Дисертації з теми "Technologies photovoltaïques"
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Mambrini, Thomas. "Caractérisation de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques en conditions réelles d’implantation et en fonction des différentes technologies." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112380/document.
Nowadays, photovoltaic (PV) keeps growing fast and an increasing number of studies is require in order to assure the reliability and predictability of the PV-produced electricity. The lack of visibility concerning this field is a continuous source of complaints from the investors who hesitate to commit to PV projects (especially after the decrease of buying prices in Europe). Therefore, to assure the successful increase of PV energy, it is necessary to provide studies aiming at better understanding PV systems in real operations conditions, that means in outdoor conditions.The goal of this doctoral work has been to characterize different PV module technologies in their real use conditions. The outdoor parameters that influence the behavior of different module technologies have been investigated. The goal was to obtain useful information which could make PV-produced electricity more reliable. Therefore, these studies can efficiently complete standard laboratory characterization tests made under a single condition, the purpose of which is usually to determine the efficiency of the different solar cells technologies.To achieve this goal, first it has been necessary to define the outdoor parameters that mainly influence the modules and the most suitable methods to be used for their investigation. For this reason, part of this doctoral work has been devoted to the study of weather and atmospheric factors affecting the electrical behavior of the modules, as well as setting up instruments and methods to measure them. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of outdoors characterizations have been addressed.Then, after multiple fully automated PV platforms, mounted at the LGEP and at Ecole Polytechnique, thanks to a collaboration with the Laboratoire de Méteorologie Dynamique (LMD). The different applications and uses of these platforms have been highlighted by analyzing data recorded periodically (every minute on average) over periods ranging from days to several months. Manufacturer data, which are acquired in standard test conditions, and the performance measured in several conditions are compared. These results can be used for both research, understanding the behavior of the modules, help in predicting the energy yield of PV system and also to stress the educational role in teaching PV.Finally, the feasibility of an electric card that provides the main characteristics of any PV module by extracting the measured I(V) curve is described. Such electric card, developed at the LGEP, has other uses such as the determination of the maximum operating point
Gazbour, Nouha. "Intégration systémique de l’éco-conception dès la phase de R&D des technologies photovoltaïques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT018/document.
Faced with current environmental challenges, investing in renewable energies in the name of the "energy transition" is the alternative most adopted by many countries. Renewable energies, in particular photovoltaic solar (PV) energy, have thus become innovative and competitive sectors in full expansion. In this context, it is therefore necessary to ensure that new PV technologies, which are complex and the result of several manufacturing stages, meet the criteria of a product with low environmental impact, referred here as eco-designed.The state of the art on eco-design shows that the consideration of environmental constraints in R&D projects with low TRL "Technology Readiness Level" is still an emerging phenomenon, for two main reasons. On the one hand, environmental impact assessment is relatively complex for a non-mature technology under development (TRL low) because its characteristics and manufacturing processes are not yet fully defined. On the other hand, the identified tools in the literature have several limitations that impede their appropriation in R&D organizations.This research work therefore aims to develop a methodology to enable the sustainable integration of eco-design into R&D organizations, supporting their industrial partners in innovation and competitiveness. Thus, the developed method is based on the estimation of the evolution rate of technical, economic and environmental criteria of a new technology (low TRL) through a specific database of reference. The construction of the database relies on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), used as a management tool to provide reliable results, despite the low TRL level.To integrate this approach into R&D organizations in a sustainable way, the method developed was implemented in a software "ECO PV" dedicated to crystalline silicon PV systems, which represent more than 94% of the current PV market today. Based on the principle of democratization of environmental knowledge and capitalization of information, this tool is accessible not only to LCA experts but also to all engineers in the PV field.Finally, this research work enabled to generate reliable, simple and quantified results and to develop an eco-design methodology to guide the technological choices of projects in the upstream phases of R&D, in order to develop PV systems more environmentally friendly
Abe, Caio Felippe. "Comparative study on the performance of photovoltaic modules and their sensitivity to external parameters based on an experimental analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CORT0002.
In this thesis, four photovoltaic (PV) technologies were experimentally compared, aiming to quantify the impact of the external parameters on PV performance. Two of the technologies studied are quite common in the market: polycrystalline (p-Si) and monocrystalline (m-Si). The third technology, bifacial, allows the conversion of the solar radiation reaching the back face of the modules, providing a yield gain. Modules with multi-junction cells under concentration (HCPV) were also included in the analysis. They use a larger solar spectrum range and lenses to concentrate the beam radiation thanks to a 2-axis tracker constantly following the Sun. The PV modules were tested and had their ratings experimentally determined using modeling approaches developed in this thesis. All modules were assembled on the PV tracker to provide the same operating conditions, and the measurement campaign was carried out for 12 months. The experimental records, at one-minute timestep, were checked for synchronicity, interpolated, and aggregated. Several filtering approaches were discussed and applied to provide an adequate balance between noise removal and data retention. The PV arrays were then studied concerning their particularities, starting with the identification of the most influencing operating parameters, in order of relevance, and their impact on the output power. Then, the effect of the operating temperature was assessed, and the actual temperature coefficients for the DC power were determined. Finally, a sensitivity analysis targeting the DC power relative to the operating parameters was performed based on filters and mathematical models developed for each PV array. Special attention was given to the bifacial array since this technology is very promising due to its interesting cost-benefit relation; novel methods to determine the effective irradiance and the bifacial gain were also developed. Two different methods were applied to characterize the PV modules. It was found that their actual performance is not as good as reported on the datasheets. The m-Si array was the least sensitive to the operating temperature, followed by the p-Si and bifacial modules. In turn, the HCPV devices were the most impaired by the temperature, air mass, and humidity. The wind speed influence was small for the HCPV modules; the arrays most benefited by the wind were the p-Si and m-Si. The bifacial array presented the greatest final yield (with a bifacial gain of 6.2 %), followed by m-Si and p-Si. In turn, the HCPV array presented the poorest yield, mainly due to their responsiveness only to the beam irradiance and the high temperature coefficient for the DC power
Tsang, Michael. "Cycle de vie de systèmes photovoltaïques organiques 3ème génération : élaboration d'un cadre pour étudier les avantages et les risques des technologies émergentes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0331/document.
Organic photovoltaics present an emerging technology with significant potential for increasing the resource efficiencies and reducing the environmental and human health hazards of photovoltaic devices. The discipline of life-cycle assessment is applied to assess how various prospective manufacturing routes, device characteristics, uses and disposal options of organic photovoltaics influences these potential advantages. The results of this assessment are further compared to silicon based photovoltaics as a benchmark for performance. A deeper look is given to the potential human health impacts of the use of engineered nanomaterials in organic photovoltaics and the appropriateness of life-cycle assessment to evaluate this impact criteria. A newly developed life-cycle impact assessment model is presented to demonstrate whether the use of and potential hazards posed by engineered nanomaterials outweighs any of the resource efficiencies and advantages organic photovoltaics possess over silicon photovoltaics
Avril, Sophie. "A multidisciplinary approach to the introduction of the solar photovoltaic technologies in the energy mix." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0057.
The energetic issue is on the top of the political agenda in many countries, for environmental reasons, for its driving role in all the economic sectors, as well as for the energetic independency concerns. This problematic is stressed by the increasing weight of renewable intermittent power sources in the global energy mix. In particular, due to its high potential and the strong national policy support it beneficiated, solar photovoltaic energy is now a key player in the world energy mutation, and the way it is integrated into the global mix should be carefully performed. To deeply understand the way solar energy can penetrate and transform the forthcoming energy framework, we adopted a three-level strategy with an multidisciplinary approach to provide some answers to the following questions: i/ how can we situate the photovoltaic power role in future energy mixes?; ii/ due to its main drawback, intermittency, could we provide an optimal design of a system combining storage devices?; iii/ what is the efficiency of the incentive policies that are or have been implemented to accelerate its deployment?That is why, in a first chapter, the peculiar position of the solar photovoltaic energy in the energy mix is analyzed. After recalling the general issue of future global energetic mixes, we propose a brief description of the different photovoltaic technologies and their promising evolutions in terms of technical improvements and cost reductions. Then, we describe the fast growing photovoltaic market and its consequences both on the electricity mix and the industry sector.In the second chapter we investigate the issue of integrating such an intermittent energy in the electricity mix, by developing a multicriteria evaluation methodology and a multicriteria under constraint optimization tool which simulates a system composed of photovoltaic panels and storage devices. Applications on a real case in the Cirque de Mafate (L’île de la Réunion, France) are presented to illustrate the interest of our method.Finally, in chapter three, we question the efficiency of different public support policies to the photovoltaic technologies in the most relevant countries. We focus on correlating the installed power capacity with the spent public money and the electricity prices
Nichiporuk, Oleksiy. "Simulation, fabrication et analyse de cellules photovoltaïques à contacts arrières interdigités." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0028/these.pdf.
Solar energy is the most promising and powerful energy source among renewable energies. Photovoltaic electricity is obtained by direct transformation of the sunlight into electricity by means of photovoltaic cells. The objective of this work is to develop photovoltaic cells with back interdigitated contacts. In the first chapter, we recall the principle of operation and the fundamental parameters of a photovoltaic cell. In a second part, we explain specificities of the interdigitated back-contact solar cells, as well as the advantages and the disadvantages of such cells. In the second chapter we study the operation of interdigitated back-contacts solar cells by two dimensional numerical simulation in order to optimize the geometry and doping profiles of the cell. The third chapter relates to the techniques and the methods of characterization of photovoltaic devices and components. In the fourth chapter, we describe the elaboration of interdigitated back-contact cells. Three technological processes are presented in order to develop a simple technology for cells realization. In particular, we develop the auto-aligned technological process, which enables to elaborate the cells by using only one lithography step. In the last chapter we examine various approaches to reduce the surface recombination: SiO2, silicon nitride deposited by UVCVD, hydrogen annealing, etc. .
Taillant, Pierre. "L' analyse évolutionniste des innovations technologiques : l'exemple des énergies solaire photovoltaïque et éolienne." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10066.
Reynaud, Jean-François. "Recherches d'optimums d'énergie pour charge/décharge d'une batterie à technologie avancée dédiée à des applications photovoltaïques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00559630.
Reynaud, Jean-François. "Recherches d'optimums d'énergies pour charge/décharge d'une batterie à technologie avancée dédiée à des applications photovoltaïques." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1482/.
The need of a storage function associated with intermittent power sources provides a better balance between consumption and energy production. Today, energy storage is most of the time done with conventional batteries like lead acid technology mainly for reasons of cost, reliability and commercial availability. However, the lifetime of actual storage elements, the environmental impact and the low efficiency causes the search for alternative storage facilities with lifetimes compatible with applications and functions more flexible. Lithium-ion technology today seems to be a good compromise if it is associated with an electronic precision performing various functions. This thesis focuses on optimizing lithium-ion technology used in renewable energy and the development of an associated electronics. The validation of this work has been done through photovoltaic conversion systems. The conversion efficiency of the assembly has been studied especially taking into account different charge and discharge profiles, aging and safety of batteries and the latest technological developments in battery. To validate management algorithms and qualify conversion chains, a specific test bench has been developed
Kerachev, Lyubomir. "Technologies de mise en oeuvre et stratégies de configuration de réseaux de micro-convertisseurs - Application au photovoltaïque." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990636.
Du, Fayet de la Tour Arnaud. "Analyse économique de l’industrie photovoltaïque : mondialisation, dynamique des coûts, et politiques publiques." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0065/document.
In the last decade, the photovoltaic market was multiplied by 10, module price was reduced by 60%, and China increased its share in cell and module production from almost nothing to more than half. The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the mechanisms driving these transformations. We analyse how China managed to acquire the photovoltaic technology, relying on interviews with actors of the Chinese photovoltaic industry, and data gathered on patents related to the photovoltaic technology. We show that intellectual property rights did not play a significant role, Chinese firms getting access to the technology by buying manufacturing equipment from industrialised countries, and from labour mobility. The cost decrease is analysed with experience curves models, allowing us to forecast a further cost decrease of two thirds by 2020, provided that the market follows the high predicted expansion. It gives some insight regarding when photovoltaic technology will become competitive. An important attention is dedicated to feed-in tariffs which largely participated in driving the demand so far. Their influence on the photovoltaic market, and their ability to adapt to module price volatility to avoid too attractive profits, is analysed using weekly data. A theoretical model analysing the influence of firms' strategies on the incentive effect of feed-in tariffs allows us to give further recommendations concerning an optimal feed-in tariff scheme
Pasquet, Nicolas. "Pour une compréhension complexe des processus de bifurcation technologique : le temps-devenir : le cas de l'énergie solaire photovoltaïque." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ECAP0946.
Yêhouénou, Kohomlan Gabriel Modeste. "Transition énergétique au Bénin : quel apport du solaire photovoltaïque ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAG014.
Benin, by its geographical position, enjoys good sunshine with an average of 1900 kWh / m² throughout its territory. According to data from the World Bank, only 41.40% of the Beninese population had access to electricity in 2016, electrical energy distributed unevenly whether in rural or urban areas. Our study aimed, in an international context of reducing of the carbon footprint in our uses and promotion of renewable energies, to reflect on a Beninese model of facilitating the access of populations to electricity by exploiting the potential of solar energy. This thesis showed the benefits of the territorialization of the solar resource at the level of the municipalities and its association with incentives from the central state. She also discussed Rogers' diffusion model for more efficient popularization of photovoltaic solar technology among the Beninese population
Du, Fayet de la Tour Arnaud. "Analyse économique de l'industrie photovoltaïque : mondialisation, dynamique des coûts, et politiques publiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00818317.
Ben, Nasr Tarek. "Elaboration de couches minces de Zns par dépôt chimique en solution pour la conversion photovoltaïque : caractérisations structurales, électroniques et optiques." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20233.
Jouanneau, Thomas. "Réalisation de substrats innovants à base de couches minces monocristallines d'Arséniure de Gallium reportées sur substrat saphir par la technologie Smart CutTM." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENT069.
Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor, whose properties are perfectly suited to themanufacturing of optoelectronic and RF devices. These devices are usually realized usingbulk GaAs substrates, which are fragile and expensive. The aim of this PhD is to replace themwith engineered substrates based on a thin single-crystal GaAs layer reported on a sapphire(GaAsOS) substrate by the Smart CutTM technology. This technology allows to only take therequested GaAs thickness from a donor substrate and to transfer it on a sapphire one. It isbased on light (H and/or He) ion implantation into the GaAs donor, which is assembled tosapphire using direct bonding. Fracture is induced on the implanted zone, inducing superficialGaAs layer transfer onto the sapphire substrate. After some finishing steps, the GaAsOSsubstrate properties are similar to the GaAs bulk substrate ones
Marteau, Baptiste. "Intégration en dispositifs tandem des cellules PV à contactspassivés : vers une technologie d'interface multifonctionnelleet universelle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALT096.
The photovoltaic module market is dominated by technologies based on crystalline silicon (c-Si). The use of low temperature (SHJ) or high temperature (TOPCon) passivated contacts leads to record efficiencies (26.8% and 26.2%) close to the theoretical limit of 29.4%. The option explored by the majority of institutes to overcome this limit is to combine c-Si technology with another wide bandgap (EGap) semiconductor material to enable optimum conversion of the solar spectrum over the entire energy range. The theoretical maximum efficiency of such tandem devices can then reach 42%. A two-terminal structure enables easiest module processing leading to reduced production costs. However, this places severe constraints on the interface layers between the two cells. These must provide excellent carrier lifetime in each cell, while ensuring optimal optical (minimal parasitic absorption and reflection) and electrical (efficient and highly conductive recombination junction RJ) properties.For the c-Si cell, this thesis focuses on TOPCon technology, which is expected to become market mainstream by 2030. This approach, based on poly-Si/SiOx stacks, offers great versatility for the tandem device fabrication processes (stability up to 800°C), and benefits from highly doped layers that are well suited for the formation of RJ. Among the variety of large EGap materials, perovskite (Pk) technology is the most popular solution as it benefits from both high efficiency potential and low production costs. The interface between the two cells (TOPCon and Pk) of the tandem device is usually formed by transparent conductive oxides layers such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), which shows excellent electrical and optical properties. However, indium is a critical material that could limit the long-term development of this technology. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to explore indium-free approaches for the interface of Pk/c-Si tandem cells.The studies carried out in this work concern Pk/c-Si tandem cells in nip configuration, for which two alternative approaches for interface engineering are investigated. The first one uses no additional interface layer, while the second one integrates an nc-Si (n+) layer to form a silicon tunnel diode, which should provide an optimal recombination current. These two alternative approaches allowed better initial performances than the reference process, mainly by overcoming short-circuit issues in the Pk cell. Tandem devices featuring no additional interface layer show fill factors comparable to those of the world's best devices (>81%) and efficiencies close to 25%, confirming the potential of TOPCon passivated contacts to form indium-free RJ. However, these two indium-free approaches were limited by the appearance of internal series resistance over time. Advanced characterisations explain these degradations by the formation of a SiOx layer between silicon and SnO2 (the electron-selective layer - ESL- of the Pk cell).In conclusion, TOPCon passivated contacts are particularly well suited to obtain efficient recombination junctions (direct or via silicon tunnel diodes), thus eliminating the need to use indium in the interface layers. As silicon is particularly sensitive to oxidation, the choice of contacting layers (ESL in nip configuration) should be focused on a material that contains no oxygen or has a stronger affinity for oxygen than silicon
Tani, Abdallah. "Structures des convertisseurs modulaires associés aux technologies de stockage : applications aux domaines résidentiels et véhicules électriques." Le Havre, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEHA0001.
This thesis is a continuation of the works based on the multi-source systems power management problems started by GREAH laboratory. It is funded by the “Haute Normandie Region”. This report presents some topologies of the DC/DC converters used in the hybrid electric vehicles applications, and the residential micro-grids ones. The studied topologies are based on the DC/DC converters such as the buck-boost and the interleaved-buck converters. Two original methods for electrical energy management in the multi-source systems are proposed and their performances are evaluated. The proposed methods enable to decouple the role of the energy source (lithium battery or fuel cell) compared to the power source (supercapacitors), and then manage the energetic exchange between the sources and the load. The proposed methods (frequency approach and distribution of the average power) consist to decompose the current of the load or the current from the pollution source into two components. The dynamic component called high frequency component is assigned to the supercapacitors, and the components which present slow variations or null called low frequency component is attributed to the lithium battery or fuel cell. For reasons of cost, the experimental test bench is carried out in the reduced scale. The obtained experimental results are used to evaluate the performance of topologies and control strategies proposed
Laronde, Rémi. "Fiabilité et durabilité d'un système complexe dédié aux énergies renouvelables - Application à un système photovoltaïque." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00978459.
Thiaux, Yaël. "Optimisation des profils de consommation pour minimiser les coûts économique et énergétique sur cycle de vie des systèmes photovoltaïques autonomes et hybrides : évaluation du potentiel de la technologie Li-ion." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00502428/fr/.
With the intention of determining the optimal sizing on the life cycle of stand-alone and hybrid photovoltaic systems, two different ways have been investigated within the framework of this thesis. Firstly, the action on the load profile which allows us to get a closer perspective of the ideal solar behaviour of the consumer has been studied. With the same energetic service supplied to the consumer, important profits in terms of the life cycle economical or energetical costs have been put forward notably by the downsizing of the storage system. In parallel, a technological Li-ion accumulator, innovative to these photovoltaic systems, has been assessed by using the primary energetic costs of the photovoltaic system on life cycle including the ageing of its components. Due to better ageing characteristics and energetic efficiency, results have shown that Li-ion technology could impose itself in the near future as a serious competitor to Lead-Acid technology universally used at present in such systems. This work, which concentrates on low scale systems, prefigures the future of smart-grids allowing us to exploit more massively renewable energy resources such as solar and wind energy which is widely available
Pehlivanian, Sophie. "Histoire de l'énergie solaire en France : science, technologies et patrimoine d'une filière d'avenir." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH023.
This study attempts to give a History of solar energy, through the studying of his Heritage, in France. In this study, Heritage means both movable and immovable objects, the memorial heritage writings and testimony that support the scientific, social, political and economic source of energy through the history of an entire country. The sun, which has always fascinated civilizations, is a major and inexhaustible resource in terms of energy. This thesis focuses on how the technology of solar energy have been promoted according to the political situation of the country. The analysis is mainly based on the inventory and study of the heritage attached to scientific advances. Researches on capturing sunlight to produce heat or electricity have known very serious times of crisis, crucial to the future of what has sometimes been considered, during the second half of the twentieth century, as an industrial sector. French researchers then contributed to the advancement of technology, worldwide. In 1970, the guidelines of the French energy policy contribute to changing the interest of the whole country for solar technologies. Many new challenges for the applications of solar energy, which have become subject of communication and which also crystallize oppositions, such as the environmentalists battle. Today, France is far behind compared to many other occidental countries. The French solar research of the second half of the twentieth century, despite its historical importance, is very poorly represented in international forums and remains unrecognised. This phenomenon questions about directions that successive French leaders have imposed on the solar industry. Does solar energy, as a "sector of the future", is a utopia? Was it relayed, since the beginning of its scientific use, as a possible industrial solution? This thesis raises questions about the various periods of enthusiasm that led to consider solar energy as a real solution, in opposition to the lack of interest that this source of energy has suffered, trying to analyze the typologies of heritage which characterize this source of energy in both the public and the scientific community
Stanley, Mishael. "Développement de Cellules Photovoltaiques à base de CIGS de haute performance sur substrats métalliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEC023.
The objective of this thesis is the optimization of solar cells based on Cu (In, Ga) Se 2 (CIGS) on high performance metal substrate (> 20%). Metals generally have better mechanical strength than glass which is a brittle material. This allows for example to significantly reduce their thickness and get lighter photovoltaic devices. Moreover, if their thickness is sufficiently reduced, they become conformable or flexible. However, the metal substrates have their own drawbacks. They may contain impurities (eg Fe) that degrade the electronic properties of the absorber material. Furthermore, their thermal expansion coefficient is not always suitable for methods of making high temperature CIGS. Finally CIGS cells on glass substrate have a sodium intake, known element for improving the properties of the CIGS, and brought by the spread of this element from the glass through the molybdenum. The main objective of this thesis is to make solar cells based on CIGS by co-evaporation technique on metal substrates having the closest possible performance of the cells on substrates of soda lime glass (> 20%). The problems that this thesis must meet are the choice of the metal substrate, blocking the diffusion of impurities in the metallic substrates, ensuring strong adhesion to the substrate, reducing residual stresses (to ensure adherence ) and especially the optimization of the Mo adequate layer allowing necessary intake of alkali metal element (Na / K, ...) for a high performance and adaptation CIGS absorber to this type of substrate. Indeed the quality of CIGS will be highly dependent on the deposition temperature of the intake of alkaline element from the substrate and composition gradients In / Ga the back contact to the surface of CIGS. It is known that it is necessary to have a gradient gallium in the CIGS layer in order to obtain cells high. The deposition of CIGS layers by co-evaporation method will be by the "three-stage process." This involves depositing the layer of three well-defined stages. It is important to control this process in order to get a quality absorber for solar cells
Thiaux, Yaël. "Optimisation des profils de consommation pour minimiser les coûts économique et énergétique sur cycle de vie des systèmes photovoltaïques autonomes et hybrides - Evaluation de la technologie Li-ion." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00502428.
Meekhun, Dariga. "Réalisation d'un système de conversion et de gestion de l'énergie d'un système photovoltaïque pour l'alimentation des réseaux de capteurs sans fil autonomes pour application aéronautique." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0031/document.
Flight tests of a commercial aircraft consist in gathering data during flight to validate aircraft design. However they are very expensive for various reasons. One of them is that most of the sensors implemented to collect data are wired. As an example, for the sole system that monitors the vibrations onboard a large (more than 100 seats) aircraft, more than 100 sensors may be deployed. Such networks are complex to implement, mainly because of the required wiring. A wireless solution is therefore of great interest; however, such a cable-less implementation implies both wireless transmission of data together with energy autonomy.The purpose of this work is therefore to describe a design of a power generation system, focusing on photovoltaic, together with the associated management strategies for an autonomous wireless sensor network deployed for large aircraft in-flight tests. This work is a part of SACER project. The main requirements are related to the thickness of the system (less than 3,2mm in order not to disturb the aerodynamic air flow) and the output power (3 W per sensor node in order to power the sensor, data processing and transmission system). In addition, the system has to properly work at extremely high and low temperature (-50 to 100°C). Our system consists of three primary components to consider: Energy Harvesting system, Energy storage device and Energy management system.In this work, we firstly present the comparison of the performance of different photovoltaic technologies at different temperatures concerning their availability and achievable power density in aircraft applications. Secondly, we will investigate the possibility of using batteries and supercapacitor. Finally the power management system, composed by a photovoltaic panel, a power conditioning (MPPT function), supercapacitors and a DC/DC regulator, is presented
Ba, Mouhamadou Moustapha. "Système communicant pour le contrôle et la supervision prédictive de la co-production d’énergie photovoltaïque et éolienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2019_0226_BA.pdf.
The modeling, management and optimization of renewable energy production systems is currently a challenge to develop the smart city concept. The goal of this thesis is to develop an intelligent and autonomous management system for the control and predictive supervision of the co-production of renewable energies based on smart networked sensors where the optimization is one problematic integration. From experimental measurements, we prove that it is possible to optimally self-manage the electricity production of renewable energy installations according to a combined or superposed approach of predictive models where experimental measurements allowed to refine them. Particularly, we show the useful of the proposed approach for the photovoltaic and wind turbine installations in an urban zone according to real physical parameter measurements (temperature, humidity, etc.). More precisely, this work proposes one predictive model based on the Weibull function of the power production of polycristallins and amorphous PV systems, and one 2,4 kW micro-wind system in a specific urban zone. The proposed method is has been reinforced by the statistical analysis of real measured data by using the Dickey-Fuller (DF), Goldfeld & Quandt (GQ), Durbin Watson (DW) tests and the Engle & Granger’s method. This work has shown the relevance and originality of the models developed for the reliable prediction of energy production from experimental measurements under real conditions and obtained from the GREEN platform. In addition to modeling aspects, this work has also show that it possible to implement technological solutions based on communicating sensors for the collect of physical parameters under real-time supervision IHM given the real time photovoltaic and micro-wind power productions
Vauthelin, Alexandre. "Fabrication et caractéristiques de cellules photovoltaïques multi-jonctions à base de matériaux antimoniures (III-Sb) pour applications sous fortes concentrations solaires." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS073/document.
The development of photovoltaic conversion systems these past thirty years led to considerable improvements in terms of cost and performances. The best conversion efficiencies are currently obtained with solar concentration systems associated with multi-junction solar cells (MJSC) made of III-V materials. In this field, the record efficiency is of 46.0% under a 508-sun solar concentration with a 4-junction cell from Soitec/Fraunhofer ISE/CEA. This MJSC is composed of a tandem cell lattice-matched to GaAs wafer bonded to another tandem cell lattice-matched to InP. Although it reached high conversion efficiency, its performances are limited under solar concentration because of the wafer bonding. In the field of high solar concentrations, the record is held by Solar Junction with a monolithic triple junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs cell of 0.3 cm² that reached an efficiency of 44.0% under 942 suns (direct irradiance of 942 kW/m²). Another high solar concentration efficiency record worth mentioning is held by IES-UPM with a tandem solar cell (GaInP/GaAs) that reached an efficiency of 32.6% under a concentration of 1026 suns.In this context, the work presented in this manuscript aims to evaluate the potential of a new family of III-V materials for high solar concentration applications: antimonide-based materials (III-Sb). The studied cells in this thesis are made out of GaSb and the quaternary AlxGa1-xAsySb1-y, monolithically grown by MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) on a GaSb substrate. These materials, thanks to the large range of available band-gaps, represent an original and well-founded alternative to existing solar cells for high solar concentration applications.The work achieved in this thesis covers:- The electrical and optical characterization of the quaternary materials used.- The conception and designing of the cells.- The production and tuning of every technological steps in order to fabricate our solar cells (UV photolithography, etching, metal deposition,…).- The electrical and optical characterization of our fabricated solar cells (I(V), TLM, spectral response,…).- The characterization under (high) solar concentration of our cells.This work was cofounded by the University of Montpellier and the LabEx SOLSTICE
Lecordier-Ferlay, Marianne. "Les freins sociaux à la diffusion des innovations : le cas des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques en France." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731096.
Goemaere, Loïc. "Comparaison de la production de trois technologies différentes de panneaux solaires en fonctionnement réel avec suivi du soleil et intégration de batteries lithium innovantes adaptées au stockage des énergies intermittentes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20211/document.
In a vision of sustainable development and energy independence aiming at the massive integration of the medium-term renewable energies in the energy mix, the research works are centered on two themes:- On one hand, the comparison of the production of three technologies different from solar panels (silicon, silicon with concentration, CdTe) installed into a photovoltaic power plant with 2-axes sun tracking;- On the other hand and given the intermittent nature of the photovoltaic energy and its non-simultaneity with the consumption, the development and the integration of batteries with lithium as means of electrochemical storage of the photovoltaic energy. The approach is innovative and allowed the study of new compounds of electrodes studied under real photovoltaic constraints and using various strategies of return of the energy with the aim of the next deployment of the intelligent networks. The simulations concern batteries of small sizes classically used in research laboratories but prefiguring what can be built in bigger size
Chen, Yuan Victor. "Fabrication et caractérisation des photopiles CdS/CuInSe2 entièrement obtenues par pulvérisation chimique réactive." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20251.
Bucher, Léo. "Synthèse d'oligomères et de polymères enrichis en porphyrines pour la conversion de l'énergie solaire." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10575.
Compaore, Wendpuire Ousmane. "Aide à la décision pour le diagnostic des défauts pour une maintenance proactive dans un générateur photovoltaïque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMR095.
The loss of power of a photovoltaic generator (PVG) is undoubtedly due to the appearance of a certain number of anomalies linked to manufacturing, production or the environment and causing failures in its proper functioning. From a realistic model, quite close to real operation and able to take into account the avalanche effect of a PN junction transmitted to the entire PVG, we have sufficiently shown the loss of performance of a PV generator and the need to have a diagnostic method for maintenance assistance in order not to suffer the effects of faults.Two diagnostic methods were applied to this PVG, one relating to the detection and localization of sensor faults, and the other to the detection and localization of system faults. The particular choice of these two diagnostic techniques, which do not target the same types of faults, lies in the complex nature of the model of the industrial process subjected to study. The performances obtained with the analytical redundancy relations (ARR), method based on the principle of parity space applied to the maximum operating point are very relevant. Using the artificial intelligence (AI), method based on the principle of artificial neural networks (ANN), we experimented with two classification methods for the detection and diagnosis of system faults. If detectability is proven with our different configurations without the possibility of locating the origin and the cause in the first part of the classification, we arrive thanks to a bundle of clues to locate the origin or the cause thanks to the classification for the diagnostic.The production of two real-time acquisition prototypes is based on the principle of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The first only allows the acquisition and saving of data on an SD card. The second, and more advanced prototype, allows real-time transmission via WiFi to a web server and aims to create a real-time monitoring platform in the long term. Both prototypes produce data that is used to power both diagnostic methods. The results obtained with real data are compatible with those obtained in the simulation phase. The conclusions of this diagnosis will enable greater efficiency in proactive maintenance operations
Kilani, Mouna. "Étude de l'effet du dopage et du traitement thermique sur les propriètés optoélectroniques des couches minces d'In2S3 utilisées comme fenêtre optique dans un dispositif photovoltaïque." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20044/document.
The present work focuses on the development of binary material In2S3 thin films as an alternative to CdS in thin film solar cells based on CuInS2. We used the technique of Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) as it is non-expensive, non-toxic and easy to handle. Layers produced are characterized at different levels and scales: cristalline structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), chemical composition by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), optical properties by spectrophotometry and electrical conduction by thermally stimulated currents (TSC) and local mapping of currents. The objective of this work is the systematic study of the effects of aluminum or tin doping, and heat treatment of In2S3 thin films deposited on glass and SnO2. We achieved first a multilayer of CBD In2S3:Al(4%) formed by three successive deposits on glass and SnO2 substrates. Comparison of physicochemical characteristics is made with the undoped layer as reference features. The XRD study done for different Al concentrations, shows that In2S3:Al crystallizes in the cubic structure with preferential orientation (400). Better crystallization is obtained for a concentration of aluminum in the solution y = [Al] / [In] = 4%. The analysis shows that the optical gap is direct, it varies from 2.3 to 2.9 eV, the largest optical band is obtained for y = 4%. It is a good value for the use of the compound β-In2-xAlxS3 as optical window in photovoltaic devices. The effect of tin doping in In2S3 multilayers induces a better crystallinity, low roughness of the surface morphology and optical gap closer to the theoretical optimum, obtained for films grown on Pyrex substrate with a tin concentration equal to 2 ‰. Analysis by SEM on the wafer cleaved-edge showed that the average thickness of the layers decreases with increasing the concentration of tin. The presence of tin, even in very small quantities induced significant changes in the growth process of the film. The TSC study shows that increasing concentration of tin beyond 2‰ leads to a reduction of thermally stimulated current.Annealing at different temperatures under nitrogen is applied to doped and undoped layers studied previously. Heat treatment under nitrogen at 400 ° C causes a net increase of crystallite size for virtually all thin films doped or undoped deposited on glass or SnO2. The analysis by XRD showed a conversion of the cubic phase (400) to the tetragonal phase (109) for In2S3:Al(4%). Change the shape of the crystallites observed by AFM, also highlights the existence of another phase. The TSC analyzes show particular electrical behavior close to semiconductor type for the thin films doped with 4% Al and annealed at 400°C, as well as thin films doped with tin after annealing at 200°C. The local analysis of the conduction current in the layer of In2S3 shows inhomogeneities larger after heat treatment. However, good macroscopic results should allow to fabricate promising solar cells incorporating these layers
Tapachès, Émeric. "Estimation du potentiel de la technologie solaire thermodynamique à concentration en climat non désertique - Application à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0011/document.
This thesis focuses on the study of the direct solar resource received in Reunion and numerical modeling of a solar power plant consists of: 1 / a field of linear Fresnel collectors in which circulates synthetic oil; 2 / two sensible heat storage tanks; 3 / an organic Rankine cycle. The main goal is to evaluate the performance of such power plant in the island area identified as suitable.To meet this goal, several studies have been conducted: (i) a beam solar radiation map of Reunion was made from satellite images of MeteoSat 7. This map was used to assess the availability of this resource; (ii) a new global-to-diffuse irradiance decomposition model was made from based-ground measurements at Saint-Pierre. This model is based on the representation of higher probabilities of occurrence of the diffuse fraction; (iii) the geometry of the solar collector and beam solar irradiance were modeled from an existing ray-tracing code. This code has been used, firstly, to dimension the collector using an optimization method. And secondly, to develop a fast method in order to simulate absorbed flux distribution on the linear receiver elements; (iv) unsteady-state heat transfers within the solar collector was modeled with a nodal approach; (v) annual electricity production of the power plant running in the south of the island was simulated with a monitoring and control strategy relevant for the demand of the local electricity grid.The models that have been developed during this thesis are design support tools and allow the study of control strategies control of solar power plants with linear Fresnel collector
Ibrahim, Elkhatib. "Commande intelligente tolérante aux fautes des systèmes multi-sources d'énergie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10086/document.
This thesis presents stability analysis for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems and a method for designing robust fuzzy controllers to stabilize the multivariable multi-sources of energy systems subject to parameter uncertainties, sensor faults, actuator faults/unknown inputs and wind disturbance. First, the Takagi–Segno (TS) fuzzy model is adopted for fuzzy modeling of the uncertain nonlinear system. Next, we propose a Fuzzy Dedicated Observers (FDOS) method and a Fuzzy Proportional-Integral Estimation Observer (FPIEO) with a Fuzzy Fault Tolerant Control (FFTC) algorithm for TS systems. FDOS provide residuals for detection and isolation of sensor faults which can affect a TS model and FPIEO estimate the actuator faults which fed to the FDOS to reconfigure the controller. The concept of the Parallel Distributed Compensation (PDC) is employed to design FFTC and observers from the TS fuzzy models. Sufficient conditions are derived for robust stabilization, in the sense of Taylor series stability and Lyapunov method, for the TS fuzzy system with parametric uncertainties, sensor faults, actuator faults/unknown inputs and wind disturbance. The sufficient conditions are formulated in the format of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) and Linear Matrix Equalities (LMEs). Important issues for the stability analysis and design are remarked. The effectiveness of the proposed controller design methodology is finally demonstrated through a Hybrid Wind-Diesel System (HWDS), Wind Energy System (WES) with Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) and Photovoltaic (PV) generation system to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method
Khoury, Rasha. "Nanometer scale point contacting techniques for silicon Photovoltaic devices." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX070/document.
The use of point contacts has made the Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell design one of the most efficient monocrystalline-silicon photovoltaic cell designs in production. The main feature of such solar cell is that the rear surface is partially contacted by periodic openings in a dielectric film that provides surface passivation. However, a trade-off between ohmic losses and surface recombination is found. Due to the technology used to locally open the contacts in the passivation layer, the distance between neighboring contacts is on the order of hundreds of microns, introducing a significant series resistance.In this work, I explore the possibility and potential advantages of using nanoscale contact openings with a pitch between 300 nm to 10 µm. Analytic and numerical simulations done during the course of this thesis have shown that such nanoscale contacts would result in negligible ohmic losses while still keeping the surface recombination velocity Seff,rear at an acceptable level, as long as the recombination velocity at the contact (Scont) is in the range from 103-105 cm/s. To achieve such contacts in a potentially cost-reducing way, my experimental work has focused on the use of polystyrene nanospheres as a sacrificial mask.The thesis is therefore divided into three sections. The first section develops and explores processes to enable the formation of such contacts using various nanosphere dispersion, thin-film deposition, and layer etching processes. The second section describes a test device using a thin-film amorphous silicon NIP diode to explore the electrical properties of the point contacts. Finally, the third section considers the application of such point contacts on crystalline silicon by exploring localized doping through the nanoholes formed.In the first section, I have explored using polystyrene nanoparticles (NPs) as a patterning mask. The first two tested NPs deposition techniques (spray-coating, spin-coating) give poorly controlled distributions of nanospheres on the surface, but with very low values of coverage. The third tested NPs deposition technique (floating transfer technique) provided a closely-packed monolayer of NPs on the surface; this process was more repeatable but necessitated an additional O2 plasma step to reduce the coverage area of the sphere. This was performed using matrix distributed electron cyclotron resonance (MD-ECR) in order to etch the NPs by performing a detailed study.The NPs have been used in two ways; by using them as a direct deposition mask or by depositing a secondary etching mask layer on top of them.In the second section of this thesis, I have tested the nanoholes as electrical point-contacts in thin-film a-Si:H devices. For low-diffusion length technologies such as thin-film silicon, the distance between contacts must be in the order of few hundred nanometers. Using spin coated 100 nm NPs of polystyrene as a sacrificial deposition mask, I could form randomly spaced contacts with an average spacing of a few hundred nanometers. A set of NIP a-Si:H solar cells, using RF-PECVD, have been deposited on the back reflector substrates formed with metallic layers covered with dielectrics having nanoholes. Their electrical characteristics were compared to the same cells done with and without a complete dielectric layer. These structures allowed me to verify that good electrical contact through the nanoholes was possible, but no enhanced performance was observed.In the third section of this thesis, I investigate the use of such nanoholes in crystalline silicon technology by the formation of passivated contacts through the nanoholes. Boron doping by both thermal diffusion and ion implantation techniques were investigated. A thermally grown oxide layer with holes was used as the doping barrier. These samples were characterized, after removing the oxide layer, by secondary electron microscopy (SEM) and conductive probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM)
Bérenger, Cédric. "Grands réseaux maillés basse énergie : protocoles minimalistes pour la synchronisation, la mesure de distance et le partitionnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0024.
Microcontrollers are small computers that can make great things. With low power consumption, they are equipped to interact with the environment and give feedback using rf. With such abilities, we could build a mesh network, to monitor a house, an industrial facility, or a whole city. However, scalability of meshed networks is a complex topic, and numerous existing solutions for managing meshed network, submitted to robustness and performance constraints, make compromises. In this thesis, we contribute to an alternative solution following our own compromises. We propose a minimalistic method to build scalable meshed networks of energy-autonomous nodes, able to self-organize without central coordination. We run distributed applications using synchronous rounds. To put such a model in practice, we discuss the synchronization topic : two nodes never run at the same speed, so there is an increasing skew between clock values. But, we need to keep neighbors in phase with each others. We give a minimalistic algorithm to set synchronous execution rounds. The shared nature of the wireless medium and its sensitivity to disturbances make it unsuitable for our synchronization algorithm without tweaks. Thus, we present a protocol giving a necessary framework to run our synchronization algorithm on wireless nodes. Once we are able to run synchronous algorithms, we aim at simplifying the deployment of networks by adding geolocation with software only. We use tiny differences in clock speeds to measure precisely propagation delays of radio waves. Finally, we consider a way to interface centralized systems with our distributed networks allowing to broadcast data from several entry points