Статті в журналах: "TERNARY FUEL"

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Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Thanh Danh Le, and Huu Tho Nguyen. "An Experimental Investigation on the Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled by Diesel-Palm Biodiesel–Ethanol/Propanol Based Ternary Blends." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16021003.

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Issues such as rising fuel prices, fuel costs, and lowering reserves highlight the importance of research into sustainable fuels derived from biological sources. This study is focused on experiments on a CI engine using ethanol and propanol-based ternary blends. Palm biodiesel is kept constant at 40% volumetric concentration, while diesel and ethanol/propanol are varied in different batches. The results obtained with ternary blends were compared with reference fuel diesel, pure palm biodiesel, and a palm biodiesel–diesel binary blend. The ternary blends exhibit lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific energy consumption than diesel and binary blends due to their lower calorific value. Despite in-fuel oxygen presence, lower brake specific oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity were observed for engine operation with a ternary blend due to the predominant role of higher latent heat of vaporization and volatility of alcohols, but unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased due to the interactive effect of a lower cetane number, higher latent heat of vaporization, and lower kinematic viscosity of alcohols when compared to reference fuels. Among the tested fuels, in-cylinder pressure was observed to decrease with ternary blends due to their lower calorific value, but a raised heat release rate was attributed to lower viscosity and faster burning of alcohols.

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2

Nita, Irina, Sibel Osman, Olga Iulian, and Raluca Georgiana Sandu. "Density of Ternary Blends with Biodiesel, Diesel Fuel and Isopropanol at Different Temperatures." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6760.

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The growth in environment pollution as a result of fossil fuels increased consumption has led scientists to focus on biofuels such as biodiesel and bioalcohols. The ternary blends of bioalcohols with fossil fuels and biodiesel show better properties as fuels for diesel engine, than binary blends of biodiesel with diesel fuel. The purpose of this work is to report experimental density data for biodiesel+diesel fuel+isopropanol pseudo-ternary system at atmospheric pressure, covering the whole composition range and for temperature ranging from 293.15 to 323.15K. Based on experimental data, the accuracy of different mixing rules and empirical equations used to calculate the density of the pseudo-ternary system has been evaluated.

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Nita, Irina, and Sibel Geacai. "Study of density and viscosity for ternary mixtures biodiesel+diesel fuel + bioalcohols." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Chimie 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10310-012-0009-2.

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AbstractThe increase of the environment pollution, together with the instable price of crude oil led in the last years to a renewed focus on biofuels. As the demand in the transport sector is continuously increasing, and taking into account the benefits of biofuels, it is expected that the market demand for biofuels to be increased in the near future. In this context, it will be interesting to investigate if new types of biofuels could be used as mixtures with other fuels for internal combustion engines. The aim of this paper is the study of density and viscosity variation with composition and temperature for ternary mixtures biodiesel + diesel fuel + bioalcohol. Experimental densities and viscosities data for ternary blends diesel fuel+biodiesel +isopropyl alcohol/1-butyl alcohol are presented, and some empirical models proposed to predict these properties for binary systems diesel fuel+biodiesel are evaluated for the proposed ternary blends.

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Bu, Moran, Yaolin Guo, Diwei Shi, Zhen Liu, Jiexi Song, Yifan Li, Erxiao Wu, et al. "Pressure Tuned Structural, Electronic and Elastic Properties of U3Si2C2: A First Principles Study." Crystals 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111420.

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U3Si2C2 is expected to be a new nuclear fuel as a ternary compound of uranium, silicon and carbon. However, the relevant research on U3Si2C2 under accident conditions is rarely reported. Hence it is necessary to explore the service behavior of the potential U-Si-C ternary nuclear fuel in extreme environments. In this work, the structural characteristics, electronic behaviors and mechanical properties of U3Si2C2, such as stable crystalline structures, density of states, charge distributions, electron localization function, electronic thermal conductivity and elastic modulus under extreme high pressure are calculated by density functional theory. The calculation results show that the lattice volume sharply increases when the external stress reached 9.8 GPa. Ionic and metallic nature coexist as to the bonding characteristics of U3Si2C2, and the ionic takes the dominant position in bonding. The toughness of U3Si2C2 is predicted to be better compared to U3Si2. Our theoretical investigation may help with the application of U3Si2C2-based fuel and the design of ternary uranium fuels.

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Gahlyan, Suman, Rekha Devi, Manju Rani, Surinder Singh, Ankur Gaur, Payal Bhagat, Sweety Verma, and Sanjeev Maken. "Thermodynamic properties of ternary oxygenated fuel mixtures." Journal of Molecular Liquids 313 (September 2020): 113541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113541.

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Stloukal, Radek, Karel Komers, and Jaroslav Machek. "Ternary Phase Diagram Biodiesel Fuel - Methanol - Water." Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 339, no. 1 (1997): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19973390188.

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7

Gülüm, Mert. "Prediction of Exhaust Gas Temperature of a Diesel Engine Running with Diesel Fuel-biodiesel-1-pentanol Ternary Blends." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1204, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1204/1/012002.

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Abstract Diesel engines are utilized in the transportation sector owing to their high efficiency. In recent years, biodiesel and higher alcohols have taken the attention of researchers as promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. In this article, diesel fuel is mixed with corn oil biodiesel at the ratio of 80:20 (v/v). 2%, 5% and 8% of 1-pentanol (v/v) are mixed into the diesel fuel-corn oil biodiesel binary blend for obtaining ternary blends. The impacts of ternary blends on some performance and combustion behaviors of a diesel engine are researched. Power and exponential models to predict exhaust gas temperature linking to maximum pressure rise rate, brake effective power, lower heating value, engine speed, equivalence ratio and latent heat of evaporation are derived through the least square error method. The use of ternary blends results in lower brake effective power (5.4246%-6.0066%), exhaust gas temperature (5.9504%-7.9459%,) and peak cylinder pressure (6.8502%-7.1629%), compared to diesel fuel. The average relative errors are specified as 1.9214% and 2.9749% for the power and exponential models, respectively.

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8

Yilbaşi, Zeki, Murat Kadir Yeşilyurt, Mevlüt Arslan, and Hayri Yaman. "Understanding the performance, emissions, and combustion behaviors of a DI diesel engine using alcohol/hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel ternary blends: Influence of long-chain alcohol type and concentration." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 78 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2023003.

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In this study, it was aimed to examine the influences of biodiesel–diesel-higher alcohol (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol) blends on the performance, emission and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The tests were performed at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm and variable loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). For the tests, 80% diesel and 20% hemp seed oil biodiesel were blended and called as B20. Biodiesel fuel was produced by transesterification from hemp seed oil in the presence of methanol and potassium hydroxide for the preparation of B20 binary test fuel and other ternary fuels. Furthermore, nine ternary blend fuels [20% HSOB + 70%, 60% and 50% diesel, respectively + 10%, 20% and 30% higher alcohol (pentanol, hexanol and heptanol) respectively] were prepared. The calculations made with the experimental data revealed that the minimum brake specific energy consumption values were 12,48 MJ/kW h, 13,06 MJ/kW h, 13,27 MJ/kW h, 13,35 MJ/kW h, 13,47 MJ/kW h, and 13,59 MJ/kW h, respectively, for diesel fuel at full load, for fuels B20, B20Hx10, B20Hp10, B20Hx20 and B20Pe10, the maximum brake thermal efficiency values were obtained as 28.85%, 27.56%, 27.14%, 26.97%, 26.73% and 26.49%, respectively, for the same fuels at the same load. The increment in higher alcohol concentration in the blend delayed start of combustion and therefore the ignition delay period was prolonged. In the fuel line pressure data, changes were observed depending on the amount, viscosity and density of the fuel. Furthermore, B20Hx10 and B20Hp10 fuels gave the maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, average gas temperature and pressure rise rate values after diesel and biodiesel. The addition of biodiesel and higher alcohol to diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in NOX, CO and unburned HC and smoke emissions and an increase in CO2. NOX, CO and unburned HC values of higher alcohol blended fuels at full load showed lower results, between 3.04–22.24%, 22.85–56.35% and 5.44–22.83%, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. It can be concluded that the use of hemp seed oil biodiesel and higher alcohol in the diesel engine will make a significant contribution to the reduction of NOX emissions.

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9

Mujtaba, M. A., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, Fahad Noor, Muhammad Farooq, Hwai Chyuan Ong, M. Gul, et al. "Effect of Additivized Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, Tribological Characteristics, and Lubricant Tribology." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133375.

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This research work focuses on investigating the lubricity and analyzing the engine characteristics of diesel–biodiesel blends with fuel additives (titanium dioxide (TiO2) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) and their effect on the tribological properties of a mineral lubricant. A blend of palm–sesame oil was used to produce biodiesel using ultrasound-assisted transesterification. B30 (30% biodiesel + 70% diesel) fuel was selected as the base fuel. The additives used in the current study to prepare ternary fuel blends were TiO2 and DMC. B30 + TiO2 showed a significant reduction of 6.72% in the coefficient of friction (COF) compared to B30. B10 (Malaysian commercial diesel) exhibited very poor lubricity and COF among all tested fuels. Both ternary fuel blends showed a promising reduction in wear rate. All contaminated lubricant samples showed an increment in COF due to the dilution of combustible fuels. Lub + B10 (lubricant + B10) showed the highest increment of 42.29% in COF among all contaminated lubricant samples. B30 + TiO2 showed the maximum reduction (6.76%) in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). B30 + DMC showed the maximum increment (8.01%) in brake thermal efficiency (BTE). B30 + DMC exhibited a considerable decline of 32.09% and 25.4% in CO and HC emissions, respectively. The B30 + TiO2 fuel blend showed better lubricity and a significant improvement in engine characteristics.

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10

Gulum, Mert, Funda Kutlu Onay, and Atilla Bilgin. "Evaluation of Predictive Capabilities of Regression Models and Artificial Neural Networks for Density and Viscosity Measurements of Different Biodiesel-Diesel-Vegetable Oil Ternary Blends." Environmental and Climate Technologies 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2018-0012.

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Abstract Nowadays, biodiesel and vegetable oils have received increasing attention as renewable clean alternative fuels to fossil diesel fuel because of decreasing petroleum reserves and increasing environmental concerns. However, the straight use of biodiesel and vegetable oils in pure form results in several operational and durability problems in diesel engines because of their higher viscosity than fossil diesel fuel. One of the most used methods for solving the high viscosity problem is to blend them with fossil diesel fuel or alcohol. The reliable viscosity and density data of various biodiesel-diesel-alcohol ternary blends or biodiesel-diesel binary blends are plentifully available in existing literature, however, there is still the scarcity of dependable measurement values on different biodiesel-diesel-vegetable oil ternary blends at various temperatures. Therefore, in this study, waste cooking oil biodiesel (ethyl ester) was produced, and it was blended with fossil diesel fuel and waste cooking oil at different volume ratios to prepare ternary blends. Viscosities and densities of the ternary blends were determined at different temperatures according to DIN 53015 and ISO 4787 standards, respectively. The variation in viscosity with respect to temperature and oil fraction and the change of density vs. temperature were evaluated, rational and exponential models were proposed for these variations, and these models were tested against the density and viscosity data measured by the authors, Nogueira et al. and Baroutian et al. by comparing them to Gupta et al. model, linear model, Cragoe model and ANN (artificial neural networks) previously recommended in existing literature.

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11

Murray, Renique J. "Energy, Emissions and Exergy Analyses of Ethanol-Biodiesel-Coconut Oil Ternary Fuel Blends and Comparative Assessment of Their Performance in Compression Ignition Engines." West Indian Journal of Engineering 45, no. 2 (January 2023): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/seca5934.

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The demands on future energy conversion technologies are becoming increasingly stringent. Biofuels, which are considered to have a critical role in meeting growing energy needs, must find increasing avenues for compliance. Accordingly, ternary fuel blends have received significant attention because their physiochemical properties can be very similar to diesel, while overcoming some challenges associated with traditional biofuel use. Consequently, this work assesses the use of alcohol-biodiesel-vegetable oil blends in Compression Ignition (CI) engines. Three ethanol-biodiesel-vegetable oil blends were developed using 10%, 20% and 30% alcohol and their performances were compared to diesel and neat coconut oil. These blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and their performances assessed using energy, emissions and exergy analyses. The results indicated that the blends had better brake thermal efficiency (BTE) values than diesel at high to medium loads, with the E30 blend having the highest BTE value of 31% at full load conditions as compared to 28.9% for diesel. The blends were also found to be comparable to diesel based on a First Law energy analysis. Additionally, it was found that the blends had better nitric oxides (NO) emission levels than diesel; at full load conditions, the E30 blend had the lowest value of 281 ppm as compared to diesel having a value of 299 ppm. However, they were found to have comparable levels for the other emissions characteristics that were examined. Further, the Second Law analyses indicated that the blends made better use of their fuel energy potential and thus, can be considered as a more suitable fuel for CI engine combustion. Collectively, the results suggest that the ternary blends are a viable candidate for future energy conversion via CI engines. Keywords: Ternary blends; ethanol; coconut oil; CI engines; exergy analysis; alternative fuels

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12

Nita, Irina, Raluca Georgiana Sandu, Sibel Osman, Olga Iulian, and Emil Stepan. "Viscosity of Ternary Blends with Biodiesel, Diesel Fuel and Isopropanol at Different Temperatures." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 8 (September 15, 2018): 2019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6465.

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The aim of this study is to report experimental viscosity data of pseudo-ternary biodiesel + diesel fuel + isopropanol system covering the whole composition range and for temperature ranging from 293.15 K to 323.15 K. The accuracy of some equations to estimate the viscosity of this ternary system was evaluated.

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13

Ambrosewicz-Walacik, Marta, Sławomir Wierzbicki, Maciej Mikulski, and Tomasz Podciborski. "TERNARY FUEL MIXTURE OF DIESEL, RAPESEED OIL AND TYRE PYROLYTIC OIL SUITABLE FOR MODERN CRDI ENGINES." Transport 33, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2018.5163.

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The focus on seeking alternative fuels for combustion engines has been on the environmental and political scene for many years. Simultaneously there is a more and more serious problem of non-degradable waste utilization. In the present work an attempt has been made to asses both of those aspects by proposing a tailor-made, 3-component mixture consisting of mineral diesel, crude rapeseed oil and waste tyre pyrolytic oil. It was proven that the addition of pyrolytic oil can improve some basic drawbacks of rapeseed oil / diesel mixtures like high density and viscosity or low cold filter plugging point. On the basis of maximum bio-component share and optimum physicochemical properties a best fuel sample (40% mineral diesel oil, 55% rapeseed oil and 5% pyrolytic oil fraction) had been selected for engine tests, performed on a light-duty multi-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine with electronic, Common Rail (CR) injection system. The steady state tests were performed for two rotational speeds and two injection strategies (single and sequential fuel injection), for each of which a full load sweep was performed. The engine research included in-cylinder pressure analysis along with efficiency estimation and exhaust gas emission measurements. The research confirmed the assumption that the selected fuel mixture is suitable for modern CI engines. The specific fuel consumption was similar or lower for the tested fuel compared to standard diesel, except the cases were sequential injection was incorporated. Emissions remained on similar levels as for both fuels except Total HydroCarbons (THC) at sequential injection operation points, which correlated with lower fuel conversion efficiency.

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14

Bature, A. S., M. Khorami, and A. Lawan. "Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag and pulverized fuel ash on rheology of concrete." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i1.10.

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The rheology of concrete containing Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) has been scarcely studied and reported, despite their increase application as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) that drives improvement of sustainability of the construction industry. This work studied the effect of these SCMs and Superplasticizer proportions on rheological properties of concrete using rate controlled concrete rheometer. Two groups of mixes containing replacement or addition on mass basis using either PFA or GGBS or their combinations were derived from the control mix. The dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity and 28 day compressive strength of the control mix are 1258 Pa, 6 PaS, and 40.5 MPa respectively. The results of the rheology tests of the various binary mixes (PFA and Portland cement) and ternary mixes (Portland cement, PFA and GGBS) structural concrete shows wide disparity in the measured rheological parameters. The results show that the decrease in dynamic yield stress of the ternary mix containing 20% GGBS is 4.1%, whereas the decrease in dynamic stress of the ternary mix containing 20% PFA is 35.9% compared to the control ternary mix. The high volume Portland cement replaced ternary concrete can therefore be effectively characterized as a workable and pumpable concrete. Keywords: Rheology, PFA, GGBS, superplasticizer, concrete.

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Vinodkumar, V., and A. Karthikeyan. "Effect of ternary fuel blends on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012007.

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Abstract The higher alcohol such as hexanol was added at various concentrations with diesel in this current research work while retaining the neem biodiesel at 20% concentration to form the ternary fuel blend. In a single cylinder diesel engine, three distinct ternary blends (B20HB10, B20HB20, B20HB30) were taken and all the blends were tested and the results were contrasted with a binary blend (D80:B20, namely B20) and pure diesel fuel. The experiment showed that when the alcohol concentration rises from 10 % to 30 % because of the decrease in calorific value, the brake thermal efficiency decreases slightly. In addition, owing to the availability of intrinsic oxygen in it, all the ternary blend contributes to a decrease in HC and CO emissions, which leads to more complete combustion. It was also found that there was a substantial reduction in NOx emissions for all ternary blend due to the high latent heat of vaporization.

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16

Raghuram, S., and Vasudevan Raghavan. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporation of Levitated Binary and Ternary Liquid Fuel Droplets under Normal Gravity." ISRN Thermodynamics 2012 (July 8, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/167281.

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The present study presents a thermodynamic model for predicting the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary hydrocarbon fuel droplets under atmospheric pressure and normal gravity conditions. The model employs activity coefficients based on UNIFAC group contribution method and evaluates the vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary and ternary droplets. The gas-phase properties have been evaluated as a function of temperature and mixture molecular weight. The model has been validated against the experimental data available in literature. The validated model is used to predict the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary fuel droplets at atmospheric pressure under normal gravity. Results show multiple slopes in the droplet surface regression indicating preferential vaporization of fuel components based on their boiling point and volatility. The average evaporation rate is dictated by the ambient temperature and also by composition of the mixture.

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17

Ahmed, Ash, and John Kamau. "Performance of Ternary Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete in Sulfate Solutions." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 7 (July 11, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.7.401.

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Durability of concrete is defined as its ability to resist deterioration after it has been exposed to the environment of its intended use. This work examined the performance of combined (ternary) Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) concrete in sulfate solutions of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and mixed Na2SO4 and MgSO4, as well as its performance in water absorption. Investigations were carried out on replacements that were found to have achieved the highest compressive strengths as well as on 30% replacements from a previous study. From the results obtained, it was also found that at highest compressive strengths, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in MgSO4 environments, whereas at a higher replacement, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over individual binary specimens in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments. For visual observations, it was concluded that the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments, whereas for strength deterioration, the results showed that the ternary specimens could be used with an advantage over individual binary concretes in both the MgSO4 and the mixed sulfate solutions. Generally, the ternary specimens showed some complimentary effect from the two materials.

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Ahmed, Ash, and John Kamau. "Performance of Ternary Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete in Sulfate Solutions." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 7 (July 11, 2017): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.7.401.

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Durability of concrete is defined as its ability to resist deterioration after it has been exposed to the environment of its intended use. This work examined the performance of combined (ternary) Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) concrete in sulfate solutions of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and mixed Na2SO4 and MgSO4, as well as its performance in water absorption. Investigations were carried out on replacements that were found to have achieved the highest compressive strengths as well as on 30% replacements from a previous study. From the results obtained, it was also found that at highest compressive strengths, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in MgSO4 environments, whereas at a higher replacement, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over individual binary specimens in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments. For visual observations, it was concluded that the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments, whereas for strength deterioration, the results showed that the ternary specimens could be used with an advantage over individual binary concretes in both the MgSO4 and the mixed sulfate solutions. Generally, the ternary specimens showed some complimentary effect from the two materials.

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Durão, Luís, Joaquim Costa, Tiago Arantes, F. P. Brito, Jorge Martins, and Margarida Gonçalves. "Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Operated with Gasoline Supplemented with Pyrogasoline and Ethanol." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 4671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184671.

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The partial replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels contributes to a reduction of CO2 emissions, alleviating the greenhouse effect and climate changes. Furthermore, fuels produced from waste biomass materials have no impact on agricultural land use and reduce deposition of such wastes in landfills. In this paper we evaluate the addition of pyrolysis biogasoline (pyrogasoline) as an additive for fossil gasoline. Pyrogasoline was produced from used cooking oils unfit to produce biodiesel. This study was based on a set of engine tests using binary and ternary mixtures of gasoline with 0, 2.5, and 5% pyrogasoline and ethanol. The use of ternary blends of gasoline and two different biofuels was tested with the purpose of achieving optimal combustion conditions and lower emissions, taking advantage of synergistic effects due to the different properties and chemical compositions of those biofuels. The tests were performed on a spark-ignition engine, operated at full load (100% throttle, or WOT—wide open throttle) between 2000 and 6000 rpm, while recording engine performance and exhaust gases pollutants data. Binary mixtures with pyrogasoline did not improve or worsen the engine’s performance, but the ternary mixtures (gasoline + pyrogasoline + ethanol) positively improved the engine’s performance with torque gains between 0.8 and 3.1% compared to gasoline. All fuels presented CO and unburned hydrocarbons emissions below those produced by this type of engine operated under normal (fossil) gasoline. On the other hand, NOx emissions from oxygenated fuels had contradictory behaviour compared to gasoline. If we consider the gains achieved by the torque with the ternary mixtures and reductions in polluting emissions obtained by mixtures with pyrogasoline, a future for this fuel can be foreseen as a partial replacement of fossil gasoline.

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Liu, Yangxun, Weinan Liu, Huihong Liao, Hasier Ashan, Wenhua Zhou, and Cangsu Xu. "An Experimental and a Kinetic Modelling Study of Ethanol/Acetone/Ethyl Acetate Mixtures." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15092992.

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With the world’s energy resources decreasing, ethanol/acetone/ethyl acetate mixed fuel has the potential as a fossil fuel alternative or oxygenated fuel additive. In this work, the burning characteristics of ethanol/acetone/ethyl acetate mixed fuels including 3 pure fuels, 9 binary fuels, and 7 ternary fuels were studied at a temperature of 358 K, the pressure of 1 bar, and the equivalence ratios of 0.7 to 1.4 in the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). The burning velocities of the ternary fuels were compared at ϕ = 0.8, 1.0, and 1.4. The results show that the laminar burning velocities of the mixed fuels are affected by the contents of ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The Markstein length, Markstein number, and burning flux were also analyzed in this paper. Furthermore, a detailed chemical mechanism comprising 506 species and 2809 reactions was reduced to a skeletal mechanism including 98 species and 642 reactions, using the directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP). The experimental and the simulated laminar burning velocities were compared. The results of laminar burning velocities show that the relative deviation of ETEAAC 112 is approximately 17.5%. The sensitivity coefficients, flame structure, and reaction paths of ethyl acetate were investigated with the skeletal and the detailed mechanisms. It is found that the key reaction path is retained in the skeletal mechanism.

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21

Antolini, Ermete. "Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 74, no. 3-4 (July 2007): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.03.001.

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Antolini, Ermete. "Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 74, no. 3-4 (July 2007): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.03.002.

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23

Gülüm, Mert, and Atilla Bilgin. "Density and Viscosity Measurements for Olive Oil Biodiesel, Diesel Fuel and n-Butyl Alcohol Ternary Blends." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 6, no. 2 (March 2018): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2018.6.2.457.

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24

Mehmannavaz, Taha, Mohammad Ismail, Salihuddin Radin Sumadi, Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta, Mostafa Samadi, and Seyed Mahdi Sajjadi. "Binary Effect of Fly Ash and Palm Oil Fuel Ash on Heat of Hydration Aerated Concrete." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/461241.

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The binary effect of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on heat of hydration of aerated concrete was studied. Three aerated concrete mixes were prepared, namely, concrete containing 100% ordinary Portland cement (control sample or Type I), binary concrete made from 50% POFA (Type II), and ternary concrete containing 30% POFA and 20% PFA (Type III). It is found that the temperature increases due to heat of hydration through all the concrete specimens especially in the control sample. However, the total temperature rises caused by the heat of hydration through both of the new binary and ternary concrete were significantly lower than the control sample. The obtained results reveal that the replacement of Portland cement with binary and ternary materials is beneficial, particularly for mass concrete where thermal cracking due to extreme heat rise is of great concern.

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25

Schacherl, Bianca, Rachel Eloirdi, Rudy J. M. Konings, and Ondrej Beneš. "Thermodynamic Assessment of the NaF-KF-UF4 System." Thermo 1, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo1020016.

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In the Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) concept, metal fluorides are key components of possible fuel and coolant salts. The fast reactor option opens the possibility for alternatives to the Li based matrix salts, avoiding the costly 7Li enrichment and the tritium production from residual 6Li. Such alternatives can be based on NaF and KF as matrix components. In this study, two pseudo-binary phase diagrams of NaF-UF4 and KF-UF4, and the NaF-KF-UF4 pseudo-ternary system were experimentally investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The obtained data were used to perform a full thermodynamic assessment of the NaF-KF-UF4 system. The calculated pseudo-ternary eutectic was found at 807 K and a 68.9-7.6-23.5 mol% NaF-KF-UF4 composition. The comprehensive experimental and modelling data obtained in this work provide further extension of the JRCMSD thermodynamic database describing thermodynamic properties of key fuel and coolant salts for the MSR technology.

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26

Jayaraj, Jayamani, Jae Ho Han, Sang Whan Park, Ki Bae Kim, and Eric Fleury. "Potential of Cr₂AlC Ternary Carbide as Material for Bipolar Plate in PEMFC." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.927.

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In this paper, we present results of an investigation on the physical, mechanical, chemical properties and processing ability of the Cr2AlC ternary carbide bulk material synthesized by hot pressing technique. The combination of excellent properties indicated that Cr2AlC ternary carbide alloy could be potential candidate materials as bipolar plates in polymer membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).

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27

Sajjad, H., H. H. Masjuki, M. Varman, M. A. Kalam, M. I. Arbab, S. Imtenan, and H. K. Rashedul. "Influence of gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel in the combined blend of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel: an analysis of engine combustion–performance–emission parameters." RSC Advances 5, no. 38 (2015): 29723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15548c.

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This study presents a comparative analysis of the blends of JBD (J20) and GTL fuel (G20) with diesel, including a ternary blend of JBD-GTL-diesel (DJG20), in the context of fuel properties, engine performance and emission characteristics.

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28

Elfasakhany, Ashraf. "Dual and Ternary Biofuel Blends for Desalination Process: Emissions and Heat Recovered Assessment." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010061.

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Desalination using fossil fuels is so far the most common technique for freshwater production worldwide. However, such a technique faces some challenges due to limited fossil fuels, high pollutants in our globe, and its high energy demand. In this study, solutions for such challenges were proposed and investigated. Renewable biofuel blends were introduced and examined as energy/sources for desalination plants and, in turn, reduced dependency on fossil fuels, enhanced pollutants, and recovered energy for desalinations. Eight different blended biofuels in terms of dual and ternary blend approaches were investigated. Results displayed that dual and ternary blends of gasoline/n-butanol, gasoline/isobutanol, gasoline/n-butanol/isobutanol, gasoline/bioethanol/isobutanol, and gasoline/bioethanol/biomethanol were all not highly recommended as energy sources for desalination units due to their low heat recovery (they showed much lower than the gasoline, G, fuel); however, they could provide reasonable emissions. Both gasoline/bioethanol (E) and gasoline/biomethanol (M) provided high heat recovery and sensible emissions (CO and UHC). Gasoline/bio-acetone was the best one among all blends and, accordingly, it was upper recommended for both heat recovery and emissions for desalination plants. In addition, both E and M were recommended subsequently. Concerning emissions, all blends showed lower emissions than the G fuel in different levels.

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29

Huseien, Ghasan Fahim, Ziyad Kubba, and Sib Krishna Ghoshal. "Engineering Attributes of Ternary Geopolymer Mortars Containing High Volumes of Palm Oil Fuel Ash: Impact of Elevated Temperature Exposure." Fire 6, no. 9 (August 30, 2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6090340.

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Geopolymer mortars made from various waste products can appreciably reduce carbon dioxide emissions and landfill-related issues, making them viable substitutes for ordinary Portland cement, a workhorse in the concrete industry. Thus, a series of ternary geopolymer mortars were made and characterized to determine the effects of exposure to elevated temperatures (from room temperature up to 900 °C) on their engineered (residual compressive strength, weight loss, and slant shear bond strength) and microstructural properties. These mortars, which contain fly ash, ground blast furnace slag, and a high volume of palm oil fuel ash, were designed to activate via the incorporation of an alkali activator solution at a low concentration (molarity of 4). The elevated temperature-mediated deterioration of the ternary geopolymer mortar was quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed an improvement in the ternary geopolymer mortars’ resistance against elevated temperatures when the palm oil fuel ash level in the mortar matrix was raised from 50 to 70% and when slag was replaced by fly ash. It was asserted that the proposed ternary geopolymer mortars may contribute to the advancement of green concretes demanded by the construction sectors.

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30

Carbajal, F. Ginez, M. A. García, and S. A. Gamboa. "Study of Ethanol Electrooxidation Reaction at Room Temperature on Nanometric Pt-Ru, Pt-Sn and Pt-Ru-Sn in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 21, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v21i1.522.

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Ethanol electrooxidation in acid medium was investigated on Pt-Ru-Sn/C, Pt-Ru/C and Pt-Sn/C. The electrocatalysts were synthesized by microwave assisted chemical reduction reaction. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and electrochemical analysis for the electrooxidation of ethanol. The ternary electrocatalyst was evaluated in an experimental Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC). The method of synthesis used in this work allowed the formation of nanostructured electrocatalysts. The results obtained by electrochemical studies showed that the ternary system Pt-Ru-Sn/C exhibited the highest activity with respect to the binary systems Pt-Ru/C and Pt-Sn/C for carrying out the ethanol electrooxidation reaction. 0.4 mg∙cm-2 of electrocatalytic load of Pt-Ru-Sn/C was placed in the anode of an experimental fuel cell operating at room temperature. It was possible to obtain a power density of 0.14, 0.12 and 0.11 mW∙cm-2 after 20, 40 and 60 minutes respectively. The experiments were carried out at a controlled temperature of 297 K and they showed the feasibility to produce electricity at room temperature by using this ternary electrocatalyst in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells.

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31

Dang Long, Quan, An Nguyen Minh, Vinh Thach Phuc, Ngan Nguyen Thi Thanh, Lil Owin Khưu, Niem Le Phuong, Tu Do Cam, Truong Vu Xuan, and Phuoc Le Huu. "PtRu, PtRuFe and PtRuNi alloy electrocatalysts decorated on composite support C-MWCNTs for direct methanol fuel cells." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 11, no. 1 (September 26, 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2022.014.

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In this work, carbon Vulcan XC-72 (C) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supported ternary platinum-ruthenium-iron (PtRuFe) and platinum-ruthenium-nickel (PtRuNi) alloy nanoparticles have been synthesized by a co-reduction method. The catalyst samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that ternary alloy catalysts are always better than binary alloy catalysts. In particular, PtRuNi is the best catalyst for methanol oxidation reaction.

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32

Jiang, C., J. Ma, A. Arenillas, and J. T. S. Irvine. "Application of Ternary Carbonate in Hybrid Direct Coal Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 59, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05901.0281ecst.

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33

Brault, P., C. Coutanceau, P. C. Jennings, T. Vegge, J. Berndt, A. Caillard, S. Baranton, and S. Lankiang. "Molecular dynamics simulations of ternary PtxPdyAuz fuel cell nanocatalyst growth." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 47 (December 2016): 22589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.035.

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34

Steiner, H. J., P. H. Middleton, and B. C. H. Steele. "Ternary titanates as anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 190, no. 2 (January 1993): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(93)90412-g.

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35

Ribeiro, J., D. M. dos Anjos, K. B. Kokoh, C. Coutanceau, J. M. Léger, P. Olivi, A. R. de Andrade, and G. Tremiliosi-Filho. "Carbon-supported ternary PtSnIr catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cell." Electrochimica Acta 52, no. 24 (August 2007): 6997–7006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.05.017.

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36

Romaneckas, Kęstutis, Austėja Švereikaitė, Rasa Kimbirauskienė, Aušra Sinkevičienė, and Jovita Balandaitė. "The Energy and Environmental Evaluation of Maize, Hemp and Faba Bean Multi-Crops." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (September 4, 2023): 2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092316.

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Agriculture uses a lot of fuel, fertilizers, pesticides and other substances, while emitting large amounts of GHGs. It is important to optimize these inputs and outputs. One such way is by increasing crop biodiversity. For this reason, single crops and mixtures of maize, hemp and faba bean as binary and ternary crops were investigated at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania. The results showed that consumption of diesel fuel was 31–46% higher than in single and 22–35% higher than in binary cultivations was found in a ternary crop. This had influence on the highest energy input of near twice higher than in maize and hemp single crops and maize+hemp binary crop, but similar with binary crops with faba bean. Despite this, the productivity of the ternary crop and, at the same time, the energy output were 2–5 times higher than in other treatments. This compensated for higher energy inputs and the energy efficiency ratio. In the ternary crop, energy productivity was from 1.1 to 2.8 times higher and net energy was 1.9–5.3 times higher than in other tested cultivations. The highest total GHG emissions were obtained in binary maize+hemp and maize+faba bean cultivations (1729.84 and 2067.33 CO2eq ha−1). Ternary cultivation with the highest energy inputs initiated average GHG emissions of 1541.90 kg ha−1 CO2eq. For higher efficiency, the ternary crop could be sown and harvested in one machine pass. Faba beans should be included in ternary crops, as their biomass makes up a significant part of the total biomass produced. We recommend reviewing the intercropped faba bean seeding rates, as faba bean seeds have a high energy input equivalent.

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37

Elfasakhany, Ashraf. "Biofuel Blends for Desalination Units: Comparison and Assessments." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2023): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041139.

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Although desalinations with renewables were introduced some time ago, conventional desalination units are still applied. Conventional desalinations account for 90% of desalinations worldwide. Yet, they have two significant issues: a high demand for energy and a high level of environmental contaminants. Such issues are studied and remedies are suggested in the current study. Varieties of biofuel blends in dual and ternary bases are investigated experimentally for indirect desalination. Results showed that ternary blends can introduce lower desalination potentials than fossil fuels by about 4–7%. The best ternary blends for the indirect desalination process are iBE, followed by niB, and finally EM. The EGT of iBE is greater than niB and EM by about 1.1 and 1.2%, respectively. Both n-butanol/iso-butanol–gasoline dual blends introduced an almost similar desalination potential as the ternary blends (e.g., lower desalination by about 4.4 and 4.7%). Nevertheless, bio-ethanol/bio-methanol–gasoline dual blends introduced greater desalination potentials than the fossil fuel by 3.2 and 3%, respectively. Regarding environmental issues, both ternary and dual blends introduced lower CO and UHC emissions than fossil fuels in varying degrees. M presented the lowest CO by about 30%, followed by EM by about 21%, and lastly E by about 20%, compared to G. However, the lowest UHC is presented by EM followed by nB and niB with rates of 18, 16.2, and 13.5%. Results also showed that the engine speed has a considerable effect on the desalination process and environment; low engine speed is recommended in the case of applying ternary blends, as well as dual n-butanol/iso-butanol–gasoline blends. Alternatively, in the case of applying bio-ethanol/bio-methanol–gasoline dual blends, moderate engine speed is preferable.

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38

Jiang, Wei, Hao Jia, Hongping Li, Linhua Zhu, Runming Tao, Wenshuai Zhu, Huaming Li, and Sheng Dai. "Boric acid-based ternary deep eutectic solvent for extraction and oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel." Green Chemistry 21, no. 11 (2019): 3074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01004a.

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39

FAROOQ, Sk, and D. VINAY KUMAR. "Experimental Study on Performance, Emissions and Combustion Characteristics of PFI Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with E30 Equivalent Binary and Ternary GEM Blends." INCAS BULLETIN 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2020.12.3.8.

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Анотація:

This work presents the concept of ternary blends of gasoline, ethanol and methanol (GEM) in which stoichiometric air to fuel ratio is controlled to 13.2, same as that of conventional binary E30 (Gasoline 70% + Ethanol 30% (v/v)) fuel blend. The formulated E30 equivalent ternary blends have approximately the same energy density, lower heating value and octane number as target binary E30 blend such that they can be a drop-in alternative to it. The experimental work was performed to investigate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of PFI SI engine using E30 equivalent GEM blends. The engine tests were conducted at constant load while varying the engine speed from 1700 to 3300 rpm by varying the throttle position. The performance, emission and combustion results were measured and compared with pure gasoline. The results show that formulated GEM blends have similar brake thermal efficiency, in-cylinder pressure and net heat release as binary E30 blend and are improved when compared to pure gasoline. It is also noted that exhaust emissions such as Carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) show decreased values and increase in Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) for blended fuels compared to pure gasoline due to oxygenated nature of alcohol fuels.

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40

Smyshlyaeva, K. I., N. K. Kondrasheva, and V. A. Rudko. "Description of the stability of residual marine fuel using ternary phase diagrams and SARA analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 266 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126602006.

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The results of the analysis of the properties of components of residual marine fuels (RMF) are described. The stability areas of marine fuels are determined using ternary phase diagrams VisRes - ULSD – LGOCC, Asphalt – ULSD – LCGO, Asphalt – ULSD – LGODC. The graphic method for determining the stability of A.B. Stankiewicz based on SARA analysis is used to describe the stability of RMF on the basis of VisRes - ULSD – LGOCC. The areas of stability, instability, and metastability of marine fuel are presented on the graph according to the Stankiewicz method, which can be used to predict the stability of RMF.

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41

Dharsini, P. Shalini Priya, N. Ahalya, S. Kaliappan, S. Sekar, Pravin P. Patil, Varasala Pragna, Gurusamy Pathinettampadian, J. Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani, and Kibrom Menasbo. "Performance and Environmental Effects of CeO2/ZrO2 Nanocomposite in Triple Blend Methyl Ester of Pumpkin and Neem Seed Oil Dosed with Diesel on IC Engine." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (June 20, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5736453.

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The goal of this work is to evaluate the impact of CeO2/ZrO2 (CZ) nanocomposite materials on performance and emission characteristics of direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with ternary blends of pumpkin oil methyl ester (PME) and neem oil methyl ester (NME). The blend B20 (10% PME +10% NME +80% diesel) and various CZ nanocomposite blended fuels such as B20CZ25 (B20 +25 ppm CZ), B20CZ50 (B20 +50 ppm CZ), B20CZ75 (B20 +75 ppm CZ), and B20CZ100 (B20 +100 ppm CZ) were prepared and used for analysis. Pumpkin and neem seed oil were chose for this study due to noble economic feasibility, and they were transesterified with methanol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in order to get corresponding methyl esters. The experimental findings demonstrates that adding CZ nanocomposite improves brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduces brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at full load, as well as being beneficial in reducing harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The study suggested that CZ nanocomposite with ternary blend will be a viable new strategy for improving engine performance and lowering emission characteristics without modifying the engine.

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42

Prasanna, Dakshinamoorthy, and Vaithilingam Selvaraj. "Development of non-covalent ternary polymer–CNT composites as a novel supporting material for electrooxidation of glycerol." RSC Advances 5, no. 120 (2015): 98822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17172e.

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A novel ternary polymer–CNT composite containing three different monomers namely amine terminated cyclophosphazene, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and 2,2′-benzidinedisulfonic acid as a new catalyst support for biobased alcohol fuel cell applications.

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43

Čedík, Jakub, Martin Pexa, Michal Holúbek, Zdeněk Aleš, Radek Pražan, and Peter Kuchar. "Effect of Diesel Fuel-Coconut Oil-Butanol Blends on Operational Parameters of Diesel Engine." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153796.

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Анотація:

The global concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is increasing as well as the emissions of harmful pollutants. Utilization of liquid biofuels in combustion engines helps to reduce these negative effects. For diesel engines, the most common alternative fuels are based on vegetable oils. Blending neat vegetable oils with diesel and/or alcohol fuels is a simple way to make them suitable for diesel engines. In this study, coconut oil was used in ternary fuel blends with diesel and butanol. Coconut oil is a potentially usable source of renewable energy, especially in the Pacific, where it is a local product. Diesel fuel-coconut oil-butanol fuel blends were used in concentrations of 70%/20%/10% and 60%/20%/20%, and 100% diesel fuel was used as a reference. The effect of the fuel blends on the production of harmful emissions, engine smoke, performance parameters, fuel consumption and solid particles production was monitored during the measurement. The engine was kept at a constant speed during the measurement and the load was selected at 50%, 75% and 100%. From the results, it can be stated that in comparison with diesel fuel, specific fuel consumption increased with a positive effect on the reduction of engine smoke.

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44

Kumar, Naveen, and Sidharth. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of Ternary Fuel Blends in Diesel Engines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1240 (July 2019): 012095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1240/1/012095.

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45

Aitkaliyeva, Assel, James W. Madden, Cynthia A. Papesch, and James I. Cole. "TEM identification of subsurface phases in ternary U–Pu–Zr fuel." Journal of Nuclear Materials 473 (May 2016): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.02.022.

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46

Coughlin, B., and A. Hoxie. "Combustion characteristics of ternary fuel Blends: Pentanol, butanol and vegetable oil." Fuel 196 (May 2017): 488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.104.

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47

Kamau, Jhon, Ash Ahmed, Paul Hirst, and Joseph Kangwa. "Performance of Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Ternary Concrete Mixes." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 6 (June 20, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.6.363.

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Cement is the most utilised material after water, and the processes that are involved in making it are energy intensive, contributing to about 7% of the total global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Energy efficiency can however be achieved by using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) such as Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) which demand less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This work examined the advantages of substituting cement using PFA and GGBS in ternary (2 SCMs) concrete at steps of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. It was found that PFA increased the workability of GGBS, whereas GGBS improved the strength of PFA. The densities of the resultant concrete were below those of the 0% replacement as well as those of individual binary (1 SCM) concretes. The tensile strengths of the ternary concrete were lower than those of the binary concretes, whereas the gains in compressive strengths over curing time were higher at lower replacements for the ternary concrete compared with the 0% replacement and the binary concretes, but lower at higher replacements. The findings indicate that PFA and GGBS could be used together to improve the properties of concrete where each falls short.

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48

Kamau, Jhon, Ash Ahmed, Paul Hirst, and Joseph Kangwa. "Performance of Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Ternary Concrete Mixes." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 6 (June 20, 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.6.363.

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Анотація:

Cement is the most utilised material after water, and the processes that are involved in making it are energy intensive, contributing to about 7% of the total global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Energy efficiency can however be achieved by using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) such as Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) which demand less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This work examined the advantages of substituting cement using PFA and GGBS in ternary (2 SCMs) concrete at steps of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. It was found that PFA increased the workability of GGBS, whereas GGBS improved the strength of PFA. The densities of the resultant concrete were below those of the 0% replacement as well as those of individual binary (1 SCM) concretes. The tensile strengths of the ternary concrete were lower than those of the binary concretes, whereas the gains in compressive strengths over curing time were higher at lower replacements for the ternary concrete compared with the 0% replacement and the binary concretes, but lower at higher replacements. The findings indicate that PFA and GGBS could be used together to improve the properties of concrete where each falls short.

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49

Thangavelu, Saravana Kannan, Abu Saleh Ahmed, and Farid Nasir Ani. "Performance of Petrol Engine Using Gasoline-Ethanol-Methanol (GEM) Ternary Mixture as Alternative Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 833 (April 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.833.41.

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Bioethanol fuel produced from biomass and bioenergy crops has been proclaimed as one of the feasible alternative to gasoline in internal combustion engines. In this study, the effect of gasoline–ethanol–methanol (GEM) ternary blend on performance characteristics of petrol engine was studied. Three different fuel blends, namely, E0 (gasoline), G75E21M4 (75% gasoline, 21% hydrous ethanol and 4% methanol) and E25 (25% anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline) were tested in a 1.3-l K3-VE spark-ignition engine having four cylinders, dynamic variable valve timing, and electronic fuel injection. The experimental results revealed that using G75E21M4 fuel blend increased the air-fuel ratio, engine power, torque, brake thermal efficiency, and mean effective pressure compared to E0 and E25, however, fuel consumption also increased.

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50

Turner, James W. G., Andrew G. J. Lewis, Sam Akehurst, Chris J. Brace, Sebastian Verhelst, Jeroen Vancoillie, Louis Sileghem, Felix C. P. Leach, and Peter P. Edwards. "Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 6390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236390.

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Анотація:

This paper follows on from an earlier publication on high-blend-rate binary gasoline-alcohol mixtures and reports results for some equivalent ternary fuels from several investigation streams. In the present work, new findings are presented for high-load operation in a dedicated boosted multi-cylinder engine test facility, for operation in modified production engines, for knock performance in a single-cylinder test engine, and for exhaust particulate emissions at part load using both the prototype multi-cylinder engine and a separate single-cylinder engine. The wide variety of test engines employed have several differences, including their fuel delivery strategies. This range of engine specifications is considered beneficial with regard to the “drop-in fuel” conjecture, since the results presented here bear out the contention, already established in the literature, that when specified according to the known ternary blending rules, such fuels fundamentally perform identically to their binary equivalents in terms of engine performance, and outperform standard gasolines in terms of efficiency. However, in the present work, some differences in particulate emissions performance in direct-injection engines have been found at light load for the tested fuels, with a slight increase in particulate number observed with higher methanol contents than lower. A hypothesis is developed to explain this result but in general it was found that these fuels do not significantly affect PN emissions from such engines. As a result, this investigation supplies further evidence that renewable fuels can be introduced simply into the existing vehicle fleet, with the inherent backwards compatibility that this brings too.

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