Книги: "Technological constraints"

1

Agrarian impasse in Bengal: Institutional constraints to technological change. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, 1987.

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2

Gine, Xavier. Credit constraints as a barrier to technology adoption by the poor: Lessons from South Indian small-scale fishery. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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3

1941-, Cooke-Davies Terry, Crawford Lynn, Richardson, Kurt A. (Kurt Antony), and Project Management Institute, eds. Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Newtown Square, Pa: Project Management Institute, 2009.

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4

Gautam, Suman R. Technological constraints to the optimum utilisation and expansion of groundwater irrigation in Nepal Tarai. Kathmandu, Nepal: Winrock International, Policy Analysis in Agriculture and Related Resource Management, 1997.

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5

Vanasse, Pierre. Emerging technologies in the financial services industry: A survey of trends, attitudes and constraints to technological development. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada, 1991.

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6

Velzen, Anita van. Small scale food processing industries in West Java: Potentialities and constraints. Bandung: Published for the ISS by Akatiga Foundation, Centre for Social Analysis, 1992.

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7

Nelson, Valerie. Rural energy security: A literature review : ODA Forestry Research Programme, Fuel-Efficient Technology : Incentives and Constraints to Household Adoption Project. [Lilongwe?: s.n., 1995.

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8

Lloyd-Ellis, Huw. Endogenous technological change and wage inequality in a skill-constrained economy. Toronto: Dept. of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1995.

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9

Petrochemical economics: Technology selection in a carbon constrained world. London: Imperial College Press, 2010.

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10

John, Homer, and United States. Mine Safety and Health Administration., eds. Constrained layer composite saw blades: An effective noise control technology. [Arlington, Va.]: U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, 2007.

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11

Office, General Accounting. Technology transfer: Copyright law constrains commercialization of some federal software : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Administration of Justice, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.

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12

The Quest for Technological Development: Constraints, Caveats and Initiatives. University Press of America, 2001.

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13

1952-, Kokoski Richard, Koulik Sergey, and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute., eds. Verification of conventional arms control in Europe: Technological constraints and opportunities. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1990.

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14

Kirchberger, Sarah. Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications. Springer, 2015.

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15

1952-, Kokoski Richard, Koulik Sergey, and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, eds. Verification of conventional arms control in Europe: Technological constraints and opportunities. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1990.

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16

Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum, India), ed. Constraints on the diffusion of innovations in Kerala: A case study of smokeless chulahs. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies, 1992.

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17

(Editor), P. Sheng, ed. Energy and the Environment: Scientific and Technological Challenges Arising from Global Constraints on Energy Use. World Scientific Pub Co Inc, 1992.

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18

Ravender, Singh, and Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region (India), eds. Farm-level constraints to efficient use of canal water in coastal Orissa and some technological interventions to enhance crop production. Bhubaneswar: Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2004.

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19

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.

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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.

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20

Wagner, Christian. Western Europe. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.36.

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India has long-standing relations with Western Europe. The Strategic Partnership Agreement of 2004 with the European Union and similar agreements with individual European states form the institutional basis for economic, political, military, technological, and cultural cooperation with India. But despite common interests in many areas, the strategic perspectives remain limited because of structural constraints in India and Western Europe. Even after the Treaty of Lisbon, the foreign policy of the EU will be shared between Brussels and the member states. India’s foreign policy is handled mostly by the under-staffed Ministry of External Affairs. This is far from being adequate to cope with the requirements of an interdependent global system and India’s own aspirations to play a more important role. Hence, only if both sides understand the structural constraints and limitations of the other, will the partnership flourish on a more realistic basis.

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21

Lucas, Alastair R., and Chidinma B. Thompson. Transition to a Low-Carbon Energy Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0003.

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Technology and markets are frequently discussed as the key drivers of the transition to low-carbon economy. Little attention is being given to the role of law. Yet policy and technological innovation directed towards low-carbon energy goals can be both supported and constrained by the legal context. The example of Canada shows how legal systems founded on the rule of law constrain ways in which innovation can occur, based on international law, constitutional law, common law, and legislation. However, new energy policies that are implemented by innovative statutes can support and facilitate technological innovation to address the impacts of climate change.

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22

Pipek, Volkmar, Dave Randall, and Volker Wulf. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733249.003.0018.

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The various investigations in this book can be characterized as putting forward an argument for a nondeterministic relationship between investigation and design for social practices in which IT artifacts have an acknowledged relevance or a potential. The term “practice,” it is clear, provides a focus for careful analysis of the ways in which people orient to the use of technology over time, the way in which technology mediates behaviors, and the various constraints, technological and otherwise, under which people operate. Nevertheless, it has been argued throughout this book that very little purchase on “practice” is provided by naive recourse to sociological theorizing. To varying degrees, all the authors in this book recognize the need for concept development that specifically orients to the problem of design and development. This has never been more relevant, given the rapid technological changes evident almost everywhere we look....

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23

Uttley, Matthew. Arms Procurement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0040.

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Since 1990, the European states have confronted tensions in balancing security of supply imperatives and equipment affordability constraints in procuring advanced weapons systems. Security of supply is equated with the retention of a national defence technological and industrial base (DTIB). Correspondingly, intergenerational cost increases in weapons production have progressively eroded the affordability of maintaining autonomous DTIBs, leading to the internationalization of what were formerly considered ‘national’ defence firms. This chapter challenges the argument of some analysts that these structural factors will lead inevitably to loss of control by national governments over weapons production and the inexorable rise of a globalized defence industry. It demonstrates instead that the European states do exercise significant agency in national defence procurement and industrial policy such that national DTIB protection still prevails, which explains why EU attempts to integrate and foster a strategically autonomous European defence technological and industrial base (EDTIB) have hitherto failed.

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24

Peterson, Martin. The Cost-Benefit Principle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652265.003.0004.

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The focus of this chapter is on the application of the Cost-Benefit Principle to technological issues. Cost-benefit analysis is not a single, well-defined methodology but rather a set of slightly different, formalized techniques for weighing costs against benefits in a systematic manner. Four criteria for mainstream cost-benefit analysis are stated, and a paradigm case to which all those techniques are applicable is identified. How the Cost-Benefit Principle can take rights and other deontological constraints into account in a systematic manner is also explained. The conclusion is that the Cost-Benefit Principle can be accepted by consequentialists as well as many nonconsequentialists.

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25

Brownsword, Roger, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation and Technology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.001.0001.

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This book brings together leading scholars from law and other disciplines to explore the relationship between law, technological innovation, and regulatory governance. It is organized into five parts. Part I provides an overview of the volume, identifies its aims, explains its organization, locates it within existing scholarship, and identifies major themes that emerge from the individual chapter contributions. Part II examines core normative values that are implicated or affected by technological developments and which recur in attempts to ground the legitimacy of emerging technologies within liberal democratic societies. Part III focuses on the challenges that technological development poses for law, legal doctrine, and legal institutions, and the constraints that these legal frameworks pose for the development of technologies. Part IV provides a critical exploration of the implications for regulatory governance of technological development, and considers both attempts to regulate new technologies (typically with the aim of managing risks associated with their emergence while seeking to promote their potential benefits) and the way in which new technologies may be utilized as instruments of regulatory governance with the aim of restraining and managing social risks. Part V explores the interface between law, regulatory governance, and emerging technologies in specific policy sectors, namely: medicine and health; population, reproduction, and the family; trade and commerce; public security; communications, media and culture; and food, water, energy, and the environment.

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26

Gilli, Andrea, and Mauro Gilli. Emerging Technologies: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0044.

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This chapter investigates the challenges and constraints European countries have faced in the adoption, integration, and production of unmanned aerial systems—also known as drones or remotely piloted vehicles. It illustrates the broader technological transformations that have accompanied the rise of unmanned systems and qualifies their nature and features. It then discusses the various European projects in this field and their outcomes, looking at three periods: the 1990s, the 2000s, and the 2010s. The analysis considers both the more successful cases as well as the more controversial programmes, discussing—when possible—the factors contributing to these outcomes, including the role of bilateral cooperation, of the EU, of NATO, and of industry. The chapter concludes with an overview of the field including the challenges ahead.

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27

Klemperer, Paul. Making a Living, Making a Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658397.003.0012.

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To be a professional musician in today’s marketplace, regardless of musical style or tradition, is largely a balancing act. Time allocated to artistic development or career development all too often involves sacrificing one for the other. Faced with major economic, demographic, and technological changes in the twenty-first century, it falls to the musician to develop a multifaceted career trajectory. This includes a diverse skill set including not only fluency in various musical traditions but expertise in business, computer software, sound engineering, and copyright law as well. The musician’s balancing act thus involves choosing which educational programs will be of most help within realistic time constraints. Professional musicians who return to academia often bring a creative and practical approach to curriculum change based on their real world experiences.

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28

Anderson, James A. Human Understanding of Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0005.

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An important tool for understanding new and complex systems is analogy. Analogies to brain function are often the most complex systems of the time. In the 17th century, complex hydraulic systems were common. Descartes proposed a detailed model of the brain based on a hydraulic system. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the telephone and telegraph systems were used as brain analogies. This analogy is useful for understanding system connectivity constraints and the practical need for a central exchange (“brain”) for switching and memory. An extreme version of the central exchange analogy was called behaviorism or S-R psychology, popular in the first half of the 20th century. Obvious problems with analogy are its basic untruth and a tendency for a complex system to be thought of as magic if its technological roots are lost.

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29

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. China: The Incomplete Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0005.

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China’s technological precocity in iron manufacturing, transportation, maritime shipping and navigation, weaponry, market commercialization, and agriculture cannot be denied. Nor can it be denied that European industrialization borrowed extensively from Chinese practice. The problem, however, is that there was no energy revolution in China prior to the mid-nineteenth century, at which point Britain had outpaced China. The Chinese use of coal, petroleum, or natural gas, however early, did not constitute an energy revolution. Moreover, China’s expansion of iron production volume per se did not equate to an industrial revolution. What was needed for a breakthrough to sustained industrialization was the marriage of an energy transition and new technology that demanded greater energy inputs and yielded greater productivity as a consequence. China failed to achieve a full break from the constraints of the agrarian economy and this chapter is about why.

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30

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Britain: The First Modern Industrial Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0007.

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The British Industrial Revolution is one of the most famous economic growth stories. Once a peripheral economy, Britain later became the center of the world economy, occupying a position of global technological centrality. When the British moved into a mineral-based economy via their embrace of coal, they were able to move beyond the traditional constraints of organic economies. This was truly revolutionary and produced the sustainability that had eluded the Dutch. What propelled Britain beyond the Smithian trajectory was the combination of ample, inexpensive coal and steam engines. Growth becomes more sustainable only when new types of energy sources are utilized and suitable technology that makes use of the new fuels is innovated. Britain was able to do both because of the very distinctive package of facilitative factors that were brought together at the right time in a particular place.

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31

Baker, Lucy. Post-Apartheid Electricity Policy and the Emergence of South Africa’s Renewable Energy Sector. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0019.

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This chapter situates South Africa’s new renewable energy sector within the context of the country’s electricity system and in turn its unique political economy. The author charts major developments in the country’s energy policy and governance since the end of apartheid and shows how electricity policy is determined by economic, political, and technological factors. Focusing on shifts that have taken place in the country’s electricity governance and policy-making, from a period of generation surplus in 1980s to the supply-side constraints of the present, the chapter asks how, why, and when South Africa’s renewable electricity sector has emerged. The author examines the contested negotiation of key policies, which have been fundamental to the introduction of a renewable energy sector, considers how the new renewable energy sector has evolved thus far, and raises key challenges and concerns for its future development.

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32

Gross, Wendy L., and Richard D. Urman. Challenges of Anesthesia Outside of the Operating Room. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0001.

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As health care bears the simultaneous burdens of rapid technological development and increasing financial constraints, there has been significant increase in the number and types of procedures performed outside of the operating room. The broadening scope and complexity of noninvasive procedures, along with increasing acuity of patients, often make deeper sedation, general anesthesia, and robust hemodynamic monitoring both necessary and challenging. Anesthesiologists are more frequently called upon to provide care for medically complex patients undergoing novel, unfamiliar procedures in nontraditional locations. As technology advances, the number of procedure areas and the need for anesthesia services proliferates. The landscape of anesthesiology, therefore, is changing; new challenges and opportunities have emerged. This chapter provides an overview of these challenges, including assessing locations, equipment considerations, integrating care teams, safety guidelines, preprocedural patient evaluation and postprocedure care, commonly encountered problems, and financial considerations.

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33

Porta, Donatella della, Massimiliano Andretta, Tiago Fernandes, Eduardo Romanos, and Markos Vogiatzoglou. Legacies, Memories, and Social Movements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860936.003.0006.

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The concluding chapter summarizes the empirical results along the main analytic dimensions presented in the introduction. It discusses in particular the main theoretical insights in considering protest as a critical juncture and choice point. It also points to the role played by memories as resources and constraints and the strategic choices of movements as mnemonic agents. Memories are part of movements’ inheritance, working as anchors for contentious politics; they either offer cues and legitimacy or deny them. New generations learn from older ones, but they also often contest, or at least try to overcome, the mistakes of their seniors, following specific generational tastes for frames and action as well as technological opportunities. Opening to further research, the chapter stresses the importance of considering the effects of time and history on contentious politics especially in times of change.

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34

Gray, Hazel. Political Settlements and Economic Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714644.003.0003.

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This chapter sets out the analytical framework of political settlements and elaborates the framework to account for the socialist experiences of Tanzania and Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s. A political settlement, as defined by Mushtaq Khan, is a combination of power and institutions that is mutually compatible and also sustainable in terms of economic and political viability. The chapter clarifies the core building blocks of the approach and sets out the main differences between political settlements and new institutional economics. The chapter then defines a socialist political settlement where productive rights are formally held by the collective and formal institutions protect common and collectively owned assets. The attempts to construct a socialist political settlement left important institutional, political, and economic legacies. These shaped incentives and constraints which influenced a number of critical processes at the heart of economic development—related to technological learning, accumulation for investment, and political stabilization.

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35

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Rome as the Pinnacle of the Western Ancient World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0004.

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Ancient Rome is an important turning point in Eurasian history. But it is also an interesting test case in its own right. In the past, the standard view was that ancient economies operated on a subsistence production basis and lacked technological innovation, and that therefore, economic growth in the modern sense was highly unlikely. Yet we have the sense that Rome was wealthy. Was this wealth simply another example of the efflorescence that has been possible at various times in history without regard to innovations in either technology or energy? Our answer is yes. In that respect, it provides a useful baseline with which to compare the evolving nature of global power—military, political, and economic. It belongs in the story for what it did not do: it made little effort to escape the constraints of an agrarian political economy, As such, it is something of a negative template for what was to come in the next one and a half millennia.

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36

Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. Empirical Evidence on the Determination of the Extent of Product Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0008.

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This chapter considers determinants of product innovation across and within firms. Firms that are innovative in one dimension are also innovative in others; thus both what distinguishes the innovating firm and the literature based upon the analysis of various innovation indicators can give insight into the determinants of product innovation. It is concluded that (i) technological characteristics of industries matter; (ii) firm and market characteristics are related, but not linearly, to innovation; (iii) the two most important firm characteristics are internal finance and sales; (iv) there is an inverted U-curve relationship between competition and R&D; (v) competition in foreign markets is predominantly found to have positive effects on innovation at home; (vi) there are various spillover effects. Survey data on the constraints to innovation indicate that the issues considered to be of main importance are (i) innovation costs; (ii) risk and finance; and (iii) the availability of qualified labour.

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37

Kersey, Timothy. Constrained Elitism and Contemporary Democratic Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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38

Constrained Elitism and Contemporary Democratic Theory. Routledge, 2016.

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39

Riggsby, Andrew. Mosaics of Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632502.001.0001.

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The book examines the invention, use, and diffusion of ancient Roman information technologies. In particular, it looks at technologies defined in conceptual terms—lists, tables, weights and measures, perspective and related artistic devices, and cartography—rather than mechanical ones (e.g., “tablet” or “scroll”). Each is viewed from both social and cognitive perspectives, as well as with attention to the interaction between the conceptual and its material instantiation. The study is particularly focused on the most powerful technologies, whose uptakes are in most cases sporadic across time, space, and use context. These systems display a tolerance for error and/or omission remarkable unless they are considered in the narrowest possible use-context. Similarly, they often presuppose shared knowledge (both of form and of content) that could only have existed in highly localized contexts. Further constraints on the use of these devices arise from preferences for facts that are constituted by the record, rather than recorded, and (at least in elite circles) for linear exposition on the model of oral discourse. As a consequence, on the one hand, Romans lived in a balkanized informational world. Persons in different “locations”—whether geographical, social, or occupational—would have had access to quite different informational resources, and the overall situation is thus not controlled by the needs of any particular class or group. On the other hand, seeming technological weakness often turn out to be illusory if we set them in their actual use-contexts.

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40

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Racing to the Top. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.001.0001.

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Over the past two millennia, one state has tended to lead as the foremost producer of energy and new technology. While it has not been fully recognized, these leads have become increasingly reliant on energy transitions that make new technological innovations relatively inexpensive. Since the edge of the incumbent system leader (the United States) appears to be eroding, the question is what might come next. As carbon-based fuels become scarcer and/or more damaging, new sources of energy will be needed. Renewable energy will be one of those sources, but it remains unclear whether a renewable regime can be constructed to replace the carbon regime and how long such a transition might take. In the absence of a new energy foundation, there is less reason to anticipate a change in systemic leadership in this century. One might also anticipate less likelihood of a successful response to global warming in the absence of global leadership. But these expectations assume that the energy–technology nexus is fundamental to the ascent of a new system leader. Rather than assume such a proposition, it is better to demonstrate its historical evolution since the fall of Rome by examining a sequence of state efforts to overcome the constraints of an agrarian political economy operating within the context of a solar energy regime. The story stretches from first-millennium China through the Italian city-states and Portugal to the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States. Once the historical foundation is laid, we then evaluate current U.S. and Chinese efforts to reform their energy foundations as part of a bid for future systemic leadership.

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41

Haberly, Daniel. From Financialization to Vulture Developmentalism. Edited by Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev, and Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.23.

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This chapter dissects the potential and limitations of South-North strategic sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investment as a tool for catalyzing technological upgrading in the developing world. After an overview of the problems posed by financialized, neoliberal globalization for conventional development policy tools, and how states are seeking to overcome these limitations through the use of strategic SWFs, there follows a model of the political-economic factors conditioning the ability of developing countries to use South-North strategic SWF investment to promote technology transfer in the reverse direction. This model describes the politics of SWF-led development in terms of not only the “double bottom line” of SWF-owning state political and financial interests, but also a second double-bottom line encompassing the political and financial interests of multiple host economy actors. A case study of Abu Dhabi shows how this has simultaneously enabled and constrained state attempts to use South-North strategic SWF-investment to accelerate domestic economic development.

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