Дисертації з теми "Territories defense"

Orientador: Woodruff Whitman Benson
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Brigas territoriais entre machos de insetos voadores são resolvidas das mais variadas formas. Em borboletas, existem evidencias de que tamanho, idade e motivação são importantes determinantes das chances de vitória. No entanto, as regras utilizadas nas brigas, o contexto biológico que afeta a intensidade dos comportamentos agonisticos e o papel funcional das características dos machos na geração de custos durante os confrontos ainda são pouco conhecidos. Neste trabalho investiguei uma serie de características que podem influenciar os custos e benefícios dos confrontos territoriais utilizando as espécies de satirineos Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775), Moneuptychia soter (Buttler, 1877) e Paryphthimoides phronius (Buttler, 1867) como modelos de estudo. No capitulo 1 investiguei se as disputas intra-especificas pela posse de territórios em machos de H. hermes e de M. soter ocorrem com contato físico e quais podem ser as características funcionalmente relevantes para a distinção entre machos territoriais e não territoriais. Para tanto, documentei as brigas entre machos utilizando filmagens de alta velocidade e realizei comparações morfológicas e fisiológicas entre machos possuidores de territórios (residentes) e machos que ocuparam territórios nos quais os residentes originais foram removidos (intrusos). Machos residentes de H. hermes apresentaram massa corporal e muscular similares as dos seus pares intrusos, porem, possuíram menor desgaste alar e maior quantidade de lipídeos. Machos residentes de M. soter, por outro lado, foram mais pesados que os machos intrusos que ocuparam seus territórios. Machos de H. hermes podem dividir a interação em vôos circulares, espirais ascendentes e perseguições lineares, enquanto machos de M. soter usam vôos circulares mais lentos, os quais são seguidos por perseguições lineares e emissões de som (estalos). Contatos físicos não foram registrados para nenhuma espécie. No capitulo 2 investiguei o papel da residência previa na resolução de conflitos territoriais entre machos de H. hermes. Ao induzir disputas entre dois machos que se comportaram como residentes (um residente original e um residente induzido) e compara-las com disputas naturais entre machos residentes e intrusos, foi possível demonstrar que a residência previa aumenta as chances de vitória em um combate. Massa corporal afetou positivamente as chances de vitória nas brigas induzidas, mas não nas brigas naturais. Finalmente no capitulo 3, investiguei a influencia da presença de recursos alimentares no estabelecimento de territórios de acasalamento por machos de P. phronius. Machos desta espécie defendem sítios de acasalamento localizados em manchas de sol sem recursos evidentes. No entanto, manchas de sol previamente desocupadas passaram a ser defendidas depois de receberem frutas fermentadas. Apesar de machos que se estabeleceram nestes locais aparentemente se alimentarem das frutas, experimentos de escolha de territórios sugerem que eles preferem defender sítios sem recursos e utilizam a defesa de áreas com alimento como tática alternativa de acasalamento. Este estudo representa a primeira investigação deste tipo de variação nas táticas de acasalamento em borboletas. Alem de auxiliar a compreensão da evolução de determinados sistemas de localização de parceiros, esse sistema permite testar qual a implicação da existência de mais de uma tática reprodutiva na intensidade dos confrontos territoriais entre machos
Abstract: Territorial conflicts in flying insects may be resolved through many different ways. In male butterflies, size, age and motivation are often reported as important determinants of the winning chances. However, the rules used when fighting, the biological context that affects the intensity of agonistic behaviors, and the functional role of male traits in the contests costs generation are poorly known. In this study I investigated a series of characteristics that may influence the costs and benefits of territorial conflicts using the satyrine species Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775), Moneuptychia soter (Buttler, 1877), and Paryphthimoides phronius (Buttler, 1867) as study organisms. In chapter 1, I used high-speed video imagery to investigate whether intraspecific disputes between male H. hermes and male M. soter occur with physical contact. Additionally, I removed resident males from their defended sites and the subsequent intruders that established on those areas after the resident removal to assess if wing wear, body mass, fat content and flight muscle ratio are important determinants of male residency status. Resident males of H. hermes were similar in body weight and thoracic muscle mass to their intruder rivals, but had fewer wing wear and higher fat content. Resident males of M. soter, on the other hand, were heavier than intruder males. Male H. hermes divided their interaction in up to three phases consisting of circular flights, ascending spirals and back and forth persecutions, whereas male M. soter used much slower circular flights that were often followed by linear persecutions and clicking sound emissions. Physical contacts were not observed for both species. In chapter 2, I investigated the role of previous residence on contest resolution in the butterfly H. hermes. By inducing territorial interactions between males that behaved as residents (one original resident and another resident-induced one) and comparing them with natural contests between resident and intruder males, it was possible to show that previous residence increases the chances of victory. Body mass positively affected the winning chances in the induced fights, but was unimportant among the natural ones. Finally in chapter 3, I investigated the role of feeding resources in the territory establishment by males of the butterfly P. phronius. Male of this species typically defend sunny clearings on the forest edge which do not contain any evident resource. However, previously undefended sunny clearings were occupied by territorial males after receiving soft fermenting fruit. Although males which established on sites containing feeding resources seem to forage on the fermenting fruit, territory selection experiments shows that males prefer to defend sites without resources. This type of variation in the mate locating tactics has never been previously investigated for butterflies. In addition of helping the understanding of the evolutionary processes leading to different mate-locating strategies, this system allows the testing of the influence of different reproductive behaviors on the intensity of territorial conflicts between males
Doutorado
Doutor em Ecologia

Este artículo se propone la comprensión de los cambios en lac omunidad de Catac como resultado de la acción colectiva ante los desafíos del contexto que se configuran como oportunidades y restricciones, y frente a las exigencias internas que se expresan como demandas de los grupos de interés o facciones que conforman la comunidad. En una comunidad heterogénea como Catac, la acción colectiva no es algo que se da por supuesto sino una acción deliberada; sin embargo, tiende a ser frágil y generalmente se rompe ante las presiones externas y las relaciones de poder definidas en términos de facciones al interior de la comunidad.
This article proposes a comprehension of social changes in the peasant community of Catac as results of collective action in a context where challenges present themselves as political opportunities and social contentions as well as internal demands of interest groups or factions. In an heterogeneous community as Catac, collective action is not something that is taken for granted but it is deliberately created and constituted. However, it tends to be fragile and usually breaks because of outside pressures and the power relations defined as relations among factions that exist in community.

The oil-rich northern districts of Iraq were long considered a reflection of the country with a diversity of ethnic and religious groups; Arabs, Turkmen, Kurds, Assyrians, and Yezidi, living together and portraying Iraq’s demographic makeup. However, the Ba’ath party’s brutal policy of Arabisation in the twentieth century created a false demographic and instigated the escalation of identity politics. Consequently, the region is currently highly contested with the disputed territories consisting of 15 districts stretching across four northern governorates and curving from the Syrian to Iranian borders. The official contest over the regions administration has resulted in a tug-of-war between Baghdad and Erbil that has frequently stalled the Iraqi political system. Subsequently, across the region, minority groups have been pulled into a clash over demographic composition as each disputed districts faces ethnically defined claims. The ethnic basis to territorial claims has amplified the discourse over linguistic presence, cultural representation and minority rights; and the insecure environment, in which sectarian based attacks are frequent, has elevated debates over territorial representation to the height of ethnic survival issues. The existing literature and research on the region focuses heavily on the governance outcomes and little has been written about the impact of heightened identity politics on the everyday lives of citizens. It is in this respect that the thesis examines the evolution of the education system post 2003. Drawing on over 50 interviews with regional education officials and community representatives, the thesis presents the impact of amplified ethno-politics on the reconstruction of education in Iraq. The research provides the first academic exploration into education in the region, exploring the significance of cultural reproduction and the link between demands for ethnically specific education, societal security and the wider political contestation over the territory.

El espacio o zona personal es la distancia que separa a dos personas en un acto social, es aquello que se considera propio como el pensar, cosas materiales y el cuerpo; desde la teoría de la paz o equilibrio (Valdez Medina, 2009) se le conoce como territorio personal. Valdez Medina (2015), menciona que el territorio personal está contemplado por el cuerpo, lo que se considera me pertenece y los pensamientos. El estudio del territorio personal es muy importante en la psicología dado que el grado de distancia o alejamiento e incluso la reacción que genere cierta invasión al mismo; tiene relación con la edad, el sexo y la cultura de los individuos. Son pocos los estudios que se han hecho que intentan analizar las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres respecto al territorio personal, de ahí surge el objetivo de la presente investigación que fue describir y comparar las reacciones, que tienen hombres y mujeres con respecto a la percepción de la invasión a su territorio personal. Para lograr esto se aplicó un cuestionario que consta de cinco preguntas abiertas en las que se plantea una situación de invasión al territorio personal a 200 jóvenes de los cuales 100 fueron hombres y 100 mujeres, en un rango de edad de 18 a 25 años, siendo estudiantes de una universidad pública del estado de México. Para los resultados se realizó un análisis de contenido validado por juicio de análisis de expertos con un grado de acuerdo mayor a 85%, donde se obtuvieron surgieron cuatro categorías para la primera pregunta surgieron cuatro categorías: reacción emocional negativa, reacción asertiva, reacción no asertiva y reacción agresiva. “si alguien se atreve a tocar alguna parte de mi cuerpo y lo hace de una forma que no me parece ni me agrada yo regularmente me... Y ante ello yo...” Para la segunda pregunta “si alguien se atreve a tomar algo mío sin permiso, yo regularmente me...Y ante ello yo...” Las categorías conformadas fueron: no asertiva, asertividad, agresividad, pasividad y emociones negativas. En la tercera la pregunta “si alguien se atreve a robarme algo que me pertenece yo regularmente me... y ante ello yo...” se obtuvieron tres categorías: acciones y/o emociones negativas, agresiones y acciones y/o emociones positivas. En la cuarta la pregunta “si alguien va en contra de mis creencias, convicciones, opiniones o expectativas yo regularmente... y ante ello yo...” surgen tres categorías: actitud positiva, actitud negativa y actitud pasiva. Y en la quinta pregunta “si alguien intenta o quiere quitarme algo que considero me pertenece yo regularmente me… y ante ello yo…” las categorías adquiridas fueron: enfrentar la situación, reacción emocional, acción positiva y acción negativa. Las distintas categorías para cada pregunta permitieron la clasificación de las reacciones de cada participante. Respecto de las diferencias por sexo, se encontró que las mujeres suelen reaccionar sintiéndose incómodas, se preocupan por las relaciones sociales, muestran más agresión verbal y se observó que tienen reacciones más emocionales; en comparación con los hombres quien suelen reaccionar con agresión física, no sabiendo qué hacer ante una invasión de su territorio y huyendo de las situaciones para evitar ser invadidos. Una limitación de la presente investigación es el tipo de estudio, ya que se requiere considerar la posible relación con otras variables como la asertividad al igual que la ansiedad para verificar si la forma de expresar las opiniones personales se asocian con la defensa del territorio personal.

Depuis leur création en 1888, les Alpins constituent une subdivision d’arme à part au sein de l’armée de terre française. Territorialement très marquées, ces unités ont pour mission originelle et spécifique de défendre la frontière alpine. En 1962, après deux guerres mondiales et deux guerres de décolonisation, la France entre dans une nouvelle ère. Face à l’évolution de la menace, le pays opte pour la nucléarisation de son armée. Dans ce contexte de guerre froide, les troupes alpines ne sont plus que des « troupes du territoire ». Elles se marginalisent et peinent à trouver leur place aussi bien dans le nouveau dispositif de sécurité et de défense nationale qu’au sein des territoires alpins en pleine mutation. Pourtant, en 1983, à la surprise générale, la 27e Division Alpine s’intègre dans la Force d’Action Rapide et participe à sa première opération extérieure. Cette OPEX au Liban marque le début d’une renaissance pour les Alpins. Le déploiement des soldats de montagne en Yougoslavie au cours des années 1990 puis en Afghanistan au cours des années 2000 assoit la légitimité opérationnelle des Alpins. Au XXIe siècle, l’armée des Alpes désormais professionnelle, occupe une nouvelle place dans les territoires de montagne et joue un rôle nouveau auprès des sociétés alpines. En effet, le combat de légitimation, de reconnaissance et de rayonnement de la « spécificité montagne » des troupes alpines ne se gagne pas seulement sur les champs de batailles. La quête de traditions nouvelles pour refonder une identité militaire et montagnarde, l’organisation de diverses cérémonies dans l’espace public, la construction d’un patrimoine commun sont autant d’armes aux mains du commandement de la 27e Brigade d’Infanterie de Montagne pour continuer d’exister malgré la « réforme perpétuelle » de la Défense française. La 27e Brigade d'Infanterie de Montagne reste aujourd’hui dépositaire des traditions des Alpins d’autrefois. La 27e BIM reste la brigade d’urgence de montagne de l’armée de Terre. De par ses capacités opérationnelles reconnues, la « 27 » met en œuvre des savoir-faire spécifiques sur les théâtres les plus divers, à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur du territoire national
Since their creation in 1888, the Alpins form a separate subdivision within the French Army. The primary and specific mission of these territorially very marked units is to defend the Alpine border. In 1962, after two world wars and two decolonization wars, France enters a new era. In response to the threat, the nuclearization of the army is decided by the country. In this context of cold war, the Alpines units are merely territory troops. They become marginalized and hardly find a place as well in the new safety and national defence features as within the Alpins territories which are undergoing profoundchange. However, in 1983, to widespread surprise, the 27e Division Alpine joins the Force d’Action Rapide and takes part in its first external operation. This OPEX (EXternal OPeration) in Lebanon marks a beginning of rebirth for the Alpins. Their operational legitimacy was established by the deployment of mountain soldiers in Yugoslavia in the 1990s and then in Afghanistan in the 2000s. In the XXIth century, the henceforth professional army of the Alps occupies a novel place in the mountain territories and plays a new role to the Alpin societies. Indeed, the struggle for legitimation, appreciation and influence of the “mountain specificity” of the Alpin troops is not to be won on the battlefields only. The search for new traditions in an attempt to rebuild a mountain military identity,the organisation of various ceremonies in the public space, the reconstruction of a common heritage are all weapons in the hands of the 27e Brigade d’Infanterie de Montagne command for the purpose of continuing to exist in spite of the “perpetual reform” of the “Défense française”. The 27e Brigade d'Infanterie de Montagne remains guardian of the traditions of the former Alpins. The 27e BIM stays the emergency brigade of the French land army. Due to its acknowledged operational capabilities, it implements its specific expertise in various theatres, within the national territory or outside

This thesis examines how scent marking in Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) functions in territorial defence. Beavers usually deposit scent (castoreum and/or anal gland secretion (AGS)) onto small piles of mud and debris, and all age classes and both sexes participate in marking. I hypothesized that scent marking plays an important role in territory defence of free-ranging Eurasian beavers and investigated the following issues. (1) Which factors affect scent-marking behaviour? (2) How are scent marks distributed temporally and spatially during an annual cycle? (3) Is castoreum and/or AGS used in territorial defence? (4) How does this species respond to simulated territorial intruders? (5) Can the Eurasian beaver discriminate between scent from neighbours and strangers, and between scent from its own species and that of the North American beaver (C. canadensis)?

I show that scent marking plays a significant indirect role in territorial defence by the Eurasian beaver. The number of scent marks was density dependent. Beavers with many close neighbours (highly challenged) may need to scent mark more often to be unambiguously recognised as territory owners. However, high-density sites may also be of better quality, providing territory holders with more energy to spend in defence and more reasons to defend. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of scent marks and both the duration of territory occupancy and length of wooded banks. Therefore, residents appear to invest more in scent marking in good quality territories, and when a territory has been occupied for a relatively long time. Theoretically, the greater potential value of the territory for residents, in contrast to intruders, makes it worth fighting harder for.

Territories were scent marked significantly more often in spring when dispersal of 2- years-olds normally occurs and scent marks were concentrated near territorial borders, apparently to maximize the signal effect to potential trespassers on or before entering the territory. Significantly more scent marks were constructed upstream than downstream of the lodge, probably because the movement of dispersing individuals is predominantly downstream. These results support the border maintenance hypothesis.

From January through March castoreum was almost exclusively deposited on scent marks and appears therefore to be the main scent signal used in the defence of Eurasian beaver territories. AGS was rarely deposited and appears to have another function.

Eurasian beaver showed territorial behaviour when an "intruder", in the form of artificially-constructed experimental scent mounds (ESMs containing castoreum from alien adult males, was placed inside the territory. They destroyed the ESMs and overmarked with their own scent in 80% of the trials. Countermarking appears to have been an attempt to mask the odour of alien adult male conspecifics with their own odours. This result therefore gives some support to the scent-masking hypothesis. Scent marks could thus provide a reliable advertisement of an individual’s ability to dominate or defend the area, since only those successfully dominating the area can ensure that their marks both predominate and are more recently deposited than those of any challenging competitors. The countermarking may therefore advertise that the territory is occupied and signal the costs of competition if the threat is ignored. I frequently observed that beavers, after visiting the ESMs, started to patrol the territory. A lack of response to ESMs without castoreum indicated that beavers were responding to the smell of castoreum and not to the sight of the scent mound itself.

Eurasian beavers sniffed both castoreum and AGS from a stranger significantly longer than those from a neighbour. They responded aggressively significantly longer to castoreum, but not to AGS, from a stranger than from a neighbour. When ESMs were allowed to remain overnight and the response measured the following morning, beavers responded significantly stronger to both castoreum and AGS from a stranger than from a neighbour. These findings indicate that Eurasian beavers can use scent to discriminate between neighbours and strangers, thereby supporting existence of the “dear enemy” phenomenon (reduced aggression towards familiar occupants of neighbouring territories).

Eurasian beavers spent significantly longer time responding aggressively to conspecific than to heterospecific (North American beavers) ESMs. They also responded significantly more aggressively to conspecific than to heterospecific ESMs overnight. Gas chromatographic comparisons of castoreum showed that differences between species accounted for 34% of the total variation in compounds detected, while differences between sexes accounted for 13%. For AGS, 49% and 46% of this variation was explained by differences between species and sex, respectively. The results confirm the hypothesis that the Eurasian beaver discriminates between scent marks of the two species, i.e. exhibits species discrimination abilities. This indicates that the Eurasian beaver would regard intrusive scent marks from the North American beaver as a lesser territorial threat than from a conspecific, and would therefore be less likely to spend time and energy countermarking these scent marks.

In conclusion, my study has contributed to a better understanding of the function of territorial scent marking in the Eurasian beaver by demonstrating their capability of transmitting odorous messages efficiently, both temporally and spatially, and their ability to countermark and discriminate ESMs from intruders of different degrees of threat. My results lend support to the idea that the function of territorial scent marking in the Eurasian beaver is to advertise related dominance status, thereby providing opportunities for intruders to assess the presence of the owner, and thus reducing the costs of agonistic conflicts for both the owner and intruder (the status advertisement hypothesis). My results also support the general scent-matching hypothesis, i.e. its predictions 1 (mark where intruders are most likely to encounter marks), 3 (make themselves available for scent matching by intruders) and 4 (remove or replace marks of others) were all supported. However, prediction 2 (mark themselves with the substances used to mark the territory) needs to be clarified. It’s still unclear whether beavers smear castoreum on their pelage, and/or mark themselves with AGS in order to waterproof the fur, and thereby simultaneously function as a “living-scent mark”. The next step should be to clarify these issues. However, the function of scent marking suggested here is not necessarily the only functional mechanism, as one function need not necessarily exclude others. Two other main functions for scent marking in Eurasian beavers that cannot be entirely ruled out are that scent marks may be used to label and thereby defend resources within the territory (the labelling resources hypothesis), and that marking is related to reproduction (e.g. by advertising reproductive status and guarding the mate during the breeding period). My work has emphasized intergroup communication. However, more work is needed to clarify the role of scent marks in intragroup communication.

Denne avhandlingen eksaminerer hvordan duftmarkeringer fungerer i territorieforsvaret hos eurasiatisk bever (Castor fiber). Beveren avsetter vanligvis duft (castoreum fra bevergjelpungene og/eller sekret fra analkjertlene (AKS)) på små hauger av leire og planterester, og alle aldersgrupper og begge kjønn deltar i markeringen. Jeg satte fram hypotesen at duftmarkeringer spiller en viktig rolle i territorieforsvaret til fritt levende eurasiatisk bever, og undersøkte følgende spørsmål. (1) Hvilke faktorer virker inn på duftmarkeringsatferden? (2) Hvordan er duftmarkeringer fordelt i tid og rom i løpet av et helt år? (3) Er castoreum og/eller AKS brukt i forsvaret av territoriet? (4) Hvordan reagerer denne arten på simulerte inntrengere i territoriet? (5) Kan den eurasiatiske beveren diskriminere mellom duft fra naboer og fremmede, og mellom duft fra sin egen art og den nordamerikanske beveren (C. canadensis)?

Jeg viste at duftmarkeringer spiller en signifikant, indirekte rolle i forsvaret av territoriet hos den eurasiatiske beveren. Antall duftmarkeringer var tetthetsavhengig. Bever med mange nære naboer (høyt utfordret) trenger sannsynligvis å duftmarkere oftere for å bli utvetydig gjenkjent som eier av territoriet. Plasser med høy tetthet er imidlertid kanskje også av bedre kvalitet, noe som gir eierne av territoriet mer energi å bruke på forsvaret, og flere grunner for å forsvare. Det var en signifikant positiv korrelasjon mellom antall duftmarkeringer og varigheten av okkupasjonen av territoriet samt lengden av banker med trær. Bofaste ser derfor ut til å investere mer i duftmarkeringer i territorier med god kvalitet og når et territorium har vært okkupert for relativ lang tid. Teoretisk, jo store potensiell verdi territoriet har for de bofaste, i kontrast til inntrengere, desto hardere bør eieren slåss for å beholde det territoriet.

Territoriet ble duftmarkert signifikant oftere om våren når spredningen av 2-åringer normalt skjer, og duftmarkeringene ble konsentrert nær grensene til territoriet, tilsynelatende for å maksimere signaleffektiviteten til potensielle inntrengere før de entrer territoriet. Signifikant flere duftmarkeringer ble konstruert oppstrøms i forhold til nedstrøms av hytta, sannsynligvis fordi bevegelsen av individer på vandring hovedsakelig er nedstrøms. Disse resultatene støtter hypotesen om grenseopprettholdelse.

Castoreum ble nesten utelukkende avsatt på duftmarkeringer fra januar til ut mars og ser ut til å være hovedlukten brukt i forsvar av eurasiatiske beverterritorier. AKS ble sjelden avsatt og har muligens en annen funksjon.

Den eurasiatiske beveren viste territorial atferd når en ”inntrenger”, i form av kunstig konstruerte eksperimentelle duftmarkeringshauger (EDH’er) med castoreum fra fremmede voksne hanner, ble plassert inne i territoriet. De ødela EDH’ene og overmarkerte med sin egen lukt i 80% av forsøkene. Overmarkeringen ser ut til å ha vært et forsøk på å maskere duften fra de fremmede voksne hannene med sin egen duft. Disse resultatene gir dermed noe støtte til duftmaskeringhypotesen. Duftmarkeringer kan derfor sørge for en troverdig annonsering av et individs evne til å dominere eller forsvare et område, siden bare de som suksessfullt dominerer et område kan sikre at deres markeringer både dominerer og er nyligere avsatt enn de fra en utfordrende konkurrent. Overmarkeringen annonserer derfor muligens at territoriet er opptatt og signaliserer kostnaden av konkurransen hvis trusselen ignoreres. Jeg observerte at beverne ofte startet å patruljere territoriet etter å ha besøkt EDH’ene. En mangel på respons på EDH’er uten castoreum indikerer at beveren reagerte på duften av castoreum og ikke på synet av duftmarkeringshaugen.

De eurasiatiske beverne snuste på castoreum og AKS fra en fremmed, signifikant lenger enn fra en nabo. De reagerte aggressivt, signifikant lenger på castoreum, men ikke på AKS, fra en fremmed enn fra en nabo. Når EDH’ene forble ute over natta og responsen ble målt den påfølgende morgenen, reagerte beverne signifikant sterkere på både castoreum og AKS fra en fremmed enn fra en nabo. Disse resultatene indikerer at den eurasiatiske beveren kan bruke duft for å diskriminere mellom naboer og fremmede, og gir dermed støtte til tilstedeværelsen av ”kjære fiende” fenomenet (redusert aggresjon mot kjente okkupanter på naboterritoriene).

De eurasiatiske beverne tilbrakte signifikant lenger tid på å reagere aggressivt på artsfrenders enn ikke-artsfrenders (nordamerikanske bevere) EDH’er. De reagerte også signifikant mer aggressivt på artsfrenders enn ikke-artsfrenders EDH’er over natt. Sammenligninger av castoreum gasskromatogram viste at forskjeller mellom artene forklarte 34% av den totale variasjonen i forbindelsene oppdaget, mens forskjeller mellom kjønnene forklarte 13%. For AKS, var henholdsvis 49% og 46% av denne variasjonen forklart av forskjeller mellom arter og kjønn. Disse resultatene bekrefter hypotesen at den eurasiatiske beveren diskriminerer mellom duftmarkeringer fra de to artene, med andre ord utøver arts diskrimineringsevner. Dette indikerer at den eurasiatiske beveren vil anse påtrengende duftmarkeringer fra den nordamerikanske beveren å utgjøre en mindre territoriell trussel enn fra en artsfrende, og vil derfor mindre sannsynlig bruke tid og energi på å overmarkere disse duftmarkeringene.

Jeg konkluderer med at mitt studium har bidratt til en bedre forståelse av funksjonen av duftmarkering i territoriet til den eurasiatiske beveren ved å demonstrere deres evne til å overføre duftbeskjeder effektivt, både i tid og rom, og deres evne til å overmarkere og diskriminere EDH’er fra inntrengere som utgjør ulik grad av trussel. Mine resultater gav støtte til ideen at funksjonen for duftmarkering av territoriet hos eurasiatisk bever er å annonsere dominans status, og dermed sørge for muligheter for inntrengere til å vurdere tilstedeværelsen av eieren som vil redusere kostnadene av de agonistiske konfliktene for både eier og inntrenger (statusannonseringshypotesen). Mine resultater støtter også den generelle duftssammenligningshypotesen, med andre ord dens prediksjoner 1 (duftmarker hvor inntrengere er mest sannsynlig å møte disse), 3 (gjør seg tilgjengelig for duftsammenligning av inntrenger) og 4 (fjern eller erstatt duftmarkeringer av andre) ble alle støttet. Prediksjon 2 (duftmarker seg selv med duften brukt til å markere territoriet) trenger imidlertid å klargjøres. Det er fortsatt uklart om beveren smører castoreum på pelsen, og/eller markerer seg selv med AKS for å gjøre pelsen vanntett og dermed fungere samtidig som en ”levende duftmarkering”. Det neste steget bør være å redegjøre for disse spørsmålene. Funksjonen til duftmarkering som er foreslått her er imidlertid nødvendigvis ikke den eneste funksjonelle mekanismen, siden en funksjon ikke trenger å utelukke andre. To andre hovedfunksjoner for duftmarkering hos eurasiatisk bever som ikke helt kan utelukkes er at duftmarkeringer kan bli brukt til å merke og dermed forsvare ressurser innen territoriet (hypotesen om ressurs merking), og at duftmarkeringen er relatert til reproduksjonen (for eksempel ved å annonsere reproduktiv status og bevoktning av maken i løpet av paringstiden). Mitt arbeid har lagt vekt på kommunikasjonen mellom familiegrupper. Mer arbeid trengs imidlertid for å klargjøre duftmarkeringens rolle i kommunikasjonen innen familiegrupper.

Paper V reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier, sciencedirect.com

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Os estudos da territorialidade e de comportamentos associados a ela favorecem o entendimento da maneira como as intera??es ecol?gicas afetam a composi??o de esp?cies e a din?mica de uma comunidade. No presente estudo tivemos como objetivo geral investigar o comportamento de Stegastes fuscus, um peixe-donzela territorialista, em ambiente natural e em cativeiro, com foco na capacidade de localiza??o territorial, reconhecimento e defesa de uma ?rea estabelecida. Para tanto subdividimos o trabalho em 3 cap?tulos. O primeiro teve como foco o estudo da esp?cie em ambiente natural objetivando estimar a ?rea do territ?rio ocupado e os padr?es comportamentais da por ela expressos. Sendo encontrado que a ?rea m?dia ocupada por S. fuscus foi de 274 cm2 e os comportamentos mais observados foram: vigil?ncia, ingest?o de alimento, tempo no abrigo/toca e displays agressivos. O segundo cap?tulo teve como alvo investigar a capacidade de localiza??o espacial da esp?cie mediada por pistas visuais. Os resultados demonstraram que S. fuscus apresenta marcante aprendizagem condicionada e possibilidade de exist?ncia de orienta??o espacial na esp?cie. O terceiro cap?tulo teve como objetivo avaliar a influ?ncia da resid?ncia pr?via estabelecida e do reconhecimento de coespec?ficos nos resultados de confrontos agon?sticos. Os resultados apontaram a resid?ncia como fator priorit?rio na din?mica das disputas agon?sticas e que aspectos relacionados ? familiaridade como relevantes e destacam-se mais quando n?o existe um territ?rio previamente estabelecido. Diante disso nossos resultados podem favorecer o entendimento da din?mica estrutural da comunidade na qual S. fuscus esta inserida, sendo isto significativo tendo em vista a import?ncia ecol?gica da esp?cie para o ecossistema.

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The main purpose of this work is to show the growing importance of South Atlantic Ocean to Brazil s foreign policy and security issues, from the seventies to 21st century. The oil crises in the early seventies changed brazilian perception about its maritime frontier. The enlargement of territorial sea to 200 miles and a diplomatic approach to Africa were strategic to assure Brazilian interests in the South Atlantic. The central role of Brazil to build the Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic stresses the choice to the multilateralism and the international law. This choice results from regional and hemispheric context. In the early 21st century, the international system allows Brazil to drawn a military capability towards its maritime frontier. Economic resources as great stocks of oil could turn the South Atlantic a vulnerable zone to Brazilian interests. Idealism and Realism on foreign politics and defense issues tend to combine themselves on Brazil s projection at South Atlantic
O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em demonstrar a crescente importância do Atlântico Sul na política externa e nos assuntos de defesa do Brasil, desde a década de 70 até o limiar do século XXI. A crise do petróleo, no início da década de 70 transformou a percepção do Brasil sobre sua fronteira marítima. O alargamento do mar territorial para 200 milhas e a aproximação diplomática da África foram estratégicos para assegurar os interesses do Brasil no Atlântico Sul. O papel central do Brasil em construir a Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul reforçou a escolha pelo multilateralismo e pelo direito internacional. Essa escolha foi decorrente do contexto regional e hemisférico. No início do século XXI, o Brasil percebe possibilidades de projetar uma capacidade militar para defender sua fronteira marítima. Recursos econômicos, como grandes reservas de petróleo, podem tornar o Atlântico Sul uma área vulnerável para os interesses brasileiros. No entanto, idealismo e realismo em política externa e defesa tendem a combinar-se na projeção do Brasil no Atlântico Sul

Switzerland's experience in the Second Wolrd War differs markedly from that of any other European nation and offers a unique historical oppurtunity to study civil-military relations in a democratic environment under the strain of a long-lasting existential threat. Entirely on its own and surrounded by and extremely aggressive enemy block, Switzerland has to struggle in that hazy, difficult-to-define situation between war and peace, which in modern terms would be referred to as "low intensity conflict". Thus military and civilian authorites were literally forced to think in terms of modern national security policy and to adopt a holistic security philosophy. It becamse apparent that the disproportionate role of the military component did not measure up to the threat and was at odds with a modern, overall security policy. The results were not limited to the serious, practically insoluble conflicts between millitary and civilian authorities, the preparedness and the dissuasive power of the army itself was thus called into question. The historical experience showed clearly that modern territorial defense requires first and foremost a balance between the individual components of security policy carefully adapted to the political, economic, and psychological realities of the nation. The military component, on the other hand, can only fulfill its mission if it can concentrate the personnel and material resources at its disposal on it original task of military defense; in the terminology of World War II, the army is responsible for "warfare", not "national defense"

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O comportamento territorial é uma estratégia de monopolização de recursos quando esses são essenciais para o sucesso reprodutivo de um organismo. Um território é uma área de uso exclusivo, defendido contra invasores coespecíficos de mesmo sexo, resultante da interação social entre vizinhos. A territorialidade exerce importante papel no sistema reprodutivo de uma espécie, pois influencia a participação do macho na reprodução. Nesses casos, as fêmeas podem obter vantagens diretas, como sítios de nidificação e cuidado parental. O comportamento territorial também exerce influência na regulação do tamanho populacional através de uma relação entre custos e benefícios individuais: em ambientes ótimos e com alta densidade populacional, os territórios são pequenos com pouca substituição, e jovens machos têm dificuldade para conseguirem estabelecer-se. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar aspectos comportamentais do tropeiro-da-serra, espécie rara e endêmica de Floresta Atlântica, com distribuição bastante restrita. Ao longo de 18 meses na Ilha Grande (RJ), analisamos seu comportamento territorial, mensuramos os tamanhos de territórios individuais de machos e realizamos estimativas de densidade populacional. O playback foi utilizado para atestar a presença de territorialidade na espécie, para simular a aproximação de coespecíficos (interações intraespecíficas) e para induzir o deslocamento dos indivíduos até os limites de seus territórios. Para investigar as respostas comportamentais à aproximação de invasores, analisamos quantitativamente as reações dos indivíduos a estímulos sonoros (vocalização espontânea e induzida pelo playback). Os territórios individuais foram definidos em duas estações reprodutivas através do método do Mínimo Polígono Convexo (MPC) em uma área equivalente a 20ha. A densidade populacional foi definida através do número de territórios encontrados e pelo número de indivíduos vistos/ouvidos por unidade de área através de transecções lineares. As vocalizações espontâneas e induzidas ocorreram somente entre os meses de agosto a janeiro, caracterizando uma estação reprodutiva bem definida. Durante este período, os machos tornaram-se solitários e agressivos com coespecíficos; na fase não-reprodutiva, entretanto, os indivíduos mostram-se sociáveis, forrageando em pequenos grupos de até quatro indivíduos. Os resultados indicam que o território é estabelecido para a monopolização de alimento e acesso às fêmeas. Essas observações sugerem que a espécie estudada é territorialista. Foram estimados sete territórios com valores entre 0,21ha e 0,73ha (0,43 + 0,16ha). Os indivíduos apresentaram fidelidade territorial, ocupando os mesmos territórios em duas estações reprodutivas. A densidade populacional de L. lanioides apresentou flutuações ao longo do ano, com os maiores valores encontrados durante a estação reprodutiva (variando entre 0,37 e 1,84 indivíduos/ha). Flutuações na densidade populacional podem apontar migrações altitudinais motivadas por variações na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Concluímos que o comportamento reprodutivo de L. lanioides não se enquadra no conceito de sistema reprodutivo em leks, conhecido em outros cotingídeos (ex. Lipaugus vociferans), no qual a corte é um comportamento social, com disputa por status de dominância, e o papel do macho resume-se à cópula sem benefícios diretos para as fêmeas. Dessa forma, os resultados do presente estudo trazem informações originais sobre a biologia de L. lanioides
Territorial behavior is a strategy to monopolize resources when these are important to reproductive success of an organism. A territory is an exclusive area, defended against intruders and same sex coespecific, coming from social interactions between neighbors. Territorial behavior performs an important role in a reproductive system species as well, because it influences male contribution on reproduction. In these cases, females can get direct benefits, as nesting sites and parental care. Territoriality also interferes in population size through a costs and benefits relation: on ideal environments and highly population density, territories are small and there are few substitutions because young males have difficulties to establish territories themselves. This present study researched behavioral aspects of Cinnamon-vented Piha, an endemic and rare Atlantic forest species, with restrict distribution. Throughout 18 months at Ilha Grande, RJ, we investigate its territorial behavior, measured males individual territories sizes and estimated population density. A playback was played to attest territoriality in species, simulate coespecific approaches (intraspecific interactions) and encourage individual displacements to their territories boundaries. To investigate behaviors responses to intruders invasions, we quantified males reactions to sonorous stimulus (spontaneous and induced vocalizations by playback). Their territories were defined during two reproductive periods by Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) at an area equivalent to 20ha. Population density was defined by the number of territories found and the number of individuals seen/heard at an area unit by linear transections. On this period, males became solitary and aggressive with coespecific; in non-reproductive phase, however, they stood sociable, foraging in small groups up to four individuals. The results suggest that territories are established to monopolize food and access to females, therefore this studied species is territorialist. In total, seven territories were estimated with values between 0,21ha e 0,73ha (0,43 + 0,16ha). Individuals display territorial fidelity, preserving their territories along two reproductive seasons. L. lanioides population density ranged along the year showing highest values on reproductive season (0.37 and 1.84 individuals/ha). Fluctuations in population density can aim to altitudinal migrations motivated by variations of food resources availability. L. lanioides reproductive behavior does not fit in the reproductive leks system concept, attested in some other cotingas (eg. Lipaugus vociferans), in which courtship is a social behavior, with contests for dominance status, and male roles is restricted to copula without direct benefits for females. In this way, our results bring original information about L. lanioides biology

Бабич, С. Л. Механізми функціонування територіальної оборони як складової оборонного планування в умовах військової агресії : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 281 «Публічне управління та адміністрування» / С. Л. Бабич, Ю. М. Кльова ; керівник роботи М. П. Бутко ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра менеджменту та державної служби. – Чернігів, 2021. – 102 с.
Метою кваліфікаційної роботи є удосконалення механізмів державного регулювання територіальної оборони в контексті децентралізації. Об’єкт дослідження – процеси функціонування механізмів державного регулювання територіальної оборони в контексті децентралізації. Предмет дослідження – теоретичні, методологічні та прикладні аспекти механізмів державного регулювання територіальної оборони в контексті децентралізації. Методи дослідження. Теоретичною базою кваліфікаційної роботи стали фундаментальні положення науки публічного управління, соціології і права, узагальнені принципи та методи аналізу закономірностей оборонного планування, а також праці вітчизняних та зарубіжних вчених з питань функціонування територіальної оборони як складової оборонного планування.
The purpose of the qualification work is to improve the mechanisms of state regulation of territorial defense in the context of decentralization. The object of research - the processes of functioning of mechanisms of state regulation of territorial defense in the context of decentralization. The subject of research is theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of mechanisms of state regulation of territorial defense in the context of decentralization. Research methods. The theoretical basis of the qualification work were the fundamental provisions of the science of public administration, sociology and law, generalized principles and methods of analysis of the laws of defense planning, as well as the work of domestic and foreign scientists on the functioning of territorial defense as part of defense planning.

Beach protection is today emerging as one of the most relevant environmental issues at the global level. The increasing vulnerability of beaches to human impact and the effect of climate change are determining an increasing risk which implies a significant socioeconomic threat. In fact, erosion of beaches and coastlines is observed with increasing frequency, with implications on the societal resilience to natural hazards. Several different techniques can be applied for protecting beaches and the seashore, ranging from structural methods to green and innovative solutions that are the subject of increasing attention in recent times. The aim of this thesis is to study innovative defense works against the erosion of the coast: in particular, the study focused on a submerged concrete barrier prototype, called WMESH, whose first modules have been recently installed in an area of the sea bad of the Emilia-Romagna coast. It is a permeable submerged barrier made up of reinforced concrete with a geometry that can dissipate a substantial portion of the wave energy, to promote the sand flow down to the shore and counteract its return. The first monitoring of the positioned modules and statistical tests on the wave and tide conditions in the affected area were performed in order to see the structure's response. These tests allowed to perform computer simulations with the 2D MIKE 21 program: the obtained results show that the structure responds positively, creating a reduction in the significant wave height and generating a sediment accumulation area in the area surrounding it.

Este trabajo recoge la experiencia del medio de identidad kukama Radio Ucamara, en la selva peruana de Loreto, atravesada por un conflicto territorial que evidencia una disputa entre la supremacía de la concepción de objeto/mercancía del río Marañón, frente a la inferiorización de una concepción materna y viva del río, entendido como eje fundamental para la configuración de la vida del pueblo indígena kukama. El hacer comunicativo de dicho medio se ha constituido como una praxis decolonizante a través de la estrategia de resistencia a proyectos que amenazan sus formas de vida vinculadas al río para así garantizar su autonomía. El objetivo de su estrategia se enraíza en visibilizar los sentidos ontológicos kukama del río y buscar el reconocimiento de estas en las narrativas estatales y modelos de desarrollo. Así, el fortalecimiento de la memoria del pueblo kukama en su relación con el territorio (el río) y la revitalización de la lengua es el corazón de su estrategia de defensa, pensada con un énfasis en niños y jóvenes. Sus líneas estratégicas de memoria, información e incidencia, se han desplegado a través de diferentes canales y recursos comunicativos más allá del espectro radioeléctrico, en articulación con las comunidades indígenas y organizaciones de sociedad civil. El abordaje teórico de este estudio se orienta desde la Corriente Crítica Latinoamericana de Comunicación, con aproximaciones a la comunicación indígena, y la Nueva Teoría Estratégica; asimismo, aborda los conceptos de decolonialidad, interculturalidad crítica y territorio.
Tesis

In a territorial population of pronghorn from Antelope Island, UT, interaction between male dominance and territory defense was examined. High-ranking males were more likely to defend territories. Closely ranked animals engaged in more dominance interactions than distantly ranked individuals, and middle-ranked animals were involved in disproportionately more interactions than either high- or low-ranking animals. Large males possessed large horns and prongs as well as small cheek patches. Results from a factor analysis suggested that large males defended territories with a high density of sage. However, in this study, we did not observe pronghorn feed on sage during the territorial season. Though male pronghorn practiced resource defense polygyny, large, dominant males did not defend territories with a high density of green vegetation or green forbs. Large males appeared to defend territories with low visibility. In 1996, intruders entered areas that contained females throughout the territorial season. During the next year, highly visible, small territories received the most intrusions. Together, these observations suggest defense of tactical locations. Defending a tactical location may help females avoid harassment and males hide the presence of females. Different populations of pronghorn practice different mating systems. To understand this variation, we examined the behavior patterns/rates of individual territorial and bachelor males. The highest rates of activity and behavior patterns occurred in March/April and in September. Territorial males cheek rubbed at a higher rate than bachelors. Territorial males were more active and SPUD (sniff, paw, urinate, and defecate) marked at a higher rate than bachelor males in 1996. After the formation of a bachelor herd in 1997, bachelor males showed higher rates of male-male interactions than territorial males. Territorial males maintained the same activity and behavioral rates in the presence and absence of females. Dispersion pattern of scent marks was more clumped in the presence of females. These findings suggest cheek rubs function more as a space-claiming behavior while SPUD marking is more strongly associated with male-male interactions. Comparison to male behavior in nonterritorial populations indicates that the behavioral mechanisms are present in all populations to accommodate shifts in social systems.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 200 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 194-200). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The use of habitat is an important part of a species biology. One resource of great importance for the survivor and reproduction of an individual is the food resource. Thus, the social interactions an animal has during the feeding activities are of extremely importance within its behavioral aspects, which represents the part of an organism trough which it interacts with the environment, adapting to changes and variations. Herons are known to form feeding aggregations of even more than thousands of individuals, in which social components of foraging have been identified and studied for several species. More profound studies of these aspects are yet to poor for the Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the social behavior (display postures, vocalizations and co-specific interactions) and the territoriality of the specie during the feeding period in an area of mud bank in the estuarine system of Canan?ia, south coast of S?o Paulo state, Brazil. The defense of a fixed and exclusive area, closest to the mangrove, trough expulsion was observed; some thing that have not yet been registered with concrete data for the specie. Higher capture and success rates, and lower investment rates (steps/min and stabs/min) were registered for individuals foraging in areas corresponding to the defended territory. This could be one of possible reasons for the establishment of territories in the area. Four display postures were registered for the specie, two of then new in the literature, which are used in the interactions between individuals; one vocalization, that apparently is important in the social context of foraging for the specie and, possibly, has a function of advertising and proclaiming the dominance position of the territorial individual within the group. A territorial individual uses three behaviors, of the ones described: expulsion, vocalization and encounter (agonistic encounter between individuals, without physical aggression). Of these, the expulsion is apparently used in the actual defense, actively; while the other two behaviors are used in a more passive way, in the maintenance of the dominance position of the individual, helping it in the defense of its territory in a less direct manner. Therefore, with the results presented in here, new components of the social utilization of the feeding resource for the Little Blue Heron were identified, incorporating aspects of the territorial behavior for a future understanding of its possible adaptive significance. And it also reinforces the importance of the social interactions of herons foraging in great aggregations, in areas ecologically important
A utiliza??o do habitat ? parte importante da biologia de uma esp?cie. Um dos recursos importantes para a sobreviv?ncia e reprodu??o de um indiv?duo ? o recurso alimentar. Desta forma, as intera??es sociais que um animal mant?m durante as atividades de forrageio s?o de suma import?ncia dentre seus aspectos comportamentais, os quais, por sua vez, representam a parte de um organismo atrav?s da qual este interage com o ambiente, adaptando-se as varia??es e mudan?as no meio. Gar?as s?o conhecidas por formar agrega??es alimentares que podem conter at? milhares de indiv?duos, nas quais componentes sociais do forrageio t?m sido identificados e estudados para v?rias esp?cies. Estudos mais aprofundados destes aspectos ainda s?o escassos para a gar?a-azul, Egretta caerulea. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o comportamento social (posturas de exibi??o, vocaliza??es e intera??es co-espec?ficas) e a territorialidade da esp?cie durante o per?odo de forrageio em uma ?rea de baixio lodoso no sistema estuarino de Canan?ia, litoral sul do estado de S?o Paulo, Brasil. Observou-se a defesa de uma ?rea fixa e exclusiva, pr?xima ao manguezal, atrav?s da expuls?o; algo que ainda n?o tinha sido registrado com dados concretos para a esp?cie. Registraram-se taxas de captura e sucesso maiores para indiv?duos forrageando na ?rea correspondente ao territ?rio defendido, assim como menores taxas de investimento no forrageio. Desta forma, esta pode ser uma das raz?es pelo estabelecimento de territ?rios pela esp?cie no local. Registraram-se quatro posturas de exibi??o para a esp?cie, das quais duas s?o novas na literatura e s?o utilizadas nas intera??es entre indiv?duos. Registrou-se uma vocaliza??o, que aparentemente ? importante no contexto social do forrageio para a esp?cie e, possivelmente, tem fun??o de advert?ncia e proclama??o da posi??o de domin?ncia ocupada pelo indiv?duo territorial dentro do grupo. Um indiv?duo territorial utiliza-se de tr?s comportamentos, dos descritos: expuls?o, vocaliza??o e encontro (encontro agon?stico entre indiv?duos, sem agress?o f?sica). Destes, aparentemente a expuls?o ? utilizada na defesa ativa; enquanto que os outros dois comportamentos s?o utilizados de uma forma mais passiva, na manuten??o da posi??o de domin?ncia do indiv?duo, ajudando-o na defesa de seu territ?rio de uma forma menos direta. Assim, com os resultados apresentados neste trabalho, identificaram-se novos componentes do comportamento social da utiliza??o do recurso alimentar pela gar?a-azul, incorporando-se aspectos do comportamento territorial para um futuro entendimento de sua poss?vel signific?ncia adaptativa. Refor?a-se tamb?m a import?ncia das intera??es sociais de gar?as que forrageiam em agregados contendo milhares de indiv?duos, em ?reas ecologicamente importantes

Dissertação de mestrado em Etologia
As vocalizações emitidas por aves de rapina parecem ser bastante estereotipadas dentro de uma população, em comparação com os repertórios mais variados apresentados pelos passeriformes. Contudo, podem também ser aspectos importantes na avaliação dos indivíduos, revelando a qualidade individual, a qualidade do território e a capacidade de obter e defender recursos, tanto em interacções intra-sexuais como em inter-sexuais. Isto será ainda mais importante em rapinas nocturnas ou parcialmente diurnas, para as quais os sinais visuais deverão ter uma eficiência limitada. Por outro lado, os indivíduos de muitas espécies territoriais discriminam entre vizinhos familiares e intrusos desconhecidos com base em diferenças individuais nos sinais acústicos. O sistema fortemente territorial e monogâmico da maioria das aves de rapina, no qual as ligações entre os membros do casal podem durar anos, sugere a importância da estabilidade nas vocalizações de cada indivíduo ao longo de diferentes épocas e de um sistema de reconhecimento acústico de conspecíficos. Além disso, as rapinas nocturnas deverão ter vantagens numa grande familiaridade com os vizinhos, facilitando a sua actividade nocturna quando as pistas visuais são mínimas. Como primeiro passo na investigação deste reconhecimento entre conspecíficos está a determinação do grau com que os indivíduos podem ser correctamente identificados (pelos investigadores) através dos seus sinais. A existência de individualidade no canto permite ainda a sua utilização como método de censo não intrusivo, além de permitir ultrapassar falhas inerentes ao estudo de espécies nocturnas. Neste trabalho pretendeu-se estudar o canto territorial dos machos de mocho-galego (Athene noctua) numa população existente numa área de estepe cerealífera tradicional, na região de S. Marcos da Ataboeira, concelho de Castro Verde, Baixo Alentejo, Portugal. Além de uma caracterização deste tipo de vocalização, investigou-se ainda a existência de individualidade no canto territorial que permitisse discriminar correctamente entre diferentes indivíduos. Adicionalmente, estudou-se a resposta dada à presença de intrusos conspecíficos por parte dos machos, caracterizando-se as diferentes estratégias individuais de defesa do território e a possível relação de características individuais e do território com a intensidade dessa defesa. Para o efeito, foram efectuadas gravações acústicas espontâneas e foram emitidos playbacks de canto territorial de machos estranhos, fora dos limites do território, gravando-se também a resposta dada pelos seus ocupantes. Seguidamente, foram produzidos e analisados as representações gráficas das gravações efectuadas. O canto territorial desta espécie parece estar bem adaptado a uma transmissão eficiente a longas distâncias em habitats relativamente abertos, como revelam as características acústicas das unidades que o constituem. Apesar de se terem detectado algumas variações individuais, a variabilidade entre indivíduos para a maioria dos parâmetros acústicos analisados mostrou ser superior à variabilidade dentro de um mesmo indivíduo. Além disso, este tipo de vocalização apresentou estabilidade temporal, podendo mesmo existir uma estabilidade a longo prazo. Os resultados relativos à análise discriminante constituem uma forte evidência de que os mochos-galegos possuem cantos territoriais distintos individualmente, principalmente com base na duração total e na frequência final das unidades que o constituem. Os modelos gerados produziram uma classificação significativamente melhor do que seria esperado devido ao acaso, com valores de classificação correcta que variaram entre 37.5 e 100% para cada macho. Considerando o conjunto de todos os indivíduos, os valores de classificação correcta foram da ordem dos 70%. O estudo das respostas dadas aos intrusos revelou que, para a maioria dos machos amostrados, a defesa do território foi bastante intensa, como revela a resposta ainda durante a emissão do playback e a existência de overlapping ao estímulo. O comprimento e a altura do bico, o comprimento do tarso e o número de crias voadoras produzidas são características individuais dos machos que se relacionaram com a intensidade da resposta dada aos playbacks, apresentando-se correlacionadas com a taxa de resposta, a duração total da resposta e do overlapping. De uma forma geral, verificou-se uma ausência de relação entre as variáveis do território e a intensidade de defesa territorial pelos machos. Contudo, as características do ninho constituídas pelo comprimento e altura da entrada, assim como o número de entradas podem ser características do território que correspondem a recursos importantes, aparecendo relacionados com a latência da resposta. O papel da quantidade de branco assim como do comprimento da estrutura de nidificação não são muito claros sendo a sua importância discutível.

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The dissertation focuses on the territorial occupation and administration from the cities, the political-administrative structurization centers of the colonies. The objects of the research are the Brazilian colonial cities founded during the Iberian Union (1580-1640) in the northern region of Brazil, which have provided the fixation and the expansion of the borders and the territorial maintenance towards the frequent foreign incursions. The influence that the Iberian Union had on establishing new colonization and occupation policies for Portugal on Brazil after the Restoration are also analyzed in order to assert the legacy of the Spanish administration period. The city, as the analysis and research object, is studied in its physical planning as a representation of the ideas of world and society built and adopted by the European society inside and outside of the Old World.
A dissertação foca o processo de ocupação e administração do território a partir da cidade, pólo de estruturação político-administrativa colonial. São objetos da pesquisa as cidades brasileiras coloniais fundadas durante a União Ibérica (1580-1640) na região Norte do Brasil, as quais proporcionaram a fixação e ampliação de fronteiras, assim como a manutenção territorial frente às constantes incursões de estrangeiros. A influência que a União Ibérica para o estabelecimento de novas políticas de colonização e ocupação por parte de Portugal no Brasil após a Restauração são igualmente analisadas para averiguar as permanências legadas pelo período de administração espanhola. A cidade, enquanto objeto de pesquisa e análise, é estudada em seu plano físico como um tradutor das idéias de mundo e sociedade construídas e adotadas pela sociedade européia dentro e fora do Velho Mundo.

Hur beter sig skärpiplärkor (Anthus petrosus) när de försvarar reviret mot en inkräktare under häckning? Eskalerar de aggressivitet olika eller har de en gemensam strategi? Påverkas beteendet av häckningsfas? Kan använd tid säga något om motivation att försvara revir? För att besvara dessa frågor placerades en burhållen artfrände av endera kön i etablerade revir. I studien mättes ägnad tid åt olika aggressiva beteenden, vilka hade klassats och graderats beroende av styrkan i hoten. Resultatet visade att alla hanar eskalerar aggression på ett likartat sätt och ägnade i medeltal lika lång tid åt olika nivåer. Individuella skillnader förekom dock då några individer eskalerade lite snabbare men det tolkades inte som ökad motivation att försvara revir. Tiden de ägnade åt de olika nivåerna varierade inte beroende av häckningsfas.

How do rock pipits (Anthus petrosus) behave when they defend a territory against an intruder during their breeding season? Do they escalate aggression differently, or do they have a common strategy? Does breeding phase influence the behavior? May used time tell something about the motivation to defend the territory? To answer these questions a caged conspecific of either sex were placed in established territories. In the study the time was measured of each different aggressive behavior, which had been classified into levels according to the intensity of the threat. The results showed that all males escalated aggression in the same way and devoted similar lengths of time to the different levels. Some individual differences occurred as a few individuals escalated somewhat rapidly, however, this was not interpreted as increased motivation to defend the territory. The time they devoted to different levels did not vary depending on breeding phase.

Cette thèse porte sur des actions collectives, caractérisées comme mouvement social, menées par un ensemble de communautés rurales de la commune de Port de Moz, en Amazonie brésilienne dont, dès les années 1980, les territoires, traditionnellement occupés par elles, ont été pénétrés par des entreprises du bois et de la pêche, dépréciatrices des ressources naturelles qui soutenaient leurs modes de production et de vie. Il en résulte des conflits qui donnèrent origine à ce mouvement de défense. La thèse retrace et interprète l'organisation de ce mouvement au long d'une quinzaine d'années à la lumière des théories des mouvements sociaux et des catégories sociologiques de communauté, territoire et mode de vie, entre autres. En plus de lectures de nature théoriques, elle se base sur un long travail de terrain, sur l'examen de documents d'archives et d'entrevues avec les acteurs, membres des communautés, militants d'organisations de base, et représentants des institutions publiques
This study discusses a process of collective actions by a group of rural communities in the municipality of Porto de Moz, situated in the region of Almeirin, in the Lower Amazon, State of Pará. The municipality of Porto Moz has a history marked by two rubber boom periods (1870-1920 and 1942-1945) that lead to rubber tree exploitation and resulted in diverse processes of territorialization. A significant part of the current rural population of the municipality is formed by families of forest owners, managers, and workers. Informal and formally, these groups are denominated “Traditional groups”. At the end of the 20th century, national territorial policies motivated valorization of capital in the Brazilian Amazon through large projects. Until then relatively isolated, Porto Moz was invaded by commercial fisherman and logging companies that threatened its territory organization and its traditional socioeconomic structure. Families and communities reacted with the support of the local Catholic Church. Their organization and the consistent support of the Church contributed to the creation of small farmers and fisherman trade unions in the national level, and the introduction of the workers party, PT, in that area. The communities became stronger enough to confront threats against their socioeconomic organization and way of life, thus depending less on the Church. After first, some communities determined their working and living spaces; then, they took charge of the socioeconomic organization of the west of the municipality, which encompasses 1,300,000 hectares (70% of the municipality), according to the statute of Conservation Unit, as an Extractive Reserve. This law was proposed to the State by rubber tapers of the State of Acre in response to their forced removal from their forests. The studies of the similarities and relationship between the social phenomena in Acre and in Porto Munoz and other regions, allowed me to create a hypothesis of a social movement in the Amazon

La Food Defense viene definita come l'insieme di azioni messe in atto da una organizzazione pubblica o privata per prevenire, eliminare o ridurre ad un livello accettabile il rischio derivante da una adulterazione volontaria di un prodotto alimentare. L'implementazione da parte delle aziende del Food Defense Plan, volto a scongiurare sabotaggi a livello delle fasi di processo produttivo, è diventato un requisito obbligatorio per poter esportare i prodotti alimentari in U.S.A in seguito all'istituzione del Food Safety Modernization Act. Tale cogenza deriva da un crescente numero di attacchi perpetuati a livello della Food Supply Chain nella storia recente, con un associato notevole aumento del rischio per la salute pubblica. L'implementazione di un Food Defense Plan prevede la conduzione di una analisi del rischio, la Vulnerability Assessment, al fine di identificare le fasi di processo produttivo più suscettibili ad atti di adulterazione volontaria, seguita dall'implementazione di Mitigation Strategies volte a prevenire, eliminare o ridurre ad un livello accettabile tale rischio. Il Food Defense Plan viene completato dalle misure di monitoraggio, dalle azioni correttive, dalle registrazioni, dalle verifiche e dal riesame della direzione che vengono effettuati al fine di garantire il corretto funzionamento dell'intero sistema di gestione. L'istituzione di misure di Food Defense a livello dello stabilimento produttivo vengono altresì richieste anche a livello dei principali standard di certificazione europei per la sicurezza alimentare, quali BRCGS e FSSC 22000. Parte di questo elaborato di tesi è stata centrata sull'implementazione di Food Defense Plan in aziende del territorio italiano, prese come casi studio, secondo l'approccio metodologico richiesto dal Food Safety Modernization Act.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo fazer uma análise cronológica das Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas (CMDA) que ocorrem bianualmente desde 1995, reunindo os formuladores de políticas de defesa da maioria dos países do continente. Neste foro de discussão focamos a atuação brasileira na defesa dos interesses nacionais como importante ponto de contraposição à tentativa de imposição de agenda norte-americana. Este trabalho versa sobre os interesses brasileiros no campo da defesa e como estes são representados e defendidos no âmbito das CMDA em uma busca por espaço face às diferenças da agenda norte-americana. Importante ponto desta dissertação é elucidar como este foro de debate internacional contribui para a cooperação e debates de temas relativos à defesa e segurança nas Américas pela ótica brasileira
This dissertation aims to make a chronological analysis of the Conferences of Ministers of Defense of the Americas (CMDA) that occur biannually since 1995, bringing together policymakers of defense of most countries of the continent. In this discussion forum focusing the Brazilian performance in the defense of national interests as a major point of opposition to the US attempt to impose American agenda. This paper describes the Brazilian interests in defense area and how they are represented and defended in the context of CDMA in a quest for space over the differences of the U.S. agenda. Important point of this dissertation is to elucidate how this forum of international debate contributes to cooperation and discussions of issues relating to defense and security in the Americas by the Brazilian view

China’s military modernization has allowed it to take a more assertive position on the territorial disputes it currently has with Japan and its Southeast Asian neighbors. The South China Sea (SCS) dispute is a clear example. Meanwhile, Japan is normalizing its military status to play a more proactive security role in the region. Japan’s normalization process has been greatly influenced by China’s growing military capabilities as it fears that China could pose a threat to its sea lanes of communications. Although Japan does not have territorial claims in the SCS, it regards the SCS as a strategically vital area. It is this particular concern that has brought Japan into the current territorial disputes in the SCS. This thesis analyzes how Japan has tried to forge partnerships with Southeast Asian countries in the form of foreign aid and the provision of military equipment and training that can potentially offset China’s assertiveness.

O presente trabalho é subordinado ao tema: “As Unidades Militares da Praça de Almeida entre 1642 e 1927: A Defesa Territorial na Fronteira da Beira”. A Praça de Almeida teve, desde a criação de Portugal, responsabilidades na Defesa Territorial do País, sendo alvo de disputas e confrontos em diversos episódios, cada um deles ilustrando a importância da Praça e como a sua capitulação podia alterar o desenrolar dos acontecimentos a nível nacional. Analisou-se o papel de Almeida na Defesa Territorial na Fronteira da Beira a partir da tipologia, orgânica e emprego operacional das forças que guarneciam a Praça desde a criação do Exército Permanente no século XVII. Incidiu-se especialmente nos períodos em que Almeida esteve empenhada contra exércitos invasores, nomeadamente na Guerra da Restauração, Guerra Fantástica e Guerra Peninsular. Incidiu-se também nos confrontos durante as Lutas Liberais e na Revolta de Torres Novas em 1844, que culminou num cerco a Almeida de mês e meio. Partindo das principais reorganizações militares viu-se como estas se refletiram na Praça e como as missões das suas guarnições se adaptaram ao longo dos tempos à Defesa Territorial do País. Concluiu-se neste trabalho o porquê de a Praça de Almeida ter perdido o seu valor militar e a forma como isso aconteceu. Abstract This work is relative to the theme: "The Military Units of the Plaza of Almeida between 1642 and 1927: The Territorial Defense in the Beira Frontier". Since the rising of Portugal that the Plaza of Almeida had responsibilities in the Territorial Defense of the country, being the target of disputes and clashes in several episodes, each one illustrating the importance of the Square and the consequences of its capitulation in the course of events nationwide. The role of Almeida in the Territorial Defense of Beira’s Frontier was analyzed by the type, size and operational employment of forces that lined the Square since its creation on the first standing army in the seventeenth century. The investigation is focused especially in periods when Almeida was committed against invading armies, particularly in the Restoration War, Fantastic War and Peninsular War. It’s also focused on the Liberals Fights and the Revolt of Torres Novas in 1844, which culminated in a month and a half siege of Almeida. Starting from the main military reorganizations we saw how these were reflected in the Square and how their trim’s missions have adapted to the Territorial Defense of the Country. In this study we concluded why the Plaza de Almeida has lost its military value and how it happened.

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A disserta??o foca o processo de ocupa??o e administra??o do territ?rio a partir da cidade, p?lo de estrutura??o pol?tico-administrativa colonial. S?o objetos da pesquisa as cidades brasileiras coloniais fundadas durante a Uni?o Ib?rica (1580-1640) na regi?o Norte do Brasil, as quais proporcionaram a fixa??o e amplia??o de fronteiras, assim como a manuten??o territorial frente ?s constantes incurs?es de estrangeiros. A influ?ncia que a Uni?o Ib?rica para o estabelecimento de novas pol?ticas de coloniza??o e ocupa??o por parte de Portugal no Brasil ap?s a Restaura??o s?o igualmente analisadas para averiguar as perman?ncias legadas pelo per?odo de administra??o espanhola. A cidade, enquanto objeto de pesquisa e an?lise, ? estudada em seu plano f?sico como um tradutor das id?ias de mundo e sociedade constru?das e adotadas pela sociedade europ?ia dentro e fora do Velho Mundo.

Orientador: Héctor Luís Saint Pierre
Banca: Eduardo Mei
Banca: Samuel Alves Soares
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituido em parceria com a UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: A presente dissertação tem por objetivo fazer uma análise cronológica das Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas (CMDA) que ocorrem bianualmente desde 1995, reunindo os formuladores de políticas de defesa da maioria dos países do continente. Neste foro de discussão focamos a atuação brasileira na defesa dos interesses nacionais como importante ponto de contraposição à tentativa de imposição de agenda norte-americana. Este trabalho versa sobre os interesses brasileiros no campo da defesa e como estes são representados e defendidos no âmbito das CMDA em uma busca por espaço face às diferenças da agenda norte-americana. Importante ponto desta dissertação é elucidar como este foro de debate internacional contribui para a cooperação e debates de temas relativos à defesa e segurança nas Américas pela ótica brasileira
Abstract: This dissertation aims to make a chronological analysis of the Conferences of Ministers of Defense of the Americas (CMDA) that occur biannually since 1995, bringing together policymakers of defense of most countries of the continent. In this discussion forum focusing the Brazilian performance in the defense of national interests as a major point of opposition to the US attempt to impose American agenda. This paper describes the Brazilian interests in defense area and how they are represented and defended in the context of CDMA in a quest for space over the differences of the U.S. agenda. Important point of this dissertation is to elucidate how this forum of international debate contributes to cooperation and discussions of issues relating to defense and security in the Americas by the Brazilian view
Mestre

Repenser l’action administrative dans le nouveau continuum sécurité/défense est devenu un impératif dans la mesure où l’ordonnancement institutionnel administratif constitue le socle de l’action sécuritaire. Il fallut dresser un état des lieux de l’évolution des notions de sécurité et de défense, devenues les deux faces d’une même médaille, sur le fonctionnement de l’administration. La consistance de la sécurité ne cessant de s’accroître, les outils mis à la disposition de ces objectifs étatiques ont été adaptés pour réorganiser les acteurs au sein d’une rénovation du cadre sémantique de la sécurité. La redéfinition des rapports entre l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales a nécessité la réorganisation de leur carte territoriale et de leurs moyens en matière de sécurité et de défense. Cela a néanmoins complexifié les rapports entre les différents niveaux de l’administration, conduisant les acteurs institutionnels, avec le concours de l’institution militaire, à rechercher des solutions alternatives. Ceci s’est notamment traduit par le développement de partenariats contractuels entre personnes publiques et par le développement de la coopération transfrontalière et la prise en compte de l’influence européenne
Rethinking administrative action within the new security/defense continuum has become imperative since the institutional set-up constitutes the basis for security action. It was of paramount importance to assess the impact that the evolution of the notions of security and defense - now become the two faces of the same coin - bears on the functioning of the administration. This is all the more essential since the substance of security keeps expanding. The tools available to meet these objectives have been adapted to re-organize the partners’ roles with a view to overhauling the semantic framework of security within a territorial reorganization, allowing redefining the relationships between the State and the local authorities. Complexity has however impeded the relationships between the various administrations, involving institutional partners with those of defense. Solutions have been sought through the development of partnerships between public entities, opting for supranational options and particularly European trans-border cooperations

Analiza los efectos del estancamiento del proceso de formalización minera sobre las comunidades nativas Boca Inambari y Tres Islas en el departamento de Madre de Dios, Perú. Plantea que el estancamiento de la formalización minera en Madre de Dios, la incomunicación intersectorial de las entidades de decisión respecto al potencial de formalización de las Comunidades Nativas, así como las interdicciones, y los engaños de algunos consultores, han desestimulado el afán de las comunidades para ordenar sus actividades y las han conducido a asumir alternativas para subsistir. En consecuencia, identifica los efectos del estancamiento del proceso de formalización sobre el uso de otros recursos naturales diferentes al oro y sobre la soberanía territorial comunal; y caracteriza las estrategias alternativas de subsistencia de las comunidades nativas frente a las interdicciones contra la minería.
Tesis

Мурашко, А. М. Реалізація державної політики у сферах національної безпеки і оборони на регіональному рівні : дис. ... канд. наук з держ управління : 25.00.02 / А. М. Мурашко. - Чернігів, 2021 - 195 с.
Дисертацію присвячено розробці теоретичних та методичних положень і практичних рекомендацій щодо вдосконалення напрямів реалізації державної політики у сферах національної безпеки і оборони на регіональному рівні. У роботі обґрунтовано теоретичний підхід до формування української стратегії національної безпеки, систематизація компонентів у контексті інтеграції політичних та правових норм, інститутів, правил процедури та діяльності, які спрямовані забезпечувати національну безпеку та дозволяє нейтралізувати чи ліквідувати її, в частині удосконалення понятійно-категоріального апарату дослідження. Охарактеризовано методичний підхід в частині реалізації концептуальних основ аналізу ефективності національної безпекової політики в Україні шляхом впровадження комплексної системи взаємодії основних суб’єктів її забезпечення на державному, регіональному та недержавному рівнях. Описано, що інституційне забезпечення державної політики національної безпеки здійснюється відповідно до обов'язків та принципів, визначених у відповідних законах та інших інструментах національної політики, що регулюють діяльність суб'єктів політики безпеки нашої країни. Розглянувши роль правового механізму в забезпеченні національної безпеки, проведено аналіз методології формування нормативно-правового поля забезпечення національної безпеки України. Наголошено, що нормативно-правова база для фінансування державної політики у сфері національної безпеки, а саме українських військових та інших збройних сил загалом відповідає меті забезпечення національної політики України. Існуюча адміністративна система у цій сфері ґрунтується на європейській традиції повноважень та розподілі повноважень між міністерствами та є досить всебічною. Підтверджується, що структура видатків державного бюджету не відповідає завданням державної військової організації, визначеним Конституцією та законами України. Перетворення правоохоронних органів на частково “самодостатні” є джерелом масової недержавної безпеки та захищеної корупції. Комерційна діяльність правоохоронних органів, не передбачена Конституцією та українським законодавством, загрожує національній безпеці та трансформації цих структур під захистом недержавних суб’єктів та іноземних держав. Визначено, що однією з основних проблем є відсутність системи фахової військової підготовки голів обласних та райдержадміністрацій з питань організації заходів мобілізації та територіальної оборони, відповідно їх небажання та самоусунення від керівництва зазначеними заходами, в першу чергу щодо формування підрозділів територіальної оборони та не сприяння головами об’єднаних територіальних громад, керівниками установ, підприємств (організацій) в проведенні роботи з оповіщення військовозобов’язаних. Охарактеризовано провідну роль співпраці між державними інституціями та громадянським суспільством для покращення реалізації державної політики національної безпеки як внутрішньої, так і зовнішньої, а також провідна роль держави у забезпеченні національних інтересів України у сфері національної безпеки та оборони. Прагматичний підхід до розробки та реалізації національної політики у сфері національної безпеки в Україні, який виконує такі функції: забезпечення територіальної цілісності та суверенітету держави; Ми підтримуємо конституційний лад на основі демократичних принципів. Запобігання зовнішньому втручанню у внутрішні справи України тощо. Механізм фінансування національної політики у сфері національної безпеки та оборони був розроблений на основі застосування програм управління цілями національної безпеки та може об’єктивно представити вичерпну інформацію про ідеологічні, наукові та експертні аналітичні компоненти. Вплив на національну безпеку. Продемонстровано доцільність створення ефективної системи національної безпеки та оборони, що складається з можливої адаптації та впровадження основної європейської практики функціонування сил територіальної оборони на основі систематизації закордонних та вітчизняних моделей. Впровадження механізмів національної політики в основних сферах зовнішньої національної безпеки щодо застосування державних регуляторних механізмів територіальної оборони, що дає основу для розробки підходів до формування та впровадження національних регуляторних механізмів територіальної оборони. Виробити власні погляди на Аналізуючи досвід іноземних країн, таких як США, Великобританія, Франція, Фінляндія, Китай, Польща та Румунія, вони встановили теоретичні механізми державного управління системами територіальної оборони. Кожна країна застосовує ці механізми відповідно до особливостей своїх територіальних, геополітичних, соціальних та економічних можливостей.Доведено провідну роль держави щодо забезпечення національних інтересів України в сфері національної безпеки та оборони, а також значущість взаємодії органів державної влади та громадянського суспільства з метою підвищення ефективності реалізації державної політики національної безпеки в умовах внутрішніх і зовнішніх викликів єдності народу України.
The dissertation is devoted to the development of theoretical and methodological provisions and practical recommendations for improving the implementation of state policy in the field of national security and defense at the regional level. The paper substantiates the theoretical approach to the formation of the Ukrainian national security strategy, systematization of components in the context of integration of political and legal norms, institutions, rules of procedure and activities aimed at ensuring national security and neutralizing or eliminating it, in terms of improving the conceptual and categorical apparatus. The methodical approach in the part of realization of conceptual bases of the analysis of efficiency of the national security policy in Ukraine by introduction of complex system of interaction of the basic subjects of its maintenance at the state, regional and non-state levels is characterized. It is described that the institutional support of the state national security policy is carried out in accordance with the responsibilities and principles defined in the relevant laws and other instruments of national policy governing the activities of the subjects of security policy of our country. Having considered the role of the legal mechanism in ensuring national security, the analysis of the methodology of formation of the normative-legal field of ensuring the national security of Ukraine is carried out. It is emphasized that the legal framework for financing the state policy in the field of national security, namely the Ukrainian military and other armed forces, generally meets the goal of ensuring the national policy of Ukraine. The existing administrative system in this area is based on the European tradition of powers and the division of powers between ministries and is quite comprehensive. It is certified that the structure of state budget expenditures does not correspond to the tasks of the State Military Organization defined by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. The transition of law enforcement agencies to partial «self-sufficiency» is a source of large-scale non-national security and protected corruption. Commercial activity of law enforcement agencies, which is not provided by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, threatens the transition of these structures under national security and defense of non-state actors and foreign states. It is determined that one of the main problems is the lack of a system of professional military training of heads of regional and district state administrations on the organization of mobilization and territorial defense, respectively their reluctance and self-removal from the leadership of these measures, primarily on the formation of territorial defense units. united territorial communities, heads of institutions, enterprises (organizations) in carrying out work on notification of conscripts. The leading role of the state in ensuring the national interests of Ukraine in the field of national security and defense, as well as the importance of cooperation between public authorities and civil society to improve the implementation of state national security policy in internal and external challenges to the unity of the people of Ukraine. A practical approach to the development and implementation of state policy in the field of national security in Ukraine, which performs the following functions: ensuring the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state; support for a constitutional order built on democratic principles; prevention of external interference in the internal affairs of Ukraine, etc. A mechanism for financing state policy in the field of national security and defense at the regional level has been developed, based on the application of program management of national security goals. It is able to objectively present comprehensive information on ideological, scientific and expert-analytical components of national security impact. . Based on the systematization of foreign and domestic models, the expediency of creating an effective system of national security and defense, which consists in the probable adaptation and implementation of leading European practices in the functioning of territorial defense units, has been proved. Implementation of mechanisms of state policy in the field of national security of leading foreign countries on the application of mechanisms of state regulation of territorial defense, which provides a basis for developing an approach to the formation and implementation of mechanisms of state regulation of territorial defense in Ukraine and developing their own views on some scientific categories. Analyzing the experience of foreign countries, namely the United States, Great Britain, France, Finland, China, Poland and Romania, their theoretical mechanisms of state management of the territorial defense system were established. Each country applies these mechanisms based on the characteristics of its territories, geopolitics, social and economic opportunities. The leading role of the state in ensuring the national interests of Ukraine in the field of national security and defense, as well as the importance of cooperation between public authorities and civil society to improve the implementation of state national security policy in internal and external challenges to the unity of the people of Ukraine.

La situación del poder en México refleja características de una desigualdad sobre las condiciones reglamentarias hacia las actividades económicas, sobre todo cuando se encuentra de por medio grandes aportaciones económicas, manifestando un “impulso” para el desarrollo del país. Sin considerar los daños a los recursos naturales como el agua, aire y suelo. En las actividades del sector secundario, en el caso específico de las industrias cementeras, el consumo de los combustibles alternos es de 34, 000 toneladas por año para la producción del cemento y sus derivados (EAC, 2010: 1). Por su parte, la producción del cemento obtiene un mayor valor para la economía, contrario a la valorización del recurso extraído. Vilella y Arribas (2013: 3) expresan que “el sector cementero es de los mayores contribuyentes al cambio climático por la intensidad energética que requiere su proceso de producción, el segundo más consumido en todo el mundo después del agua”. Esto hablando únicamente en las cuestiones del consumo a nivel nacional. Sin embargo el proceso de producción del cemento, desde la extracción presenta un impacto ambiental y de salud mayor, ya que el uso del combustible alterno ha sido sustituido por el petróleo desde hace más de 15 años, los cuales generan residuos tóxicos al aire, suelo y agua. Los llamados “combustibles alternos” o Clinker son todo tipo de residuos, introduciendo: aceites de motores usados, harinas cárnicas, neumáticos usados, lodos industriales como disolventes y residuos peligrosos. Los Combustibles Derivados de residuos (CDR) forman parte de la lista de los combustibles utilizados para la incineración en los hornos de las plantas industriales y que en la actualidad son una fuente de ingresos para las industrias (Arribas, 2013:18). Estos impactos deben ser regulados con la implementación de Normas Oficiales, Leyes y reglamentos que establecen parámetros para las industrias. Los cambios en las actividades cementeras en el uso de los combustibles alternos, el mejoramiento de su infraestructura como los filtros de los hornos y con ello la reducción de las emisiones a la atmósfera, supondrían una transformación en los impactos mencionados anteriormente. El presente trabajo de investigación se compone de cuatro capítulos, el primer capítulo se contempla el marco teórico que aborda los temas de la Geografía humana así como la rama de la geografía crítica o radical, sus principales exponentes, el espacio social, neoliberalismo y definiciones de movimiento social. El segundo capítulo consiste en la caracterización socioeconómica y ambiental de la zona de estudio así como la ubicación geográfica de los municipios a estudiar, donde la caracterización se enfoca en las condiciones de actividades económicas y la vulnerabilidad social para análisis que se realizará en el tercer capítulo. La caracterización del movimiento ambientalista se describirá en la parte final de este apartado. Mientras que el tercer capítulo se expresa el marco metodológico de aplicación para el trabajo de investigación de acuerdo a los principios de la Geografía que se aplicarán y la obtención de los mismos. Finalmente en el cuarto capítulo se interpretarán los resultados de la metodología y las conclusiones finales para manifestar si los objetivos se lograron en el trabajo.
CONACyT, Convocatoria de Investigación científica básica 2014. Proyecto: Movimientos sociales por la defensa del territorio. Caso de los movimientos sociales en contra de la industria cementera en México, 2002-2017. (243127) Responsable Técnico: Dra. B. Carrasco-Gallegos

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A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar alguns dos principais espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos existentes no Direito brasileiro, a partir da perspectiva socioambiental e eticamente comprometida com os povos da Amazônia, identificando seus limites e suas possibilidades na defesa contra os potenciais impactos produzidos pela introdução da soja transgênica na região. Para isso, analisa-se o processo de inserção histórica da Amazônia no sistema-mundo vigente, sob a forma de um desenvolvimento desigual e combinado, marcado por diversos conflitos, pela violência e pela grilagem de terras. Dentro desse contexto, buscou-se identificar as especificidades da forma como o agronegócio altamente capitalizado da soja se insere na região, a partir do conceito-chave da geopolítica, que, com a introdução da biotecnologia, produz o nascimento da biopolítica. A forma jurídica dos OGM é então analisada enquanto produto desta biopolítica, ensejando uma série de riscos socioambientais ainda não esclarecidos plenamente pela ciência, e que exigem, justamente por isso, a aplicação do princípio da precaução. Tal princípio, não obstante constituir-se como um dos pilares do Direito Ambiental brasileiro, foi inconstitucionalmente afastado do regime jurídico dos transgênicos, provocando polêmicas inclusive no que tange à possibilidade jurídica do cultivo de variedades GM nas proximidades de áreas protegidas. Analisando o atual processo de introdução e expansão da soja transgênica na Amazônia, região configurada por uma enorme sócio-biodiversidade e repleta de espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos, busca-se então conferir uma Interpretação jurídica de caráter socioambiental, portanto coerente com a Constituição Federal de 1988, no que tange ao regime jurídico vigente para o cultivo de transgênicos no entorno de unidades de conservação, terras indígenas e territórios quilombolas, selecionados em virtude do potencial protagonismo dos povos da Amazônia na ação de resistência e de insurgência contra o projeto da Totalidade dominadora, que, ao produzir suas vítimas, produz também a possibilidade histórica da organização destas vítimas e a mobilização política para a construção de um projeto político de libertação.
This dissertation aims to analyze some special protected areas as in Brazilian law, from the social-environmental perspective and ethically committed to the people of the Amazon, identifying limitations and possibilities of these areas to defense the people against the potential impacts produced by the introduction of transgenic soybean in the region. For this, analyzes the historical process of integration of the Amazon in the currently world system, under a combined and uneven development, marked by many conflicts, violence and “land grabbing”. In this context, it sought to identify the specifics ways that the highly capitalized agribusiness of soybean enter in the region, with the key-concept of geopolitics, witch produces the birth of biopolitics with the introduction of biotechnology. The legal form of GMO is then analyzed as a product of biopolitics, occasioning a series of social and environmental risks not yet fully understood by science, and calling for this reason the application of the precaution principle. Although this principle constitute itself as a pillar of the Brazilian Environmental Law, it was unconstitutionally removed from the legal regime of transgenics, creating controversies including about the legal possibility of cultivation of GM varieties in the vicinity of territorial specially protected areas. Analyzing the current process of introduction and expansion of GM soya in the Amazon, where exists an enormous social and environmental diversity and with plenty special protected areas, it gives a legal interpretation on a social and environmental way, consistent with the Federal Constitution of 1988, in terms of the current legal regime for the cultivation of GM crops in the vicinity of protected areas, indigenous lands and maroon territories, selected because of the potential action of Amazonian people on resistance and insurgency against the dominant design of dominator Wholeness, that, in producing their victims, also produces the historical possibility of the organization and political mobilization of these victims to build a political project of liberation.

A importância geopolítica da Amazônia para o Brasil há muito é destacada pelos militares, governantes, diplomatas e academia. A região amazônica ocupa cerca de 60% de território nacional e não pode ser esquecida ou subjugada na formulação de políticas públicas para defesa e desenvolvimento do país ou na composição das estratégias de inserção internacional do Brasil. Esse trabalho busca, a partir de uma postura multidisciplinar marcada pela conversa entre a Geografia e as Relações Internacionais, tentar explicar os motivos pelos quais a Amazônia hoje se coloca como uma prioridade para as políticas de defesa nacional e de que forma os governantes as articulam para que possam surtir efeito num cenário internacional que vislumbra ameaças difusas e multidimensionais. O papel do Calha Norte, do Sistema de Proteção da Amazônia (SIPAM) são analisados de forma a entender de que maneira as políticas internas de proteção e vigilância da Amazônia brasileira trabalham com os novos arranjos de segurança que se impõem na região.
The geopolitical importance of the Amazon to Brazil has long been highlighted by the military, politicians, diplomats and academics. The Amazon region covers about 60% of the national territory and cant be forgotten or subdued in the formulation of public policies for protection and development of the country or in the composition of the strategies of international insertion of Brazil. This paper seeks, from a multidisciplinary approach marked by the links between Geography and International Relations, try to explain the reasons why the Amazon stands as a priority for the national defense politics nowadays. Another important topic addressed in this paper is how the policy makers articulate these politics in a way they can be effective in a world scenario marked by diffuse and multidimensional threats. The role of Calha Norte Program and the Amazon Protection System (SIPAM) are analyzed in order to understand how the internal policies of protection and surveillance of the Brazilian Amazon work with the new security arrangements presents in the region.

Esta investigación tiene como primer objetivo reflexionar en profundidad sobre el marco teórico de la Sustentabilidad, que propongo como diferente del generalizado concepto de Desarrollo Sostenible, porque atiende a los dos problemas centrales: la desigualdad y la pobreza, cuya más dramática manifestación es el hambre, y también a la crisis ambiental y climática. Se incorporan aportes de la ecología política, la sociología ecológica y la economía ecológica; y desde una ética ecofeminista crítica, se propone deconstruir una mirada y un discurso dominantes, e integrar, priorizando la lógica del cuidado de la vida, múltiples dimensiones y escalas de la problemática del desarrollo humano en el planeta. El segundo objetivo, en concordancia con el anterior, consiste en verificar esos conceptos teóricos generales en la escala local: la escala de la vida cotidiana, la escala de un territorio y una sociedad concreta. Y el tercer objetivo es que esta investigación trascienda los límites del ámbito académico y se inscriba en el ámbito de la acción social, para contribuir a transformar la realidad.Con estos tres objetivos, demasiado amplios, centro la mirada en aspectos más específicos que me permiten un recorte temático. Estos son: la interrelación entre problemas actuales vinculados a la alimentación, un bien común no renovable que está amenazado -como es el suelo agrícola de calidad- y el rol e importancia de los movimientos sociales en relación a esta temática. El posicionamiento filosófico y político que reúne esos tres aspectos, con el que coincido, es la reconquista de la Soberanía Alimentaria, propuesta por Vía Campesina, que es el movimiento internacional nacido en 1993 que agrupa a millones de campesinos y campesinas, pequeños y medianos productores, pueblos sin tierra, indígenas, migrantes y trabajadores agrícolas de todo el mundo. Acercándome a un plano mayor de concreción, escojo como caso de estudio a la emblemática Huerta del gran Valencia, que se está perdiendo
Giobellina, BL. (2011). La defensa del suelo agrícola de calidad como recurso finito y estratégico para la soberanía alimentaria y la sustentabilidad local y global. El caso de la Huerta del gran Valencia [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/13616
Palancia

Faced with the profound social and ecological threats posed by extractivist projects such as large hydroelectric dams, wind farms, and mining operations, many indigenous communities and their allies in Mexico have articulated new forms of contentious politics into a broad territorial defense movement. This project explores the strategies of contention practiced by an anti-mining movement based in the Municipality of San José del Progreso in the southern state of Oaxaca. As a deeply-divided community that has suffered increased violence and conflict directly related to a Canadian-owned gold and silver mine operating in its vicinity, it presents a valuable case study in how strong social movements can still develop under conditions of disunity. This study combines ethnographic and archival research methods to uncover the deep historical roots of community division, and to develop a close analysis of the contentious strategies employed by the anti-mining movement. The historical record and local narratives show the central role that hacienda colonialism played in creating a salient geography of ethnic discrimination and division in the municipality whose effects can still be seen today. In response to the ongoing processes of colonization and dispossession in San José del Progreso, a legacy of contention has defined and defended both campesino (peasant farmer) and indigenous claims to local territory. More than a series of instrumental strategies designed to expel the hacienda and later mine project, this politics of contention operates as a form of social memory to produce a hybrid form of indigenous/campesino identity linked to healthy land stewardship, an interconnectedness between the earth and human subjects, and a shared history of struggle. As a result, the anti-mining movement in San José del Progreso has shown success in converting its troubled past and checkered present into the foundations of a healthy social and ecological commons, independent of its failure to fully-unite the municipality or close down the mine project in the short-run.
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This thesis explores social and environmental influences on mate attraction, mate choice and territoriality across a range of model vertebrate and invertebrate species. Chapter 1 investigates context-dependent male mate choice in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Theoretical models predict that male choice is strongly influenced by the level of male-male competition. I found, however, that males associated with larger females, irrespective of the presence of rivals or these rivals’ relative competitive ability. It seems, at least in this system, that males do not maximise their expected reproductive success in the immediate social setting. In Chapter 2 I explore who is the ideal neighbour for a male during the communal courtship displays of fiddler crabs (Uca mjoebergi) where females can encounter males at varying distances. The initial distance at which males are seen partly determined how neighbours’ sexual signals affected male mating success, suggesting that males should ideally court next to less attractive neighbours. Interestingly, fiddler crabs are also one of the few territorial species where larger (more attractive) males act to retain smaller (less attractive) neighbours by assisting them to repel intruders (defence coalitions). In Chapter 3 I show experimentally that males are indeed more likely to attract females if they court alongside smaller males. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the role of multiple male cues, namely the display rate, size and shape of the fiddler crab major claw, during female choice. I found that female U. mjoebergi selected mates based directly on wave rate but also indirectly on claw size because smaller males were less likely to wave. In a separate experimental study, controlling for the colour, wave rate and size of the major claw, I show that claw shape alone plays little or no role in female mate choice in this species. When male fiddler crabs (U. annulipes) lose their original major claw, they can regenerate a new one that looks nearly identical but reduces their fighting ability. In Chapter 6 I test whether claw regeneration has an effect on coalition formation. Males with regenerated claws are as likely to help their neighbours as are original clawed males. This suggests that even though males with regenerated claws are weaker competitors, they still benefit from retaining a smaller neighbour. Chapter 7 looks at the role that resource value plays in determining fight outcome for a territory centered on a burrow in U. annulipes. Here, I show that when the disputed resource is also required for breeding (i.e. during the mating period), individuals with low resource holding potential (RHP) can improve their chances of mating if they escalate fights. In the final chapter I test whether the social environment affects male advertisement calling in three populations of field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus). There is some evidence that males increase their calling effort in response to the presence of a rival. Males housed with a rival also experienced a significant reduction in adult longevity. My results highlight the potential importance of plastic behavioral changes in courtship by males to life history strategies.

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊管理學系所
103
Classification problem is one of the applications of machine learning. Because of the numbers and dimensions of data increasing, the performance of classification algorithm is not well. Feature selection can not only remove those features which are not corresponding to the classification but find the best feature subset which can let classifier perform much better. In this study, we use bio-inspired algorithms to do feature selection, and we use SVM as a classifier. In this study, we use lion’s algorithm, a novel bio-inspired algorithm developed in 2012, as our algorithm to do feature selection. In our lab, there was a modified version developed before. In this study, a new modified version based on the past paper in our lab will be introduced. Moreover, the mix version of two versions above will be developed. In the experiment part, we will compare the performance of those different modified versions of lion’s algorithm.

The evolution of sexually selected signals has been a major topic of scientific research since Darwin. In recent years, scientists have focused on how elaborate signals can indicate honest information about the quality of their bearers, as predicted by reliability theory. A key concept relating to how mating displays could reliably reveal quality is performance. Animals face limits in display production, and producing high-performance displays depends on the adept coordination of multiple motor systems. Thus, by observing motor performance, signal-receivers can assess the quality of signalers. Birdsong is a prime example of a display that involves motor challenges in its production. In my dissertation, I examined the connections between signal reliability and vocal performance in the swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana, and addressed three main questions. First, does vocal performance signal the level of aggressive threat during territorial defense? In wild male swamp sparrows, I measured aggressive response to playback of various performance levels. Males responded with decreased aggression to low-performance stimuli, suggesting these stimuli indicated low threat. Males were as aggressive to control- as to high-performance stimuli, but avoided approaching high-performance stimuli as closely. Additionally, I found that males who possessed high vocal performance were more aggressive. Second, does developmental stress affect adult vocal performance? I found that birds experiencing poor early nutrition had lower vocal performance than did control birds, indicating lasting effects of early stress. Also, males in both groups significantly improved their vocal performance of learned songs between years. Together these results suggest that vocal performance can indicate early condition and age. Third, what factors influence the development of song preferences in females? In two experiments, I raised and tutored females with songs of normal performance. When tested as adults, females displayed stronger preference behavior to tutor than to novel songs, indicating the effects of learning. Females also gave the fewest displays to low-performance and responded more strongly to normal- and high-performance songs, indicating an influence of sexual selection. These experiments provide the first evidence that the development of female preference for sexually selected traits can be guided by an interplay of learning and innate biases.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal
Em 2004 foi criado o Conselho de Nacional Reflorestação (CNR) e a Comissão Regional de Reflorestação do Alto Alentejo (CRRAA) (da qual o autor foi então nomeado Coordenador Regional), uma das quatro regiões alvo deste CNR como resposta da tutela aos devastadores incêndios florestais do verão de 2003. Foi nestas circunstâncias que se deu início a uma nova e profunda discussão sobre territorialidade, no intuito da multidisciplinariedade de abordagem ao problema, mas todas foram unânimes num aspeto fundamental: esta questão não era exclusivamente florestal mas sim rural e como tal o paradigma teria que se ancorar exatamente nessa abordagem, a territorialidade. Esta dissertação de Mestrado em Engª Florestal procura abordar a problemática dos incêndios florestais sob o ponto de vista da territorialidade e a incidência do planeamento e silvicultura delineados na sequência dos trabalhos da (CRRAA). Analisa-se a aderência do modelo de Rede Regional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incêndios na área da CRRAA, em função da associação com variáveis territoriais, sociais e operacionais, recorrendo a plataformas SIG, análises estatísticas complementares e uma análise SWOT como ferramenta estratégica de atuação nestes sistemas rurais. Com base nas análises efetuadas encontrou-se uma relação direta dos incêndios florestais, designadamente nas ocorrências, áreas ardidas e grandes incêndios, com o tipo de organização e ocupação do território, tendo sido selecionadas, através dos modelos estatísticos utilizados, variáveis correlacionadas entre si que contribuem para o agravamento deste fenómeno e para as suas principais características devastadoras. Por fim, com base na análise estratégica de SWOT, apoiada nas variáveis tratadas e correlacionadas entre si, propôs-se delinear um desenho estratégico para procurar pistas que diminuam os efeitos deste fenómeno, que se demonstram exequíveis.
In 2004 the National Reforestation Council (NRC) and the Reforestation Regional Commission of Alto Alentejo (RRCAA) (being the author appointed as Regional Coordinator) were created, one of the four target regions of the NRC as a governmental response to the devastating forest fires occurred in the summer of 2003. It was under these circumstances that a new and profound discussion of territoriality was initiated. A multidisciplinary approach to the problem was established, and one fundamental aspect was defined: the issue is not an exclusive matter of forest development but relies on the paradigm of territoriality as a whole. This master dissertation in Forestry seeks to address the analysis of forest fires from the point of view of territorial planning and the incidence of planning as a base-model of Regional Network for the Defense of Forest Fire in the area of RRCAA. The implementation of a fuel management system is analyzed on the basis of association with territorial, social and operational variables using GIS platforms, statistical analyzes and a SWOT analysis as a strategic tool is used in this work. Based on the conducted analyzes direct relationships were found involving forest fires, especially concerning occurrences, burned areas and large fires, with the occupation of the territory, and selected variables obtained from the statistical analyses providing relevant information to understand the fire phenomenon its main characteristics, helping the establishment of proper forest management planning. Using a strategic SWOT analysis based on correlated variables, a strategic planning design was established and clues to diminish the effects of this phenomenon and its practicability were analysed.

The MA thesis "Volunteering in Armed Forces" focuses on describing and analysing the phenomenon of volunteering in relation to the voluntary service in the reserves of the armed forces. This topic is highly relevant in the Czech context, as there are long-term efforts made by the Czech Armed Forces to strengthen and enhance this specific component of national defense. In 2012 a new concept of reserves, the Active Reserve Concept (Koncepce aktivní zálohy) was finally approved by the Czech government. The first objective of this thesis is to shed some light on the general motivation of the volunteers to join the reserves and to show whether the incentives are mainly economic, socio-psychological or whether other factors are at play. In order to do this, the volunteering as such must first be defined as a phenomenon influencing the entire society. Then it is also necessary to show how volunteering related to national defense differs from other forms of volunteering. Next, the thesis illustrates how the system of active reserves works in a number of selected countries (Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States), where this model is applied for a long period of time and became widely accepted. The author points out the differences in national characteristics and other differences from the...

This study investigates the song-based recognition of individual songbirds with the main focus on the chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) as a model species. The introductory part deals with vocalization-based recognition in birds in general.The following parts summarize our knowledge of individual recognition in songbirds based on song, namely the limitation of recognition ability caused by repertoire size or song sharing and how songbirds encode their identity in song. In the field study, we also proved the ability of the chiffchaff and willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) to recognise particular neighbours based on one particular song from their repertoire. Our findings are interesting because chiffchaff and willow warbler differ in repertoire size and song organisation. We also analysed the repertoire size of chiffchaff males and the potential for identity encoding by basic voice characteristics (timing and frequency). We have found that chiffchaff song is unstable from year to year and that basic voice characteristics are useful for identification only when the same song type is used in the short time period. The last part of the thesis answers the question of whether there are some general voice characteristics independent of song content that might represent the structure of the sound organ and thus carry the identity of a bird independently of song content. We used ASRNI (Automatic system for the recognition of bird individuals) to identify particular birds based on unprocessed (raw) recordings of song without song preparation or manual measurements. This method also allows work with the data as an open set, so that the number of birds analysed does not have to be known in advance. Based on the parameters automatically extracted, we were able to recognise individuals with satisfactory accuracy. Based on such findings, we proved the existence of individually specific voice qualities that are independent of voice content and which may be used by birds for recognition. By using ASRNI we also introduced an approach that has great potential to be used in the effective acoustic monitoring of bird populations.

A presente dissertação visa a análise do problema de orientação de mísseis intercetores pela abordagem dos princípios de controlo ótimo de sistemas dinâmicos. As medições de posição são incertas, devido à falta de dados ou a erros a estes associados, especialmente quando se trata de alvos que se movem a velocidades elevadas. É necessário também garantir que o controlo do intercetor é efetuado de forma célere, eficaz e dentro dos seus constrangimentos de manobrabilidade. Para a estimação de posições foi estudado um algoritmo de filtragem de Kalman adaptativa com base na inovação, aplicando-o a trajetórias que podem ser altamente ruidosas. Quanto ao controlo, escolheram-se princípios de controlo integral multivariável com base na abordagem de controlo LQR, que foram aplicados ao modelo de um intercetor face a vários tipos de trajetória. Em ambos os casos os resultados obtidos mostraram-se interessantes no que diz respeito aos requisitos de interceção. O filtro de Kalman adaptativo mostrou-se capaz de reduzir significativamente o efeito dos erros do sistema, apresentando uma trajetória mais próxima à real. A flexibilidade de implementação graças à adaptabilidade do filtro é outro ponto a seu favor. O controlador LQR adaptado conseguiu intercetar o alvo com sucesso para os vários casos estudados, notando-se uma ligeira alteração no desempenho na aproximação ao alvo quando este executa manobras. O controlador apresentou uma robustez adequada, mantendo as manobras do intercetor dentro de parâmetros predefinidos. Os resultados das simulações mostraram que o filtro de Kalman adaptativo é uma ferramenta viável na estimação de posições em sistemas mesmo em casos de incertezas de medição e do modelo, bem como de perturbações no ambiente. De forma similar o controlador LQR adaptado mostra-se capaz de guiar um intercetor de forma rápida e eficaz, apresentando também boas qualidades de robustez. A utilidade do método foi também verificada e apresenta-se como uma possível combinação a utilizar para a interceção de potenciais ameaças.
This dissertation aims to study the problem of missile interceptor guidance following the principles of optimal control of dynamic systems. Position measurements are uncertain due to missing data or associated errors, especially when dealing with high-speed targets. It is also necessary to guarantee that the interceptor control is achieved quickly and effectively, within the manoeuvrability constraints. An adaptive innovation based Kalman filtering algorithm was studied to tackle the estimation problem, applying the algorithm to trajectories that may be highly noisy. For the control problem, Multivariate integral control principles based on the LQR control approach were chosen and applied to the model of an interceptor faced with various target flight paths. On both cases the obtained results were found to be interesting with respect to interception requirements. The adaptive Kalman filter proved capable of significantly reducing the effects of system errors, displaying a trajectory that was closer to the real one. The filter also showed great implementation flexibility due to its adaptability. The extended LQR controller was able to successfully intercept the target for all the studied cases, with a slight change in performance when the target is manoeuvring. The controller showed an adequate robustness while maintaining the interceptor manoeuvres within the predefined parameters. The simulation results showed that the adaptive Kalman filter was a viable tool in systems position estimation even in case of model and measurement uncertainties and environmental disturbances. In a similar fashion, the LQR controller proved itself capable of guiding an interceptor quickly and effectively while showing good robustness. The usefulness of the method was also verified and presented as a possible combination to be used for potential threat interception.

Muito antes de ser oficialmente descoberta, a Antártida já alimentava a imaginação das nações e dos seus marinheiros, pelas riquezas naturais que possuiria. Em 1959 foi assinado o Tratado da Antártida com o intuito de refrear a conflitualidade crescente em torno das reivindicações territoriais naquele continente. Congelaram-se as existentes, proibiram-se novas, mas não se acomodou a questão da exploração de recursos minerais, à data, inviável. O Atlântico Sul, entendido como o espaço localizado entre a América do Sul e África, encerra um corredor de elevado valor geoestratégico e possui três importantes bacias oceânicas intercomunicantes, i) o "choke point" Natal/Dakar; ii) a passagem do Cabo da Boa Esperança; e iii) a Passagem de Drake e os estreitos de Beagle e Magalhães, ligações naturais diretas entre Atlântico e Pacífico. Consideramos assim que Antártida e Atlântico Sul não podem analiticamente ser dissociados, mas qual a importância da Antártida naquele espaço geopolítico? Para além da localização estratégica, ambos encerram recursos naturais importantes, especialmente os recursos antárticos. Com o intuito de impedir a exploração dos recursos naturais na Antártida e a consequente destruição daquele habitat, foi assinado em 1991 o Protocolo de Madrid, no entanto cientistas que têm lutado pela preservação do “continente gelado” acreditam que os interesses comerciais poderão colocar em risco aquele Protocolo. Porém, a pressão para o consenso é muito elevada no âmbito do Sistema do Tratado da Antártida, sobretudo devido à adesão de novos membros, que ao não terem efetuado reivindicações territoriais defendem o estatuto de Reserva da Humanidade. Palavras-chave
Long before its official discovery, Antarctica was already in the imagination of the nations and their sailors, for its believed natural assets. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 to curb the growing conflict over territorial claims in that continent. Existing claims were frozen and new ones were forbidden, but the possibility of exploitation of mineral resources was not addressed, once it was not feasible at the time. South Atlantic, which can be understood as the space between South America and Africa, comprises a corridor of high geostrategic value and has three important intercommunicating ocean basins, choke point Natal/Dakar, Cape of Good Hope, Drake Passage and the straits of Beagle and Magellan, direct natural links between the Atlantic and the Pacific. We thus consider that Antarctica and the South Atlantic cannot be analytically dissociated, so how important is Antarctica in that geopolitical space? In addition to their strategic location, both contain important natural resources, especially Antarctica. In 1991 the Protocol on Environmental Protection was signed in order to prevent the exploitation of natural resources in Antarctica and the consequent destruction of that habitat, but scientists who have been fighting for the preservation of the "icy continent" believe that commercial pressure could jeopardize the Protocol. Notwithstanding, the pressure for consensus is very high in the scope of the Antarctic Treaty System, mainly due to new members that cannot make any territorial claims and therefore stand for Antarctica’s statute as Reserve of Humanity.