Статті в журналах з теми "Terrain ruggedness"
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1
Habib, Maan. "Quantifying Topographic Ruggedness Using Principal Component Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (November 2, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3311912.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of geospatial technologies has opened a new era in terms of data collection techniques and analysis procedures. Digital elevation models as 3D visualization of the Earth’s surface have many mapping and spatial analysis applications. The primary terrain factors derived from the raster dataset are usually less critical than secondary ones, e.g., ruggedness index, which plays a vital role in engineering, hydrological information derivation, and geomorphological processes. Surface ruggedness is a significant predictor of topographic heterogeneity by calculating the absolute value of elevation differences within a specified neighborhood surrounding a central pixel. The current study investigates the impacts of various topographic metrics obtained from a digital elevation model on characterizing terrain ruggedness utilizing stepwise principal component analysis. This popular multivariate statistical technique is applied to conduct a comprehensive assessment and treat the information redundancy of terrain parameters. Simultaneously, the standard deviation of elevation is also proposed as an alternative approach to quantifying topographic ruggedness. Besides, quantitative and qualitative method is espoused to validate the algorithms and compare their capabilities to the previously introduced models in the literature. The findings have shown that principal component analysis provides superior performance against other models. Furthermore, they indicated that the standard deviation of elevation could be used instead of the available ones.
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Kirshbaum, Daniel J. "Large-Eddy Simulations of Convection Initiation over Heterogeneous, Low Terrain." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, no. 4 (April 2022): 973–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0197.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Large-eddy simulations are conducted to investigate and physically interpret the impacts of heterogeneous, low terrain on deep-convection initiation (CI). The simulations are based on a case of shallow-to-deep convective transition over the Amazon River basin, and use idealized terrains with varying levels of ruggedness. The terrain is designed by specifying its power-spectral shape in wavenumber space, inverting to physical space assuming random phases for all wave modes, and scaling the terrain to have a peak height of 200 m. For the case in question, these modest terrain fields expedite CI by up to 2–3 h, largely due to the impacts of the terrain on the size of, and subcloud support for, incipient cumuli. Terrain-induced circulations enhance subcloud kinetic energy on the mesoscale, which is realized as wider and longer-lived subcloud circulations. When the updraft branches of these circulations breach the level of free convection, they initiate wider and more persistent cumuli that subsequently undergo less entrainment-induced cloud dilution and detrainment-induced mass loss. As a result, the clouds become more vigorous and penetrate deeper into the troposphere. Larger-scale terrains are more effective than smaller-scale terrains in promoting CI because they induce larger enhancements in both the width and the persistence of subcloud updrafts.
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Jimenez-Ayora, Pablo, and Mehmet Ali Ulubaşoğlu. "What underlies weak states? The role of terrain ruggedness." European Journal of Political Economy 39 (September 2015): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.04.014.
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Ebert, Karin. "GIS analyses of ice-sheet erosional impacts on the exposed shield of Baffin Island, eastern Canadian Arctic." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 11 (November 2015): 966–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The erosional impacts of former ice sheets on the low-relief bedrock surfaces of Northern Hemisphere shields are not well understood. This paper assesses the variable impacts of glacial erosion on a portion of Baffin Island, eastern Canadian Arctic, between 68° and 72°N and 66° and 80°W. This tilted shield block was covered repeatedly by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the late Cenozoic. The impact of ice-sheet erosion is examined with GIS analyses using two geomorphic parameters: lake density and terrain ruggedness. The resulting patterns generally conform to published data from other remote sensing studies, geological observations, cosmogenic exposure ages, and the distribution of the chemical index of alteration for tills. Lake density and terrain ruggedness are thereby demonstrated to be useful quantitative indicators of variable ice-sheet erosional impacts across Baffin Island. Ice-sheet erosion was most effective in the lower western parts of the lowlands, in a west–east-oriented band at around 350–400 m a.s.l., and in fjord-onset zones in the uplifted eastern region. Above the 350–400 m a.s.l. band and between the fjord-onset zones, ice-sheet erosion was not sufficient to create extensive ice-roughened or streamlined bedrock surfaces. The exception — where lake density and terrain ruggedness indicate that ice-sheet erosion had a scouring effect all across the study area — was in an area from Foxe Basin to Home Bay with elevations <400 m a.s.l. These morphological contrasts link to former ice-sheet basal thermal regimes during the Pleistocene. The zone of low glacial erosion surrounding the cold-based Barnes Ice Cap probably represents the ice cap’s greater extent during successive Pleistocene cold stages. Inter-fjord plateaus with few ice-sheet bedforms remained cold-based throughout multiple Pleistocene glaciations. In contrast, zones of high lake density and high terrain ruggedness are a result of the repeated development of fast-flowing, erosive ice in warm-based zones beneath the Laurentide Ice Sheet. These zones are linked to greater ice thickness over western lowland Baffin Island. However, adjacent lowland surfaces with similar elevations of non-eroded, weakly eroded, and ice-scoured shield bedrock indicate that—even in areas of high lake density and terrain ruggedness—the total depth of ice sheet erosion did not exceed 50 m.
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Djuka, Andreja, Tomislav Porsinsky, and Dinko Vusic. "DTM models to enhance planning of timber harvesting." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf15s1035d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studies the applicability of DTM with the resolution of 4 ? 4 m for the analysis of macro-topographic factors (terrain slope, aspect, terrain ruggedness index) and one part of micro-topographic factors (occasional and constant streams) as features important for vehicle mobility during timber skidding. The analysis of directions of timber extraction in relation to the spatial position of primary forest traffic infrastructure of the study area was conducted in order to determine from which forest areas timber will be extracted up or down the slope (moving of loaded vehicle). Determination of water bodies (streams) and the surrounding sensitive areas was carried out using GIS tool TauDEM. Unevenness of the terrain was determined based on the Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) which showed moderately to very rugged terrain on 60.1% of the research area where vehicle mobility could be difficult (if not impossible) i.e. the necessity of a secondary forest road network is clear. DTM analysis of study area regarding vehicle (skidder) mobility and possible planning of timber extraction indicated different availability and quality of data. Digital terrain models present a good basis for the analysis of key constraints for forestry vehicles mobility or terrain trafficability (slope and direction of timber extraction). Using DTM of higher resolution (e.g. LiDAR images), will increase the accuracy of the results and the quality of the analysis.
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Earl, Edward, and David Metzler. "Cloud-Capped Towers: Capturing Terrain Characteristics Using Topographic Functionals." Quaestiones Geographicae 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2015-0033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract We introduce three related mathematical measures of terrain based on a particularly elegant combination of relief and steepness, which we term omnidirectional relief and steepness (ORS). One measure, reduced ORS (RORS), is particularly suited to creating lists of notable features, and another, domain relief and steepness (DRS), measures the ruggedness of a region.
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Stojilković, Borut. "Towards Transferable Use of Terrain Ruggedness Component in the Geodiversity Index." Resources 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11020022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Geodiversity, as diversity of the abiotic environment, includes terrain ruggedness (or roughness), which is one of the essential parts of geodiversity evaluation. The terrain ruggedness index (R) represents the value of one of the main geodiversity components. The purpose of the study is to discuss the characteristics of R in the scope of geodiversity, and to show how R differs within two specific study areas if we study them using a data scale that covers both areas and only site-specific data. Hence, the main methods include geodiversity element mapping, calculating R based on either the study area or broader-scale data and discussing the differences that arise. The findings show that R should not be calculated only within individual study areas if the results among different study areas are to be compared; rather, it should first be calculated on a larger scale for the whole region in which we are about to compare the specific study areas. The applied value of these results is that such data are then suitable for calculating the geodiversity index (G) according to specific methodological steps and for further analyses.
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Shaver, Andrew, David B. Carter, and Tsering Wangyal Shawa. "Terrain ruggedness and land cover: Improved data for most research designs." Conflict Management and Peace Science 36, no. 2 (November 2016): 191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216659843.
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Myina, I. S., S. A. Gisilanbe, and H. J. Philip. "Soil Survey Analysis Using Terrain Ruggedness and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in Wafongo-Yola Terrain, Northeast Nigeria." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 25, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2018/38026.
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Nellemann, Christian, and Patricia E. Reynolds. "Predicting Late Winter Distribution of Muskoxen Using an Index of Terrain Ruggedness." Arctic and Alpine Research 29, no. 3 (August 1997): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1552148.
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Gorbunov, A. S., V. B. Mikhno, O. P. Bikovskaya, and D. V. Sarychev. "Approaches to the plane landscapes altitudinal organization study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 949, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/949/1/012097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Terrain elevation variations (absolute and relative) play a special role in the organization of plain landscapes. They are most clearly observed in the form of zonal landscape vertical differentiation. Vertical relief transformation leads to formation of altitudinal landscape systems, which are dynamically and morphologically united groups of landscapes. They have a common altitudinal position and genesis under the influence of horizontal and vertical physiographic process. We have analyzed the influence of relative and absolute altitudes on morphometric parameters of the land surface as well as indicators of landscape-forming processes and textural terrain indicators, and so identified altitudinal landscape systems of different dimensions. A well-studied region in terms of landscape science, the Central Black Earth region, was the case study area. As a result of the study, we revealed spatial patterns in (i) the indicators of horizontal and vertical terrain ruggedness in relation to the absolute terrain altitudes at the level of landscape, and (ii) the morphometric indicators of terrain, landscape-forming processes and landscape shapes at the local level.
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Wagenbrenner, Natalie S., Jason M. Forthofer, Brian K. Lamb, Kyle S. Shannon, and Bret W. Butler. "Downscaling surface wind predictions from numerical weather prediction models in complex terrain with WindNinja." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 8 (April 27, 2016): 5229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5229-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Wind predictions in complex terrain are important for a number of applications. Dynamic downscaling of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model winds with a high-resolution wind model is one way to obtain a wind forecast that accounts for local terrain effects, such as wind speed-up over ridges, flow channeling in valleys, flow separation around terrain obstacles, and flows induced by local surface heating and cooling. In this paper we investigate the ability of a mass-consistent wind model for downscaling near-surface wind predictions from four NWP models in complex terrain. Model predictions are compared with surface observations from a tall, isolated mountain. Downscaling improved near-surface wind forecasts under high-wind (near-neutral atmospheric stability) conditions. Results were mixed during upslope and downslope (non-neutral atmospheric stability) flow periods, although wind direction predictions generally improved with downscaling. This work constitutes evaluation of a diagnostic wind model at unprecedented high spatial resolution in terrain with topographical ruggedness approaching that of typical landscapes in the western US susceptible to wildland fire.
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Apps, Clayton D., Nancy J. Newhouse, and Trevor A. Kinley. "Habitat associations of American badgers in southeastern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
American badgers (Taxidea taxus) are endangered in British Columbia due to habitat loss and human-caused mortality. To better understand human impacts and to promote conservation planning, we described badger habitat relationships. At two spatial scales, we analyzed selection by 12 radio-implanted resident badgers for soil composition, forest overstory, land cover, vegetation productivity, terrain, and human influence. At a broad (23.8 km2) landscape scale, soil parent-material associations were positive with glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial and negative with colluvial. Soil-order associations were positive with brunisols and regosols and negative with podzols and luvisols. Association with fine sandy-loam texture was positive. Associations were negative with forested habitats and positive with open range, agricultural habitats, and linear disturbances. Associations were negative with elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness, and both vegetation productivity and moisture. At a fine (14.5 ha) scale, associations were positive with glaciofluvial, fine sandy-loam textured, and well-drained soils. Associations were negative with colluvial soils, forest cover, vegetation moisture, elevation, and ruggedness. Associations with open range and southern aspects were positive. The linear combination of a subset of variables could explain and predict habitat selection. At this range extent, natural conditions may restrict badger occurrence, increasing badger sensitivity to human factors that influence habitat quality and mortality.
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Nellemann, Christian, Stein R. Moe, and Lucas P. Rutina. "Links between terrain characteristics and forage patterns of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in northern Botswana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 6 (September 25, 2002): 835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002547.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spatial vegetation utilization of elephants was investigated within mixed woodland savanna along the Chobe River in northern Botswana in the dry season of 1998. Using multiple linear regression, accumulated stem breakage by elephants was predicted by a terrain index, distance to water, stand density, number of trees > 4 m tall, tree height, density of Combretum apiculatum, C. elaeagnoides, C. mossambicense and the density of other (accumulated) tree species. Within mixed woodland at 2–7 km distance from the river fine-grained terrain ruggedness was the most important factor contributing to 55% of observed differences in use by elephants, while distance to water and the density of C. apiculatum contributed an additional 20% and 4%, respectively to the multiple linear regression model. Stem breakage was, on average, almost twice as high in rugged terrain compared with flat terrain at similar distance to water within the same vegetation type. Rugged terrain had 2–3-fold higher proportion of plots with very high Combretum shrub densities. These results suggest that the terrain index may be useful in management, predicting the areas most sensitive to vegetation change in a woodland system with increasing elephant densities.
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Stepišnik, Uroš, and Aleksandra Trenchovska. "A Proposal of Quantitative Geodiversity Evaluation Model on the Example of Upper Pivka Karst, Slovenia." Dela, no. 46 (December 31, 2016): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.46.41-65.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents a new method for geodiversity evaluation, which was evaluated in the Upper Pivka karst area. The method is based on entire area evaluation on the basis of spatial distribution of geodiversity elements and terrain ruggedness. The method was developed for the purpose of objective and systematic geodiversity evaluation on various sites. In this article, we applied the method in the Upper Pivka area, where it demonstrated to be very useful.
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Skentos, Athanasios, and Anagnostopoulou Ourania. "Landform Analysis Using Terrain Attributes. A Gis Application on the Island of Ikaria (Aegean Sea, Greece)." Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste, Geographical Series 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/avutgs-2017-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The main objective of this study is to classify the landforms of Ikaria Island by conducting morphometric analysis. The whole classification process is based on the calculation of the Topographic Position Index (TPI). The delivered TPI landform classes are spatially correlated with the geology, slope, valley depth and the topographic ruggedness of the island. The results of this study indicate the presence of two distinctive landform units, affected mainly by the local geological setting.
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Różycka, Milena, Piotr Migoń, and Aleksandra Michniewicz. "Topographic Wetness Index and Terrain Ruggedness Index in geomorphic characterisation of landslide terrains, on examples from the Sudetes, SW Poland." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 61, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2016/0328.
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Woodgate, Z., G. Distiller, and MJ O’Riain. "Hare today, gone tomorrow: the role of interspecific competition in shaping riverine rabbit occurrence." Endangered Species Research 44 (March 25, 2021): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Effective conservation, particularly of threatened species, requires an understanding of both abiotic and biotic drivers of distribution. In the case of one of Africa’s most endangered mammals, the riverine rabbit Bunolagus monticularis, only environmental covariates of presence have been used to provide coarse predictions of their distribution. Two potential competitors, namely scrub hare Lepus saxatilis and cape hare L. capensis, have significant (>90%) range overlap with the riverine rabbit, yet little is known about how these species interact. We used multi-species occupancy models, which model co-occurrence as a function of environmental variables, to assess the spatial response of riverine rabbits to both species of hare in Sanbona Wildlife Reserve, South Africa. We also examined temporal overlap between riverine rabbits and hares. Camera trapping data were collected from 150 camera traps distributed in clusters of 5 cameras at 30 independent sites, covering 223.24 km2. Contrary to prior studies, we found that riverine rabbits were not restricted to riparian habitat, and that their occurrence was conditional on hare absence and was negatively affected by terrain ruggedness. Whilst hare occurrence was independent of terrain ruggedness, it was negatively affected by rabbit presence. Activity patterns revealed high temporal overlap between hares and rabbits (Δ = 0.828, CI = 0.745-0.940); however, neither species co-occurred at any given site. Our results suggest that conservation management has greatly underestimated the importance of competition with other lagomorphs in understanding riverine rabbit occurrence.
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Garcia-Jacas, Núria, Jordi López-Pujol, Neus Nualart, Sonia Herrando-Moraira, Konstantin Romaschenko, Ming-Xun Ren, and Alfonso Susanna. "Centaurea Subsect. Phalolepis (Compositae, Cardueae): A Case Study of Mountain-Driven Allopatric Speciation in the Mediterranean Peninsulas." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Centaurea subsection Phalolepis has been thoroughly analyzed in previous studies using microsatellites in four centers of speciation: Anatolia, Greece, the Italian Peninsula and the Iberian Peninsula. Evidence suggests a correlation between taxon diversity and mountains. This group constituted a good case study for examining the mountain–geobiodiversity hypothesis (MGH), which explains the possible reasons for the many radiations occurring in mountains across the world. We combined all the datasets and carried out analyses of their genetic structure to confirm the species of subsect. Phalolepis are grouped according to a geographic pattern. We then checked whether climatic fluctuations favored the “species pump” hypothesis in the mountains by using the Climatic Stability Index (CSI). Finally, the relief of the terrain was tested against the rate of allopatric speciation by region by means of Terrain Ruggedness Index and environmental gradients through our new Climate Niche Breadth Index. Our results supported the MGH hypothesis and confirmed that the main triggers, namely altitudinal zonation, climatic oscillations and rugged terrain, must be present for the development of a radiation.
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Blakemore, Robert. "Non-Flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Topsoil." Soil Systems 2, no. 4 (November 26, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2040064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earth’s land surface is raised from conventionally flat 15 Gha to >64 Gha accounting for hilly slope undulation and topsoil relief detail. Three main aspects are: topography, rugosity/tortuosity, and micro-relief/porosity of ice/vegetation-free ground. Recalibration arises from four approaches: First, direct empirical estimates of compiled satellite/LiDAR data means of +2.5–26% surface progressively overlain by +94% at cm2 scale for soil ruggedness then +108% for mm2 micro-relief; Second, from digital elevation models with thrice 1.6–2.0 times flat areas; Third, by ‘reverse engineering’ global soil bulk densities and carbon reserves requiring ×4–6 land. Finally, a Fermi estimation doubles the Earth’s surface—as exposed to Sun, air and rain—conveniently set at 100 Gha (with 64 Gha land:36 Gha ocean). Soil organic carbon (SOC) thereby grows to 8580 Gt mainly in SOM-humus with its biotic complexity plus roots, Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM-fungi), leaf-litter and earthworms itself totaling 17,810 Gt. Although four to six times IPCC’s or NASA/NOAA’s calculated 1500–2300 Gt SOC, this is likely an underestimation. Global biomass and biodiversity are at least doubled (×2–3.5) and net primary productivity (NPP) increases to >270 Gt C yr−1 due to terrain. Rationale for a ‘Soil Ecology Institute’ gains ground.
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Dragusha, Bedri, and Bukurije Hoxha. "Impact of field roughness and power losses, turbulence intensity on electricity production for an onshore wind farm." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1519-1526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<span lang="EN-US">When designing a power generation project from a different source, and in our case study, wind, when calculating the annual energy produced, it is necessary to define and calculate the losses incurred in the system. The main cause of losses in a wind park is due to the oscillations caused by the turbulence of the air around the turbine because of roughness of terrain. The paper describes two methods of estimating turbulence intensity: one based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of wind speed from the nacelle anemometer, the other from mean power output and its SD. These analyses are very important for understanding the fatigue and mechanical stress on the wind turbines. Then significance of the site ruggedness index (RIX) and the associated performance indicator (ΔRIX) are confirmed for terrain and the consequences of applying WAsP outside its operating envelope are quantified.</span>
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Reutter, Karsten, Richard G. J. Flay, and Euan M. McIntosh. "An Application of the WAsP Program in Complex, Forested Terrain as Part of a Wind Farm Feasibility Study." Wind Engineering 29, no. 6 (December 2005): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952405776234562.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes an application of the WAsP program in complex, forested terrain in the central North Island of New Zealand. The work was carried out as part of a research project that investigated the viability of developing a wind farm for the Kinleith pulp and paper mill. Subsequent to an outline of the limitations of the WAsP program, the study area, its representation in WAsP through digital terrain data, and the wind data collection at three sites in the Kinleith Forest are described. A comparison of WAsP predictions with field measurements is found to qualitatively confirm the RIX concept. For the study area an adjusted relationship between site ruggedness and prediction error is derived. Studying a potential wind farm located along a ridgeline in the forest estate, the size of forest clearings and the growth of trees over the wind farm lifetime are considered in view of expected annual energy yields.
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Boyce, Geoffrey Alan, Samuel N. Chambers, and Sarah Launius. "Bodily Inertia and the Weaponization of the Sonoran Desert in US Boundary Enforcement: A GIS Modeling of Migration Routes through Arizona’s Altar Valley." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 1 (March 2019): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502419825610.
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Executive Summary This article conducts geographic information system (GIS) modeling of unauthorized migration routes in the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona and finds an increase in the ruggedness of terrain crossed by pedestrian travelers throughout time. The modeling of ruggedness incorporates multiple variables that include slope, vegetation, “jaggedness,” and ground temperature, and provides an alternative to Euclidian distance as a way of measuring and conceptualizing borderlands space. The data that informs our analysis is derived from comprehensive activity logs maintained by the humanitarian organization No More Deaths from 2012 to 2015, including 4,847 unique entries documenting the use of 27,439 gallons of clean drinking water at 512 distinct geotagged cache sites located along known pedestrian migration routes. The shift in migration routes toward more difficult terrain within this one high-traffic corridor reveals the ongoing impacts of the US Border Patrol’s strategy of “Prevention Through Deterrence.” In short, the pressures of enforcement on migration routes combine with everyday interference with humanitarian relief (No More Deaths and Coalición de Derechos Humanos 2018) to maximize the physiological harm experienced by unauthorized migrants. Among other outcomes, this explains both the persistence of mortality of unauthorized migrants and an increase in the rate of mortality over time (Martínez et al. 2014). The article concludes with several policy recommendations for US Customs and Border Protection that include making interference and vandalism of humanitarian aid a fireable offense; the formation of a border-wide agency tasked with search-and-rescue and emergency medical response, whose mission and operations are restrained by a clear firewall between itself and those of law enforcement; and ending Prevention Through Deterrence as a nationwide strategy.
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Olmedo, Nicolas A., Martin Barczyk, Hong Zhang, Ward Wilson, and Michael G. Lipsett. "A UGV-based modular robotic manipulator for soil sampling and terramechanics investigations." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 364–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2020-0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unmanned vehicles are a natural choice for accessing challenging or hazardous terrains, for instance oil sands tailings ponds, and performing tasks such as soil sampling and terramechanics investigations. In previously published work, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) named RTC-I was designed and built for this task by part of our group. The present article covers the design choices and technical details of a custom-built robotic manipulator, a soil sampler, and an instrumented wheel deployed onboard a second-generation UGV named RTC-II. The robotic manipulator is designed to provide the reach, payload capacity, ruggedness, and self-locking operation required for field operations. The soil sampler employs a curved scoop to minimize deformation of the collected sample. The instrumented wheel permits independent control of the normal load and the slip ratio during terramechanics investigations. Each of the three designs is deployed and successfully tested in field experiments. Measurements collected by the soil sampler and instrumented wheel will be used in future work dealing with sampler force modeling and real-time terrain parameter estimation, respectively.
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Gooch, Elizabeth. "Terrain ruggedness and limits of political repression: Evidence from China’s Great Leap Forward and Famine (1959-61)." Journal of Comparative Economics 47, no. 4 (December 2019): 827–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.08.001.
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Stupariu, Mihai Sorin, Ileana Georgeta Pàtru-Stupariu, and Roxana Cuculici. "Geometric approaches to computing 3D-landscape metrics." Landscape Online 24 (October 22, 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relationships between patterns and processes lie at the core of modern landscape ecology. These dependences can be quantified by using indices related to the patch-corridor-matrix model. This model conceptualizes landscapes as planar mosaics consisting of discrete patches. On the other hand, relief variability is a key factor for many ecological processes, and therefore these processes can be better modeled by integrating information concerning the third dimension of landscapes. This can be done by generating a triangle mesh which approximates the original terrain. The aim of this methodological paper is to introduce two new constructions of triangulations which replace a digital elevation model. These approximation methods are compared with the method which was already used in the computation of 3D-landscape metrics (firstly for parameterized surfaces and secondly for two landscape mosaics). The statistical analysis shows that all three methods are of almost equal sensitivity in reflecting the relationship between terrain ruggedness and the patches areas and perimeters. In particular, either of the methods can be used for approximating the real values of these basic metrics. However, the two methods introduced in this paper have the advantage of yielding continuous approximations of the terrain, and this fact could be useful for further developments.
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Thing, Santa Bahadur, Jhamak Bahadur Karki, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Shashi Shrestha, Uba Raj Regmi, and Rishi Ranabhat. "Distribution and habitat-use of Dhole Cuon alpinus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Parsa National Park, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 3 (March 26, 2022): 20703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6178.14.3.20703-20712.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dhole Cuon alpinus is one of the top predators in Asian forests but is one of the least studied species of carnivores. We surveyed an area of 499 km2 of Parsa National Park (PNP) during the winter (November–January) of 2016–17 using camera-traps to determine the spatial distribution and habitat-use patterns of Dhole. We overlaid 2 x 2 km2 grid cells (n= 126) across the study area and set up a pair of motion sensor cameras in each grid cells for 21 days. We modeled the habitat-use by Dholes as a function of sampling covariates and fine-scale habitat covariates using single species single season occupancy models. We estimated the parameters in two steps. First, we defined a global model for probability of habitat-use and modeled detection probability (p) either as an intercept-only model or as a function of covariates. Second, we modeled the habitat-use probability (Ψ) incorporating the top-ranked model for probability of detection (p) in the first step. A total effort of 2,520 camera-trap-nights resulted in 63 independent detections of dholes at 27 locations in PNP. The naïve occupancy estimate of Dholes in PNP was 0.21. The estimated probability of habitat-use (Ψ) and detection (p) were 0.47±0.27 and 0.24±0.05, respectively. Grassland availability (βG= 8.00±3.09), terrain ruggedness index (βTRI= 0.73±0.34), and Sambar (prey) presence (βS= 1.06±0.51) strong positive association, whereas, stream/exposed surfaces (βSES= -0.45±0.43) had negative association with the habitat use by Dholes. Similarly, detection probability was positively associated with presence of Sambar (βS= 2.44±1.02) but negatively associated with streams/exposed surfaces (βSES= -0.99±0.32) and terrain ruggedness (βTRI= -0.09±0.23). Our study provides quantitative information on the ecology of Dholes with potential applications for improving their conservation efforts in Nepal.
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Guan, Huade, Xinping Zhang, Oleg Makhnin, and Zhian Sun. "Mapping Mean Monthly Temperatures over a Coastal Hilly Area Incorporating Terrain Aspect Effects." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-014.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Efforts in the past two decades on air temperature mapping based on sparse monitoring networks reveal that algorithms based on multiple linear regressions with geographical and topographical parameters perform promisingly. In this study, a multiple-regression model, previously for precipitation characterization using autosearched orographic and atmospheric effects (PCASOA), is applied to analyze spatial distribution of mean monthly daily maximum and minimum temperatures (at 33 stations) in Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges (9000 km2), a coastal hilly area in South Australia. Terrain aspect (or slope orientation) is transformed and explicitly incorporated in the model, together with some other topographic variables. Overall, PCASOA captures 91% and 70% observed spatial variability for mean monthly maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature, respectively. The regression also infers some physical processes influencing the air temperature distribution. The results indicate horizontal gradients of Tmax in the east–west and north–south directions, which can be related to the effects of dominant wind directions in the study area. The effect of terrain ruggedness on Tmax is likely related to the blockage of sea breeze in the complex terrain. Cold air drainage potential only influences Tmin during winter months in the study area. Terrain slope and aspect significantly contribute to interpreting Tmin spatial distribution and can be related to their sheltering effect from the dominant cool inland winds. They also contribute to interpreting Tmax spatial distribution, while the physical mechanism is not clear.
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Miller, Matthew J., George R. Angehr, Robert S. Ridgely, John Klicka, Oscar G. López. Ch., Jacobo Arauz, Euclides Campos C., and Daniel Buitrago-Rosas. "Annotated checklist of the birds (Aves) of Cerro Hoya National Park, Azuero Peninsula, Panamá." Check List 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2015): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1585.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Protected only by the extreme ruggedness of its terrain, the montane regions of Cerro Hoya National Park are among the least biologically known regions of Central America. Here we provide a checklist of 225 bird species recorded from five expeditions to the region over the last 18 years, which represents lower species richness than many comparable areas in Panama and lower Central America. However, we recorded nine IUCN globally threatened species, three species with range extensions over 150 km to the southern Azuero Peninsula, and at least two previously unknown bird taxa. These facts suggest that our list of montane taxa from Cerro Hoya may be incomplete, and that this region represents one of the most important—and neglected—protected areas in Panama.
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Balkenhol, Niko, Michael K. Schwartz, Robert M. Inman, Jeffrey P. Copeland, John S. Squires, Neil J. Anderson, and Lisette P. Waits. "Landscape genetics of wolverines (Gulo gulo): scale-dependent effects of bioclimatic, topographic, and anthropogenic variables." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 790–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Climate change can have particularly severe consequences for high-elevation species that are well-adapted to long-lasting snow conditions within their habitats. One such species is the wolverine, Gulo gulo, with several studies showing a strong, year-round association of the species with the area defined by persistent spring snow cover. This bioclimatic niche also predicts successful dispersal paths for wolverines in the contiguous United States, where the species shows low levels of genetic exchange and low effective population size. Here, we assess the influence of additional climatic, vegetative, topographic, and anthropogenic, variables on wolverine genetic structure in this region using a multivariate, multiscale, landscape genetic approach. This approach allows us to detect landscape-genetic relationships both due to typical, small-scale genetic exchange within habitat, as well as exceptional, long-distance dispersal among habitats. Results suggest that a combination of snow depth, terrain ruggedness, and housing density, best predict gene flow in wolverines, and that the relative importance of variables is scale-dependent. Environmental variables (i.e., isolation-by-resistance, IBR) were responsible for 79% of the explained variation at small scales (i.e., up to ~230 km), and 65% at broad scales (i.e., beyond ~420 km). In contrast, a null model based on only space (i.e., isolation-by-distance, IBD) accounted only for 17% and 11% of the variation at small and broad scales, respectively. Snow depth was the most important variable for predicting genetic structures overall, and at small scales, where it contributed 43% to the variance explained. At broad spatial scales, housing density and terrain ruggedness were most important with contributions to explained variation of 55% and 25%, respectively. While the small-scale analysis most likely captures gene flow within typical wolverine habitat complexes, the broad-scale analysis reflects long-distance dispersal across areas not typically inhabited by wolverines. These findings help to refine our understanding of the processes shaping wolverine genetic structure, which is important for maintaining and improving functional connectivity among remaining wolverine populations.
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Girohi, Priti, and Ashutosh Bhardwaj. "A Neural Network-Based Fusion Approach for Improvement of SAR Interferometry-Based Digital Elevation Models in Plain and Hilly Regions of India." AI 3, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 820–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ai3040050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is an advanced remote sensing technique for studying the earth’s surface topography and deformations; it is used to generate high-quality Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). DEMs are a crucial and primary input to various topographical quantification and modelling applications. The quality of input DEMs can be further improved using fusion methods, which combine multi-sensor or multi-temporal datasets intelligently to retrieve the best information from the input data. This research study is based on developing a Neural Network-based fusion approach for improving InSAR-based DEMs in plain and hilly terrain parts of India. The study areas comprise relatively plain terrain from Ghaziabad and hilly terrain of Dehradun and their surrounding regions. The training dataset consists of DEM elevations and derived topographic attributes like slope, aspect, topographic position index (TPI), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), and vector roughness measure (VRM) in different land use land cover classes of the study areas. The spaceborne altimetry ICESat-2 ATL08 photon data are used as a reference elevation. A Feed Forward Neural Network with a backpropagation algorithm is trained based on the prepared training samples. The trained model produces fused DEMs by learning the relationship between the input and target samples; this is used to predict elevations for the test areas. The accuracy of results from the models is assessed with TanDEM-X 90 m DEM. The fused DEMs show significant improvement in terms of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) over the input DEMs with an improvement factor of 94.65% in plain areas and 82.62% in hilly areas. The study concludes that the ANN with its universal approximation property can significantly improve the fused DEM.
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Hawkshaw, Kevin A., Lee Foote, and Alastair Franke. "Landscape-scale habitat associations of small mammals on the western coast of Hudson Bay." Canadian Journal of Zoology 99, no. 6 (June 2021): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Availability of suitable habitat affects the distribution and abundance of Arctic fauna, influencing how species respond to climate change and disturbance from resource extraction in the region. We surveyed Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii (Richardson, 1825)) using distance sampling transects and concurrently counted microtine rodent burrows. Abundance of Arctic ground squirrels and microtine burrows was positively correlated with terrain ruggedness. Microtine burrows were more abundant inland and in areas with freshwater, whereas Arctic ground squirrels were more often found at low elevation without freshwater. Arctic ground squirrel abundance was positively related to the normalized difference water index, a proxy for vegetation water content, whereas microtine burrows were weakly correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index. Our study highlights the habitat associations of ecologically significant small mammals in an underrepresented Arctic study area.
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Escobar-Flores, Jonathan G., Carlos A. Lopez-Sanchez, Sarahi Sandoval, Marco A. Marquez-Linares, and Christian Wehenkel. "Predicting Pinus monophylla forest cover in the Baja California Desert by remote sensing." PeerJ 6 (April 4, 2018): e4603. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4603.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Californian single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla var. californiarum), a subspecies of the single-leaf pinyon (the world’s only one-needled pine), inhabits semi-arid zones of the Mojave Desert (southern Nevada and southeastern California, US) and also of northern Baja California (Mexico). This tree is distributed as a relict subspecies, at elevations of between 1,010 and 1,631 m in the geographically isolated arid Sierra La Asamblea, an area characterized by mean annual precipitation levels of between 184 and 288 mm. The aim of this research was (i) to estimate the distribution of P. monophylla var. californiarum in Sierra La Asamblea by using Sentinel-2 images, and (ii) to test and describe the relationship between the distribution of P. monophylla and five topographic and 18 climate variables. We hypothesized that (i) Sentinel-2 images can be used to predict the P. monophylla distribution in the study site due to the finer resolution (×3) and greater number of bands (×2) relative to Landsat-8 data, which is publically available free of charge and has been demonstrated to be useful for estimating forest cover, and (ii) the topographical variables aspect, ruggedness and slope are particularly important because they represent important microhabitat factors that can determine the sites where conifers can become established and persist. An atmospherically corrected a 12-bit Sentinel-2A MSI image with 10 spectral bands in the visible, near infrared, and short-wave infrared light region was used in combination with the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). Supervised classification of this image was carried out using a backpropagation-type artificial neural network algorithm. Stepwise multiple linear binominal logistical regression and Random Forest classification including cross validation were used to model the associations between presence/absence of P. monophylla and the five topographical and 18 climate variables. Using supervised classification of Sentinel-2 satellite images, we estimated that P. monophylla covers 6,653 ± 319 ha in the isolated Sierra La Asamblea. The NDVI was one of the variables that contributed most to the prediction and clearly separated the forest cover (NDVI > 0.35) from the other vegetation cover (NDVI < 0.20). Ruggedness was the most influential environmental predictor variable, indicating that the probability of occurrence of P. monophylla was greater than 50% when the degree of ruggedness terrain ruggedness index was greater than 17.5 m. The probability of occurrence of the species decreased when the mean temperature in the warmest month increased from 23.5 to 25.2 °C. Ruggedness is known to create microclimates and provides shade that minimizes evapotranspiration from pines in desert environments. Identification of the P. monophylla stands in Sierra La Asamblea as the most southern populations represents an opportunity for research on climatic tolerance and community responses to climate variability and change.
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Pham, Quang Ha, Ngoc Huy Tran, and Thien Phuong Ton. "Design and Control of Automated Guided Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 902 (September 2020): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.902.33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGV) have the ability to operate on their own, perform tasks without human intervention. However, the investment cost is very high, so it is not suitable for countries with cheap workers like Vietnam. Therefore, this article will aim to build a complete AGV model that can move to the given coordinates. Model of AGV is 6-wheeled vehicles driven by 4 engines with the advantage of good movement in soft terrain, subsidence, ruggedness, slope, easy to balance and limit the vibration. Furthermore, we propose a method to improve the quality of the traditional A* algorithm by eliminating unnecessary intermediate points, which is Shortcut Path Reduction (SPR). Experimental results show that the vehicle can perform the bending technique, following straight lines and broken lines. Besides, the SPR not only met the requirements but also reduced the length of the journey.
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Kaushik, S., L. Ravanel, F. Magnin, Y. Yan, E. Trouve, and D. Cusicanqui. "DISTRIBUTION AND EVOLUTION OF ICE APRONS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE IN THE MONT-BLANC MASSIF (WESTERN EUROPEAN ALPS)." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 28, 2021): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-469-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Ice Apron (IA) is a poorly studied ice feature, commonly existing in all the world’s major mountain regions. This study aims to map the locations of the IAs in the Mont Blanc massif (MBM), making use of the very high-resolution optical satellite images from 2001, 2012 and 2019. 423 IAs were identified and accurately delineated in the MBM on the images from 2019, and their topographic characteristics were studied. We generated our own Digital Elevation Model (DEM) at 4 m resolution since the freely available products predominantly suffer from significant inconsistencies, especially in steep mountain areas. Results show that most IAs exist at elevations above the regional Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA), on steep slopes, on concave surfaces, on northern and southern aspects and on the most rugged terrains. They are also commonly associated with steep slope glaciers as 85% of them occur on these glaciers’ headwalls. A comparison between 2001 and 2019 shows that IAs have lost around 29% of their area over a period of 18 years. This is significant and the rate of area loss is very alarming in comparison with the larger glacier bodies. We also studied the effect of topographic parameters on the area loss. We found that topographic factors like slope, aspect, curvature, elevation and Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) strongly influence the rate of area loss of IAs.
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Βampourda, D., D. Argialas, P. Nomikou, and A. Tzotsos. "AN OBJECT BASED IMAGE ANALYSIS APPROACH FOR THE EXTRACTION OF THE KOLOUMBO VOLCANO AND ASSOCIATED DOMES-CONES FROM A DIGITAL SEABED ELEVATION MODEL." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 3 (July 27, 2017): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11881.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper concerns the study of the seafloor through digital seabed elevation models, using object based image analysis methods. The goal of this research was the automated extraction of geomorphological features from the seabed in regions presenting intense volcanic activity. The study area is located around the submarine volcano of the Kolοumbo (in the submarine area northeast of the Santorini island, Greece). For this purpose, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the seabed with a spatial resolution of 50m was used. Derivatives of the DEM, such us Slope, Topographic Position Index (TPI) and Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) were created in the open source software "QGIS 2.4". The implementation of the object based image analysis approach was performed in eCognition 8.7 software. Nine segmentation and classification levels were created in order to produce the final level segmentation "level 5", where the final geomorphological features were classified. The results of the method were evaluated using classification stability measures and qualitative and quantitative comparison of the results with existing map.
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Sadisun, Imam A., Jevon A. Telaumbanua, Rendy D. Kartiko, Indra A. Dinata, and Pamela. "Weight of Evidence Method for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Sigi Biromaru, Central Sulawesi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Sigi Biromaru is an area prone to landslides. This study aims to apply the statistical method of Weight of Evidence (WoE) in landslide susceptibility mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The 265 landslides that occurred 2009-2019 were randomly divided into two groups, 70% of the data were used as training dataset for susceptibility modelling and 30% of the data were used as test data for validation of the susceptibility model. Twenty-one parameters were tested for their influence on landslides. Based on the Area Under Curve (AUC), parameters that significant controlling the landslides are slope gradient, elevation, aspect, flow direction, peak ground acceleration, clay content (<0,002 mm), land cover, terrain ruggedness index (TRI), river density, soil type, lineament density, lithology, rainfall and stream power index (SPI) respectively. The validation results show that the AUC success rate is 0,811 using the training dataset and AUC prediction rate is 0,756 using the test dataset. These results indicate that the WoE method produces a good landslide susceptibility map in the Sigi Biromaru area.
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Sadisun, Imam A., Jevon A. Telaumbanua, Rendy D. Kartiko, Indra A. Dinata, and Pamela. "Weight of Evidence Method for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Sigi Biromaru, Central Sulawesi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Sigi Biromaru is an area prone to landslides. This study aims to apply the statistical method of Weight of Evidence (WoE) in landslide susceptibility mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The 265 landslides that occurred 2009-2019 were randomly divided into two groups, 70% of the data were used as training dataset for susceptibility modelling and 30% of the data were used as test data for validation of the susceptibility model. Twenty-one parameters were tested for their influence on landslides. Based on the Area Under Curve (AUC), parameters that significant controlling the landslides are slope gradient, elevation, aspect, flow direction, peak ground acceleration, clay content (<0,002 mm), land cover, terrain ruggedness index (TRI), river density, soil type, lineament density, lithology, rainfall and stream power index (SPI) respectively. The validation results show that the AUC success rate is 0,811 using the training dataset and AUC prediction rate is 0,756 using the test dataset. These results indicate that the WoE method produces a good landslide susceptibility map in the Sigi Biromaru area.
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Supreetha, B. S., Narayan Shenoy, and Prabhakar Nayak. "Lion Algorithm-Optimized Long Short-Term Memory Network for Groundwater Level Forecasting in Udupi District, India." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2020 (March 13, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8685724.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Groundwater is a precious natural resource. Groundwater level (GWL) forecasting is crucial in the field of water resource management. Measurement of GWL from observation-wells is the principle source of information about the aquifer and is critical to its evaluation. Most part of the Udupi district of Karnataka State in India consists of geological formations: lateritic terrain and gneissic complex. Due to the topographical ruggedness and inconsistency in rainfall, the GWL in Udupi region is declining continually and most of the open wells are drying-up during the summer. Hence, the current research aimed at developing a groundwater level forecasting model by using hybrid long short-term memory-lion algorithm (LSTM-LA). The historical GWL and rainfall data from an observation well from Udupi district, located in Karnataka state, India, were used to develop the model. The prediction accuracy of the hybrid LSTM-LA model was better than that of the feedforward neural network (FFNN) and the isolated LSTM models. The hybrid LSTM-LA-based forecasting model is promising for a larger dataset.
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Kramm and Hoffmeister. "A Relief Dependent Evaluation of Digital Elevation Models on Different Scales for Northern Chile." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8100430.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many geoscientific computations are directly influenced by the resolution and accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs). Therefore, knowledge about the accuracy of DEMs is essential to avoid misleading results. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the vertical accuracy of globally available DEMs from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) World 3D and TanDEM-X WorldDEM™ was conducted for a large region in Northern Chile. Additionally, several very high-resolution DEM datasets were derived from Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) 6/7 and Pléiades stereo satellite imagery for smaller areas. All datasets were evaluated with three reference datasets, namely elevation points from both Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation (ICESat) satellites, as well as very accurate high-resolution elevation data derived by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). The accuracy was also evaluated with regard to the existing relief by relating the accuracy results to slope, terrain ruggedness index (TRI) and topographic position index (TPI). For all datasets with global availability, the highest overall accuracies are reached by TanDEM-X WorldDEM™ and the lowest by ASTER Global DEM (GDEM). On the local scale, Pléiades DEMs showed a slightly higher accuracy as SPOT imagery. Generally, accuracy highly depends on topography and the error is rising up to four times for high resolution DEMs and up to eight times for low-resolution DEMs in steeply sloped terrain compared to flat landscapes.
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Gazis, Iason-Zois, Timm Schoening, Evangelos Alevizos, and Jens Greinert. "Quantitative mapping and predictive modeling of Mn nodules' distribution from hydroacoustic and optical AUV data linked by random forests machine learning." Biogeosciences 15, no. 23 (December 13, 2018): 7347–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7347-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In this study, high-resolution bathymetric multibeam and optical image data, both obtained within the Belgian manganese (Mn) nodule mining license area by the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Abyss, were combined in order to create a predictive random forests (RF) machine learning model. AUV bathymetry reveals small-scale terrain variations, allowing slope estimations and calculation of bathymetric derivatives such as slope, curvature, and ruggedness. Optical AUV imagery provides quantitative information regarding the distribution (number and median size) of Mn nodules. Within the area considered in this study, Mn nodules show a heterogeneous and spatially clustered pattern, and their number per square meter is negatively correlated with their median size. A prediction of the number of Mn nodules was achieved by combining information derived from the acoustic and optical data using a RF model. This model was tuned by examining the influence of the training set size, the number of growing trees (ntree), and the number of predictor variables to be randomly selected at each node (mtry) on the RF prediction accuracy. The use of larger training data sets with higher ntree and mtry values increases the accuracy. To estimate the Mn-nodule abundance, these predictions were linked to ground-truth data acquired by box coring. Linking optical and hydroacoustic data revealed a nonlinear relationship between the Mn-nodule distribution and topographic characteristics. This highlights the importance of a detailed terrain reconstruction for a predictive modeling of Mn-nodule abundance. In addition, this study underlines the necessity of a sufficient spatial distribution of the optical data to provide reliable modeling input for the RF.
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Szafert, Damian, Bartłomiej Miziński, and Tomasz Niedzielski. "Szorstkość pokrycia terenu jako źródło błędu metody SfM zastosowanej do rekonstrukcji zasięgu pokrywy śnieżnej = Terrain roughness as a source of error with the SfM method applied to the reconstruction of snow cover extent." Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2020.3.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A comparison between errors associated with snow-cover reconstruction performed by processing aerial imagery acquired by a visible-light camera mounted on board unmanned aerial vehicles, one the one hand; and average terrain roughness, on the other, revealed a dependent relationship between these variables. A stronger correlation is noted for two of the studied test areas (Polana Izerska and Krobica, both located in SW Poland), as opposed to the remaining site (Drożyna, SW Poland). In particular, correlations are noticeable where the analysis is performed in moving windows. It is typical for terrain where depth of snow cover is reconstructed with severe errors to reveal a high degree of roughness caused by single trees, clumps of trees or buildings. Ambiguous results are obtained for the Drożyna research field. While the character of the dependent relationship there seems consistent with results for the remaining sites, the strength is low. The lower values for the correlation coefficient were driven by observations for which errors were found to be high while values for the Topographic Ruggedness Index were at the same time low. This effect can be explained by reference to the specific nature of the area reconstructed, which is much transformed by human activity. It proves difficult to reconstruct the depth of snow cover on roads properly, as these are either partially cleared or snow or characterised by its loss in the course of melting. Low thickness of snow cover is thus found to be a constrained when it comes to the generation of accurate reconstructions of the depth of snow cover. This is in fact a finding in agreement with what has been reported by other authors.
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Pappas, Leah, and Gary Holton. "A quantitative approach to sociotopography in Austronesian languages." Linguistics Vanguard 8, s1 (January 1, 2022): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2020-0044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Absolute spatial orientation systems are pervasive and diverse among Austronesian languages, and decades of research has suggested that such systems are motivated at least in part by environmental and cultural factors. In this paper, we take a quantitative approach to the study of orientation systems by presenting the results of an exploratory multifactorial analysis of spatial orientation systems across 131 Austronesian languages, representing nearly all available data on orientation systems for the family. We analyze these data using multinomial logistic regression to uncover correlations between orientation type and four predictor variables representing cultural and environmental factors: geographic distribution, economy, geography (proximity to the sea), and ruggedness of terrain. Our model suggests that while not entirely predictive of the type of orientation system, the factors geography and economy alone account for much of the variation among spatial orientation systems in our sample, supporting a “weak” form of the Sociotopographic Model (Palmer, Bill, Jonathon Lum, Jonathan Schlossberg & Alice Gaby. 2017. How does the environment shape spatial language? Evidence for sociotopography. Linguistic Typology 21(3). 457–491). Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential of quantitative analytical methods for exploring the relationship between culture, environment, and spatial orientation systems.
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Brožová, Natalie, Tommaso Baggio, Vincenzo D'Agostino, Yves Bühler, and Peter Bebi. "Multiscale analysis of surface roughness for the improvement of natural hazard modelling." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 3539–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3539-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Surface roughness influences the release of avalanches and the dynamics of rockfall, avalanches and debris flow, but it is often not objectively implemented in natural hazard modelling. For two study areas, a treeline ecotone and a windthrow-disturbed forest landscape of the European Alps, we tested seven roughness algorithms using a photogrammetric digital surface model (DSM) with different resolutions (0.1, 0.5 and 1 m) and different moving-window areas (9, 25 and 49 m2). The vector ruggedness measure roughness algorithm performed best overall in distinguishing between roughness categories relevant for natural hazard modelling (including shrub forest, high forest, windthrow, snow and rocky land cover). The results with 1 m resolution were found to be suitable to distinguish between the roughness categories of interest, and the performance did not increase with higher resolution. In order to improve the roughness calculation along the hazard flow direction, we tested a directional roughness approach that improved the reliability of the surface roughness computation in channelised paths. We simulated avalanches on different elevation models (lidar-based) to observe a potential influence of a DSM and a digital terrain model (DTM) using the simulation tool Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS). In this way, we accounted for the surface roughness based on a DSM instead of a DTM, which resulted in shorter simulated avalanche runouts by 16 %–27 % in the two study areas. Surface roughness above a treeline, which in comparison to the forest is not represented within the RAMMS, is therefore underestimated. We conclude that using DSM-based surface roughness in combination with DTM-based surface roughness and considering the directional roughness is promising for achieving better assessment of terrain in an alpine landscape, which might improve the natural hazard modelling.
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Whiteman, A., G. Passoni, J. M. Rowcliffe, D. Ugarković, J. Kusak, S. Reljić, and D. Huber. "Identifying key denning habitat to conserve brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Croatia." Wildlife Research 44, no. 4 (2017): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context The preservation of denning habitat is paramount to the recovery of threatened bear populations because of the effect that den site disturbance can have on cub mortality. Understanding habitat suitability for denning can allow management efforts to be directed towards the regions where conservation interventions would be most effective. Aim We sought to identify the environmental and anthropogenic habitat variables associated with the presence of Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) den sites in Croatia. Based on these associations, in order to inform future conservation decisions, we also sought to identify regions of high suitability for denning across Croatia. Methods Using the locations of 91 dens inhabited by bears between 1982 and 2011, we opted for the presence-only modelling option in software Maxent to determine the most important predictors of den presence, and thus predict the distribution of high-value denning habitat across Croatia. Key results We found that structural elements were the most important predictors, with ruggedness and elevation both relating positively to den presence. However, distance to nearest settlement was also positively associated with den presence. Conclusion We determine that there is considerable denning habitat value in areas with high and rugged terrain as well as areas with limited human activity. We suspect that high and rugged terrain contains a greater concentration of the karstic formations used for denning than lower-lying regions. Implications Our study presents the first habitat suitability model for brown bears in Croatia, and identifies core areas suitable for denning both within and outside the species’ current range. As such, it provides useful evidence for conservation decision making and the development of scientifically-based management plans. Our results also support the need for finer spatial scale studies that can reveal specific denning preferences of subpopulations.
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Hodza, Paddington, and Kurtis A. Butler. "Juxtaposing GIS and Archaeologically Mapped Ancient Road Routes." Geographies 2, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies2010005.
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Mapping ancient roads is crucial to tell credible geospatial stories about where, how, or why different people might have travelled or transported materials within and between places in the distant past. Achieving this process is challenging and commonly accomplished by means of archaeological and GIS methods and materials. It is not uncommon for different experts employing these methods to generate inconsistent delineations of the same ancient roads, creating confusion about how to produce knowledge and decisions based on multiple geospatial perspectives. This yet to be adequately addressed problem motivates our desire to enrich existing literature on the nature and extents of these differences. We juxtapose GIS and archaeologically generated road maps for northern Etruria, a region of ancient Italy with a well-developed road network built by the Etruscans and Romans. We reveal map differences through a map comparison approach that integrates a broad set of qualitative and quantitative measures plus geospatial concepts and strategies. The differences are evident in route locations, sinuosities, lengths, and complexities of the terrains on which the routes were set as defined by subtle variations in elevation, slope, and ruggedness. They ranged from 11.2–34.4 km in road length, 0–65.7 m in road relief, 1.0–13.5% in mean road grade, 0.07–0.79 in detour indices and 0.19–3.08 for mean terrain roughness indices, all of which can be considerable depending on application. Taken together, the measures proved effective in furthering our understanding of the range of possible disagreements between ancient linear features mapped by different experts and methods and are extensible for other application areas. They point to the importance of explicitly acknowledging and maintaining all usable perspectives in geospatial databases as well as visualization and analysis processes, regardless of levels of disagreement, and especially where ground-truth informed assessments cannot be reliably performed.
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Ukrainskiy, Pavel, Edgar Terekhin, Artyom Gusarov, Eugenia Zelenskaya, and Fedor Lisetskii. "The Influence of Relief on the Density of Light-Forest Trees within the Small-Dry-Valley Network of Uplands in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Eastern Europe." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110420.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An active process of the invasion of woody vegetation, resulting in the formation of light forests, has been observed in predominantly herbaceous small dry valleys of the forest-steppe uplands of the East European Plain over the past two decades. This paper investigates the spatial features of the density of trees in such light forests and its relationship with relief parameters. The Belgorod Region, one of the administrative regions of European Russia, was chosen as a reference for the forest-steppe zone of the plain. The correlation between some relief characteristics (the height, slope, slope exposure cosine, topographic position index, morphometric protection index, terrain ruggedness index, and width and depth of small dry valleys) and the density of light-forest trees was estimated. The assessment was carried out at the local, subregional and regional levels of generalization. The relief influence on the density of trees in the small dry valley network is manifested both through the differentiation of moisture within the territory under study and the formation of various conditions for fixing tree seedlings in the soil. This influence on subregional and regional trends in the density is greater than on local trends. The results obtained are important for the management of herbaceous small-dry-valley ecosystems within the forest-steppe uplands in Eastern Europe.
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Pedersen, Casper Bak, Kasper Gaj Nielsen, Kasper Rosenkrands, Alex Elkjær Vasegaard, Peter Nielsen, and Mohamed El Yafrani. "A GRASP-Based Approach for Planning UAV-Assisted Search and Rescue Missions." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010275.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Search and Rescue (SAR) missions aim to search and provide first aid to persons in distress or danger. Due to the urgency of these situations, it is important to possess a system able to take fast action and effectively and efficiently utilise the available resources to conduct the mission. In addition, the potential complexity of the search such as the ruggedness of terrain or large size of the search region should be considered. Such issues can be tackled by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with optical sensors. This can ensure the efficiency in terms of speed, coverage and flexibility required to conduct this type of time-sensitive missions. This paper centres on designing a fast solution approach for planning UAV-assisted SAR missions. The challenge is to cover an area where targets (people in distress after a hurricane or earthquake, lost vessels in sea, missing persons in mountainous area, etc.) can be potentially found with a variable likelihood. The search area is modelled using a scoring map to support the choice of the search sub-areas, where the scores represent the likelihood of finding a target. The goal of this paper is to propose a heuristic approach to automate the search process using scarce heterogeneous resources in the most efficient manner.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Okinawa Trough geophysical and topographic modeling by GDAL utilities and GRASS GIS." Podzemni radovi, no. 38 (2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/podrad2138087l.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents using GDAL utilities and GRASS GIS for topographic analysis of the raster grids based on GEBCO DEM as NetCDF file at 15 arc-second intervals. The focus study area encompasses the area around Okinawa Trough, Ryukyu trench-arc system, southern Japan, East China Sea and the Philippine Sea, West Pacific Ocean. Several GDAL utilities were applied for data processing: gdaldem, gdalwarp, gdalinfo, gdal_translate. The data were imported to GRASS GIS via r.in.gdal. Data visualization highlighted high resolution and accuracy of GEBCO grid, enabling topographic modelling at the advanced level. The algorithm of DEM processing, implemented in GDAL utility gdaldem, was used for generating multi-purpose topographic models: aspect, hillshade, roughness and topographic indices, such as Topographic Position Index (TPI), Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI). Thematic maps (topography, geoid, marine free-air gravity) were visualized using GRASS GIS modules for raster (d.rast, r.colors, r.contour) and vector (d.vect, v.in.region, d.legend) data processing. The results demonstrated smoother bathymetry in the East China Sea and rugged relief in the Philippine Sea which corresponds to their different geological and geophysical settings. The presented methodology of the topographic analysis based on DEM demonstrated technical aspects of GDAL and GRASS as scripting approach of advanced cartography.
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Sells, Sarah N., Michael S. Mitchell, Kevin M. Podruzny, Justin A. Gude, Allison C. Keever, Diane K. Boyd, Ty D. Smucker, et al. "Evidence of economical territory selection in a cooperative carnivore." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1946 (March 3, 2021): 20210108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As an outcome of natural selection, animals are probably adapted to select territories economically by maximizing benefits and minimizing costs of territory ownership. Theory and empirical precedent indicate that a primary benefit of many territories is exclusive access to food resources, and primary costs of defending and using space are associated with competition, travel and mortality risk. A recently developed mechanistic model for economical territory selection provided numerous empirically testable predictions. We tested these predictions using location data from grey wolves ( Canis lupus ) in Montana, USA. As predicted, territories were smaller in areas with greater densities of prey, competitors and low-use roads, and for groups of greater size. Territory size increased before decreasing curvilinearly with greater terrain ruggedness and harvest mortalities. Our study provides evidence for the economical selection of territories as a causal mechanism underlying ecological patterns observed in a cooperative carnivore. Results demonstrate how a wide range of environmental and social conditions will influence economical behaviour and resulting space use. We expect similar responses would be observed in numerous territorial species. A mechanistic approach enables understanding how and why animals select particular territories. This knowledge can be used to enhance conservation efforts and more successfully predict effects of conservation actions.