Дисертації з теми "Terahertz fiber"

The aim of the doctoral thesis is the study of Terahertz time domain spectrometers relying on telecommunication fiber technology. Optical fiber offers low losses, high stability and compactness, features that ease the deployment of this kind of sensing instruments in industrial scenarios. The development of terahertz signal sources working at telecom wavelengths has enabled the employment of mature, telecom-related photonic components that allowed a transition within THz research from being mainly object of scientific interest to an application-oriented technology. In this thesis, fiber terahertz systems utilizing ultrafast photoconductors with integrated antenna structures have been investigated at different levels, including the control of the photoconductor structure, as well as at instrument and system levels. The carrier transport in InGaAs-InAlAs multilayer hetero-structures, present in the employed photoconductive antennas, has been investigated under the additional injection of a continuous optical wave. By varying the amplitude level of the respective optical signal injected into either the emitter or the receiver, it has been shown that the amplitude of the detected photocurrent could be controlled without affecting its bandwidth. Unlike increasing the optical power of the pulsed signal, raising the continuous optical power results in a reduction of the measured photocurrent. This lowering of the conductivity is related to changes in the instantaneous carrier momentum relaxation time in the photoactive material, rather than to variations of the free carrier density level. This behavior affects systems including continuous-wave optical components, as, for instance, optical amplifiers. The effect has been further exploited to modulate the operation conditions of photoconductive antennas, enabling an all-optical control of the THz amplitude. This represents a method to implement a signal modulation, necessary, for instance, for lock-in signal detection. Different industrial applications and THz imaging systems require fast data acquisition. Slow, stepwise working mechanical optical delay lines are about to be replaced by faster schemes. A fast THz-time-domain spectroscopy system using a coil-based rapid mechanic delay line has been set up and analyzed. A convenience of usage of optical fibers is the simplicity of signal multiplication and distribution. It can be exploited to allow centralized operation of a set of parallel terahertz sensing units. A centralized architecture with optical source sharing simplifies the implementation as well as the cost of nondestructive inspection platforms, where several sensing units would have to work in the same facility, for example at quality control in factories or security checkpoints. The cost of such a distribution system is evaluated, its feasibility experimentally demonstrated, and key features relevant to the system performance are discussed. The present document is formally structured in a brief introduction, Chapter 2, which review common terahertz technology as a whole, with the focus on optoelectronic schemes and respective technology in the telecom band. Chapter 3 includes work carried out dealing with the carrier dynamics under continuous optical wave irradiation of the photoconductive antenna modules and the application of the effect as modulation method. Chapter 4 deals with the implementation of the fast delay in the system and Chapter 5 describes and analyses architecture for parallel, remotely controlled sensing. Finally, Chapter 6 provides conclusion and future work perspectives.
El objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral es el estudio de espectroscopios temporales de Terahercios basados en tecnología de fibra óptica para telecomunicaciones. La fibra óptica ofrece bajas pérdidas de propagación, alta estabilidad y la capacidad de implementar sistemas robustos y compactos, características que facilitan el despliegue de este tipo de instrumentos de sensado en escenarios industriales. El desarrollo de fuentes de THz que operan en la banda infrarroja empleada en telecomunicaciones permite el uso de componentes maduros de la industria de las comunicaciones ópticas, lo que a su vez se ha traducido en una transición desde el uso de la banda de THz básicamente para intereses científicos al desarrollo de sistemas para aplicaciones industriales. En la presente tesis se investigan sistemas de THz basados en antenas fotoconductivas y fibra óptica a distintos niveles: control de la estructura fotoconductiva, instrumento y sistema. El transporte de portadores en heteroestructuras multicapa InGaAs-InAlAs, empleadas actualmente en antenas fotoconductivas, se ha investigado bajo la inyección de una onda óptica continua. Se ha observado que variando el nivel de amplitud de esta onda continua tanto en el emisor como en el receptor es posible controlar la fotocorriente detectada sin afectar a su ancho de banda. A diferencia de un incremento en la potencia óptica de la señal pulsada, elevar el nivel de continua resulta en una reducción de la fotocorriente medida. Esta reducción de la conductividad se relaciona con cambios en el tiempo de relajación del momento de los portadores en el material fotoactivo en lugar de variaciones de la densidad de portadores libres. Este comportamiento puede tener un efecto en sistemas que introduzcan componentes ópticos continuos como por ejemplo sistemas de sensado que empleen amplificadores ópticos. Este efecto puede ser usado para modular las condiciones de operación de las antenas fotoconductivas permitiendo el control todo-óptico del sistema. Este método permite modular la señal, lo que resulta necesario por ejemplo para realizar detección lock-in. Tanto diferentes aplicaciones industriales como los sistemas de imagen en THz requieren sistemas rápidos de captura. Para ello es necesario sustituir las líneas de retardo ópticas tradicionales basadas en motores paso-a-paso por otros sistemas de mayor velocidad. Se ha implementado y caracterizado un sistema THz-TDS usando una línea de retardo rápida basada en bobinas de voz. Una característica fundamental de la fibra óptica es su extraordinaria simplicidad para realizar la distribución de señales ópticas. Esta característica puede ser explotada para permitir la operación centralizada de un conjunto paralelo de sensores de THz. Una arquitectura centralizada en la que la fuente óptica se comparte entre muchos sensores simplifica la implementación y reduce el coste de sistemas de inspección no destructiva que requieran de múltiples sensores en paralelo, como, por ejemplo, en control de calidad industrial o en controles de seguridad. Se ha evaluado el coste de estos sistemas distribuidos, se ha validado experimentalmente su viabilidad y se han identificado y estudiado sus prestaciones. El documento de la tesis doctoral se estructura formalmente en una breve introducción, el capítulo 2, en el que se revisa la tecnología de THz en su conjunto, los esquemas optoelectrónicos y el uso de tecnologías ópticas basadas en la banda de las telecomunicaciones. El capítulo 3 incluye el estudio realizado sobre la dinámica de los portadores bajo la irradiación dela antena fotoconductiva con una onda óptica continua y su uso como técnica de modulación. El capítulo 4 trata con la implementación de un sistema THz-TDS rápido mientras que el capítulo 5 describe y analiza una arquitectura de sensado paralela para reducir costes. Finalmente el capítulo 6 recoge las conclusiones y futuras líneas de actuación.
L'objectiu de la present Tesi Doctoral és l'estudi d'espectroscopis temporals de terahertzs basats en tecnologia de fibra òptica per a telecomunicacions. La fibra òptica ofereix baixes pèrdues de propagació, alta estabilitat i la capacitat d'implementar sistemes robustos i compactes, característiques que faciliten el desplegament d'aquest tipus d'instruments de sensat en escenaris industrials. El desenvolupament de fonts de THz que operen a la banda infraroja emprada en telecomunicacions permet l'ús de components madurs de la indústria de les comunicacions òptiques, el que al seu torn s'ha traduït en una transició des de l'ús de la banda de THz bàsicament per interessos científics al desenvolupament de sistemes per a aplicacions industrials. En la present tesi s'investiguen sistemes de THz basats en antenes fotoconductivas i fibra òptica a diferents nivells: control de l'estructura fotoconductiva, instrument i sistema. El transport de portadors en heteroestructures multicapa InGaAs-InAlAs, emprades actualment en antenes fotoconductivas, s'ha investigat sota la injecció d'una ona òptica contínua. S'ha observat que variant el nivell d'amplitud d'aquesta ona contínua tant en l'emissor com en el receptor és possible controlar la fotocorriente detectada sense afectar el seu ample de banda. A diferència d'un increment en la potència òptica del senyal polsada, elevar el nivell de contínua resulta en una reducció de la fotocorrent mesurada. Aquesta reducció de la conductivitat es relaciona amb canvis en el temps de relaxació del moment dels portadors en el material fotoactiu en lloc de variacions de la densitat de portadors lliures. Aquest comportament pot tenir un efecte en sistemes que introdueixin components òptics continus com ara sistemes de sensat que utilitzen amplificadors òptics. Aquest efecte pot ser usat per modular les condicions d'operació de les antenes fotoconductivas permetent el control tot-òptic del sistema. Aquest mètode permet modular el senyal, el que resulta necessari per exemple per realitzar detecció lock-in. Tant diferents aplicacions industrials com els sistemes d'imatge en THz requereixen sistemes ràpids de captura. Per a això és necessari substituir les línies de retard òptiques tradicionals basades en motors pas-a-pas per altres sistemes de major velocitat. S'ha implementat i caracteritzat un sistema THz-TDS usant una línia de retard ràpida basada en bobines de veu. Una característica fonamental de la fibra òptica és la seua extraordinària simplicitat per realitzar la distribució de senyals òptiques. Aquesta característica pot ser explotada per a permetre l'operació centralitzada d'un conjunt paral·lel de sensors de THz. Una arquitectura centralitzada en la qual la font òptica es comparteix entre molts sensors simplifica la implementació i redueix el cost de sistemes d'inspecció no destructiva que requereixin de múltiples sensors en paral·lel, com, per exemple, en control de qualitat industrial o en controls de seguretat . S'ha avaluat el cost d'aquests sistemes distribuïts, s'ha validat experimentalment la seua viabilitat i s'han identificat i estudiat les seues prestacions. El document de la tesi doctoral s'estructura formalment en una breu introducció, capítol 2, en el qual es revisa la tecnologia de THz en el seu conjunt, els esquemes optoelectrònics i l'ús de tecnologies òptiques basades en la banda de les telecomunicacions. El capítol 4 inclou l'estudi realitzat sobre la dinàmica dels portadors sota la irradiació de la antena fotoconductiva amb una ona òptica contínua i el seu ús com a tècnica de modulació. El capítol 5 tracta la implementació d'un sistema THz-TDS ràpid mentre que el capítol 6 descriu i analitza una arquitectura de sensat paral·lela per reduir costos. Finalment, el capítol 7 recull les conclusions i futures línies d'actuació.
Bockelt, AS. (2017). Fiber-based Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy Systems Operated in the Telecom Band [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86148
TESIS

In this dissertation, an all-fiber-based single frequency nanosecond pulsed laser system at ~ 1918.4 nm in master-oscillator-power-amplifier (MOPA) configuration is present. The nanosecond pulse seed is achieved by directly modulating a continuous wave (CW) single frequency fiber laser using a fast electro-optical modulator (EOM) driven by an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). One piece of single mode, large core, polarization-maintaining (PM) highly thulium-doped (Tm-doped) germanate glass fiber (LC-TGF) is used to boost the pulse power and pulse energy of these modulated pulses in the final power amplifier. This laser system can work in both high power and high energy regime: in high power regime, to the best of our knowledge, the highest average power 16 W and peak power 78.1 kW are achieved for single frequency transform-limited ~2.0 ns pulses at 500 kHz and 100 kHz repetition rate, respectively: In high energy regime, nearly 1 mJ and half mJ pulse energy is obtained for ~15 ns pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate and 5 kHz repetition rate, respectively. Theoretical modeling of the large-core highly Tm-doped germanate glass double-cladding fiber amplifier (LC-TG-DC-FA) is also present for 2&mum nanosecond pulse amplification. A good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is achieved. The model can simulate the evolution of pump power, signal energy, pulse shape and the amplified stimulated emission (ASE) in the amplifier. It can also be utilized to investigate the dependence of the stored energy in the LC-TGF on the pump power, seed energy and repetition rate, which can be used to design and optimize the LC-TG-DC-FA to achieve higher pulse energy and average power. Two channel of high energy nanosecond pulses (at 1918.4 nm and 1938 nm) are utilized to generate THz wave in a quasi-phase-matched (QPM) gallium arsenide (GaAs) based on difference frequency generation. THz wave with ~ 5.4μW average power and ~18 mW peak power has been achieved. Besides, one model is built to simulate a singly resonated THz parametric oscillator. The threshold, the dependence of output THz energy on pump energy has been investigated through this model. One pump enhanced THz parametric oscillator has been proposed. The enhancement factor of the nanosecond pulses in a bow-tie ring cavity has been calculated for different pulse duration, cavity length and the transmission of the coupler. And the laser resonances in the ring cavity have been observed by using a piezo to periodically adjust the cavity length. We also build an all-fiber thulium-doped wavelength tunable mode-locked laser operating near 2&mum. Reliable self-starting mode locking over a large tuning range (>50 nm) using fiber taper based carbon nanotube (FTCNT) saturable absorber (SA) is observed. Spectral tuning is achieved by stretching another fiber taper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an all-fiber wavelength tunable mode-locked laser near 2&mum.

In this dissertation I report the development of high power pulsed fiber laser systems. These systems utilize phosphate glass fiber for active elements, instead of the industry-standard silica fiber. Because the phosphate glass allows for much higher doping of rare-earth ions than silica fibers, much shorter phosphate fibers can be used to achieve the same gain as longer silica fibers.This single-frequency laser technology was used to develop an all-fiber actively Q-switched fiber lasers. A short cavity is used to create large spacing between longitudinal modes. Using this method, we demonstrated the first all-fiber Q-switched fiber laser in the 1 micron region.In addition to creating high peak powers with Q-switched lasers, created even higher powers using fiber amplifier systems. High power fiber lasers typically produce spectral broadening through the nonlinear effects of stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Brullion scattering, and self-phase modulation. The thresholds for these nonlinearities scale inversely with intensity and length. Thus, we used a short phosphate fiber gain stage to reduce the length, and a large core fiber final stage to reduce intensity. In this way we were able to generate high peak power pulses while avoiding visible nonlinearities, and keeping a narrow bandwidth.The immediate goal of developing these high power fiber laser systems was to generate narrowband terahertz radiation. Two different wavelengths were combined into the final amplifier stage at orthogonal polarizations. These were collimated and directed into a GaSe crystal, which has a very high figure of merit for THz generation. The two wavelengths combined in the crystal through the process of nonlinear difference frequency generation. This produced a narrowband beam of THz pulses, at higher powers than previous narrowband THz pulses produced by eyesafe fiber lasers.

Les techniques d'imagerie et de spectroscopie térahertz offrent de vastes applications dans le contrôle non destructif ou le contrôle de qualité dans la manufacture industrielle, la pharmaceutique et la biologie, l'archéologie ou encore le monde de l’art. Pour ces applications, la technique de spectroscopie térahertz dans le domaine temporel (THz-TDS) permet une analyse sur une bande passante instantanée très large (0.1-6 THz), mais nécessite généralement de déplacer mécaniquement l’échantillon à imager dans le plan focal du faisceau THz. Le travail de cette thèse porte sur l’adaptation d’un banc THz-TDS pour l’imagerie et la spectroscopie des échantillons fixes, en se basant sur le principe d’un radar à synthèse d’ouverture (SAR), en transmission. En utilisant cette technique, on démontre une reconstruction d'image en 3D avec une résolution inférieure au millimètre de plusieurs échantillons différents. Pour remédier aux temps d'acquisition prolongés, un échantillonnage spatial lacunaire est proposé, réduisant les éléments du réseau synthétique et améliorant la vitesse d'acquisition. De plus, les données reconstruites ne sont pas uniquement utilisées pour l'imagerie mais permettent également la caractérisation des paramètres optiques matériaux (l'indice de réfraction et le coefficient d'absorption) constituant l'objet imagé dans la bande de fréquence de reconstruction. Ainsi, la technique proposée permet la cartographie spectrale 2D de l'indice de réfraction à diverses fréquences térahertz. Enfin, la méthodologie proposée est appliquée à l'imagerie de sortie de guide d'ondes térahertz, illustrant sa grande flexibilité et ses vastes domaine potentielles d’utilisation
Les techniques d'imagerie et de spectroscopie térahertz offrent de vastes applications dans le control non destructif ou le contrôle de qualité dans la manufacture industrielle, la pharmaceutique et la biologie, l'archéologie ou encore le monde de l’art. Pour ces applications, la technique de spectroscopie térahertz dans le domaine temporel (THz-TDS) permet une analyse sur une bande passante instantanée très large (0.1-6 THz), mais nécessite généralement de déplacer mécaniquement l’échantillon à imager dans le plan focal du faisceau THz. Le travail de cette thèse porte sur l’adaptation d’un banc THz-TDS pour l’imagerie et la spectroscopie des échantillons fixes, en se basant sur le principe d’un radar à synthèse d’ouverture (SAR), en transmission. En utilisant cette technique, on démontre une reconstruction d'image en 3D avec une résolution inférieure au millimètre de plusieurs échantillons différents. Pour remédier au temps d'acquisition prolongés, un échantillonnage spatial lacunaire est proposé, réduisant les éléments du réseau synthétique et améliorant la vitesse d'acquisition. De plus, les données reconstruites ne sont pas uniquement utilisées pour l'imagerie mais permettent également la caractérisation des paramètres optiques matériaux (l'indice de réfraction et le coefficient d'absorption) constituant l'objet imagé dans la bande de fréquence de reconstruction. Ainsi, la technique proposée permet la cartographie spectrale 2D de l'indice de réfraction à diverses fréquences térahertz. Enfin, la méthodologie proposée est appliquée à l'imagerie de sortie de guide d'ondes térahertz, illustrant sa grande flexibilité et ses vastes domaine potentielles d’utilisation

The Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL)-based terahertz-over-fibre (ToF) concept combines the strength of QCLs as ultra-wide bandwidth, high speed data sources, with the mature optical fibre technology. In this thesis, for the first time, by fusing multiple technologies, digitally selected, electronically-switchable ToF concept is experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, the digital mode selection principle and electronic tuning mechanism provided by novel aperiodic distributed feedback (ADFB) multi-band filters are presented. For the development of electronically tunable ADFB lasers, a range of bound-to-continuum and chirped superlattice terahertz (THz) QCLs are measured across the frequency range 2.9 – 4.5 THz. The availability of these active materials allowed rapid assessments of the optimum design parameters for subsequent measurements. First, a range of photonic lattice-engineered lasers operating at 4.4 THz are characterized and key design parameters identified. Following this initial development, full electrical and spectral characterization of ADFB lasers operating at 2.9 THz are presented. The novelty of this work lies in the first-ever successful demonstration of discretely tunable QCLs, operating at six distinct THz frequencies. The ADFB technology was experimentally applied using various device geometries and gain dynamics. Toward this aim, results are presented for a Y coupled QCL architecture, showing that complex on-chip signal manipulation can be extended into the THz regime. In addition, it is demonstrated that ADFB technology provides broadband multi-channel optical filtering for the entire gain bandwidth. It is shown that discrete, purely electronic, tuning of simultaneous dual colour output can be achieved. Multi band optical filter functions derived from ADFB gratings possess highly nonlinear dispersion across the filter bandwidth and are found to modify the gain-induced, driving current-dependent continuous mode tuning. This thesis, therefore, presents a systematic experimental analysis of the dispersion engineered continuous fine-tuning in THz QCLs. In the final two chapters, the thesis presents, for the first time, transmission of tunable THz signals over standard single-mode optical fibre by up converting 2.9 THz QCL radiation via intra-cavity nonlinear mixing with an optical fibre-injected near-infrared (NIR) carrier in the 1.3 µm band. Discrete and continuous tuning technologies, as developed in chapters 3 – 5, are now successfully transferred to THz sidebands on the NIR carrier, extracted via a butt coupled single mode fibre and recorded using an optical spectrum analyzer. The major novel outcome of this thesis is the first demonstration of electronically tunable phase-matched points in a THz plasmon waveguide. The key breakthrough is the experimental confirmation of the photonic band-gap engineering of group velocity of THz signals – as both ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ switchable side bands are observed. Such novel nonlinear up-conversion of spectrally flexible THz signals may open up new possibilities for ultrafast THz telecom frameworks.

Ces travaux portent sur la génération d'un peigne de longueurs d'ondes à haut-débit pour les télécommunications. Ce manuscrit s'articule autour de trois grandes parties. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux cavités laser fonctionnant en blocage de modes passif. Les expériences ont notamment permis de générer à chaque aller et retour dans la cavité des paquets d'impulsions liées et séparées d'une période correspondant à une cadence de 100-160 GHz. Dans la seconde partie, nous montrons la possibilité de générer des horloges à haute cadence (100 GHz - 1 THz) en exploitant les bonnes propriétés des lasers à îlots quantiques à blocage de modes, par l'ajout de filtres. La sélection des fréquences a été réalisée, au début de la thèse, par l'application de points de température induisant des sautsde phase sur un réseau de Bragg à pas variable, puis par l'utilisation d'un filtrage spatial utilisant un appareil commercial. La stabilité des horloges optiques, de fréquences variables pouvant atteindre 1,5 THz, a été validée par des mesures de taux d'erreurs. Enfin, nous montrons qu'il est possible réaliser des convertisseurs de fréquence permettant de récupérer une horloge à la sous harmonique f à partir d'un signal binaire cadencée à N × f. En conclusion, nous dressons les perspectives liées à ces résultats.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
光電工程學研究所
93
In the electromagnetic spectrum, terahertz frequencies, which usually defined as those in the range of 100 GHz – 10 THz, form a significant region that connects the microwave and optical-wave bands. Since various important physical phenomena happened in this region, more and more attention had been paid to the investigations of terahertz science in recent years. Many different techniques regarding the generation and detection of terahertz wave were also proposed one after another. However, for the reason that most of the materials have a great absorption constant in the terahertz frequency, the propagation of terahertz wave is usually controlled by metallic reflectors in almost all the applications, which makes the terahertz systems not only vulnerable to environmental disturbance but also inflexible in the construction of application setups. Hence, there will be a lot of difficulties in the future applications of terahertz system for lack of a reliable and low-loss guiding method. In view of this, we proposed and demonstrated a terahertz subwavelength fiber with a very low attenuation constant (~0.01 cm-1) for guiding terahertz wave. In our design, the sub-wavelength fiber core is made of polyethylene wires or tubes that surrounded by the air serving as the cladding. Due to the sub-wavelength characteristic of the fiber core, the only sustained mode is HE11 which delivers most of the fields in the air cladding, which enormously reduces the degree of core absorption in the propagation. In addition, as polyethylene has a lower absorption constant in the terahertz region, the power delivered in the core will be attenuated less than the cores made of other materials. By adopting above structure, we successfully reduce the loss in terahertz wave guiding which can make the terahertz systems compact and less complex. We believe that it will be very helpful to the realization of terahertz applications such as fiber sensing, biomedical-imaging, and so on.

Starting with a review of the Erbium doped fiber amplifier, this thesis will describe the construction, intensity noise, linewidth, stabilization techniques, and spectroscopic applications of the Erbium doped fiber ring laser developed as a part of the thesis research activity. This laser, which uses the Erbium doped fiber amplifier as its gain module within fiber based ring resonator, exhibits excellent sidemode suppression (>70dB) and intensity noise properties (shot noise limited beyond GHz regime) with ultranarrow linewidth (<4kHz). To measure and improve these performance, several new techniques were developed. A new interferometer based on a loss-compensated recirculating delayed self heterodyne technique, for the measurement of ultranarrow linewidth. A novel intracavity filtering technique to make the laser operate at the shot noise floor of intensity noise. Extension of Pound-Drever locking technique into the laser cavity, to enable the laser be stabilized and locked to an external reference at the same time. The laser was also applied as a spectroscopic tool to study the four wave mixing process in semiconductor optical amplifiers. Because of the ultranarrow linewidth and intensity noise characteristics of fiber laser, it was possible to resolve THz intraband dynamics in a quantum well amplifier. This thesis will also cover mode locked operation of the fiber laser and related issues briefly in the appendix.

碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系
104
In this paper, we study the photonic crystal fiber coupler coupled modal characteristics under terahertz wave band by using the Vector Boundary Element Method (VBEM). The design of coupler have 2×2 and 1×4, from the coupling relationship, we successfully derive to the two modes, respectively the even mode and odd modes on the output side. successfully analyze the 2×2 couplers at the wavelength is 0.75mm , the d/V is 0.6, the two output side respectively have 50% (3dB) coupling energy and the optimum coupling length is 6.3mm. we also successfully analyze the 1×4 couplers at the wavelength is 0.5mm, the four output side respectively have 25% (6dB) coupling energy and the shortest coupling length is 13.6mm. In the result, we can simulate the propagation in terahertz of photonic crystal fiber couplers.

碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系碩士班
99
This dissertation is focus on the propagation of terahertz in photonic crystal fibers, the result of this analysis is capable in calculating the effective index and obtains field intensity distribution by boundary element method. We change the air hole radius and shape, frequency and periodicity (hexagon and octagon) to find out the characteristics in terahertz. Therefore, the mode distribution dispersion and polarization is found that dispersion will become large if the air hole radius increases. When the air hole become smaller, the dispersion become smooth; in elliptic photonic crystal fiber (EPCFs), the elliptic is close to plane, the data has most obvious polarization. We adjust air hole radius, pitch and periodicity for engineering the chromatic dispersion of photonic crystal fiber is demonstrated. In the result, we can simulate the propagation in terahertz of photonic crystal fiber.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
電子工程系
102
Low-cost and low-loss terahertz (THz) waveguide is essential for integrating and minimizing terahertz systems. To achieve low loss, it is important to investigate how to couple terahertz wave into waveguide effectively to enhance system performance. In this work, coupling efficiencies of terahertz pipe waveguides and subwavelength fibers are numerically studied. For the pipe waveguides, influences of operating frequency, waveguide shape, and polarization on coupling efficiency are examined. For the subwavelength fibers, the relationship between operating frequencies and electric field confinement and the factor for optimizing Gaussian beam waist are investigated. We first take the slab type hollow waveguide, which can be treated as the one-dimensional version of the pipe waveguide, into consideration. Numerical results show that, owing to the mismatch between field distributions of waveguide mode and THz source, the coupling efficiency is relatively low at resonant frequencies. However, at antiresonant frequencies, the coupling efficiency can be well above 90%. Moreover, TE mode is higher than TM mode in coupling efficiency. While for the two-dimensional pipe waveguide, the coupling efficiency has the same trend in frequency which is similar to that shown in the 1D case. For the case of direct coupling between two pipe waveguides, the coupling efficiency for waveguides with the same shape is higher than the coupling efficiency for waveguides with the different shape. Moreover, when shapes of the two connecting pipe waveguides are the same, coupling efficiency for circular shape is higher than that for square shape. For the terahertz subwavelength fibers, it is found that coupling efficiency from the source to the subwavelength THz fiber can be above 90%. However, if the operating frequency decreases, the coupling efficiency will become a little bit lower because the field is less confined.

This Thesis reports the development of fibres to guide terahertz (THz) or T-ray radiation. It demonstrates the theoretical studies of THz microwires (air-clad solid core fibres) and a new form of waveguide: the porous fibre. Porous fibre has an arrangement of sub-wavelength featured air-holes in the cross-section, resulting in improved confinementof the propagating mode while retaining the low loss characteristic compared to air-clad sub-wavelength waveguide or microwires. Porous fibres also offer lower frequency dependent loss and dispersion compared to microwires. Furthermore, introducing asymmetrical discontinuity leads to high birefringence, which is comparable to recently achieved high birefringence in photonic crystal fibres. Furthermore, this thesis involves the first successful fabrication of highly porous polymer fibres, with both symmetrical and asymmetrical discontinuities, via an extrusion process. In order to achieve rapid and reproducible waveguide cross-sections three different cleaving techniques—based on the use of a semiconductor dicing saw, focused ion beam milling, and a 193 nm ultraviolet laser—have been investigated for cleaving of polymer porous fibres. Finally, two different techniques have been utilised for characterisation of porous fibres. The first approach leads to the first experimental verification of frequency dependence of effective refractive indices of polymer porous fibres and microwires. The second approach exploits a micromachined photoconductive probe-tip for sampling of the THz pulse along the waveguide, from which the frequency dependent absorption coefficient and refractive index are determined. Moreover, the evanescent field distribution of porous fibres as a function of frequency is measured for the first time.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2011