between them to be assessed (ranged). Non-breeding territories of migrants are defended by both males and females as exclusive individual (androgynous) territories. Ranging Theory predicts callnotes, being shared by both males and females can, in turn, be ranged by both so are effective in androgynous territoriality. Where songs are used for non-breeding territorial defense both sexes sing, supporting the evolutionary significance of shared vocalizations in androgynous territorial defense.

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Yaniuk, Serhii. "Implementation of foreign experience of territorial defense state regulation mechanisms." Public administration and local government, no. 4(43) (December 25, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/101913.

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Experience of foreign countries demonstrates that approaches to the organization of territorial defense are based on theoretical foundations of state regulation. In the US, emphasis is placed on improving the Department of Defense’s contractual regulation of public good contentment with an actual product or service acquired by the government or the procurement process itself, with a prominent role for the private sector, to which the powers of the state (legal, economic, and public territorial defense state regulation mechanisms) are delegated. In the UK, emphasis is placed оn the territorial defense of overseas (remote) territories as important zones that require defense responsibility in terms of ensuring the security of the nation and its overseas territories, protecting their citizens and their way of life, which are the duties of the government (economic and social territorial defense state regulation mechanisms). The territorial defense of France depends on state jurisdiction and know-how, and the idea of «a spirit of protection» that is developed from school age (social, legal, information, public territorial defense state regulation mechanisms). The concept and system of territorial defense, based on military service and aimed at increasing the combat readiness of the mobilization forces, by which the government identifies potential candidates for professional armed forces in Finland (territorial defense state regulation mechanisms: political, organizational, legal, information, public, economic). For China, territorial defense is the protection of the homeland for which the frontier forces of public security (legal, social and organizational territorial defense state regulation mechanisms) have been created. Polish territorial defense is based on training, equipment, cooperation and interaction of territorial defense forces with third parties (legal, social, organizational, cultural, economic, informational, educational and propaganda territorial defense state regulation mechanisms). Implementation of the territorial defense state regulation mechanisms of foreign countries provides an opportunity to develop proposals for improvement of territorial defense state regulation mechanisms as a component of defense reform.

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Márquez-Luna, Ubaldo, Carlos Lara, and Raúl Ortiz-Pulido. "LA CONDUCTA TERRITORIAL DEL ZAFIRO OREJA BLANCA (HYLOCHARIS LEUCOTIS) ES AFECTADA POR LA DISPONIBILIDAD DE ENERGÍA." Ornitología Neotropical 26, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v26i1.9.

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White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis) territorial behavior is affected by energy availability. – Territoriality is a costly-foraging strategy. As a result, territorial animals must ensure that the energy within their territories is sufficient to support the costs of its defense. Hummingbirds are territorial and depend on nectar-containing flowers as their main energy source. In this study, we hypothesized that White-eared hummingbirds (Hylocharis leucotis), depending on the amount of energy (nectar) available in the environment, modify four aspects of their behavior (i.e., time spent for perching, foraging, and actively and passively defending territory), as well as territory size and response to intrusions into their territory. We monitored 30 individual territories during the winter flowering season at El Chico National Park, Mexico, and did not detect a significant effect of the energy available on time spent for perching or foraging, respectively. However, White-eared hummingbirds invested significantly more time in active and passive defense when the intrusion pressure was higher, and successful intrusions increased when the territories were bigger. Moreover, although territory size increased or decreased, a similar amount of energy therein was maintained throughout the duration of the study. Our results indicate that in this hummingbird species energy availability determines the size of their territories and the time spent on its defense.

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5

Merino, Roger. "Buen vivir and the Making of Indigenous Territories in the Peruvian Amazon." Latin American Perspectives 48, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x211004896.

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Awajun, Wampis, and other Amazonian indigenous peoples in Peru have acquired title to the collective property of their native communities as a legal strategy for the defense of their ancestral territory. This strategy, however, has failed to stop the expansion of extractive industries and the degradation of their livelihoods. In response, indigenous peoples in the northern Amazon are proposing the legal recognition of their “integral territory” under a politics of buen vivir. This new model for territorial governance is aimed at transforming indigenous peoples from ethnic communities with property entitlements to nations with territorial rights. Los awajun, wampis y otros pueblos indígenas amazónicos en Perú han adquirido el título de propiedad colectiva de sus comunidades nativas como estrategia legal para la defensa de su territorio ancestral. Esta estrategia, sin embargo, no ha logrado detener la expansión de las industrias extractivas y la degradación de sus medios de vida. En respuesta, los pueblos indígenas del norte de la Amazonía proponen el reconocimiento legal de su “territorio integral” bajo una política de buen vivir. Este nuevo modelo de gobierno territorial tiene por objeto transformar a los pueblos indígenas de comunidades étnicas con derechos de propiedad a naciones con derechos territoriales.

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6

Midhio, I. Wayan, Ahwan Ismadi, and Ate Ajat Waluyo. "The Impact of Radicalism toward National Defense." Jurnal Pertahanan 3, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v3i1.100.

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This study aims to analyze radicalism impact toward national defense. The method used is descriptive qualitative, data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, documentation, and literature. Processing of research data according Miles and Huberman. The results showed that implementation of the Territorial Development by District Military Command 0621 Bogor Regency through territorial management of Planning and Control Systems Development of Territories & Management of Territorial Development were able to map the potential and vulnerability of the area ie geography areas, demographic and social conditions so that development of radicalism could be prevented

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7

Gordon, Noah. "The effect of supplemental feeding on the territorial behavior of the green frog (Rana clamitans)." Amphibia-Reptilia 25, no. 1 (2004): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853804322992832.

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AbstractThe green frog, Rana clamitans, exhibits a resource defense mating strategy whereby males advertise for mates and defend territories along the shoreline of breeding ponds for periods up to several weeks. Because male green frogs may be energy-limited during the breeding season, I tested the predictions that males provided with extra food would 1) have longer tenures on territories, 2) show reduced movement between territories (due to greater site specificity), and 3) expend more energy in calling and territory defense. I tested these predictions by supplementally feeding frogs and by conducting regular surveys of frog location and behavior over the course of the breeding season in a fenced-in pond. My results support the second prediction but do not support the first and third predictions. Supplementally-fed male green frogs moved less than half the distance of sham-fed males. Green frog males reduce foraging but do not increase activities associated with aggression and territorial defense when food resources are more abundant.

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8

Abrianto, Octaviadi. "Sistem Pertahanan Jepang pada Perang Dunia II di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Pananjung, Pangandaran." PANALUNGTIK 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/panalungtik.2022.57.

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Indonesian territories were under Japanese occupation from 1943 until 1945, during that time, the Japanese forces were built numbers of defenses building and fort around strategic and important areas in Indonesia, one of them is in Pananjung Natural Reserve in Pangandaran, West Java. This paper will discuss the defense system and the design of these defenses buildings at the area through exploration and description of the buildings. Pananjung defense system has concentric design with the first line of defense located at the bottom of the hill and gradually going up to the top. Each of this defense system had clear view of one and another so they have an overlapping kill zone to work together. The design of the defense buildings also incorporated local resources to make an efficient defense.

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9

Ulloa, Astrid. "Repolitizar la vida, defender los cuerpos-territorios y colectivizar las acciones desde los feminismos indígenas." Ecología Política. Cuadernos de debate internacional, no. 61 (June 2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53368/ep61fcep03.

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The collective actions of indigenous women for territorial defense against extractivisms, have made the bodies-territories, knowledges and emotions visible, which implies a political position that responds to diverse ontologies and epistemologies around being and feeling with and in the territory. Bodies-territories that imply relationships embedded and embodied in collective processes among humans and non-humans and relationships of reciprocity and mutual spiritual affectation and networks. They are collectivities in «acuerpamiento» that arise from indigenous feminisms and act against environmental and territorial injustices, and against violence such as femicides, ecocides and epistemicides. Indigenous feminisms contribute to the conceptual and methodological rethinking in social sciences of the political, the spatial and the collective, based on their fluidity and relationality, which seek to transform capitalism based on the defense of life.

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10

Sogge, Mark K., Thomas J. Koronkiewicz, Charles Van Riper, and Scott L. Durst. "Willow Flycatcher Nonbreeding Territory Defense Behavior in Costa Rica." Condor 109, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.2.475.

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Abstract We studied the intraspecific territorial defense behavior of wintering Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) in Costa Rica using a randomized playback experiment that exposed male and female birds to recordings of Willow Flycatcher songs and calls, Lesser Ground Cuckoo (Morococcyx erythropygius) vocalizations, and random noise. Flycatchers of both sexes responded most strongly to simulated conspecific territory intrusion, and the agonistic behaviors that we observed were similar to those seen during natural intraspecific encounters in winter. Both males and females engaged in song and aggressive behaviors in defense of territories, and there was no significant difference between the sexes in scored agonistic responses. The similarity between the sexes in intraspecific territorial defense behaviors and aggressiveness may account for both sexes of flycatchers using the same habitats at our study sites in Costa Rica, and wintering females defending territories against males. The Willow Flycatcher, a sexually monomorphic species, differs in this way from a number of sexually dimorphic passerines, in which behaviorally dominant males occur in more optimal winter habitats.

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11

Hyman, Jeremy, Melissa Hughes, Stephen Nowicki, and William Searcy. "Individual Variation in the Strength of Territory Defense in Male Song Sparrows: Correlates of Age, Territory Tenure, and Neighbor Aggressiveness." Behaviour 141, no. 1 (2004): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853904772746574.

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AbstractIn many species, the ability to defend a territory is essential for a male to obtain any reproductive success at all, and even among territorial individuals, variation in the strength of territory defense could have a significant impact on how much reproductive success is obtained. Previous studies have documented consistent individual differences in the vigor with which male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) defend their territories, as measured by the strength of their reactions to territorial intrusions simulated through song playback. Variation in the strength of defense could reflect intrinsic differences among individuals in their resource holding potential (RHP), or variation in extrinsic factors. In this study, we examined whether variation in the strength of territory defense corresponds to differences in intrinsic factors such as the age or experience of the territory owner, the extrinsic factor of the level of aggression shown by neighbours, or both. Results indicate that males that previously held territories on the study site, regardless of whether they were holding the same territory as the previous year, show higher levels of territory defense than males that are new to the study site, and, assuming that returning males are older males, suggest that age is more important than experience on a specific territory in determining strength of territory defense. In addition, we found evidence that males with high levels of territorial aggression tend to be spatially clustered. The pattern observed suggests that a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the expression of individual differences in territorial aggression.

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12

TROYANSKY, Oleksandr. "Legal regulation of the participation of citizens in the defense of Ukraine during a military conflict." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-120-130.

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Abstract. The article analyzes the main legal acts that regulate the participation of citizens in the defense of Ukraine during the military conflict. The main problems are highlighted faced by territorial societies in organizing resistance forces in their territories at the beginning of the war. The main components of territorial defense, including military, civil and military-civilian were analyzed. It was considered the features of the creation of volunteer formations of territorial communities and the order in which they are assembled. It was determined the grounds, procedure and main forms of participation of citizens in fighting back and deterring the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the states against Ukraine. Key words: military conflict, military volunteer activity, volunteer formation, armed aggression, armed conflict, territorial defense.

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13

Eason, Perri K., and Susan J. Hannon. "Effect of Pairing Status on use of Space by Territorial Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus Lagopus): Bachelor Males Choose Life on The Edge." Auk 120, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.2.497.

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Abstract One function of territorial defense may be to facilitate mate guarding by resident males. To assess the importance of mate guarding in territoriality, we examined the spatial pattern of intrusions by male Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) on the territories of other males and we compared use of territorial space by paired and bachelor males. Because intruding males tended to remain near territorial boundaries of other males more than expected by chance, we expected paired males to avoid areas near boundaries, where the chances of the female encountering another male would be higher. We found that before females had settled onto territories, all resident males used boundary areas of their territories extensively. After females settled, however, paired males remained almost exclusively in the cores of their territories, whereas bachelor males continued to use primarily the edges of their territories. Those patterns of space use suggest that the benefits of having more exclusive access to a mate may be one of the selective forces driving territorial behavior in this species.

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Rudenko, A. "WORLD EXPERIENCE TO RESTORE DEFENSE PRODUCTION TERRITORIES." Scientific Bulletin of Civil Engineering 96, no. 1 (2019): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29295/2311-7257-2019-96-2-105-109.

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Alkmin, Fábio Márcio. "Plantando palavras, colhendo autonomias:os protocolos de consulta na defesa dos territórios indígenas amazônicos." Élisée - Revista de Geografia da UEG 12, no. 01 (February 28, 2023): e121235. http://dx.doi.org/10.31668/elisee.v12i01.13519.

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Em face de crescentes ataques aos direitos territoriais originários, uma parcela cada vez maior de povos indígenas vem construindo processos de autonomia como estratégia política de defesa identitária e territorial. O presente artigo busca contribuir ao debate a partir de uma perspectiva geográfica, tomando como objeto de análise os chamados “protocolos autônomos de consulta”. Tais documentos, que começaram a ser construídos no Brasil em 2014, com grande protagonismo das organizações indígenas de base, visam pautar as regras pertinentes ao direito à consulta livre, prévia e informada a qualquer intervenção territorial que possa afetar as comunidades direta ou indiretamente. Tomando como recorte espacial a Amazônia Legal brasileira – onde se localizam cerca de 98% da área das Terras Indígenas (TIs) homologadas no país –, realizamos um levantamento exaustivo dos povos que até setembro de 2022 construíram esses protocolos, projetando cartograficamente a localização geográfica desses territórios. A análise das informações revela a importância dos protocolos de consulta para a construção da autonomia territorial, assim como sugere uma lógica espacial em sua gênese, já que muitos desses territórios se localizam em áreas com ameaças contemporâneas de intervenção pela mineração ou construção de hidrelétricas. Conclui-se, portanto, que os protocolos de consulta são parte importante da estratégia de resistência autonômica dos povos indígenas amazônicos, já que possibilitam não só o fortalecimento dos mecanismos internos de controle socioterritorial, como também um anteparo jurídico internacional em um momento de ascensão autoritária no âmbito nacional brasileiro. Planting words, harvesting autonomies: The consultation protocols in the defense of indigenous Amazonian territories Abstract: In the face of growing attacks on territorial rights, an increasing number of indigenous peoples have been building autonomy processes as a political strategy for identity and territorial defense. The present article seeks to contribute to the debate from a geographical perspective, taking the so-called "autonomous consultation protocols" as the object of analysis. Such documents, which began to be built in Brazil in 2014, with the great protagonism of grassroots indigenous organizations, aim to establish the rules for the right to free, prior and informed consultation on any territorial intervention that could affect the communities directly or indirectly. Taking the Brazilian Legal Amazon as a spatial cutout –where about 98% of the area of Indigenous Lands (TIs) homologated in the country are located– we conducted an exhaustive survey of the peoples who, until September 2022, had built these protocols, projecting the geographic location of these territories cartographically. The information analysis reveals the importance of consultation protocols for constructing territorial autonomy and suggesting a spatial logic in their genesis since many of these territories are located in areas with contemporary threats of intervention by mining or hydroelectric construction. We conclude, therefore, that the protocols of consultation are a vital part of the Amazonian indigenous peoples' strategy of autonomous resistance because they make possible not only the strengthening of internal mechanisms of socio-territorial control but also an international legal shield at a time of rising authoritarianism in the Brazilian national sphere. Key-words: Amazon; Autonomy; Indigenous Peoples; Consultation Protocols; Convention 169. Plantando palabras, cosechando autonomías: los protocolos de consulta en la defensa de los territorios indígenas amazónicos Resumen: Ante los crecientes ataques a los derechos territoriales originarios, una parte cada vez mayor de los pueblos indígenas viene construyendo procesos de autonomía como estrategia política de identidad y defensa territorial. El presente artículo pretende contribuir al debate desde una perspectiva geográfica, tomando como objeto los llamados "protocolos de consulta autonómicos". Dichos documentos, que comenzaron a construirse en Brasil en 2014, con gran protagonismo de las organizaciones indígenas de base, pretenden establecer normas sobre el derecho a la consulta libre, previa e informada sobre cualquier intervención territorial que pueda afectar directa o indirectamente a las comunidades. Tomando como recorte espacial la Amazonía Legal brasileña –donde se encuentra aproximadamente el 98% del área de Tierras Indígenas (TIs) homologadas en el país– realizamos un relevamiento exhaustivo de los pueblos que hasta septiembre de 2022 han construido estos protocolos, proyectando cartográficamente la ubicación geográfica de estos territorios. El análisis de la información revela la importancia de los protocolos de consulta para la construcción de la autonomía territorial, además de sugerir una lógica espacial en su génesis, ya que muchos de estos territorios se encuentran en zonas con amenazas contemporáneas de intervención por minería o construcción de presas hidroeléctricas. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que los protocolos de consulta son una parte importante de la estrategia de resistencia autónoma de los pueblos indígenas amazónicos, ya que permiten no sólo el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos internos de control socioterritorial, sino que también constituyen un baluarte jurídico internacional en un momento de creciente autoritarismo en la esfera nacional brasileña. Palabras clave: Amazonía; Autonomía; Pueblos indígenas; Protocolos de consulta; Convenio 169.

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Troyansky, O. "The legal foundation for the participation of citizens in the territorial defense of Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 71 (August 25, 2022): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.48.

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The article analyzes the legal foundation for the participation of citizens in the territorial defense of Ukraine and volunteer formations of the territorial communities during armed aggression. The concepts of territorial defense, resistance movement and national resistance are considered. The purpose of national resistance is understood as increasing the defense capability of the state, giving the defense of Ukraine a comprehensive character, and helping to ensure the readiness of Ukrainian citizens for national resistance. It has been systematized the information on the status of the territorial defense of Ukraine at the end of February 2022 and it was identified the problematic issues that the territorial communities faced in the process of organizing resistance forces in the subordinate territories during the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. There are some problems that the communities faced in organizing resistance forces on their territories at the beginning of the war. Among them there were singled out: the lack of coordination of the activities of volunteer battalions, military administrations and law enforcement agencies; problems of identifying certain groups of the population as volunteer formations; lack of proper financial and logistical support for territorial defense units of the Armed Forces and volunteer formations. It has been analyzed the main components of the territorial defense, including military, civil and military-civilian. The features of the creation of volunteer formations and territorial communities and the procedure for their recruitment are considered, as well the requirements of volunteers under the legislation of Ukraine. It is noted that the basis of volunteer formations of territorial communities should be the citizens of Ukraine who have completed military service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine or the service of other military formations and law enforcement agencies. It has also been defined the rules in accordance with which the citizens can participate in repelling and deterring the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and other states, including the rules that regulate the procedure for purchasing the firearms and the ammunition for it, as well as the procedure for its use in a military conflict.

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Díaz, Gerson Marcel Peñuela, Ludy Archila-Durán, Jorge Parra, and Juan E. Carvajal‑Cogollo. "Behavior, ecology and territory of the chestnut-bellied hummingbird, Saucerottia castaneiventris, in the xerophytic vegetation of the Chicamocha canyon of Colombia." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e66094.

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The Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird Saucerottia castaneiventris is an endemic hummingbird of Colombia, currently categorized as Near Threatened (NT) globally and as Vulnerable (VU) in Colombia. We characterize the territorial defense and foraging behaviors of S. castaneiventris hummingbird during different seasons of the year, and we determined the size of the S. castaneiventris territory and its relationship with floral abundance at different times of the year. We made four field trips between 2008 and 2009 and registered 19 individuals from S. castaneiventris. Of these, 10 were in the rainy periods, distributed in five territories (one male and one female for each). Eight were in the dry period (July), distributed in four territories. And one individual was in the dry period of February, which did not settle in any of the identified territories. Territorial defense occupied a large part of species’ time. The nectar drinking, and insect hunting were the most frequent activities. The most common floral resources were Opuntia dillenii, Tillandsia sp. and Aloe vera. The hummingbirds Chlorostilbon gibsoni and Doryfera ludoviciae shared habitats with S. castaneiventris and there were fluctuations in encounter rates between the seasons (C. gibsoni ER: 20–7.5 and D. ludoviciae and ER: 0.0–2.5). Territories ranged between 1800 and 3800 m2 for the dry season and between 1500 and 6500 m2 for the rainy season. Our results provided primary information on the ecology of S. castaneiventris and form the basis for the formulation of conservation strategies for the species and for its habitats..

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Ulloa, Astrid. "The rights of the Wayúu people and water in the context of mining in La Guajira, Colombia: demands of relational water justice." Human Geography 13, no. 1 (March 2020): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942778620910894.

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This article addresses how water is being represented and positioned by Wayúu people in order to claim and defend water’s territorial rights against the expansion of the Cerrejón coal mine, in La Guajira, Colombia. In a semidesertic region in Colombia, Cerrejón (the largest open-pit coal mine in Colombia and Latin America, and the 10th biggest in the world) has created environmental inequalities and control and infrastructure arrangements that transform local water dynamics, affecting Wayúu people in a differentiated way. Cerrejón has intervened the territory technically and environmentally, affecting the river Ranchería and its water streams, which has dispossessed and transformed Wayúu peoples’ cultural and daily relationships with water’s territories. In response, the organization Fuerza de Mujeres Wayúu (FMW) has not only proposed water defense strategies and resistance against mining, but also opened debates about water’s territories and water’s rights. For the FMW the defense of water’s territories (sacred places in which the spirits of water inhabit) implies that Wayúu territories and water are in an embedded relationship which is not possible to fragment or separate either by mining processes or by institutional policies. Their proposals allows us to rethink the notion of water justice, and access to water by humans and nonhumans.

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Duwi Wahyuni, Dhiah Ayu, Tri Legionosuko, and Sutrimo Sumarlan. "Cyber community empowerment policy as an effort to strengthen cyber defense." Strategi Perang Semesta 8, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.56555/sps.v8i1.1196.

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The universal people's defense and security system is a defense system that involves all citizens, territories, and other national resources, prepared by the government early, implemented in a total, integrated, directed, sustainable and sustainable manner for the sake of upholding the sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and its protection. The safety of the entire nation and from various threats. Its hoped that this principle will become a loyal basis for the formulation of defense policies in Indonesia, including those related to cyber community empowerment. From this research, it is concluded that there is a need for testing, demonstration, and evaluation which haves several main functions in policy analysis.

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Hale, Amanda M., Dean A. Williams, and Kerry N. Rabenold. "Territoriality and Neighbor Assessment in Brown Jays (Cyanocorax Morio) in Costa Rica." Auk 120, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.2.446.

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Abstract Defense of group-held resources is a common and widely accepted function of territorial interactions between neighboring groups. In addition, territorial interactions could provide opportunities to assess members of neighboring groups and reproductive opportunities there, or to solidify status in the home group. We studied group-level characteristics and individual participation in territorial encounters in the cooperatively breeding Brown Jay (Cyanocorax morio). Intergroup encounters at stable territory boundaries include both aggressive and affiliative behavior, which suggests that a territorial encounter could function as both a resource defense mechanism and as an arena for social interactions. Territory characteristics that increase the probability of contact between groups (long boundaries, large combined group size, and home range overlap) explain much of the variation in frequency of territorial encounters. Male-biased dispersal was more common to neighboring groups with long boundaries, supporting the idea that frequent interactions between neighbors facilitate dispersal. Females usually inherit breeding positions on their natal territories, and participation in intergroup encounters by females does not vary with age or breeding status. In addition to defending group resources, females on their natal territories could be defending their positions in the breeding queue. Immigrant females are not likely to breed successfully, or to disperse again, and they participated less than expected. Participation by both natal and immigrant males varied by age; young males, at the ages when dispersal and intergroup forays are most likely, participated more than expected, whereas older males (≥4 years) participated less. That is consistent with the hypothesis that participation in intergroup encounters facilitates dispersal and improves integration into social groups. Because extragroup matings occur in this population, both breeding females and males could be assessing neighboring individuals for mating opportunities. Resource defense and social facilitation are not mutually exclusive hypotheses, and our observations suggest that both are important components of territorial encounters in Brown Jays.

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Port, Markus, Peter M. Kappeler, and Rufus A. Johnstone. "Communal Defense of Territories and the Evolution of Sociality." American Naturalist 178, no. 6 (December 2011): 787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/662672.

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Armstrong, Doug P. "Economics of Breeding Territoriality in Male Calliope Hummingbirds." Auk 104, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/104.2.242.

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Abstract Several lines of evidence indicate that the territorial behavior of postbreeding North American hummingbirds can be explained in primarily energetic terms. The territoriality of breeding males, however, may be different in that it may play an important role in courtship. The results of this study on breeding male Calliope Hummingbirds (Stellula calliope) indicated that territoriality could not be explained either directly or indirectly in terms of defense of energy resources. Throughout the 2-month breeding season, flower sampling indicated that males could have obtained energy faster by foraging on nearby undefended areas than by foraging on their territories. In June there were no profitable flowers on the territories, and males did all or nearly all of their foraging away from their territories. In May, when territory nectar availability was fairly high, males did not leave, expand, or shift their territories in response to experimental exclosure of all profitable flowers on those territories. I suggest that males may have preferentially selected territory sites with prominent perches near females' nesting areas, and that these considerations outweighed the potential benefits of defending territories on areas with high-quality nectar resources.

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Aviles Conesa, Ángel David, and Mauricio Genet Guzmán Chávez. "Más de un Wirikuta pero menos de dos: Geopolítica versus cosmopolítica como estrategia de resistencia." Revista Murciana de Antropología, no. 29 (December 20, 2022): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/rmu.521511.

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We propose a look at the socio-environmental conflict in the Sacred Natural Site of Wirikuta (SSNW), in the semi-arid zone of northern Mexico, caused by the mining exploitation project carried out by the Canadian company First Majestic Silver Corp. El Frente of Defense of Wirikuta (FDW), a social movement against this project, obtained the precautionary suspension of the mining concessions. This movement and the resistance it produced became a particularly symbolic and significant emblem of social resistance in Mexico and Latin America. The analysis we propose pays attention to the changes promoted in the general context of neoliberal policies that have given way to flexible national legislation on investment and looting of natural resources that has an effect that transforms the territories. This transformation will allow certain uses of the resources and sanction others depending on the actors who implant the meanings in the territories. The premise that weaves the discussion and leads us to an appreciation of what has been learned in this case refers to the importance of the sacred as a discursive and practical element for the defense of the territory. To delimit the proposed theme, we will carry out a deductive tour of the transformation processes of the territory, beginning extensively in Latin America, Mexico and finally to the specific threat in Wirikuta as contexts of relational action. En este artículo proponemos una mirada del conflicto socioambiental en el Sitio Sagrado Natural de Wirikuta (SSNW), en la zona semiárida del norte de México, originado por el proyecto de explotación minera que llevaría a cabo la empresa canadiense First Majestic Silver Corp. El Frente de Defensa de Wirikuta (FDW), movimiento social en contra de este proyecto, logró la suspensión cautelar de las concesiones mineras. Este movimiento y las resistencias que produjeron se constituyó como un emblema especialmente simbólico y significativo de las resistencias sociales en México y en América Latina. El análisis que proponemos presta atención a los cambios promovidos en el contexto general de las políticas neoliberales que han dado paso a legislaciones nacionales flexibles en materia de inversión y saqueo de los recursos naturales que tiene un efecto que transforma los territorios. Esta transformación va a permitir determinados usos de los recursos y a sancionar otros en función de los actores que implanten los significados a los territorios. La premisa que urde la discusión y nos conduce a una apreciación de lo aprendido en este caso remite a la importancia de lo sagrado como elemento discursivo y práctico para defensa del territorio. Para acotar la temática propuesta realizaremos un recorrido deductivo de los procesos de transformación del territorio comenzando de modo extensivo en América Latina, México y finalmente a la amenaza concreta en Wirikuta como contextos de acción relacionales.

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Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. "The Soviet Factor in U.S.-Japanese Defense Cooperation, 1978–1985." Journal of Cold War Studies 15, no. 2 (April 2013): 72–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00338.

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In the crucial period from 1978 to 1975, Japan jettisoned its “omnidirectional” foreign policy and embraced a closer and more integrated defense alliance with the United States. Concern about the Soviet threat was the chief motive for this shift. The deployment of Soviet troops in the Northern Territories (Southern Kuriles), the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the deployment of Soviet Backfire bombers and SS-20 nuclear missiles in the Far East all provided impetus toward closer U.S.-Japanese defense cooperation. As Japan closely aligned its defense policy with the United States, Soviet-Japanese relations correspondingly deteriorated. Normal channels of communication were broken off. As the Japanese government elevated the Northern Territories issue to the forefront of Soviet-Japanese relations, Soviet criticism of Japan escalated. By the time Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985, Soviet-Japanese relations had sunk to their lowest point.

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Niederhauser, Joseph M., Morgan C. Slevin, Erik G. Noonburg, and Rindy C. Anderson. "Body size, habitat quality, and territory defense in Bachman’s sparrow." Behaviour 158, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10079.

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Abstract Many wild populations of animals conform to the ideal despotic distribution (IDD) in which more competitive individuals exclude less competitive individuals from high quality resources. Body size and aggressiveness are two important traits for resource defense, and they positively covary so that larger individuals are usually more aggressive. Using Bachman’s sparrows, we tested the hypothesis that larger birds are more aggressive and are thus able to compete for the best quality territories. We found that larger males were more aggressive, and more aggressive birds fledged at least one young. However, we did not find consistent relationships between aggressiveness and habitat characteristics. Our results suggest that Bachman’s sparrows meet most of the predictions of the IDD. Frequent ecological disturbances, such as fires, might disrupt the IDD or make it difficult to detect. Additional studies are needed to test for relationships between ecological disturbances and territorial behaviour.

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Fukumori, Kayoko, Noboru Okuda, and Yasunobu Yanagisawa. "Female territoriality in a paternal mouthbrooding cardinalfish to avoid predation against spawned eggs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 6 (June 2009): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-037.

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Generally, paternal mouthbrooding cardinalfishes are characteristic of sex-role-reversed animals: females have a higher potential reproductive rate and are more active in mating competition than males, and the operational sex ratio (OSR) is female-biased. However, one species of cardinalfish, Apogon notatus (Houttuyn, 1782), shows unusual sex roles: females alone defend their breeding territories to form pairs, even though the OSR is male-biased. This is inconsistent with the general rule that breeding territoriality is shown by the more abundant sex. We examined the function of female breeding territory in this fish using field observations. Prior to the breeding season, large females established their territories earlier than small females. Earlier settlers occupied deeper areas with larger boulders where conspecifics were less likely to aggregate. As the level of conspecific aggregation increased, spawning females suffered from frequent intraspecific interference and subsequent egg predation, leading to increased time or energy spent on territorial defense. For the females, territories that have more boulders and fewer conspecifics might be of higher quality because such places are safe from egg predation and less costly to defend. We conclude that females defend their breeding territories to avoid predation of spawned eggs rather than to guard high-quality mates or to increase mating opportunities.

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Mota Díaz, Laura, and Oliver Gabriel Hernández Lara. "Defensa de bienes comunes naturales y decolonialidad: caso Xochicuautla, México/ Defense of natural common goods and decoloniality: the Xochicuautla, Mexico, case." Eutopía - Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial, no. 11 (July 14, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/eutopia.11.2017.2599.

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El presente artículo intenta comprender las dinámicas provenientes de movimientos sociales latinoamericanos relacionados con la defensa de bienes comunes naturales. Ello, a partir de dos enfoques: las epistemologías del Sur y la perspectiva del pensamiento crítico decolonial, para dar cuenta de las luchas y resistencias, así como de las propuestas que emergen desde colectivos sociales que ven amenazados sus territorios por la actual ofensiva capitalista. Para ello, retomamos el caso de la lucha en San Francisco Xochicuautla, Lerma, estado de México, al que consideramos un referente de los actuales movimientos sociales, en el contexto mexicano. De este modo, caracterizamos la lucha de la comunidad de Xochicuautla, para destacar cómo se articulan sus demandas, exigencias, alternativas, prácticas y discursos con otros movimientos más amplios que actúan en el territorio nacional, y cómo ello aporta a las construcciones teóricas latinoamericanas. En términos metodológicos, recurrimos al análisis documental extenso, la revisión y reflexión teórica, así como al trabajo de campo en la comunidad de Xochicuautla.AbstractThe present article tries to understand the dynamics from Latin American social movements related to the defense of common natural resources. This, from two approaches: the southern epistemologies, and the perspective of critical and decolonial thinking to account for the struggles and resistance, as well as the proposals that emerge from social groups whose territories are threatened by the current capitalist offensive. To do this, we return to the case of the struggle in San Francisco Xochicuautla, Lerma, estado de México, which we consider as a benchmark of the social movements of the present, in the Mexican context. Thus, we characterize the struggle in the community of Xochicuautla, to highlight how their demands, requirements, alternatives, practices and discourses articulate to broader movements occurring in the country, and how this is a contribution the Latin American theoretical constructs. In terms of methodology, we use the extensive documental analysis, review and theoretical reflection, as well as field work in the community of Xochicuautla.

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Cariño, Carmen, and Alejandro Montelongo González. "Coloniality of Power and Coloniality of Gender: Sentipensar the Struggles of Indigenous Women in Abya Yala from Worlds in Relation." Hypatia 37, no. 3 (2022): 544–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hyp.2022.30.

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AbstractIn this work I reflect, from the concepts of coloniality of power (Quijano 2007a) and coloniality of gender (Lugones 2008), key elements to sentipensar,2 the struggles of Indigenous women on the continent in defense of life in their territories. It is not new for Indigenous women to mobilize together with their peoples to defend the land-territory-life, but in recent years their participation has become more visible to the extent that the threat to the territories also involves fundamental elements for the reproduction of life that previously had not been of interest to capital. In this context my interest is focused on the ways in which the women of the territories create and resist from other ontologies in defense of life.Thinking the reality of our countries from the coloniality of power and the coloniality of gender implies, among other things, taking as a baseline the existence of structures of domination, exploitation, and extermination that have been reproduced over the last five centuries in Abya Yala, and that have led to the imposition of a world classification that denies the existence of other worlds that inhabit these territories, and that have been persecuted, massacred, made invisible, but that exist and re-exist (Albán 2013).

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Milenković, Miloš. "The urgency of outer territories anthropology." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 4, no. 1 (June 18, 2009): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v4i1.11.

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In the context of transforming a part of Serbian anthropology into social theoretic management of identity, I suggest both comparative historiographic and ethnographic learning from societies with similar post-colonial experience, with the aim to include the discipline into an urgent defense of Serbia and Belgrade from further ethno-profiteering interests of elites in/from outer territories, left over on the ruins of our ill judged, resource incompatible, exaggerated or immoral twentieth century adventures. Serbian anthropology, written by anthropologists to whom Serbia and Belgrade are "homeland" by origin or civilized choice, should play the key role in the defense of Serbian citizens from the interest of elites in/from the outer "homelands", particularly by revealing the processes for which it is, as a discipline, most expert at – the professionalization of ethnicity, interactive and hybrid nature of identity, instrumental nature of tradition and the identity politics in general. Having in mind the latest attempt, a particularly successful one, conducted by the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century that the lives, health, well-being, dignity and future of persons born in and loyal to the interest of Serbia and Belgrade, in large scale, thoroughly and long term be sacrificed and dedicated to the interests of ethno-profiteering elites in/from outer territories, in this article I point to the possibility to, along with the comparative learning from the above mentioned post-colonial experiences, delicate experiences of urgent anthropology be applied as well as the rich tradition of collective research. This text analyzes the results of first such research, that represenst the initial, praiseworthy and a brave step in the wise striving to engage social sciences and humanities in a search of expert and not mythical/daily-political solutions of the key problem of the Serbian nation – that of how to settle the interests of the elites of population in/from outer territories sufficiently so that their local/regional problems or private interests can never again be treated as the national interest, nor be used as reasons for (self)destruction and(self)humiliation of Serbia and Belgrade.

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Ilyushchenko, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. "Legal Regulation ensuring Security in the Regions of the Russian Federation bordering Ukraine." Вопросы безопасности, no. 3 (March 2022): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2022.3.38492.

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The subject of the study is the legal norms regulating the basics of protection of the population and territories from emergency situations, including in conditions of armed conflict. The object of the study is the social relations developing in the field of provision of public security in the border territories of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the research topic is due to the combination of legal and practical circumstances. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as issues of internal and external security, fire safety and protection of the population and territories from man-made emergencies, civil defense measures and actions to counter terrorism in the regions bordering Ukraine since the beginning of a special military operation on February 24, 2022. The novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of legal and organizational problems in the event of new threats with the use of weapons in the Russian border regions with the proposed differentiation of individual processes for the protection of the population, which is necessary to build a high-quality and understandable system for ensuring public security on the territory of the Russian Federation. The mechanism of the established interrelations in the system of ensuring defense and security in armed conflicts outside the territory of the Russian Federation to ensure the state of protection of the individual, society and the state in the border regions of Russia is substantiated. It is proposed to comprehend the legal regime through which, in reality, the ordering of both the public security system itself should be achieved in conditions of regular manifestations of hostile military actions, and the components of this system for military security, civil defense, protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, fire safety.

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Nolet, Bart A., and Frank Rosell. "Territoriality and time budgets in beavers during sequential settlement." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-164.

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Beavers (Castor fiber) were sequentially released into a previously unoccupied area. The settlement of the animals approximated an ideal despotic distribution: they successively settled in rich habitat and then in poor habitat, and then became floaters. This pattern is regarded as evidence that territorial behavior limited density. The early arrivals showed a seasonal difference in territory size (small in winter, large in late spring and summer), which was expected from optimal territory size theory but which was not found in later arrivals. In the first 2 years, the beavers were swimming very large distances (up to 20.0 km per night), and were apparently undergoing a long-term decline in body condition. Body temperature decreased during swimming, especially in winter (daily amplitude 2.04 °C). Each year, winter territories were about the size (7.9 ± 0.9 (SE) km, including 3.0 ± 0.4 km of wooded banks) that beavers could patrol daily without losing body condition. The number of territories established at any one time during the 5 years of study was only half the carrying capacity calculated on the basis of the current length of wooded banks within territories, in accordance with the prediction for sequential settlement in linear habitats. However, extensive no-man's-land was not present between territories, but early arrivals claimed larger territories than later ones. Social and thermoregulatory factors seem to play an important role in determining the costs of territory defense, and hence territory size. Overexploitation of the beaver's main food source, willow (Salix spp.), seems unlikely in this productive habitat.

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Buishvili, Irakli. "The role of military engineering science in total defense." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 4(518) (December 15, 2020): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2020-4-122-130.

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The introduction of the article briefly discusses the current situation of Georgia against the background of geopolitical events in the region. There are underlined the actions of the adversary in the occupied regions after the 2008 August war and the urgent need of "total defense" against the background of today's threats and challenges. The main part of the article discusses the elements of total defense, which are presented in the diagram. The Georgian model of total self-defense should consist of military, civilian and institutional defense components that depend on economic and psychological factors. Special attention is paid to the components of military defense, as well as on the role of military engineering science. While discussing the elements of military defense, the priorities of preparing Georgian territories, the need of preparation of military and civilian facilities, as well as training of personnel and reserves are emphasized.

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Kohlbry, Paul. "Owning the Homeland: Property, Markets, and Land Defense in the West Bank." Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no. 4 (2018): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.4.30.

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This article examines the formation of land defense in relation to changing legal and economic conditions in the occupied Palestinian territories. It argues that as a result of settler capital and law, Palestinian land defense should be understood as emerging through, rather than apart from, private property. Specifically, it explores how private property and market forces shaped agrarian land defense (1970s–1980s) and real estate land defense (post-2007). In the 1970s and the 1980s, land defense sought to protect agriculture against market forces that drew Palestinians off the land and into wage labor in Israel. Beginning in the 1990s, the exclusion of Palestinians from Israeli wage labor and new forms of West Bank governance created the conditions for real estate land defense to appear. Taking the real estate project TABO as a case study, this article details its political logic, unexpected market effects, and its social and economic limits.

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Melpignano, Melissa. "A Necropower Carnival: Israeli Soldiers Dancing in the Palestinian Occupied Territories." TDR: The Drama Review 67, no. 1 (March 2023): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1054204322000910.

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Israeli soldiers dancing to global pop hits in the Occupied Palestinian Territories look like they are having fun, and there is always something entertainingly contradictory in watching army bodies circumventing the military codes. But the choreographic analysis of three viral videos from the 2010s reveals how dancing serves the Israel Defense Forces’ territorializing and necropower strategy.

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Zuiderwijk, Annie, and Max Sparreboom. "Territorial Behaviour in Crested Newt Triturus Cristatus and Marbled Newt T. Marmoratus (Amphibia, Urodela)." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 56, no. 2 (1986): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05602002.

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Mating and premating behaviour of the Crested Newt Triturus cristatus and the Marbled Newt T. marmoratus were studied in both the natural habitat and aquaria. Attention is focussed on male interactions. During the breeding period, males occupy open spots on the bottom of a pond defending these against other males. Such defense consists of a series of display movements, usually chasing the visiting male away. The male-male display has been interpreted as territorial behaviour. Territories are usually occupied for a period of one evening or less. Male-male encounters take place more frequently than male-female encounters. The observed behaviour has characteristics of lek-breeding.

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Mikhailov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, and Anastasiya Aleksandrovna Fisheva. "Aviation in the development and defense of the Arctic during the 1920s: military plans, science, propaganda, and fiction." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 10 (October 2021): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.10.36673.

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This article examines the competition for the Arctic territories between the polar regions that unfolded in the 1920s, which required active development of these lands involving airplanes and airships. At that point, of primary import was the layout of trans-Arctic airways and deployment of flight support facilities in the Arctic territories, with the accompanying use of aviation for ice reconnaissance and rescue expeditions. Special attention is given to the study of the Soviet and international experience in elaboration and implementation of programs on the military and economic development of northern territories. The topic of consistent development of the Arctic involving aviation and aerostatics is reflected not only in scientific and economic programs, but also in state propaganda, publicistic writing and literary works. The novelty of this research consists in the comprehensive approach towards the problems of involving aviation in the Soviet Union during the 1920s for the development of the Arctic, and simultaneously, building the military capacity of the state, and collective perception of the ideas of the development of Arctic territories and aviation. The conclusion is made that the processes of development of polar aviation and division of Arctic territories were the so-called catalyst for each other, which by the early 1930s allowed the Soviet Union to consolidate its position of in the Arctic. The authors’ special contribution lies in examination of various genres of the press as a particular group of sources that had an ideological influence upon public consciousness.

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Kohn, Nancy R., Jennifer M. Deitloff, Schuyler F. Dartez, Michelle M. Wilcox, and Robert G. Jaeger. "Memory of conspecifics in male salamanders Plethodon cinereus: Implications for territorial defense." Current Zoology 59, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.3.326.

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Abstract We investigated how exposure duration (time that two individuals initially interact) and separation interval (time between the initial interaction and a subsequent interaction) affect recognition memory of conspecifics in male red-backed salamanders Plethodon cinereus. Previous studies have demonstrated that this species aggressively defends territories. We recorded aggressive behavior to assess recognition memory, because aggression is more intense toward previously unencountered individuals compared to previously encountered individuals in this species. We found that with 15-min exposures and 5-day separation intervals, focal males did not spend significantly more time threatening ‘unfamiliar’ intruders than ‘familiar’ intruders. After either 8-hour exposures and 5-day separation intervals and 5-day exposures and 5-day separation intervals, focal males spent significantly more time threatening unfamiliar intruders than familiar intruders. These results suggest that male red-backed salamanders can remember familiar conspecifics (e.g., territorial neighbors) after at least an 8-hour exposure duration and that memory persists at least as long as 5 days. After 5-day exposure and 15-day separation intervals, we found no significant difference in aggressive behavior toward familiar and unfamiliar intruders. Long separation intervals (15 days) may lead either to loss of memory of previously familiar individuals or, alternatively, aggressive reassessment of individuals as only a change in behavior indicates positively that memory has occurred. Thus, variance in territorial defense within an individual may depend on its ability to recognize conspecific males.

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Ben-Ari, Eyal, and Uzi Ben-Shalom. "Israel’s Ground Forces in the Occupied Territories." Israel Studies Review 35, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2020.350204.

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Анотація:

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) routinely rotate ground forces in and out of the Occupied Territories in the West Bank. While these troops are trained for soldiering in high-intensity wars, in the Territories they have long had to carry out a variety of policing activities. These activities often exist in tension with their soldierly training and ethos, both of which center on violent encounters. IDF ground forces have adapted to this situation by maintaining a hierarchy of ‘logics of action’, in which handling potentially hostile encounters takes precedence over other forms of policing. Over time, this hierarchy has been adapted to the changed nature of contemporary conflict, in which soldiering is increasingly exposed to multiple forms of media, monitoring, and juridification. To maintain its public legitimacy and institutional autonomy, the IDF has had to adapt to the changes imposed on it by creating multiple mechanisms of force generation and control of soldierly action.

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Gazit, Nir. "Military (Non-)Policing in the Occupied Territories." Israel Studies Review 35, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2020.350206.

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Since 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have been engaged in various military missions in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, including occasional high-intensity fighting and counter-insurgency, as well as civilian duties, such as administration and policing. While existing literature emphasizes the organizational and professional burden this combination of duties places on the military, the actual forces that shape soldiers’ policing practices in the field remain largely unexamined. The present article offers a micro-sociological examination of the patterns of military policing implemented by Israeli soldiers in the West Bank. It explores the social and political forces that shape soldiers’ ‘logics of action’ and demonstrates the reciprocal relations between the IDF’s disparate modes of policing of Jewish settlers and Palestinians. Three clusters of factors shape these interrelations: the relationships between soldiers and settlers, the blurring between ‘security’ and ‘civilian’ missions, and situational variables. The research for this article was conducted between 2004 and 2018.

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40

Tiutiunyk, V., L. Chernogor, V. Kalugin, and T. Agazade. "FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ZONING OF LOCAL TERRITORIES OF THE GLOBE BY QUANTITY AND DESTRUCTIVE ENERGY OF TECTONIC EXTREME ORIGIN SITUATIONS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-272-287.

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In conditions of uneven distribution of sources of danger across the territory of the state, each territory has its own levels of natural, technogenic, social and military loads, which influence on the composition of forces, tactical and technical characteristics of the means of the functioning geoinformation security system, namely the national security system. In Ukraine the civil defense system is functioning to ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of civil defense for protection of the population, territories, environment and property from emergencies by preventing such situations, eliminating their consequences and providing assistance to victims in peacetime and during a special period. The system consists of functional and territorial subsystems and is aimed to solving the issues of ensuring the necessary level of security of the state in the conditions of emergency. At the same time, the issues of implementation of the monitoring function and development of effective decisions by all local subsystems, which aimed at prevention and localization of different emergencies, remain completely open to the state. In this paper in order to further develop the scientific and technical foundations for creating an artificial intelligence system for monitoring emergencies of tectonic origin have been presented the results of a mathematical description of the hierarchical clustering local territories of the globe in terms of the amount and of destructive energy of tectonic origin emergency situations. The results have been obtained by discriminant and canonical multivariate statistical analysis of the Earth's seismic activity in the Sun – Earth – Moon nonlinear energy interaction system. The discriminant and canonical analyzes of the results of hierarchical clustering (zoning) of the local territories of the globe according to the level of seismic activity were carried out using the statistical packages STATISTICA 6.1 and SPSS 2.0. The results obtained in this work are the basis for further comprehensive assessment of the interconnections between the main parameters of the Earth’s movement in the Sun – Earth – Moon system and the main parameters of the tectonic hazard of seismically active local territories of the Earth, aimed at developing the scientific and technical foundations for creating an artificial intelligence system for monitoring emergencies of tectonic origin. Keywords: emergency, seismic activity, seismic hazard, emergency monitoring of tectonic origin, discriminant analysis, canonical analysis

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Whoriskey, F. G., and G. J. FitzGerald. "Nest sites of the threespine stickleback: Can site characters alone protect the nest against egg predators and are nest sites a limiting resource?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-292.

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In a field population of Gasterosteus aculeatus, analysis of the patterns of nest destruction following removal of males indicated that nest site variables per se offered little protection against egg predation in the absence of paternal defense. These experiments also indicated that male breeding densities were not limited by a lack of space for territories. We suggest that site quality and male quality, which is determined in part by the quality of parental defense, interact to determine the number of eggs a male can hatch.

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42

Conceição, Francilene Sales da, Alyson Fernando Alves Ribeiro, and Ricardo Gilson Costa Silva. "(DES)ENCONTROS ENTRE A ESTRADA E O RIO: O CASO DA GLEBA DA BOTA NO OESTE DA AMAZÔNIA PARAENSE ((DES)ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE ROAD AND THE RIVER: GLEBA DA BOTA CASE IN THE WEST OF PARA’S AMAZON)." Revista GeoNordeste, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33360/rgn.2318-2695.2019.i1p6-25.

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RESUMO:O avanço do agronegócio na região oeste do Pará tem produzido novos conflitos agrário-territoriais para o campesinato-agroextrativista, acirrando a problemática da terra e das disputas por territórios. O artigo analisa a situação fundiária e as dinâmicas socioterritoriais da Área Federal da Gleba da Bota, localizada no município de Belterra. A metodologia adotada assenta-se na abordagem qualitativa e cartográfica, trabalho de campo, entrevista e diálogos com instituições públicas e comunidades rurais afetadas pela monocultura da soja. Como resultado tem-se os conflitos entre os agentes hegemônicos e as comunidades rurais dos projetos de assentamentos, indicando a expropriação e grilagem de terras públicas pelo agronegócio e as resistências do campesinato-agroextrativista, com o fortalecimento das territorialidades camponesas e a defesa dos territórios culturais, de trabalho familiar e comunitário, exposto na síntese entre a geografia da estrada com a geografia dos rios.Palavras-chave: Amazônia; Território; Campesinato; Agronegócio; Espaço Agrário.ABSTRACT:The advance of agribusiness in the western Pará has produced new agrarian-territorial conflicts for the peasantry-agroextractivist, aggravating the problems of land and disputes over territories. The article analyzes the socio-territorial situation and dynamics of the Federal Area of Gleba da Bota, located in the municipality of Belterra. The methodology adopted is based on the qualitative and cartographic approach, field work, interviews and dialogues with public institutions and rural communities affected by soy monoculture. As a result, there are conflicts between hegemonic agents and rural communities in settlement projects, indicating the expropriation and spoil of public lands by agribusiness and the resistance of the peasantry-agroextractivist, with the strengthening of peasant territorialities and the defense of cultural territories , of family and community patterns of work, exposed in the synthesis between the geography of the road and the geography of the rivers.Keywords: Amazon. Territory; Peasantry Agribusiness; Agrarian Space.

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Conner, Richard N., Mary E. Anderson, and James G. Dickson. "Relationships among Territory Size, Habitat, Song, and Nesting Success of Northern Cardinals." Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.23.

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Abstract We collected data from 30 territories of Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) during 3 breeding seasons (1979-1981) in eastern Texas. Territory size was positively correlated with tree height and negatively correlated with the density of foliage at ground level and at 3 m above the ground, and with the density of shrubs. Nesting success was positively correlated with presence of patchy understory foliage and arthropod biomass in territories. Cardinals with low song complexity and shorter songs held better-quality territories and had better nesting success than cardinals with more complex songs. We suspect that young males may use long, complex songs to establish a territory initially, and in subsequent years put less time and effort into song and more into care and defense of young.

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Grinenko, Y. V. "Functions and Authorities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the Crime Scene." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 87, no. 4 (December 22, 2019): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.4.10.

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The functions and powers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the field of combating crime are researched. The expediency and necessity of studying the functions and powers as structural elements of the administrative and legal status of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is emphasized, which is especially relevant in connection with the reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and bringing their service activities to NATO standards. It is determined that the legal category of "authority" consists of the rights and obligations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, including in the sphere of crime counteraction, aimed at the implementation of functions and tasks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in accordance with the current legislation. It is emphasized that in order to ensure the implementation of the said functions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, they have the right to take measures to restore the territorial integrity of Ukraine, as well as to provide comprehensive development of secure, economic, information, telecommunication, social and humanitarian infrastructure on the territories adjacent to the temporarily occupied territories in Donetsk and Luhansk to implement, in accordance with strategic defense planning documents, measures to strengthen defense and security capabilities of the country. Regulatory acts defining the functions and powers of certain structural units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are analyzed. The author's vision of the concept of "functions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine" is offered and his own classification of functions and powers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is given.

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Kekez, Hrvoje. "An Abbey as a Stronghold." Review of Croatian history 17, no. 1 (2021): 229–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v17i1.12071.

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The main goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic role of Cistercian abbey of Blessed Virgin Mary in Topusko (medieval Toplica) in anti-Ottoman defense during 16th century, especially because it is rather exceptional of usage sacral complex in anti-Ottoman defense system in rather long period. In order to do so it is determined and analyzed strategic importance of the monastic complex in anti-Ottoman defense line and the change of it according to ever going Ottoman conquest of new territories, i.e. approaching of the bordering line. Furthermore, the organization of defense of the rather large estate of Topusko abbey as well as the changes of the monastic fortifications are addressed. Even more, the role of the commendatory abbots of the abbey, as well the serves of the abbey, in the larger efforts in composing and functioning of the anti-Ottoman defense line are analyzed. Finally, the proximate time and context of the final abandoning of the former Cistercian abbey is determined.

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Solís-Mendoza, Mariana, Omar Chassin-Noria, Carlos Levi Pérez Hernández, and Luis Mendoza-Cuenca. "Reproductive benefits and reduced investment in parental care behavior associated with reproductive groups of males in Abudefduf troschelii." PeerJ 11 (August 7, 2023): e15804. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15804.

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Fishes of the family Pomacentridae present a wide diversity of mating systems, ranging from polygyny to promiscuity and from individual territorial defense to the establishment of reproductive colonies of males. The damselfish species Abudefduf troschelii has a reproductive colony mating system, in which males temporarily aggregate in reproductive areas to court and attract females. Males defend an individual territory where they receive eggs and perform paternal care behaviors for their offspring. The present study evaluated the advantages of the colonial mating system in A. troschelii. During an entire reproductive period, in a breeding colony within a rocky reef, we located, marked, geo-referenced, and measured the distances between the territories of all males. We quantified the variance among males in their patterns of paternal care investment, eggs acquired, hatching success, reproductive success, body size, and changes in body coloration. We found that males spatially distributed their nests in groups or independently (i.e., solitary nests). Nesting groups are formed by larger males that show intense nuptial coloration during the entire receptivity period. They are located centrally to the colony and consist of three to six males whose territories overlap. In contrast, small solitary males that fail to acquire or maintain nuptial coloration during the receptivity period establish their nests peripherally to the colony, away from the territories of other males. Our results highlight that the reproductive benefits of colonial nesting are unequal for males, as the spatial distribution of nests within the colony determines the reproductive success of males. Group nesting confers the highest reproductive benefits to males regarding eggs obtained, hatching success, and relative fitness and also enables males to reduce their parental investment in brood care behaviors. The preference of females for oviposition could be associated with greater intrasexual competitiveness, defense ability, body condition, or experience of group-nesting males located at the center of the colony or because their progeny will have a lower probability of predation than they would in solitary nests males.

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KALAYDOV, A. N., and A. G. ZAVOROTNY. "Social-historical aspects of creating and developing the educational-research complex of civil defense, protection of population and territories." Culture and Safety 2 (2023): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/kb.2023.2.89-100.

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The article reveals historical aspects of creating and developing of the educational-research complex of civil defense, protection of population and territories of State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, and the educational activity of teachers based on modern trends in scientific and technical progress, development of pedagogical science, and practice.

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Alcock, John. "The effects of experimental manipulation of resources on the behavior of two calopterygid damselflies that exhibit resource-defense polygyny." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-374.

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Male odonates offer many examples of resource-defense mating systems and provide opportunities to test the hypothesis that in such systems the amount of resources controlled by a male will determine his mating success. Experimental alterations in oviposition site resources contained in the territories of the calopterygid damselflies Calopteryx maculata and Hetaerina vulnerata yielded different results. Removal of all oviposition resource substrate from occupied territories of H. vulnerata did not cause males to abandon their sites, nor did it affect the probability that females would come to these areas to mate. In contrast, males of C. maculata whose territories had been stripped of floating plant material generally abandoned the area within 1 h. Females of this species were more strongly attracted to sites with the most oviposition resources and males fought more intensely for these territories. Because females and males of C. maculata can assess the amount of floating substrate in a territory, this information influences where individuals mate, which sites they defend, and the intensity with which they fight for a location. In H. vulnerata, however, females oviposit underwater into sunken plant material hidden beneath fast-moving water. Because resource assessment is more difficult in H. vulnerata, females do not secure information on the quantity of oviposition substrate in a male's territory prior to mating, and male mating tactics, therefore, differ substantially from those employed by C. maculata.

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Ghotbi, Soraya. "The Concept of “Defense” in the Holy Qur’an and Hadith." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i3.2499.

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This work is an attempt to identify the concept of "defense" in the Qur’an and hadith and to review its postural, secular and Islamic meaning. Based on the descriptive-analytic method, it proves that the term of defense in the Qur’an and traditions has the basic meanings of distance, keeping out and preventing and in other senses, the main semantic core has been kept and holds a close semantic resemblance to the words such as hinder, rejection and restrain. The term of defense in Islam's perspective has a natural origin, including various aspects such as religion, celestial book, reputation, life, property, and family. Consequently, concerning the semantic core of the term of defense and lack of change in the primary meaning in the exemplary properties and semantic descriptions, it encompasses broad features such as beliefs, privacy, Islamic territories, insensible attacks, and the soft war.

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Manzanelli, Macarena Del Pilar. "Ofrendas a la Pachamama/Madre Tierra en pueblos diaguitas del noroeste argentino. Una mirada al territorio como excedente político." Textos y Contextos 1, no. 26 (March 29, 2023): e3956. http://dx.doi.org/10.29166/tyc.v1i26.3956.

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En este artículo se reflexiona sobre el rol político y la agencia del territorio y su potencial para pensar críticamente las prácticas que impulsan pueblos originarios de la Argentina contemporánea para defender sus territorios. Se usa el análisis etnográfico de experiencias de dos pueblos diaguitas del valle de Choromoro, Tucumán, en el noroeste argentino: Los Chuschagasta y Tolombón, en el marco de conflictos territoriales durante los últimos diez años. Específicamente, se indaga en las prácticas y experiencias de las ofrendas y celebraciones a la Pachamama/Madre Tierra, considerando estos eventos territoriales y, en sí, al territorio, como lugares y excesos políticos, performativos, donde se dirime la permanencia y pertenencia en el territorio, antes que una interpretación estática, esencialista y folclorizada. En este sentido, las ofrendas y ceremonias a la Pachamama conforman prácticas territoriales que, en el marco de procesos de reivindicación identitaria-cultural y de conflictos, motorizan y reactualizan el proyecto político de defensa territorial. Las ofrendas constituyen usos del territorio, momentos espirituales, encuentros con los antepasados-ancestros, que distan de la manera en que el poder hegemónico las concibe. Por último, se espera aportar a los análisis que reubican estos otros lugares de enunciación, que incluyen a entidades no humanas, como excedentes de la política indigenista multiculturalista con sus lógicas y lenguajes de la tolerancia.

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