Готові списки джерел за темами / Terrain ruggedness

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Terrain ruggedness"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Terrain ruggedness"

1

Habib, Maan. "Quantifying Topographic Ruggedness Using Principal Component Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (November 2, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3311912.

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Анотація:
The development of geospatial technologies has opened a new era in terms of data collection techniques and analysis procedures. Digital elevation models as 3D visualization of the Earth’s surface have many mapping and spatial analysis applications. The primary terrain factors derived from the raster dataset are usually less critical than secondary ones, e.g., ruggedness index, which plays a vital role in engineering, hydrological information derivation, and geomorphological processes. Surface ruggedness is a significant predictor of topographic heterogeneity by calculating the absolute value of elevation differences within a specified neighborhood surrounding a central pixel. The current study investigates the impacts of various topographic metrics obtained from a digital elevation model on characterizing terrain ruggedness utilizing stepwise principal component analysis. This popular multivariate statistical technique is applied to conduct a comprehensive assessment and treat the information redundancy of terrain parameters. Simultaneously, the standard deviation of elevation is also proposed as an alternative approach to quantifying topographic ruggedness. Besides, quantitative and qualitative method is espoused to validate the algorithms and compare their capabilities to the previously introduced models in the literature. The findings have shown that principal component analysis provides superior performance against other models. Furthermore, they indicated that the standard deviation of elevation could be used instead of the available ones.
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2

Kirshbaum, Daniel J. "Large-Eddy Simulations of Convection Initiation over Heterogeneous, Low Terrain." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, no. 4 (April 2022): 973–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0197.1.

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Abstract Large-eddy simulations are conducted to investigate and physically interpret the impacts of heterogeneous, low terrain on deep-convection initiation (CI). The simulations are based on a case of shallow-to-deep convective transition over the Amazon River basin, and use idealized terrains with varying levels of ruggedness. The terrain is designed by specifying its power-spectral shape in wavenumber space, inverting to physical space assuming random phases for all wave modes, and scaling the terrain to have a peak height of 200 m. For the case in question, these modest terrain fields expedite CI by up to 2–3 h, largely due to the impacts of the terrain on the size of, and subcloud support for, incipient cumuli. Terrain-induced circulations enhance subcloud kinetic energy on the mesoscale, which is realized as wider and longer-lived subcloud circulations. When the updraft branches of these circulations breach the level of free convection, they initiate wider and more persistent cumuli that subsequently undergo less entrainment-induced cloud dilution and detrainment-induced mass loss. As a result, the clouds become more vigorous and penetrate deeper into the troposphere. Larger-scale terrains are more effective than smaller-scale terrains in promoting CI because they induce larger enhancements in both the width and the persistence of subcloud updrafts.
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3

Jimenez-Ayora, Pablo, and Mehmet Ali Ulubaşoğlu. "What underlies weak states? The role of terrain ruggedness." European Journal of Political Economy 39 (September 2015): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.04.014.

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4

Ebert, Karin. "GIS analyses of ice-sheet erosional impacts on the exposed shield of Baffin Island, eastern Canadian Arctic." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 11 (November 2015): 966–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0063.

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Анотація:
The erosional impacts of former ice sheets on the low-relief bedrock surfaces of Northern Hemisphere shields are not well understood. This paper assesses the variable impacts of glacial erosion on a portion of Baffin Island, eastern Canadian Arctic, between 68° and 72°N and 66° and 80°W. This tilted shield block was covered repeatedly by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the late Cenozoic. The impact of ice-sheet erosion is examined with GIS analyses using two geomorphic parameters: lake density and terrain ruggedness. The resulting patterns generally conform to published data from other remote sensing studies, geological observations, cosmogenic exposure ages, and the distribution of the chemical index of alteration for tills. Lake density and terrain ruggedness are thereby demonstrated to be useful quantitative indicators of variable ice-sheet erosional impacts across Baffin Island. Ice-sheet erosion was most effective in the lower western parts of the lowlands, in a west–east-oriented band at around 350–400 m a.s.l., and in fjord-onset zones in the uplifted eastern region. Above the 350–400 m a.s.l. band and between the fjord-onset zones, ice-sheet erosion was not sufficient to create extensive ice-roughened or streamlined bedrock surfaces. The exception — where lake density and terrain ruggedness indicate that ice-sheet erosion had a scouring effect all across the study area — was in an area from Foxe Basin to Home Bay with elevations <400 m a.s.l. These morphological contrasts link to former ice-sheet basal thermal regimes during the Pleistocene. The zone of low glacial erosion surrounding the cold-based Barnes Ice Cap probably represents the ice cap’s greater extent during successive Pleistocene cold stages. Inter-fjord plateaus with few ice-sheet bedforms remained cold-based throughout multiple Pleistocene glaciations. In contrast, zones of high lake density and high terrain ruggedness are a result of the repeated development of fast-flowing, erosive ice in warm-based zones beneath the Laurentide Ice Sheet. These zones are linked to greater ice thickness over western lowland Baffin Island. However, adjacent lowland surfaces with similar elevations of non-eroded, weakly eroded, and ice-scoured shield bedrock indicate that—even in areas of high lake density and terrain ruggedness—the total depth of ice sheet erosion did not exceed 50 m.
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5

Djuka, Andreja, Tomislav Porsinsky, and Dinko Vusic. "DTM models to enhance planning of timber harvesting." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf15s1035d.

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This paper studies the applicability of DTM with the resolution of 4 ? 4 m for the analysis of macro-topographic factors (terrain slope, aspect, terrain ruggedness index) and one part of micro-topographic factors (occasional and constant streams) as features important for vehicle mobility during timber skidding. The analysis of directions of timber extraction in relation to the spatial position of primary forest traffic infrastructure of the study area was conducted in order to determine from which forest areas timber will be extracted up or down the slope (moving of loaded vehicle). Determination of water bodies (streams) and the surrounding sensitive areas was carried out using GIS tool TauDEM. Unevenness of the terrain was determined based on the Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) which showed moderately to very rugged terrain on 60.1% of the research area where vehicle mobility could be difficult (if not impossible) i.e. the necessity of a secondary forest road network is clear. DTM analysis of study area regarding vehicle (skidder) mobility and possible planning of timber extraction indicated different availability and quality of data. Digital terrain models present a good basis for the analysis of key constraints for forestry vehicles mobility or terrain trafficability (slope and direction of timber extraction). Using DTM of higher resolution (e.g. LiDAR images), will increase the accuracy of the results and the quality of the analysis.
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6

Earl, Edward, and David Metzler. "Cloud-Capped Towers: Capturing Terrain Characteristics Using Topographic Functionals." Quaestiones Geographicae 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2015-0033.

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Анотація:
Abstract We introduce three related mathematical measures of terrain based on a particularly elegant combination of relief and steepness, which we term omnidirectional relief and steepness (ORS). One measure, reduced ORS (RORS), is particularly suited to creating lists of notable features, and another, domain relief and steepness (DRS), measures the ruggedness of a region.
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7

Stojilković, Borut. "Towards Transferable Use of Terrain Ruggedness Component in the Geodiversity Index." Resources 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11020022.

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Анотація:
Geodiversity, as diversity of the abiotic environment, includes terrain ruggedness (or roughness), which is one of the essential parts of geodiversity evaluation. The terrain ruggedness index (R) represents the value of one of the main geodiversity components. The purpose of the study is to discuss the characteristics of R in the scope of geodiversity, and to show how R differs within two specific study areas if we study them using a data scale that covers both areas and only site-specific data. Hence, the main methods include geodiversity element mapping, calculating R based on either the study area or broader-scale data and discussing the differences that arise. The findings show that R should not be calculated only within individual study areas if the results among different study areas are to be compared; rather, it should first be calculated on a larger scale for the whole region in which we are about to compare the specific study areas. The applied value of these results is that such data are then suitable for calculating the geodiversity index (G) according to specific methodological steps and for further analyses.
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8

Shaver, Andrew, David B. Carter, and Tsering Wangyal Shawa. "Terrain ruggedness and land cover: Improved data for most research designs." Conflict Management and Peace Science 36, no. 2 (November 2016): 191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216659843.

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9

Myina, I. S., S. A. Gisilanbe, and H. J. Philip. "Soil Survey Analysis Using Terrain Ruggedness and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in Wafongo-Yola Terrain, Northeast Nigeria." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 25, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2018/38026.

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10

Nellemann, Christian, and Patricia E. Reynolds. "Predicting Late Winter Distribution of Muskoxen Using an Index of Terrain Ruggedness." Arctic and Alpine Research 29, no. 3 (August 1997): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1552148.

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Дисертації з теми "Terrain ruggedness"

1

Lun, Pide. "Essays on the political economy of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/118213.

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Анотація:
Fighting HIV/AIDS remains a priority for sub-Saharan Africa, a region which has been the most severely affected by the disease since the beginning of the epidemic. There is well-documented evidence that the main cause of the rapid spread of HIV in this region is high-risk sexual behavior among the general population. Understanding the motives of this behavior has long been an important research area across a wide range of disciplines. This thesis explores further whether the transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with factors deeply rooted in culture, history and geography. First, the thesis provides new evidence that a historical and cultural factor like population genetic diversity can contain the transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis examines the impact of population genetic diversity on HIV using trade as an external factor, for there is evidence that trade may propagate HIV infections. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, it is found that in countries that are more genetically homogeneous, HIV spreads more easily. The underlying mechanism is genetic and cultural homophily: in societies that are genetically homogeneous, peoples innate preference for partners who are genetically or culturally similar makes forming sexual relationships easier. Genetic and cultural homophily also allows people to trust each other more. Trust in turn is associated with HIV infections as people express their faithfulness towards their partner through trust by ignoring the perceived risk of contracting HIV. Second, the thesis shows that the transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with a geographical feature. The empirical findings suggest that terrain ruggedness, a measure of the uneven topography of an area, has a positive effect on HIV infections. The causal relationship between terrain ruggedness and HIV can be explained by the following mechanisms. First, terrain ruggedness is negatively associated with historical slave trade in Africa. Rough terrain helped protect those being raided and made it hard to transport slaves from one place to another, thus discouraging slave traders. Secondly, the slave trade matters for the spread of HIV through the conduit of trust. Countries that exported many slaves in the past tend to have societies that are less trusting today; and because low trust is associated with low HIV infections, countries that have high terrain ruggedness could have high rates of HIV infections. The approach to exploring the underlying causes of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa this thesis has taken up is to question why the HIV epidemic in this region is so uneven. The findings suggest that factors other than socio-economic characteristics have a causal effect on HIV incidence. The historical, cultural and geographical determinants of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa suggest that some HIV risk factors are not easily in uenced by policies. Moreover, the complexity of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa hints that further investigation of the roots of HIV transmission remains a research area worth exploring.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2018
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Частини книг з теми "Terrain ruggedness"

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Moreno, Marco, Serguei Levachkine, Miguel Torres, and Rolando Quintero. "Geomorphometric Analysis of Raster Image Data to detect Terrain Ruggedness and Drainage Density." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 643–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24586-5_79.

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2

Oberhagemann, Luke, Markus Drüke, Werner von Bloh, Maik Billing, Boris Sakschewski, Henning Rust, and Kirsten Thonicke. "The Impact of Terrain and Fire Duration on Boreal Fires in the LPJmL-SPITFIRE Fire-Enabled Dynamic Global Vegetation Model." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 405–10. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_65.

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Fire-enabled Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) are used to model fire-vegetation interactions and their impacts on global vegetation dynamics. The challenge of modelling fires in boreal zones has been addressed by several DGVMs by allowing for longer modelled fire durations. However, DGVMs generally do not account for the impact of slope on increasing fire spread and only a few account for terrain-related landscape fragmentation. We investigate improvements to modelling boreal fires in the LPJmL-SPITFIRE DGVM by accounting for the impacts of terrain and incorporating longer fire durations. Our work is conducted in two parts: first, we investigate the impact of slope and terrain ruggedness on burnt area at the 0.5° by 0.5° resolution typical of DGVMs using satellite data, and with a particular focus on boreal regions. We demonstrate that terrain fragmentation acts as a limit on burnt area for the largest fires in a grid cell and that slope-driven wildfire spread can increase burnt area up to this limit. Therefore, these terrain effects are important for inclusion in fire modelling in general, and in boreal regions in particular. The second part of our work consists of the development of a function based on these results for implementation in LPJmL SPITFIRE and the evaluation of model improvements in boreal regions when this function is combined with longer fire durations. The results of this work represent a useful addition to LPJmL-SPITFIRE as well as DGVMs in general that do not incorporate the effects of terrain-based landscape fragmentation and slope-driven wildfire spread.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Terrain ruggedness"

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Blundell, S. Micro-terrain and canopy feature extraction by breakline and differencing analysis of gridded elevation models : identifying terrain model discontinuities with application to off-road mobility modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40185.

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Анотація:
Elevation models derived from high-resolution airborne lidar scanners provide an added dimension for identification and extraction of micro-terrain features characterized by topographic discontinuities or breaklines. Gridded digital surface models created from first-return lidar pulses are often combined with lidar-derived bare-earth models to extract vegetation features by model differencing. However, vegetative canopy can also be extracted from the digital surface model alone through breakline analysis by taking advantage of the fine-scale changes in slope that are detectable in high-resolution elevation models of canopy. The identification and mapping of canopy cover and micro-terrain features in areas of sparse vegetation is demonstrated with an elevation model for a region of western Montana, using algorithms for breaklines, elevation differencing, slope, terrain ruggedness, and breakline gradient direction. These algorithms were created at the U.S. Army Engineer Research Center – Geospatial Research Laboratory (ERDC-GRL) and can be accessed through an in-house tool constructed in the ENVI/IDL environment. After breakline processing, products from these algorithms are brought into a Geographic Information System as analytical layers and applied to a mobility routing model, demonstrating the effect of breaklines as obstacles in the calculation of optimal, off-road routes. Elevation model breakline analysis can serve as significant added value to micro-terrain feature and canopy mapping, obstacle identification, and route planning.
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Blundell, S. User guide : the DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool—gridded elevation model analysis with a convenient graphical user interface. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45040.

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Анотація:
Gridded elevation models of the earth’s surface derived from airborne lidar data or other sources can provide qualitative and quantitative information about the terrain and its surface features through analysis of the local spatial variation in elevation. The DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool was developed to extract and display micro-terrain features and vegetative cover based on the numerical modeling of elevation discontinuities or breaklines (breaks-in-slope), slope, terrain ruggedness, local surface optima, and the local elevation difference between first surface and bare earth input models. Using numerical algorithms developed in-house at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geospatial Research Laboratory, various parameters are calculated for each cell in the model matrix in an initial processing phase. The results are combined and thresholded by the user in different ways for display and analysis. A graphical user interface provides control of input models, processing, and display as color-mapped overlays. Output displays can be saved as images, and the overlay data can be saved as raster layers for input into geographic information systems for further analysis.
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