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1

Rashid, Jamal M. "Steady State Temperature Distribution Calculation in BN-350 Reactor Fuel Rod." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 5, no. 1 (August 1, 2001): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10088.

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2

OWENS, B. "Ambient temperature solid state batteries." Solid State Ionics 53-56 (July 1992): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90444-t.

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3

Oxborrow, Mark, Jonathan D. Breeze, and Neil M. Alford. "Room-temperature solid-state maser." Nature 488, no. 7411 (August 2012): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11339.

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4

Mann, A., M. Revzen, and H. Umezawa. "Temperature in a pure state?" Physics Letters A 139, no. 5-6 (August 1989): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(89)90140-0.

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5

Tanaka, Koichi, Nobuhiro Takezawa, and Toyoshiro Inamura. "Atomic Temperature and Cluster Temperature under Non-steady state." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2003.16 (2003): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2003.16.503.

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6

Xiangzhou, Zhang. "Steady-State Temperatures in an Anisotropic Strip." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910340.

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This article deals with the development of a rigorous solution to the steady-state temperature in an anisotropic strip. The solution is given with respect to a coordinate system (x, y), which conforms with the strip geometry but does not necessarily coincide with the principal directions of the anisotropic material. Using a partitioning–matching technique and the separation of variables method, exact expressions are obtained for temperatures in the strip under prescribed boundary temperature conditions. Numerical values of the temperatures and heat flux are provided in graphic form. Also, a discussion is presented regarding the solution method and the temperature distribution features in the heat conduction problem of an anisotropic medium.
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7

González-Solís, J. L., R. Sánchez-Ruiz, I. A. Arana-Zamora, J. C. Martínez-Espinosa, M. L. Pérez-Arrieta, and C. Falcony-Guajardo. "Monitoring of Spectral Map Changes from Normal State to Superconducting State in High-TCSuperconductor Films Using Raman Imaging." Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/276537.

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We have explored the chemical structure of TlBa2Ca2Cu3O9high-TCsuperconductor films with Tl-1223 phase to monitor spectral map changes from normal state to superconducting state using the technique of Raman imaging. Raman images were performed for 12 different temperatures in the 77–293 K range. At room temperature, the Raman images were characterized by a single color but as the temperature dropped a new color appeared and when the temperature of 77 K is reached and the superconducting state is assured, the Raman images were characterized by the red, green, and blue colors. Our study could suggest that the superconducting state emerged around 133 K, in full agreement with those reported in the literature. A cross-checking was done applying principal component analysis (PCA) to other sets of Raman spectra of our films measured at different temperatures. PCA result showed that the spectra can be grouped into two temperature ranges, one in the 293–153 K range and the other in the 133–77 K range suggesting that transition to the superconducting state occurred at some temperature around 133 K. This is the first report of preliminary results evaluating the usefulness of Raman imaging in determination of transition temperature of superconductor films.
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8

Kovshar, S. N., P. V. Ryabchikov, and S. V. Gushchin. "Assessment of Thermally Stressed State of Concrete Massif." Science & Technique 20, no. 3 (June 3, 2021): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2021-20-3-207-215.

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The paper describes a technique for assessing the thermally stressed state of a concrete massif of a foundation slab made of a self-compacting concrete mixture. The proposed method consists in a preliminary calculation of temperature fields in hardening concrete. The objects of research have been self-compacting concrete mix and structural concrete in the structure mass. The choice of materials for the preparation of a concrete mixture is given and substantiated. The composition of self-compacting concrete has been used to assess the thermally stressed state. A binder with a reduced exotherm has been used in order to reduce the self-heating of concrete. Studies have been carried out to assess the specific heat release of the recommended cement depending on the initial water-cement ratio. The effect of a chemical additive on the rate and magnitude of the specific heat release of cement has been studied. The paper presents the main theoretical provisions and an algorithm for calculating the thermal stress state of a concrete massif. The finite difference method has been used to calculate the expected temperatures and their distribution in the structure mass, and the temperature stresses in the sections of the concrete mass have been calculated to assess the thermally stressed state. The performed calculations of the temperature fields have made it possible to estimate the maximum possible temperatures and temperature differences over the sections of the concrete massif depending on the initial temperature of the concrete mixture and the average daily temperature of the outside air. Analysis of the temperature distribution has revealed the most dangerous sections of the concrete mass. An assessment of the thermal stress state of the concrete mass has been made on the basis of the results pertaining to calculation of temperature fields. The calculation of temperature stresses in the most dangerous sections of the concrete massif has been performed. It is shown that the calculated value of the temperature stress can serve as a characteristic of the thermally stressed state of the concrete mass. The formation of temperature cracks in a concrete mass is possible when the calculated value of the temperature stress exceeds the actual tensile strength of concrete. Comparison of the calculated and actual values of temperatures in the sections of the foundation slab has made it possible to conclude that the calculations of the temperature fields and, as a consequence, possible temperature deformations are correct.
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9

Luque, Patricia, and Antonio Heredia. "Glassy State in Plant Cuticles during Growth." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1994): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-3-419.

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The existence of a glassy state in isolated tomato fruit cuticles was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Tomato fruit cuticular membranes showed a glass transition temperature at -30 °C and an additional second order transition temperature near 30 °C. Changes in these temperatures during fruit growth were also studied
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10

POLITIS, C., V. BUNTAR, and V. P. SEMINOZHENKO. "MAGNETIZATION STUDIES OF Rb3C60 IN SUPERCONDUCTING STATE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, no. 11 (May 15, 1993): 2163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293002821.

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We present the results of magnetic measurements in fields up to 50 kOe for superconducting Rb 3 C 60. The temperature dependence of upper H c 2 critical magnetic field is determined, from which the zero temperature value Hc2(0)=465±50 kOe is evaluated. The magnitudes of penetration depth and coherence length are calculated as ξ(0)=26.7±3 Å; λ L (0)=2150±100 Å at zero temperature. The temperature dependence of ξ(T) and λ L (T) for T≧23 K is in good agreement with the Ginzburg-Landau theory. The critical current densities for different temperatures are calculated, showing a strong decrease of Jc with increasing temperature for T≤7 K . Two regions of fading critical current density on a magnetic field dependence are found.
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11

Quamara, Jitender Kumar, Satish Kumar Mahna, Sohan Lal, and Pushkar Raj. "Steady State Conduction Behaviour of Liquid Crystalline Polyurethane." Advanced Materials Research 856 (December 2013): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.856.210.

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The steady state measurements in Liquid crystalline polyurethane (LCPU) have been investigated for different fields (4 - 45 kV/cm) and temperatures (50°-220°C). The nature of conduction processes has been determined by estimating ion jump distances (a) and Schottky coefficients. The order of magnitude of a in the temperature region 150°C and below does not seem to support an ionic conduction. However the magnitude of a at higher temperatures (180°C and above) indicates the possibility of ionic conduction. There is a definite possibility of a Schottky type conduction at lower temperature and a Poole Frankel type conduction at higher temperature (100°C). The activation energy associated with the high temperature region lies between 0.26 eV and 0.65 eV depending on the field whereas in the low temperature region the activation energy lies between 0.82 eV and 0.95 eV depending on the applied electric field. The dual slopes in the log I versus 1/T curves indicate the presence of more than one type of trapping levels.
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12

Yang, Shuai, Yuzhuo ZHANG, Yuan CAO, and Yujue WANG. "1C12 Dynamic Time Warping based State Monitoring of Train Axle Temperature(Safety-Infrastructure)." Proceedings of International Symposium on Seed-up and Service Technology for Railway and Maglev Systems : STECH 2015 (2015): _1C12–1_—_1C12–7_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmestech.2015._1c12-1_.

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13

Loening, Nikolaus M., and James Keeler. "Temperature accuracy and temperature gradients in solution-state NMR spectrometers." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 159, no. 1 (November 2002): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-7807(02)00120-9.

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14

Mandel, Adam S., Mary Ann Sprauer, David H. Sniadack, and Stephen M. Ostroff. "State Regulation of Hospital Water Temperature." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 11 (November 1993): 642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30149747.

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15

Haw, James F. "Variable-Temperature Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy." Analytical Chemistry 60, no. 9 (May 1988): 559A—570A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00160a721.

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16

Mauro, John C., Roger J. Loucks, and Prabhat K. Gupta. "Fictive Temperature and the Glassy State." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 92, no. 1 (January 2009): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02851.x.

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17

Creutz, Michael. "State counting and low-temperature series." Physical Review B 43, no. 13 (May 1, 1991): 10659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.43.10659.

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18

Baranyai, András. "Temperature of nonequilibrium steady-state systems." Physical Review E 62, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 5989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.62.5989.

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19

Maksimov, Evgenii G. "High-temperature superconductivity: the current state." Physics-Uspekhi 43, no. 10 (October 31, 2000): 965–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/pu2000v043n10abeh000770.

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20

Maksimov, Evgenii G. "High-temperature superconductivity: the current state." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 170, no. 10 (2000): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0170.200010a.1033.

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21

Waide, P. A., and B. Norton. "Degree-hour steady-state temperature index." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 16, no. 2 (May 1995): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014362449501600207.

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22

Mandel, Adam S., Mary Ann Sprauer, David H. Sniadack, and Stephen M. Ostroff. "State Regulation of Hospital Water Temperature." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 11 (November 1993): 642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646657.

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23

Kang Yong Lee and Jeong Soo Park. "J-integral under transient temperature state." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 43, no. 6 (December 1992): 931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(92)90023-8.

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24

Moscchalkov, V. V. "Mixed state in high temperature superconductors." Solid State Communications 77, no. 5 (February 1991): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(91)90757-m.

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25

Ramana Murty, M. V., and Harry A. Atwater. "Crystal-state–amorphous-state transition in low-temperature silicon homoepitaxy." Physical Review B 49, no. 12 (March 15, 1994): 8483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.49.8483.

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26

Lin, Y. S., and R. G. Akins. "Pseudo-Steady-State Natural Convection Heat Transfer Inside a Vertical Cylinder." Journal of Heat Transfer 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3246921.

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Анотація:
The SIMPLER numerical method was used to calculate the pseudo-steady-state natural convection heat transfer to a fluid inside a closed vertical cylinder for which the boundary temperature was spatially uniform and the temperatures throughout the entire system were increasing at the same rate. (Pseudo-steady state is comparable to the steady-state problem for a fluid with uniform heat generation and constant wall temperature.) Stream functions, temperature contours, axial velocities, and temperature profiles are presented. The range of calculation was 0.25 < H/D < 2, Ra < 107, and Pr = 7. This range includes conduction to weak turbulence. A characteristic length defined as 6 × (volume)/(surface area) was used since it seemed to produce good regression results. The overall heat transfer for the convection-dominated range was found to be correlated by Nu = 0.519 Ra0.255, where the temperature difference for both the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers was the center temperature minus the wall temperature. Correlations using other temperature differences are also presented for estimating the volumetric mean and minimum temperatures.
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27

Fallis, Wendy M. "Monitoring Urinary Bladder Temperature in the Intensive Care Unit: State of the Science." American Journal of Critical Care 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2002.11.1.38.

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Body temperature of patients in critical care units can be monitored with a variety of devices and at a variety of body sites. In recent years, monitoring of urinary bladder temperature has become more common. Temperature-sensing indwelling urinary catheters allow continuous drainage of urine and continuous measurement of body temperature. This article provides a comprehensive and critical review of research undertaken in intensive care units to compare body temperatures measured in the urinary bladder with temperatures measured at a core site, the pulmonary artery. The studies support the use of urinary bladder temperature as a reliable index of core temperature during times of thermal stability. For critically ill patients who are already under considerable stress and whose condition necessitates the use of an indwelling urinary catheter, bladder temperature monitoring is an easy and convenient method that eliminates the need to use alternative sites. Further studies on the effects of shivering and urinary flow rate on temperatures measured in the bladder in critical care patients are needed. The economics of monitoring urinary bladder temperature also should be studied.
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28

Baris, Tara Z., Douglas L. Crawford, and Marjorie F. Oleksiak. "Acclimation and acute temperature effects on population differences in oxidative phosphorylation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 310, no. 2 (January 15, 2016): R185—R196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00421.2015.

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Temperature changes affect metabolism on acute, acclamatory, and evolutionary time scales. To better understand temperature's affect on metabolism at these different time scales, we quantified cardiac oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in three Fundulus taxa acclimated to 12 and 28°C and measured at three acute temperatures (12, 20, and 28°C). The Fundulus taxa (northern Maine and southern Georgia F. heteroclitus, and a sister taxa, F. grandis) were used to identify evolved changes in OxPhos. Cardiac OxPhos metabolism was quantified by measuring six traits: state 3 (ADP and substrate-dependent mitochondrial respiration); E state (uncoupled mitochondrial activity); complex I, II, and IV activities; and LEAK ratio. Acute temperature affected all OxPhos traits. Acclimation only significantly affected state 3 and LEAK ratio. Populations were significantly different for state 3. In addition to direct effects, there were significant interactions between acclimation and population for complex I and between population and acute temperature for state 3. Further analyses suggest that acclimation alters the acute temperature response for state 3, E state, and complexes I and II: at the low acclimation temperature, the acute response was dampened at low assay temperatures, and at the high acclimation temperature, the acute response was dampened at high assay temperatures. Closer examination of the data also suggests that differences in state 3 respiration and complex I activity between populations were greatest between fish acclimated to low temperatures when assayed at high temperatures, suggesting that differences between the populations become more apparent at the edges of their thermal range.
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29

QAMHIEH, N., I. M. OBAIDAT, and F. HAMED. "ON THE ANOMALOUS STEADY-STATE DARK CONDUCTIVITY INa-SeFILMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 26 (October 20, 2009): 5171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209054168.

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Thin films of amorphous selenium ( a-Se ) have been prepared by thermal evaporation. DC conductivity measurements were carried out on these films in the temperature range between 60 and -50° C . Above room temperature, the dark conductivity is thermally activated as usually observed in chalcogenide semiconductors. At low temperatures, the unexpected increase in the dark currents could be attributed to the phase change in the a-Se film. The current–voltage, I–V, curves showed a phase transition temperature of about 10°C.
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30

Tsepelev, Vladimir S., Yuri N. Starodubtsev, and Nadezhda Tsepeleva. "Preparing the Melt for the Amorphous and Nanocrystalline State." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.263.

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The scientific as well as applied approach to addressing the problem of the particle’s liquid state structure should rely on experimental data related to the particular liquid; take into account the temperature interval of its existence, the history and the main aims of the investigation. Taking into account the concept of the quasi-chemical model of the liquid micro-non-uniform composition and the research made on the physical properties of the Fe-based melts being crystallized, the unique technology of the melt time-temperature treatment has been developed. Amorphous ribbons produced using this technology require optimal annealing temperatures to be specifically selected. The results of studying nanocrystalline magnetic core’ properties and their structure in the course of annealing at temperatures below and above the optimal ones are presented. In the amorphous ribbon obtained in the mode of preparation of the melt with overheating above the critical temperature, an enhanced value of the enthalpy of crystallization is found. After the heat treatments of the cores, the mode with overheating the melt above the critical temperature results in higher magnetic properties.
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31

Zhang, Naiji, Guoxiong Wu, Bin Chen, and Cong Cao. "Numerical Model for Calculating the Unstable State Temperature in Asphalt Pavement Structure." Coatings 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040271.

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In this study, we determined the factors that influence of the temperature on an asphalt pavement by developing a two-dimensional unsteady temperature numerical calculation model using the finite difference method and Matlab. Based on the temperatures obtained by a buried sensor in a construction project, we collected the temperatures at different depths in the pavement structure in real time, and we then compared and analyzed the calculated and measured data. The results showed that the temperature in the asphalt pavement structure was significantly correlated with meteorological factors, such as the air temperature, but it also exhibited obvious hysteresis. Compared with the measured data, the maximum deviation in the numerical model based on the variations in the atmospheric temperature and solar radiation was 3 °C. Thus, it is necessary to effectively optimize the selection of asphalt pavement materials by simulating the temperature conditions in the asphalt pavement structure.
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32

Kobayashi, Wataru, Shin Yoshida та Ichiro Terasaki. "High-Temperature Metallic State of Room-Temperature Ferromagnet Sr1-xYxCoO3-δ". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 75, № 10 (15 жовтня 2006): 103702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.75.103702.

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33

Lin, Jinfu, Hongxia Liu, Shulong Wang, Chang Liu, Mengyu Li, and Lei Wu. "Effect of the High-Temperature Off-State Stresses on the Degradation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111339.

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GaN-based high electron mobility transistors offer high carrier density combined with high electron mobility and often require operation at high frequencies, voltages, and temperatures. The device may be under high temperature and high voltage at the same time in actual operation. In this work, the impact of separate off-state stresses, separate high-temperature stresses, and off-state stresses at high temperatures on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown on Si substrates was investigated. The output current and gate leakage of the device degenerated to different degrees under either isolated off-state or high-temperature stress. The threshold voltage of the device only exhibited obvious negative drift under the action of high-temperature and off-state stresses. The parameter at high temperature (or room temperature) before stress application was the reference. We found that there was no significant difference in the degradation rate of drain current and transconductance peak when the same off-state stress was applied to the device at different temperatures. It was concluded that, under the high-temperature off-state electric field pressure, there were two degradation mechanisms: one was the inverse piezoelectric polarization mechanism only related to the electric field, and the other was the degradation mechanism of the simultaneous action of temperature and electric field.
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34

Yuan, Yang, Xinyi Tao, Kejin Huang, Haisheng Chen, and Xing Qian. "An Effective Temperature Control Method for Dividing-Wall Distillation Columns." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10051018.

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Анотація:
Temperature control is widely perceived to be superior to direct composition control for the control of dividing-wall distillation columns (DWDCs) due to its advantages in dynamic characteristics. However, because of the limited estimation accuracy to the controlled product purities, the former cannot eliminate the steady-state errors in the maintained product purities as completely as the latter. In order to reduce the steady-state deviations in the maintained product purities, an effective temperature control method is proposed in the current article by means of a kind of simple but effective product quality estimator (PQE). For the proposed PQE, temperatures of three stages located in the controlled column section (TI1, TI2, and TI3) are employed as inputs, and a linear sum of these three inputted stage temperatures (α × TI1 + β × TI2 + γ × TI3) is given as output. A genetic algorithm with an elitist preservation strategy is used to optimize the locations of the three stage temperatures and the values of α, β, and γ to ensure the estimation accuracy of the PQE. Concerning the controls of two DWDCs, i.e., one Petlyuk DWDC separating an ethanol/propanol/butanol ternary mixture and one Kaibel DWDC separating a methanol/ethanol/propanol/butanol quaternary mixture, the effectiveness of the PQE is assessed through comparing the performance of the temperature inferential control scheme using the PQE and the double temperature difference control scheme. According to the dynamic simulation results obtained, the former control scheme displays not only smaller steady-state deviations in the maintained product purities, but also better dynamic characteristics as compared with the latter control scheme. This result fully demonstrates that the proposed PQE can be a useful tool for the temperature inferential control of the DWDC.
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35

Larshin, Vasily, and Natalia Lishchenko. "TEMPERATURE MODELS FOR GRINDING SYSTEM STATE MONITORING." Applied Aspects of Information Technology 2, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.03.2019.4.

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36

Skalozub, Vladimir, and Michael Bordag. "Colour ferromagnetic vacuum state at finite temperature." Nuclear Physics B 576, no. 1-3 (June 2000): 430–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(00)00101-2.

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37

Szarpak, Lukasz, Jacek Smereka, and Kurt Ruetzler. "Targeted temperature management: State of the Art." Disaster and Emergency Medicine Journal 4, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/demj.2019.0014.

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38

Santos, A. M. S., and D. P. Menezes. "Relativistic equations of state at finite temperature." Brazilian Journal of Physics 34, no. 3a (September 2004): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-97332004000500033.

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39

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Park, Cheol-Wan, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Ho-Suk Ryu, Ki-Won Kim, and Hyo-Jun Ahn. "Room-Temperature Solid-State Sodium∕Sulfur Battery." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9, no. 3 (2006): A123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2164607.

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