Дисертації з теми "Technology Acceptability"

In this dissertation, I deconstruct the commonly held assumption that the intrauterine device (IUD) is an unsafe and/or obsolete contraceptive method that has been used mostly to impose population control on women in developing countries. Simultaneously, I explore the changing meaning of the device over the last 40 years in varying socio-historical contexts. Capitalizing on the analytical tradition of science and technology studies that regards technology as socially constructed, I analyze the IUD as a technology that transformed through a series of material and discursive negotiations. Negotiations over the IUD took place in multiple layers, most notably in the social and political domains that defined the meaning of the contraceptive technology, but also in the domain of science, in which claims about the device's technical features and its relationship with the biological body were made. This work is divided into the examination of four major domains – global population politics, American contraceptive market, American antiabortion politics, and scientific research – within which the IUD took shape both materially and discursively. The historical development of the scientific research and discourse of IUDs are juxtaposed with the prevailing socio-political background to illustrate the intricate relationship between scientific research of contraceptive technology and the politics of fertility control. The final chapter addresses the agency of IUD users, introducing the ways in which women in developing countries have manipulated the IUD to achieve reproductive self-determination.
Ph. D.

This thesis took a unique multidisciplinary approach, combining understanding of food engineering, sensory science, nutrition and psychology, to investigate how emulsion-based food products can be made more satiating whilst maintaining or improving the products sensory and hedonic qualities. To achieve this, model oil-in-water emulsion systems were designed. Oil droplet size (0.1 µm – 50µm) was the main microstructural variable investigated. The influence of oil droplet size upon viscosity, friction, sensory perception, hedonics and expected and actual food intake behaviour was investigated. The main finding of the work highlighted oil droplet size significantly affects hedonics, expected and actual food intake behaviour and the perception of numerous sensory attributes. It was shown Creaminess was a strong hedonic indicator, but interestingly it also showed to significantly induce greater expectations of satiety and satiation. Structurally, Creaminess significantly increased with decreasing oil droplet size. Through a preload study, expectations were shown to be reflected in actual food intake behaviour, with smaller droplets resulting in a significant 12% reduction of food intake. Sensory results, indicated that the mechanism in which oil droplet size modified Creaminess was through altered texture and mouthfeel. Instrumental characterisation of the emulsions highlighted that this was a result of a combined influence of viscosity and droplet behaviour during oral processing, the sensory interpretation of these two physical variables being Thickness and Smoothness, reflecting Kokini’s Creaminess predication equation. Throughout this thesis the potential of emulsion structure on synergistically increasing both the satiety and hedonics of emulsion based foods was realised.

Qu’est-ce qui nous pousse à utiliser un outil, et pourquoi un outil est-il accepté ou rejeté par un utilisateur ? Cette thèse propose d’étudier la question de l’acceptabilité (i.e. l'intention a priori d’utiliser un outil avant une utilisation) et surtout de l’acceptation (i.e. la décision ou l’intention d’utiliser un outil après une utilisation réelle), en l’examinant sous l’angle des aspects cognitifsde l’utilisation d’outils. Après une revue de la littérature sur ce sujet, qui recense 142 critères de l’acceptation, nous proposons une nouvelle grille de lecture théorique en classant les critères présents dans la littérature en quatre catégorie de critères : l’utilité, la facilité, l’esthétique et un dernier critère regroupant les différences contextuelles et individuelles de l’utilisateur. Suite ànotre partie théorique, qui explore également le domaine des outils cognitifs, les mécanismes de la prise de décision dans l’utilisation d’outils et le rôle de la métacognition, des résultats expérimentaux sont également présentés. Dans un premier ensemble d’expériences, les participants sont face à des outils physiques qui varient selon différents critères (utilité, facilitéet esthétisme). Nous nous intéressons aux différences qu’il existe entre les phases d’acceptabilité (exposition à court terme) et d’acceptation (exposition à long terme), notamment dans les représentations qu’ont les utilisateurs des outils, et si les préférences des utilisateurs sont guidées par des critères propres à l’outil. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une hiérarchiedes critères. Dans la phase d’acceptabilité, c’est le critère de la facilité qui a la plus grande influence. En revanche, dans la phase de l’acceptation, c’est le critère de l’utilité qui a une plus grande influence, que ça soit en terme de préférence (classement des outils) ou de temps passé sur l’outil. L’esthétique n’a aucune influence sur les choix des utilisateurs. Dans un second ensemble d’expériences, nous étudions l’influence des performances pour différentes fonctions cognitives dans l’utilisation d’outils. Des participants sont exposés à des outils cognitifs qui assistent différentes fonctions cognitives (mémoire, attention visuelle, prise de décision). Nous avons cherché à savoir dans quelles fonctions cognitives les utilisateurs préfèrent être assistés, et si ces préférences sont rationnelles, à savoir si elles sont en lien avec leurs performances ou la méta-représentation de leurs performances dans ces mêmes fonctions cognitives. On observe que l’outil assistant la mémoire de travail est largement préféré, mais qu’il existe des profils d’utilisateurs, certains préférant être assisté en attention visuelle ou en prise de décision. Cette préférence est basée sur la méta-représentation de la performance, et non sur la performance enelle-même. Les résultats montrent en effet que plus les sujets estiment qu’ils sont mauvais dans une fonction cognitive, plus ils vont utiliser un outil qui assiste cette même fonction cognitive, et ce indépendamment de leurs performances réelles dans cette fonction cognitive. Enfin, une discussion générale étudie l’impact des résultats obtenus dans cette thèse. Dans cette dernièrepartie du manuscrit, nous proposons de réfléchir et de conclure sur les conséquences et les implications de nos résultats, et nous avançons des perspectives et des questionnements sur les évolutions futures des questions liées à l’acceptation de l’outil
What drives us to use a tool, and why is a tool accepted or rejected by a user? This thesis proposes to study the question of acceptability (i.e. the a priori intention to use a tool, before use) and especially of the acceptance (i.e. the decision or the intention to use a tool, after real use), from the perspective of cognitive aspects of tool use. After a review of the literature onthis subject, which lists 142 criteria of acceptance, we propose a new theoretical reading grid by classifying the criteria present in the literature in four categories of criteria: Utility, ease of use, aesthetic and a final criterion, social, contextual and individual differences. Following our theoretical part, which also explores the field of cognitive tools, the mechanisms of decision making in the use of tools and the role of metacognition, experimental results are also presented. In a first set of experiments, participants are faced with physical tools that vary according to different criteria (utility, ease of use and aesthetics). We are interested in the differences between acceptability and acceptance phases and by criteria specific to the tool which guide user representations of tools and user preferences. The results show that there is a hierarchy of criteria. In the acceptability phase, it is the ease of use criterion that has the greatest influence. On the other hand, in the acceptance phase, the criterion of utility has a greater influence, whether in terms of preference (ranking position) or time spent on the tool. Aesthetics has no influence on user choices. In a second set of experiments, we study the influence of performances for different cognitive functions in the use of tools. Participants are exposed to cognitive tools that support different cognitive functions (memory, selective visual attention,decision making). We have sought to know in which cognitive functions users prefer to be assisted, and whether these preferences are rational, i.e. whether they are related to their performance or the meta-representation of their performance in these same cognitive functions. In the results, we observe that the tool assisting the working memory is widely preferred, butthat there are user profiles, some preferring to be assisted in visual attention or decision making. This preference is based on the meta-representation of the performance, and not on the performance itself. The results show that the more the subjects feel that they are bad in a cognitive function, the more they will use a tool that assists this same cognitive function, regardless of their actual performance in this cognitive function. Finally, a general discussion studies the impact of the results obtained in this thesis. In this last part of the manuscript, we propose to reflect and conclude on the consequences and the implications of our results, and we propose perspectives and questions on the future evolutions of the questions related to the acceptance of the tool

The relationship among consumer acceptability, descriptive sensory attributes, and shelf-life was determined for 2 % milk pasteurized at 77, 79, 82, or 85?aC. Pasteurization temperature had no effect (p>0.05) on shelf-life. Consumers preferred (p<0.05) 79?aC over other treatments on day 0; however, six days post-pasteurization 79?aC milk was only preferred (p<0.05) over 77?aC. Consumers were grouped into eight clusters based on product liking for both day 0 and 6 evaluations. The largest cluster liked all pasteurization treatments, and 79?aC was highly acceptable to all consumers that liked milk. Similar sensory descriptors indicated the end of shelf-life for all pasteurization treatments even though treatments could be differentiated by descriptors on day 0. This research reveals that altering pasteurization temperature from 79?aC may cause a decrease in consumer acceptability to some consumers. Altering pasteurization temperature does not affect shelf-life or sensory descriptors and volatile compound profiles at the end of shelf-life.

Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2016
The purpose of this study was to investigate the social factors that affect the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology in schools. The study adopted the anti-positivism theory. Phenomenology school of thought was used as one of the three schools of thoughts as marked under Anti-positivism. The qualitative research method had its foothold in the fact that social factors, as a human activity, occurs in a particular natural and social environment. Utilising the qualitative research design, the researcher focused on describing and understanding the social factors that influence the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology at schools. The study utilised an interview guide to collect data. The advantage of this is that it allowed the researcher to probe and ask for clarification of some answers as given by the respondents The population of this study comprised 35 secondary schools in Limpopo Province that benefited from the implementation of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology system during the 2010/11 financial years. Non-probability sampling was used. The method used to select the schools was convenience sampling as a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. This is because the researcher was bound by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it was almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population. Three sets of focus groups were used as sample, namely; the Provincial Sanitation Task Team (PSTT), School Governing Body (SGB) and Leaner’s Representative Council (LRC). All groups were gender balanced and members participated voluntarily. Nvivo was utilised to analyse data. The audio recordings from the digital voice recorder were transcribed, translated into English, typed into word and thematic analysis was used.

Textile forms of wearable technology offer the potential for users to interact with electronic devices in a whole new manner. However, the operation of a wearable system can result in non-traditional on-body interactions (including gestural commands) that users may not be comfortable with performing in a public setting. Understanding the societal perceptions of gesture-based interactions will ultimately impact how readily a new form of mobile technology will be adopted within society. The goal of this research is to assess the social acceptability of a user's interaction with an electronic textile wearable interface. Two means of interaction were studied: the first was to assess the most acceptable input method for the interface (tapping, sliding, circular rotation); and the second assessment was to measure the social acceptability of a user interacting with the detachable textile interface at different locations on the body. The study recruited participants who strictly identified themselves as being of American nationality so as to gain insight into the culture-specific perceptions of interacting with a wearable form of technology.

This report presents the redesign of the online-based non-governmental organization Equalisters’ (Rättviseförmedlingen in Swedish) website. It aims to achieve an understanding of how you take into account the user and other stakeholders and their interests when developing a website. The focus was on redesigning an existing website and prioritize the different stakeholders’ needs. A survey aimed at finding the user’s reason for visiting the website, meetings with the client and a theoretical framework was used as basis for the specification of the requirements. The solution included simplified navigation and a content slider, to enable more content to be displayed on the start page. Two new functions were also implemented to generate new income to the organization.
Denna rapport redogör för genomförandet av mitt examensarbete på den ideella organisationen Rättviseförmedlingen. Arbetet har syftat till att förändra interaktionsdesignen på webbsidan för att anpassa inför användaren och andra intressenters behov. Projektet utgick från en befintlig webbsida och innebar en prioritering av olika intressenters behov och en avvägning kring vilka nya funktioner som skulle utvecklas. Med hjälp av en undersökning av användarens syfte med att besöka webbsidan, beställarsamtal och en teoretisk bakgrund togs en kravspecifikation fram. Lösningen som presenterades innebar en förenkling av navigationen och möjlighet att visa upp mer av Rättviseförmedlingens verksamhet på startsidan. Dessutom implementerade jag två nya funktioner som möjliggör en ny typ försörjning av verksamheten.

Avec le développement des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, les procédures de travail sont de plus en plus informatisées. Cette informatisation croissante des procédures pose la question de leur acceptation par les travailleurs qui doivent s’approprier de nouvelles manières de faire leur travail. La présente thèse vise à examiner les conditions de l’adoption de technologies véhiculant des procédures de travail par des techniciens de maintenance. Quatre études sont réalisées sur deux terrains de recherche (maintenance aéronautique et maintenance industrielle) avec comme objectif de comprendre comment des techniciens de maintenance perçoivent et utilisent ces procédures de travail informatisées. Deux études sont réalisées dans le domaine aéronautique et visent à investiguer l’acceptabilité sociale ainsi que l’usage de trois nouveaux formats de procédures (animation 3D, 2D et photos) avant leur mise en place au sein des ateliers. L’étude 1 porte sur la perception des nouveaux formats de procédures par des techniciens (N=136). Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les croyances liées à l’utilité et à la facilité d’utilisation sont les principaux prédicteurs de l’intention comportementale. De plus, il semble que les croyances diffèrent en fonction du type de comportement d’utilisation des procédures (utilisation quotidienne ou exceptionnelle). Afin de comprendre les difficultés possibles lors de l’utilisation de ces nouveaux formats, l’étude 2 porte sur la réalisation de tests utilisateurs (N=41). L’objectif est d’étudier l’utilité et l’utilisabilité des nouveaux formats de procédures en comparaison avec le format actuel (texte + image). Les résultats montrent que tous les techniciens réussissent la maintenance, peu importe le format utilisé. De plus, d’une manière générale, les nouveaux formats permettent aux techniciens d’être plus efficients car ils mettent moins de temps avec les nouveaux formats (animation 3D et photos) qu’avec les formats de référence et les erreurs commises au cours de la maintenance sont réduites. Les nouveaux formats, avec la présence d’informations visuelles, facilitent la localisation des informations sur le matériel. Enfin, une grande majorité des techniciens a l’intention d’utiliser les nouveaux formats. Deux autres études sont réalisées dans le domaine de la maintenance industrielle sur l’acceptation et l’usage d’un logiciel de gestion de procédures par les techniciens. Dans ce cadre, l’étude 3 porte sur la perception d’un logiciel en cours d’utilisation par des techniciens de maintenance (N=61). Les résultats font ressortir la croyance liée à la compatibilité perçue comme principal prédicteur de l’attitude, de l’intention comportementale et de l’utilisation effective du logiciel. Afin d’investiguer l’usage réel du logiciel, l’étude 4 porte sur l’analyse de l’activité de 8 techniciens issus de quatre ateliers (observation filmée et entretien). Les résultats montrent que le logiciel est adapté pour une partie seulement des techniciens. En effet, il semble représenter un frein pour les techniciens expérimentés et moyennement expérimentés dans le sens ils sont contraints dans l’utilisation du logiciel (impossibilité de naviguer librement entre les étapes). Cependant, le logiciel se révèle être une aide précieuse pour les techniciens inexpérimentés (support d’aide, aide à la formation…). Des recommandations sont émises en vue d’améliorer la conception des logiciels étudiés. Notamment des améliorations dans la conception des trois nouveaux formats de procédures de maintenance aéronautique sont suggérées (adapter le format à la tâche réalisée, améliorer l’ergonomie de la tablette tactile…). Dans le deuxième cas, nous formulons des recommandations afin de modifier le logiciel de gestion de procédures et de le rendre plus compatible avec le travail des techniciens (mise en place d’un mode expert, faciliter la recherche d’information, naviguer librement entre les étapes…)
With the development of new information and communication technologies, working procedures are increasingly computerized. This increasing computerization of working procedures raises the question of their acceptance by workers who have to appropriate new ways of doing their work. The present thesis aims to examine the conditions for the adoption of technologies conveying work procedures by maintenance technicians. Four studies are carried out on two fields of research (aeronautical maintenance and industrial maintenance) with the aim of understanding how maintenance technicians perceive and use these computerized working procedures. Two studies are carried out in the field of aeronautics and aim to investigate the social acceptability and the use of three new formats of procedures (3D animation, 2D and photos) before they are set up in the workshops. Study 1 examines the perception of new procedure formats by technicians (N = 136). The results of this study show that beliefs related to usefulness and ease of use are the main predictors of behavioral intention. In addition, it appears that beliefs differ depending on the type of use behavior of the procedures (daily or exceptional use). In order to understand the possible difficulties in using these new formats, Study 2 concerns the realization of user tests (N = 41). The aim is to study the usefulness and usability of the new procedural formats compared to the current format (text + image). The results show that all technicians succeed in maintenance, regardless of the format used. In addition, in general, new formats allow technicians to be more efficient because they take less time with new formats (3D animation and photos) than with reference formats and so errors made during maintenance are reduced. The new formats, with the presence of visual information, facilitate the location of the information on the equipment. Finally, a large majority of technicians intend to use the new formats. Two other studies are carried out in the field of industrial maintenance on the acceptance and use of a management of procedures software by the technicians. In this framework, study 3 concerns the perception of software in use by maintenance technicians (N = 61). The results highlight the belief in perceived compatibility as the main predictor of attitude, behavioral intention, and actual use of the software. In order to investigate the actual use of the software, study 4 deals with the analysis of the activity of 8 technicians from four workshops (filmed observation and interview). The results show that the software is suitable for only some of the technicians. Indeed, it seems to represent a brake for experienced technicians and moderately experienced technicians in the sense they are constrained in the use of the software (impossibility to navigate freely between the steps). However, the software proves to be a valuable help for inexperienced technicians (help support, training aid ...). Recommendations are made to improve the design of the software studied. In particular, improvements in the design of the three new formats of aeronautical maintenance procedures are suggested (adapting the format to the task carried out, improving the ergonomics of the touch pad...). In the second case, we make recommendations to modify the procedure management software and make it more compatible with the work of the technicians (setting up an expert mode, facilitating the search for information, navigating freely between steps …)

Introduction : En psychologie de la santé, les études réalisées pour comprendre les perceptions des technologies par les patients sont peu nombreuses et nécessitent d’être développées. Ce travail a eu pour objectif d’identifier et d’évaluer les déterminants qui composent l’acceptabilité des nouvelles technologies en santé, en associant les développements issus de la psychologie sociale et de la psychologie de la santé.Méthodologie : Pour évaluer l’acceptabilité des technologies de santé, auprès des patients et des professionnels de santé, nous avons réalisé trois études. Nous avons choisi d’utiliser une approche par méthodes multiples (Ajzen, 1991 ; Fisher & Tarquinio, 2006) dans le but d’identifier les différents déterminants prédisant l’intention d’usage des technologies.Objectifs et études : Le premier objectif de notre travail a consisté à choisir le modèle le plus approprié parmi les théories intentionnelles classiques et à identifier les déterminants pouvant le compléter. Les résultats obtenus, à l’aide de la méthodologie qualitative par focus group, révèlent que les déterminants proposés dans le modèle de l’UTAUT (Venkatesh, 2003), complété de déterminants affectifs et interpersonnels, semblent les plus appropriés pour évaluer le processus d’acceptabilité en santé. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons proposé d’adapter le modèle de l’UTAUT en y associant une dimension affective, composée de l’anxiété et de la confiance envers la technologie, puis nous avons testé le pouvoir prédictif de ce modèle auprès de patients et de professionnels de santé. Ce modèle admet des résultats tout à fait satisfaisants pour prédire l’intention d’usage. Chez les patients, les technologies sont initialement appréhendées au travers des composantes émotionnelles et générales (anxiété perçue et attitude) alors que chez les professionnels de santé, expérimentés et familiers, les technologies sont appréhendées au travers des composantes cognitives et spécifiques (utilité et contrôle perçus). Pour améliorer notre modèle, nous avons ensuite exploré dans une troisième étude, deux nouvelles variables correspondant au niveau de confiance envers le médecin et aux connaissances sur la technologie issues de la relation médecin-patient (dimension interpersonnelle).Discussion : La proposition d’un modèle intégratif d’acceptabilité des technologies en santé basé sur le modèle de l’UTAUT, complété par une dimension affective et une dimension interpersonnelle, apparaît être un modèle prometteur pour comprendre les perceptions des usagers face aux technologies
Introduction: In health psychology, few studies have been conducted to understand patients' perceptions of health technologies and need to be carried out. This work aims to identify and evaluate the determinants that make up the acceptability of new technologies in health, by associating developments from social psychology and health psychology.Methodology: To investigate patient and health professional acceptability of health technologies, we conducted three studies. We chose to use a multiple methods approach (Ajzen, 1991, Fisher & Tarquinio, 2006) in order to identify the different determinants predicting the intention to use technologies.Objectives and studies: The first objective of our work was to select the most suitable models of behavioral intention, and then tailor it by adding pertinent variables. The results, using the qualitative focus group methodology, revealed that the determinants proposed in the UTAUT model (Venkatesh, 2003) supplemented with affective and interpersonal determinants, seemed the most appropriate to evaluate the process of acceptability. In a second study, we proposed adapting the UTAUT model, associating an affective dimension composed of anxiety and trust in technology, and then testing the predictive power of this model with patients and health professionals. This model showed quite satisfactory results in predicting acceptability. In patients, the technologies are initially perceived through emotional and general components (perceived anxiety and attitude) whereas among experienced and familiar health professionals, the technologies are understood through cognitive and specific components (perceived utility and control). To optimize our model we added two new variable of the doctor-patient relationship representing the level of patient’s trust in the doctor and the effectiveness of the explanation of the technology (interpersonal dimension).Discussion: The proposal of an integrative model of acceptability of health technologies based on the UTAUT model, supplemented by an affective dimension and an interpersonal dimension, appears to be a promising model to understand users' perceptions of technologies

Les résultats des élèves français aux évaluations nationales et internationales mettent en évidence leurs difficultés à lire des documentaires en fin d’école élémentaire (9-11 ans). Nous avons cherché à améliorer les pratiques enseignantes dans ce domaine. Tandis que l’enquête internationale PIRLS 2016 livrait ses conclusions quant aux compétences qui faisaient particulièrement défaut aux élèves français pour lire et comprendre les documentaires, nous avons défini nos intentions : suppléer à un déficit d'enseignement en raison de la difficulté à définir les stratégies à enseigner, mais aussi, compenser les inégalités sociales en enseignant à tous les élèves ce que les plus favorisés d’entre eux construisent dans leur famille. Pour cela, nous avions plusieurs possibilités : transmettre des connaissances aux enseignants pour modifier leurs pratiques ou, à l’inverse, modifier leurs pratiques pour infléchir leurs connaissances. À la suite de Goigoux et Cèbe, nous avons opté pour la seconde solution. Nous avons choisi, en nous appuyant sur les résultats de la recherche, de concevoir un dispositif d’enseignement de la lecture documentaire numérique en mettant à l’épreuve la démarche de conception continuée dans l’usage adaptée par ces chercheurs en concevant un outil didactique, #LectureDoc, pour le cycle 3. Dans notre recherche doctorale, nous avons voulu savoir si leur démarche nous permettrait de mener notre projet à bien. Par conséquent, nous nous sommes posée trois questions : - En quoi la première étape de la démarche de conception continuée dans l’usage développée par Goigoux et Cèbe est-elle valide pour concevoir un premier prototype ? - Comment suppléer à la faiblesse de la deuxième étape de la conception continuée dans l’usage et affiner la méthodologie de traitement des retours des utilisateurs pour améliorer l’outil ? - Dans quelle mesure la réalisation de la troisième étape de la démarche de conception continuée dans l’usage permet-elle de tester l’efficacité de notre outil ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons retracé l’anamnèse de chacune des étapes de conception continuée dans l’usage de #LectureDoc. L’étude empirique 1 met en évidence la nécessité de recourir à des revues de littérature dans trois domaines de connaissances pour concevoir un premier prototype de l’outil. Elles ne nous ont cependant pas exonérée de recourir à des études complémentaires pour y parvenir. L’étude empirique 2 propose un apport méthodologique concernant des indicateurs d’utilité, d’utilisabilité et d’acceptabilité pour aider à l’amélioration de chacun des deux prototypes testés et co-conçus avec des enseignants volontaires. L’étude empirique 3, perturbée par l’épidémie de Covid 19, ne nous a pas permis de tester les effets de notre outil sur les élèves. Toutefois, notre test, LDN v3, constitue un apport. Nous concluons notre travail de recherche, mêlant didactique et ergonomie de conception, en l’apparentant à un courant de didactique de conception
The results of French students in national and international assessments highlight their difficulties in reading documentaries at the end of elementary school (9-11 years old). We sought to improve teaching practices in this area. While the PIRLS 2016 international survey provided its conclusions regarding the skills that French students were particularly lacking in reading and understanding documentaries, we defined our intentions: to make up for a teaching deficit due to the difficulty in defining the strategies to be taught, but also to compensate for social inequalities by teaching all students what the most advantaged among them build in their families. To do this, we had several possibilities: to transmit knowledge to teachers in order to modify their practices or, conversely, to modify their practices in order to influence their knowledge. Following Goigoux and Cèbe, we opted for the second solution. Based on the results of the research, we chose to design a device for teaching digital document reading by testing the continuous design approach in the use adapted by these researchers by designing a didactic tool, #LectureDoc, for cycle 3. In our doctoral research, we wanted to know if their approach would allow us to carry out our project successfully. Consequently, we asked ourselves three questions: - In what way is the first step of the Continuous Design in Use approach developed by Goigoux and Cèbe valid for designing a first prototype? - How can we make up for the weakness of the second stage of continuous design in use and refine the methodology for processing user feedback to improve the tool? - To what extent does the completion of the third stage of the continuous design in use approach allow us to test the effectiveness of our tool? In order to answer these questions, we have retraced the anamnesis of each of the steps of the continuous design in use of #LectureDoc. Empirical study 1 highlights the need to use literature reviews in three areas of knowledge to design a first prototype of the tool. They did not, however, exempt us from the need to resort to additional studies to achieve this. Empirical study 2 proposes a methodological contribution concerning indicators of usefulness, usability and acceptability to help improve each of the two prototypes tested and co-designed with volunteer teachers. Empirical study 3, disrupted by the Covid 19 epidemic, did not allow us to test the effects of our tool on students. However, our test, LDN v3, is a contribution. We conclude our research work, mixing didactics and design ergonomics, by likening it to a current of design didactics

D’Implantation de Systèmes d’Information. Etude de cas : Les PME AlgériennesNotre thèse est consacrée à l’étude des technologies de l’information et de communication (TIC), leurs usages, impacts et leurs appropriations ainsi que les contraintes qui freinent leur intégration dans les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). Notre étude a permis : Analyser les facteurs d’acceptabilité du système d’information (SI) en adoptant une approche comportementale et montrer la nécessité d’une approche immatérielle (Humaine/Culturelle, organisationnelle /managériale…) dans la conduite et la gestion du projet SI.Prendre en considération deux niveaux d’analyse : Le niveau micro pour l’analyse des facteurs immatériels relatifs à la méthodologie du projet d’implantation de SI, et les facteurs immatériels relatifs aux phases du projet SI. Le niveau macro pour l’analyse des facteurs immatériels relatifs à la stratégie d’aide et d’assistance, de diffusion des TIC dans les PME. La conception d’un modèle de recherche et effectuer deux tests : Le premier test de base de notre modèle en pré-adoption a permis de révéler une corrélation positive et statistiquement significative entre les facteurs immatériels et les facteurs d’acceptabilité. Communiquez les résultats du premier test. Le deuxième test en post-adoption qui nous a permis de : Confirmer la continuité de l’acceptabilité du SI en post-adoption avec l’augmentation du taux d’acceptabilité du SI. Confirmer la continuité de la prise en compte des facteurs immatériels dans le projet d’implantation du SI avec l’augmentation du taux d’immatérialité. Déduire que notre approche immatérielle a permis d’améliorer le taux d’acceptabilité du SI et, par conséquent, augmenter le taux de succès du projet d’implantation du SI
Our thesis is devoted to the study of information technology and communication (ICT), their uses, impacts and their appropriations as well as the constraints which slow down their integration in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). Our research allowed :To analyze the acceptability factors of the information system by adopting a behavioral approach and aims at showing the necessity of an immaterial approach (Human / Cultural, organizational / managerial ...) in the conduct and management of the project of the information system (IS). To Consider two levels of analysis: The micro level to analyze the immaterial factors relative to the methodology of the implementation project of IS and the immaterial factors relative to the phases of the project of the IS. The macro level to analyze the immaterial factors relative to the strategy of assistance and support, diffusion of ICT in SME. To Concept design of a research model and doing two tests: The first basic test of our model in pre-adoption allowed to show a statistically significant correlation between the immaterial factors and the acceptability factors. Communicate the results of the first test. The second test model in post-adoption phase allowed to confirm the continuity of the acceptability of IS in post-adoption with the increase of the rate of acceptability of IS. Confirm the continuity of the consideration of the immaterial factors in the project of implementation of an IS with the increase of the rate of system immateriality. Deduct that our immaterial approach allowed to improve the rate of acceptability of the IS and, consequently, to increase the rate of success of the project of implementation of IS

Cette thèse a pour objet d’étude la prédiction de l’utilisation d’une technologie encore inconnue des utilisateurs ; c’est-à-dire une technologie que ces derniers n’ont pas encore eu l’occasion de mettre en pratique et de facto pour laquelle ils n’ont pas de représentation. Trois objectifs sont poursuivis dans ce travail. Le premier est la construction d’un modèle prédictif de l’intention comportementale d’utiliser les systèmes de transports intelligents coopératifs inconnus en convoquant les deux cadres théoriques que sont l’acceptabilité des technologies (e.g., Venkatesh et Bala, 2008) et la prédiction comportementale (Ajzen, 1991 ; Ajzen et Fishbein, 1973). L’un, focalisé sur le jugement de l’individu sur l’objet, implique la connaissance de cet objet. L’expérience antérieure et les attitudes envers des objets génériques et spécifiques connus proches de l’objet dont on souhaite prédire l’utilisation ont composé la première partie (A) du modèle. L’autre, focalisé sur le jugement de l’individu sur l’utilisation de l’objet autorise les individus à se projeter quant à la valeur attendue de l’utilisation et aux attentes sur les conséquences de cette utilisation (i.e., les origines des attitudes), à la pression de leurs proches et au contrôle qu’ils perçoivent de l’utilisation de la technologie inconnue. Ces déterminants ont composé la seconde partie (B) du modèle. Le deuxième objectif vise à tester, au cours d’une première étude, la structure factorielle de deux questionnaires relatifs à ces deux cadres théoriques A et B. Les résultats nous ont conduits à retenir un modèle en sept facteurs afin de le tester au cours d’une deuxième étude. Les résultats ont montré que l’expérience antérieure avec des objets génériques connus prédisait indirectement l’intention d’utiliser l’objet inconnu via une médiation par les attitudes envers les objets génériques, l’expérience antérieure avec les objets spécifiques et la valeur / attentes à l’égard de l’utilisation de l’objet inconnu. Les résultats ont également montré l’influence indirecte de la norme subjective et du contrôle anticipé de l’utilisation de l’objet sur l’intention via une médiation, là encore, par la valeur / attentes à l’égard de l’utilisation de l’objet inconnu. Le troisième objectif vise à relier l’intention d’utilisation avec l’utilisation réelle des systèmes de transports intelligents coopératifs en situation de conduite automobile. Ces derniers résultats, bien que ténus, ont montré que l’on pouvait réaliser cette prédiction lorsque les situations de conduite étaient adaptées à l’utilisation de la technologie (e.g., Theeuwes, 1993).Mots-clés: prédiction comportementale; acceptabilité des technologies; attitudes; intention comportementale ; comportement ; activité de conduite automobile
This thesis focuses on the prediction of the use of an unknown technology; that is to say the users did not have yet the opportunity to practice this technology, so they still have no representation of this technology. Three objectives are pursued in this work. The first one is the construction of a predictive model of the behavioural intention to use the unknown cooperative intelligent transport systems by convening the two theoretical frameworks which are the acceptability of the technologies (e.g., Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) and the behavioural prediction (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1973). One of them, focused on the judgment of individuals onto the object, implies the knowledge of this object. Hence the first part (A) of the model is based on past behaviours and attitudes towards generic and specific known objects close to the one that we want to predict the use. The other one is focused on the judgment of individuals onto the use of the object. This enables individuals to project themselves regarding the expected behaviour value and the expectations of the results of using it (i.e., the attitudes’ determinants), and both the subjective norm and the perceived behavioural control of the use of this unknown technology. These determinants form the second part (B) of the model. The second objective aims at testing, in a first study, the factor structure of the two questionnaires A and B. The results led us to retain a model based on seven factors in order to test it in a second study. The results showed that past behaviours with known generic objects indirectly predicted the intention to use the unknown object via a mediation through attitudes towards generic objects, past behaviours with specific objects, expected behaviour value and expectations of the results of the use of the unknown technology. Also, the results showed an indirect influence of the subjective norm and the perceived behavioural control on the intention to use the unknown object via a mediation by the value / expectations regarding the use of the unknown object. The third objective aims at linking the intention with the actual use of cooperative intelligent transport systems in driving situations. These results, although tenuous, have shown that this prediction could be made when the driving situations were consistant with the use of the technology (Theeuwes, 1993).Keywords: behavioural prediction; technology acceptance; attitudes; behavioural intention; behaviour; activity of driving

Avec le vieillissement de la population, le maintien à domicile des personnes âgées est devenu un enjeu majeur pour les pays développés et émergents. Parmi les solutions clés à explorer, les gérontechnologies sont considérées comme des plus prometteuses sans toutefois avoir apporté la preuve de leur efficacité pour l’autonomie domiciliaire, voire même être utilisables et acceptables pour le public visé. Dans ce contexte, une méthodologie de conception centrée-utilisateur a été mise en place pour proposer une plateforme d’assistance domiciliaire multi-tâches et multi-domaines (soutenant à la fois les activités quotidiennes, la sécurité de la personne et de son domicile et le lien social) ciblant un public âgé fragile en perte d’autonomie. Cette plateforme est appelée DomAssist. Sur la base d’une analyse des capacités physiques, cognitives et fonctionnelles en présence (étude 1) et des besoins d’assistance (étude 2) de notre échantillon d’étude, DomAssist a été conçu avec pour originalité une offre de services multi-domaines. En effet, la plateforme s’appuie d’une part sur un système de surveillance d’activités pour délivrer des assistances dites « context-aware » (étude 3) et d’autre part sur un système d’interaction homme-machine unifié et simplifié (étude 4), et ceci tout en promouvant l’auto-détermination (étude 5). Les résultats ont étayé la fiabilité du système de surveillance d’activités, et renforcé le bien-fondé de nos principes de conception concernant le système unifié d’interaction; et le soutien de l’auto-détermination. Notamment un rendu positif concernant l’utilisabilité et l’acceptabilité du système, et un effet bénéfique sur le sentiment de l’autodétermination des utilisateurs âgés ont été obtenus. De là, une dernière étude (étude 6) a évalué les bénéfices apportés après 6 mois d’utilisation de la plateforme, en termes de capacités fonctionnelles des participants fragiles, et de réduction du fardeau de l’aidant. Un effet positif (effet « protecteur » observé par les aidants professionnels) de DomAssist sur le statut fonctionnel des participants équipés (comparé aux contrôles) a été observé ainsi qu’une réduction du fardeau objectif de leur aidant. Au total, les résultats de ce travail pilote sont encourageants et ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives de recherche à fort potentiel d’impact sociétal concernant la problématique du maintien à domicile des personnes âgées
With the increase of life expectancy, aging in place is today a major concern for developed and emerging countries. Among the key solutions to explore, gerontechnologies are seen as the most promising. However, their evidence-based efficacy remains to be demonstrated for independent living or even for their usability and acceptance by the targeted old users. In this context, a user-centered conception methodology has been implemented for designing a multi-task and multi-domain (supporting everyday activities, safety, and social participation) assisted living platform targeting frail older adults with functional decline. This platform is named HomeAssist. Based on an analysis of physical, cognitive and fonctional abilities (study 1) and assistive technology needs (study 2) of our sample, HomeAssist has been designed with the originality of providing multi-domain services. Indeed, HomeAssist proposes an activity monitoring system to provide context-aware assistance (study 3), and a unified human-computer interaction system (study 4); while promoting self-determination (study 5). Results underpined the reliability of our activity monitoring system, and reinforced the rationale of our design principles, concerning the unified interaction system and the self-determination support. Notably, positive outcomes in terms of usability and acceptance of the system, as well as benefits concerning users’ feeling of self-determination have been obtained. From this, a last study (study 6) evaluated the benefits from a six-month use of HomeAssist, on functional abilities of frail older adults and caregiver burden. A positive effect of HomeAssist on functional status was obtained (“protective” effect reported by the professional caregivers), as well as a reduction of objective dimension of caregiver burden. Taken together, the results from these pilot studies are encouraging and open numerous research perspectives with high societal impact concerning the promotion of aging in place

碩士
國立新竹教育大學
數位學習科技研究所
100
A great deal of enterprises have implemented synchronous and asynchronous of digital learning strategies for training in order to meet the challenges in competitive environment. Network technology along with real-time video and online synchronous platforms develops diversified formal and informal learning models applied to staff training in distance learning and commercial conference. This study adopted the theoretic framing of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to develop the questionnaire to investigate the intention and behavior of use online synchronous learning model for the acceptability and to impact the factors of staff using intent and behavior. . The sample of this study included 577 State-owned enterprises staff with different background. The findings of study indicated that there was a relation of covariance existed between general technology acceptability and synchronous learning acceptability. The acceptability of staff was influenced by variables which involved in cognition of simplicities; cognition of availabilities; subjective normal belief and environment of plentiful resources. Furthermore, above variables were extremely bound up with satisfiability and attentivity. Concerning impact factors of use intent were including simplicities and availabilities. About impact factors of actual behavior of use involved in subjective normal belief and environment of plentiful resources and, above all, simplicities. However, between the use intent and actual behavior of use there is not relevant conspicuously. Different background variables within each one of technology acceptability consequently were to change with heterogeneous differentia. Therefore, from the TAM viewpoint we observed that it is slightly different on account of staff background with the measures of online synchronous learning for enterprise training, but in terms of staff acceptability it is positive and essential. On the aspect of availabilities and simplicities it still needs to improve in future.

碩士
國立新竹教育大學
數位學習科技研究所
101
Cloud technology is becoming more common in our daily lives. And many applications can be integrated into our education, but if the application can improve the effectiveness of teaching is all well and good, but if we all do not want to use, it would lose its original value. Therefore, this study Applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to the Acceptability of Cloud Applications for High School Students. And the key factors can be found on high school students using cloud applications. The study found that the cloud application in various facets of the relationship is not like technology acceptance model theory, technology acceptance model theory stated that the Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of uses affected by external factors, and Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of uses will also affect attitude toward , then affect to behavioral intention. However, this study found that cloud applications are in compliance in all facets technology acceptance model theory, only behavioral intention affected by Perceived usefulness. Completed T-test and path analysis, found that environmental factors are affecting every aspect, found that some of the students get higher score in environmental factors , but other facets score is higher. The most important part is that this study three groups of subjects whose questionnaires the average score for each question were higher than four points, in fact, students displayed on cloud applications have a high degree of acceptance, and regardless of their background, If the use or exchange of students between the higher case acceptance for cloud applications is also higher.

碩士
立德管理學院
地區發展管理研究所
93
From the national geographical planning and research point of view, the National Geographical Information System has already become an indispensable and essential decision-making tool for both the government and the public. But seen from researchers’ current usage of the system, there are still a lot of pressing problems such as the lack of autonomy in information technology, and those concerning the build-up and update of basic digital data. In the past studies, however, little discussion has been made on the covariance relation between potential factors of users’ behaviors of using the Geographical Information System (GIS). While the Structural Equation Model (SEM) can be used to analyze the complicated relational phenomena and concepts, and to assess the unknown of a series of linear structural models, the overall relevance and adequacy of the theoretical model is then verified. Thus, this study tries to explore and focus on users’ characteristics of the GIS with the SEM approach. The study is conducted through questionnaire survey and SEM, by which the Technology Acceptance model is verified against users’ awareness of the GIS, their idea on its usefulness, ease of use and their willingness to use it. And the causal relation between the above variables is assessed and verified through SEM, thereby the relevance and adequacy of the model is assessed. All perspective items in the initial model undergo reliability test and item analysis, and the three items with corrected item-total correlation smaller than 0.7 are deleted, and then the seven items with significance less than 7 on normality assumption are also deleted. The number of items in the questionnaire hence reduces from the original 62 to 52 questions. The initial model is then edited and assessed with the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method in SEM. Finally, the model is amended based on the reference of the relevance and adequacy index, and hence a preliminarily comprehensive model framework is completed. It is expected the research result will form a helpful reference for promoting policies related to the GIS.

La tesi dottorale presentata di seguito riguarda il rapporto fra design (nello specifico, l’Ergonomia per il Design e l’approccio scientifico dello Human-Centred Design) e la complessa area della Human-Robot Interaction (nello specifico, in relazione alla robotica sociale per l’assistenza). Negli ultimi anni la robotica ha compiuto importanti progressi in svariati ambiti fra cui la medicina e l’assistenza socio-sanitaria (Yang et al., 2018). I robot hanno le potenzialità per contribuire al miglioramento della qualità della vita delle persone, in linea con i programmi mondiali sull’invecchiamento attivo e in salute. Le tecnologie assistive rappresentano, dunque, una risorsa per supportare l’indipendenza e l’autonomia delle persone che invecchiano e pongono il design e i progettisti di fronte a nuove sfide, a diverse esigenze, aspettative e necessità. La ricerca presentata di seguito si interroga sul ruolo, sui contributi e sulle sfide del design in ambito robotico: nello specifico, in relazione alle tecnologie robotiche e sociali per l’assistenza, la tesi affronta il tema dell’accettabilità, sia dal punto di vista teorico-epistemologico che progettuale e applicativo, indagando a fondo i molteplici aspetti psico-emotivi, sociali, etici e tecnici che orbitano attorno a tale dimensione. La ricerca mira ad indentificare strategie e strumenti operativi per analizzare i punti di contatto fra le discipline del design e della HRI, sia dal punto di vista teorico/metodologico che applicativo/sperimentale ma, soprattutto, a mettere in evidenza le distanze, i gap e le differenze di significati e significanti specifici di cui si avvalgono i professionisti nei due settori. Lo scopo ultimo della ricerca è di abbreviare le distanze fra le due aree scientifiche e farle convergere al fine di progettare robot assistivi e sociali realmente accettati e adatti alle specifiche necessità delle persone. È necessario precisare che, sebbene la tesi si focalizzi sulla robotica sociale e assistiva, la struttura metodologica e gli obiettivi/risultati raggiunti possono essere considerati come scalabili e riproducibili, ovvero applicabili anche ad ulteriori ambiti della robotica (robot per l’educazione, di servizio, per l’industria, etc.) e ai relativi utenti, stakeholder, attività e contesti di riferimento se non anche ad altri settori scientifico-disciplinari. This doctoral dissertation deals with the relationship between Design (specifically, the Ergonomics for Design and the scientific approach of Human-Centred Design) and the complex area of Human-Robot Interaction (specifically, Social and Assistive Robotics). In recent years, robotics made much progress in various fields including medicine and social and health care (Yang et al., 2018). Robots have the potential to improve people's quality of life, in line with the global programs for active and healthy aging. Assistive technologies therefore represent a resource for ageing people to keep their independence: this confronts designers with new challenges, different users’ needs, expectations and requirements. The presented research questions the role, contributions and challenges of the Design in the Robotics area: more specifically, the thesis addresses the issue of acceptability of robotics and social technologies for assistance. This subject is analyzed both from a theoretical /epistemological and from a design-oriented point of view, in order to deeply investigate the psycho-emotional, social, ethical and technical aspects that orbit around the issue of acceptability. This research aims to identify strategies and operational tools to analyze the points of connection between the Design and the HRI disciplines, both from a theoretical/methodological and applicative/experimental point of view. Is also aims to highlight the gaps and differences in the methods, tools and approaches used by professionals in these two sectors. The ultimate goal of the research is to shorten the distances between the two scientific areas of Design and Robotics in order to design assistive and social robots according to the specific needs of people and really acceptable from users. It must be specified that, although this thesis focuses on social and assistive robotics, the methodological structure and the objectives/results achieved can be considered as scalable and reproducible, i.e. also applicable to other areas of robotics (robots for education, service, industry, etc.), to other types of users, stakeholders, activities and contexts and also to other scientific-disciplinary sectors.