Дисертації: "Techno-economic analysi"

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Zeeshan, Zubair. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Wireless Indoor Solutions." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37206.

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Introduction of mobile broadband technology added valuable service for mobile users to surf faster internet on mobile. This impacts the traffic demand requirements, traffic demand increased for network to fulfill the requirements. Higher data rates depend on strong signal from base station and capacity of the network. Mostly people are located inside the building for surfing internet. Traditional macro base stations are not sufficient to deal with data users for indoor users because presence of strong attenuations inside the building resists signal from macro base stations. As a consequence wireless indoor solutions are introduce to provides coverage and capacity requirements inside building. Femtocell, Picocell, WLAN and Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) are common indoor solutions to provide coverage and capacity requirements. In this thesis techno-economic and analysis was carried out to explore the performance, cost of indoor solutions. The aim is to estimate the cost economical wireless indoor solution and to identify which indoor solution is suited in which scenario which helps in radio indoor planning and selection of indoor solution. For the capacity requirements four radio access technologies UMTS, HSDPA, LTE and 802.11 with different spectral efficiency levels are considered as an input for indoor solutions. Single wireless indoor network is enough to deploy in a building to provide coverage and capacity requirements. Users from different market actors are located inside the building. It is not efficient way to deploy multiple indoor networks in a single building. Analysis revealed that the Femtocell is cost-economical and flexible solution that capable of handle variations in traffic demand and stable system, it is proposed as a long term wireless solutions. Moreover from analysis Femtocells cost distribution is almost same in all radio access technologies this makes it perfect solution for all systems. Picocell and DAS solutions are mostly affected by the traffic demands and spectral efficiency. Increase in spectral efficiency tends to decrease the network cost of Picocell and DAS. From analysis WLAN found stable system capable of providing uniform cost distribution for low and high level demands scenarios and different level of spectral efficiency.

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Ziaie, Somayeh. "Techno-economic analysis of optical access networks." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11842.

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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
Esta dissertação tem como objectivo analisar os principais problemas que os fornecedores de serviços têm que considerar ao implementar e ao migrar as redes de acesso ópticas existentes e futuras. Iremos considerar a migração da rede GPON, como rede de acesso actual, para as Redes Óticas de Acesso de Próxima Geração (NG-OANs), como a WDM-PON e a OFDM-PON. O trabalho foca-se nos Custos de Capital (CapEx) por utilizador, e em três factores que condicionam este custo: densidade populacional, topologia da rede e custo dos componentes. Uma visão geral e avaliação das redes óticas passivas existentes e futuras é apresentada. Um modelo tecno-económico para o cálculo do custo das redes de acesso é proposto, tendo em conta o efeito da taxa de subscrição. O custo total de cada tecnologia de rede é calculado. O CapEx por utilizador para esquemas divisores simples e em cascata é também calculado, para diferentes taxas de subscrição. O custo dos componentes é considerado quando o preço é extrapolado em função do tempo e do volume.
This dissertation aims to analyse the main issues to be faced by the service providers in implementation and migration of existing and future optical access networks. We are going to consider the migration of the networks from GPON, as the current access network technology, to Next Generation Optical Access Networks (NG-OANs), such as WDM-PON and OFDM-PON. The work focuses on the Capital Expenditures (CapEx) per user and three factors that drive this cost: population density, network topology and components cost. An overview and assessment of existing and future passive optical networks is provided. A techno-economic model for calculating of deployment cost of access networks is presented, accounting for the effect of take rate. The total cost of each network technology is calculated. The CapEx per user for both single and cascaded splitter schemes for different take rates is also calculated. Furthermore the components cost is considered, when the price is extrapolated considering time and volume.

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Papageorgiou, Vasileios. "Techno-economic analysis of Open Optical LineSystems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-237414.

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Technology innovations and capacity upgrades in optical networks have influenced the optical transmission. As a result, network operators are considering separating hardware and software components in order to achieve efficiency and promising savings during network operation and network lifecycle. This leads to resolving the vendor lock-in and opening up the optical networks architectures such that different kinds of disaggregation models can be supported in the DWDM transport layer.In this master thesis, a techno-economic analysis which compares the economical differences between an integrated and disaggregated optical network has been conducted. For the analysis, an actual test case scenario of a European interregional network has been utilized. The line system and transponders components, price lists and features are based on actual vendor components in today’s optical transport networks.According to the results, it has been concluded that all total cost investments required for an integrated or disaggregated approach of DWDM system are traffic dependent. Moreover, capital expenses of open architecture are influenced by business model policy in price reduction due to multiple vendors’ competition on transponders. Calculations demonstrated that a disaggregated approach can introduce considerable total cost savings about 21% less total investments that include 25% less costs for capital expenses and 3% higher cost for operational expenses on an average traffic volume of European network. Finally, by increasing 5-10 times the traffic volume of European network it has been noticed that disaggregated system reduced total cost by 39% and 43% respectively.
Tekniska innovationer och trafiktillväxt påverkar utvecklingen av optisk transmission. En konsekvens av detta är att nätoperatörer undersöker möjligheten att separera hårdvara och mjukvarukomponenter för öka effektiviteten och sänka kostnader för drift. Detta minskar inlåsning till enskilda leverantörer och öppnar upp dom optiska näten för att byggas med olika typer av disaggregering i DWDM transporten.I den här masteruppsatsen har en tekno-ekonomisk analys utförts avseende den ekonomiska skillnaden mellan integrerade och disaggregerade optiska nät. Ett verkligt nät scenario användes för analysen. Komponenter och kostnader för linjesystem och transpondrar är baserade på existerande system och prislistor i dagens nät. Enligt det erhållna resultatet har slutsatsen dragits att totala kostnaden för integrerade och öppna system är trafikberoende. Vidare så är investeringen för öppna system påverkad av pris reduktionen pga. konkurrens på transpondrar.Beräkningarna visar att disaggregerade system kan sänka kostnaderna med 21%, i dessa siffror ingår 25% lägre kostnad för investeringar och 3% högre driftkostnader.Slutligen, genom att öka trafikvolymen med 5 respektive 10 ggr från den ursprungliga trafik matrisen så kan de totala kostnaderna sänkas med 39% och 43%.

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Tamvada, Jagannatha Haritash. "Techno Economic Analysis of Interconnected Digital Home Networks." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Telematics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9778.

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A home network is a popular method of allowing computers to communicate with each other within a given residential area or a local area network. Homes are the new frontiers of technology in the current global scenario, a digital interconnected home network is a reality and an efficient means to exchange information seamlessly across different homes and across different geographies is the need of the hour. The interconnection of different homes is possible with the existing ADSL subscriptions but would need changes in the existing gateway structures, which could be challenging for the less techno-savvy. In an effort to make life easier for the end user and help making the interconnection between various home networks seamless, a small device called I-Box is introduced through this project, which is essentially a small UPnP device with rich features and functionalities. This thesis gives an overview of the I-Box technology and with the help of various popular theoretical frameworks and concepts, investigates available Marketing channels and suggests a suitable deployment strategy for the I-Box by making a comparative study of the various possible scenarios and thereby identifying the most suitable model for its deployment.

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Diacakis, M. E. "Gas turbine, fuel cell techno-economic health analysis." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11016.

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The present study aims at setting the basis for a assessment method in the three principal areas of a power plant, that is its design and off design performance, operations and maintenance strategy and also economics decisions related to profitable operational regimes and project investment. The principles of what is referred to as the novel technology of the two, i.e. the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell are presented, and a series of scenarios are examined from a technical but also a degradation point of view, seeking to identify the relevance of the deterioration mechanisms while at the same time pointing out which components within the prime mover require more attention. In addition a presentation to the various methods that faults in prime movers can be identified is given leading to the isolation of Gas Path Analysis as a good Engine Health Monitoring technique candidate. The work culminates with the economic analysis of a number of configurations developing a method to calculate revenues and applying an appraisal technique utilising a set of financial indices that seek to evaluate the configurations on the basis of profitability. Results showed than Fuel Cell Technology presents attractive characteristics on part load operation, with average efficiency around 50%, an area proven to be weak for the turbine. Further, due to the modular characteristics they can offer alternative modes of operation like that of reduced stack operation. On a component level the anode electrode seems to be the most important one in the cell with the cathode following and the electrolyte being the least important of the three. Finally with respect to the economics it was proven that cells couldn't compete as their production costs are still well above that of Turbines with prices as high as two times that of turbines, resulting in risky, unattractive investments. With reference to the application of GPA on cells, what can be considered as an initial attempt is characterised as successful with a number of approaches having been appraised and faults being detect with respectable accuracy. Linear Root Mean Square Errors were not far away from the critical value of 2 while convergence for Non-Linear approaches was achieved with a small (~ 17) number of iterations.

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Afonso, Tiago Miguel Bernardo. "Techno-economic analysis of access networks : decision tools." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11574.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
O recente crescimento de consumo de internet e televisão por cabo desencadeou a necessidade de novas redes de acesso. O mundo das telecomunicações tornou-se num negócio competitivo entre as operadoras. As estratégias de competitividade são agora com baseadas em qualidade do serviço e na acessibilidade dos preços a todas as categorias da população. Para garantir estes requisitos é necessário inovar em equipamentos e meios de distribuição. A implantação de novas redes de acesso tornou-se crucial na sociedade, mas a recente crise económica mundial forçou um dimensionamento cuidado para garantir o máximo lucro possível no negócio. Portanto esta dissertação apresenta uma análise económica e financeira da implementação de uma rede HFC. Mostra a estrutura da rede e as suas características tecnológicas, além disso explica como lidar com problemas no dimensionamento da rede: a incerteza espacial associada ao processo de adesão dos utilizadores e como lidar com consumo em excesso de largura de banda, também causado pelos utilizadores. Por fim realiza o estudo da instalação da rede HFC em três tipos diferentes de cenários e expondo os resultados económicos obtidos, permitindo a conclusão sobre a viabilidade destes projetos.
The recent growth in Data Traffic and Cable Tv consumption triggered the need for new access networks and the world of Telecommunications has become a very competitive business among service providers. The strategies of competitiveness are now based on quality of services and affordable prices to all classes of the population. To guarantee these requirements, an equipment and distribution facilities innovation was necessary. The deployment of Next Generation Access Networks (NGA) has become crucial in society, but the recent world economic crisis has forced a careful dimensioning to produce the most profit possible with small investments. This dissertation presents a techno-economic analysis of a HFC network implementation. The network structure and technologic characteristics are presented, along with explanation of how to deal with problems in the network dimensioning: as spatial uncertainty associated with the adhesion process of the users and the surplus consumption of bandwidth by them. Finally, the study of the network implementation in three different sorts of areas is shown and the economic results obtained are exposed, providing the viability of these projects.

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Figueiredo, João Gonçalo Ribeiro de. "Techno-economic analysis of access networks: traffic dimensioning." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11804.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
As comunicações Machine-to-Machine (M2M) estão cada vez mais presentes nas nossas vidas, trazendo novos desafios a diferentes sectores empresariais. Estas mudanças no mundo das telecomunicações originam novos interesses nos consumidores finais que pretendem novos e melhores serviços que vão obrigar a mudanças no paradigma actual das telecomunicações e poderão gerar grandes oportunidades em diferentes áreas de negócio. As comunicações M2M vão contribuir para uma sociedade mais conectada, com melhor qualidade de vida e modelos de negócio mais eficientes. Posto isto é esperado um crescimento acentuado de tráfego M2M nos próximos anos, tornando a identificação de dispositivos M2M e a caracterização do tráfego por estes gerados um aspecto chave na sustentabilidade das redes existentes ou no desenvolvimento de novas. Para uma melhor compreensão do tráfego M2M foi desenvolvido um modelo computacional onde é analisado o impacto deste tipo de tráfego, tendo em conta as necessidades de largura de banda dos serviços previamente identificados e os correpondentes padrões de utilização, através do programa Matlab.
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications are ever more present in our lives, bringing new challenges to different business sectors. These changes in the telecommunications world provide new interests to end-users who want better and new services that will require a change in the current paradigm of telecommunications, and may be a great opportunity for different business areas. M2M communications will contribute to a more connected society, with an improved lifestyle and more efficient business models. Hereupon it’s expected a massive growth of M2M traffic in the coming years, making the identification of the M2M devices and the characterization of the traffic generated by itself a key issue in the sustainability of existing networks or in the development of new ones. For a better understanding of the M2M traffic it’s developed a computational model where is analyzed the impact of this traffic, based in the requirements in matters of bandwidth of the services previously identified and corresponding patterns of utilization, using the program Matlab.

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Bozzolani, Emanuele. "Techno-economic analysis of compressed air energy storage systems." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6786.

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The continuous escalation of intermittent energy added to the grid and forecasts of peaking power demand increments are rising the effort spent for evaluating the economic feasibility of energy storages. The aim of this research is the techno-economic analysis of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems, capable of storing large quantities of off-peak electric energy in the form of high-pressure air, as an ―energy stock‖ which allows the production of high-profit on-peak electricity when required by the grid. Several studies of both conventional and innovative adiabatic concepts are carried out in order to identify and improve the parameters that mostly affect the plant performances. Technical models, that consider the effect of time, are developed to evaluate the parameters that reduce the electric energy spent for compressing the air and that maximize the electric energy produced. In the conventional plant, particular attention is put on the understanding of the effects of air storage pressure range, recuperator, reheating and Turbine Inlet Temperature. For the adiabatic instead, a thorough analysis of the challenging Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is performed for understanding the advantages and drawbacks of this novel efficient concept of CAES. In a further step the economic analyses are aimed at evaluating the different configurations proposed in the technical investigation and the effects that variations of generation train and storage characteristics have on the profitability. After an analysis of the TES impact on the profits, a final comparison is carried out against two existing technologies: Pumped Hydro Energy Storage and gas turbine. The results of these studies confirm, from a technical and economic point of view, the reasons of the growing interest toward CAES as a feasible solution to manage the intermittent energy production. In particular they underline the conventional CAES as promising technology to undertake.

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Methuku, Shireesha. "MODELING OF THE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION AND TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11052009-093723/.

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Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources being used widely for power generation. This research work includes developing a comprehensive model for a biomass based power generation system as well as analyzing the technical, economical, and environmental impacts. The research objectives include modeling of the system, stability studies, and sensitivity analysis using MATLAB/Simulink. A mathematical model for the gas turbine has been developed and successfully interconnected with the distribution network. Transient stability of the power system has been carried out for four bus and six bus test case systems. Maximum rotor speed deviation, oscillation duration, rotor angle, and mechanical power have been taken as the stability indicators to analyze the system characteristics. Additionally, the sensitivity of the system to the changes of gas turbine parameters has been investigated under balanced and unbalanced fault scenarios. The economical and environmental impacts of the biomass have been analyzed using HOMER software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The net present cost of the four biomass resources namely agricultural resources, forest residues, animal waste, and energy crops were obtained and the comparison of the costs of the biomass fuels as well as the diesel have been carried out. To investigate the environmental impact, carbon emissions of the different biomass fuels have been explored using HOMER.

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Michaud, Sébastien. "Techno-economic analysis of wind farm repowering strategies in France." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264281.

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French wind farms are aging. By 2025, the French Environment & Energy Management Agency estimates that 1 GW per year of operating wind turbines will reach their expected lifetime. The handling of wind turbines end of life is relatively new to wind farm owners, both technically and economically. New aspects to handle appear, such as dismantling, strategies of maintenance for the last years of living or again the repowered wind farm construction timing. This work aims at giving an overview of the volume France is going to have to handle in the coming years and how to handle it. The report gives insights for the main questions’ developers should ask themselves when they start thinking about the repowering of their assets. Those insights are based upon what is permitted by the current regulation, which will certainly evolve with the growing experience authorities will soon acquire. From those insights, different strategies will emerge, some more attractive from a technical point a view, but more difficult to set up in agreement with the regulation, common sense, and acceptance of local population. The goal will be to find the best balance between technical feasibility and aimed improvement. Those strategies can then be studied from an economical point of view to try to find the optimum rate of return. This profitability is not unique for a chosen technical scenario but can be optimized. An economic analysis tool will be set up. This tool can perform sensitivity analysis on a scenario, accepting as inputs the parameters that have the most influence on the results. Finally, a concrete application is given on an old and still operating wind farm. This shows one methodology that can be followed when thinking of repowering. There is, of course, multiple available solutions. The goal of this work is to provide developers with all the tools to perform a quick, efficient and accurate analysis of their repowering.
Franska vindkraftparker åldras snabbt. Framemot år 2025 har Ademe (den Franska motsvarigheten till Energimyndigheten) beräknat att 1 GW per år av vindkraftverk blir redo att demonteras. Hanteringen av vindturbinernas avverkning ställer nya utmaningar till vindkraftsägarna, både tekniska och ekonomiska. Examensarbetet härmed redovisar för viktiga punkter som behöver hanteras när en vindpark nått sin livslängd, såsom demontering, underhållsstrategier för de flera sista driftåren eller det optimala valet av strategier för ombyggnation och installation av nya turbiner. Detta arbete ger en översikt över den volym som Frankrike kommer att behöva hantera under de närmaste åren och hur man skulle kunna gå tillväga. Rapporten svarar på de viktigaste frågorna som kommer upp när utvecklare börjar tänka på ”repowering”, d.v.s. ersättning av de uttjänta vindturbinerna med nya turbiner. Dessa insikter bygger på vad som tillåts enligt den nuvarande förordningen, som säkert kommer att förändras med myndigheternas växande kunskap om läget. Från dessa insikter kommer olika strategier att komma upp, några mer attraktiva från en teknisk synpunkt, men svårare att upprätta i överensstämmelse med förordningen, sunt förnuft och acceptans av lokalbefolkningen. Målet är att hitta den bästa balansen mellan teknisk genomförbarhet och riktad förbättring. Dessa strategier studeras sedan ur en ekonomisk synvinkel för att försöka hitta den bästa avkastningen. Denna lönsamhet är inte unik för ett valt tekniskt scenario men kan optimeras. Ett ekonomiskt analysverktyg kommer att skapas. Detta verktyg kan utföra känslighetsanalys i ett scenario, med som input de parametrar som har störst inverkan på resultaten. Slutligen ges en konkret tillämpning på en gammal och fortfarande fungerande vindkraftpark. Detta visar en metod som kan följas när man tänker på repowering. Det finns naturligtvis flera tillgängliga lösningar. Målet med detta arbete är att ge utvecklare alla verktyg för att utföra en snabb, effektiv och korrekt analys av deras repowering.

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Guédez, Rafael. "A Techno-Economic Framework for the Analysis of Concentrating Solar Power Plants with Storage." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191339.

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Concentrating solar power plants can integrate cost-effective thermal energy storage systems and thereby supply controllable power on demand, an advantage against other renewable technologies. Storage integration allows a solar thermal power plant to increase its load factor and to shift production to periods of peak demand. It also enables output firmness, providing stability to the power block and to the grid. Thus, despite the additional investment, storage can enhance the performance and economic viability of the plants. However, the levelized cost of electricity of these plants yet remains higher than for other technologies, so projects today are only viable through the provision of incentives or technology-specific competitive bid tenders. It is the variability of the solar resource, the myriad roles that storage can assume, and the complexity of enhancing the synergies between the solar field, the storage and the power block, what makes the development of adequate policy instruments, design and operation of these plants a challenging process. In this thesis a comprehensive methodology for the pre-design and analysis of concentrating solar power plants is presented. The methodology is based on a techno-economic modeling approach that allows identifying optimum trade-off curves between technical, environmental, and financial performance indicators. A number of contemporary plant layouts and novel storage and hybridization concepts are assessed to identify optimum plant configurations, in terms of component size and storage dispatch strategies. Conclusions highlight the relevance between the sizing of key plant components, the operation strategy and the boundaries set by the location. The interrelation between critical performance indicators, and their use as decisive parameters, is also discussed. Results are used as a basis to provide recommendations aimed to support the decision making process of key actors along the project development value chain of the plants. This research work and conclusions are primarily meant to set a stepping stone in the research of concentrating solar power plant design and optimization, but also to support the research towards understanding the value of storage in concentrating solar power plants and in the grid.
Koncentrerad solkraft erbjuder möjligheten att integrera kostnadseffektiv termisk energilagring och därmed behovsstyrd kraftkontroll. Detta är en viktig fördel jämfört med andra förnybara energiteknologier. Lagringsintegration tillåter solkraftsanläggningar att öka sin lastfaktor och skifta produktion till tider med största efterfrågan. Vidare möjliggör lagring fast elproduktion vilket leder till förbättrad nät- och kraftturbinstabilitet. Därför kan termisk lagring öka anläggningsprestanda och ekonomiskt värde trots ökande initiala kapitalkostnader. I termer av specifik elproduktionskostnad (LCOE) ligger koncentrerade solkraftsanläggningar med lagring fortfarande högre än andra kraftteknologier och anläggningsprojekt blir endast lönsamma genom subventionsmodeller eller teknologispecifika konkurrensutsatta anbudsförfaranden. Att hitta adekvata policylösningar och optimala design och operationsstrategier är en utmanande process eftersom det gäller att hitta rätt balans mellan variabel solinstrålning, lagring av energi och tid för produktion genom optimal design och operation av solmottagarfält, kraftblock och lagringskapacitet. I denna avhandling presenteras en omfattande metodik för pre-design och analys av koncentrerande solkraftverk. Metodiken baseras på en tekno-ekonomisk modelleringsansats som möjliggör identifiering av optimala avvägningssamband för tekniska, ekonomiska och miljöprestanda indikatorer. Metodiken tillämpas på ett antal moderna anläggningslayouter och lagrings- och hybridiseringskoncept för att identifiera optimal kraftanläggningsdesign i termer av komponentprestanda och lagringsanvändningsstrategier. I slutsatsen poängteras relevansen av att hitta rätt storlek på nyckelkomponenter i relation till lagringsstrategi och randvillkoren som ges av konstruktionsläget för optimal ekonomisk och miljömässig prestanda. Resultaten används för att formulera rekommendationer till nyckelaktörer i beslutsprocessen genom hela kraftanläggningens värdekedja från politisk beslutsfattare till anläggningsingenjör. Forskningen och slutsatserna i detta arbete skall i första hand ta ett steg framåt för optimering och design av solkraftsanläggningar men även tillhandahålla en metodik för utvärdering av lagringslösningar och dess specifika värde för solkraftsanläggningar och elnätet.

QC 20160829

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Sen, Amrita. "Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis of Phosphorus Circularity schemes in Agriculture." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619111447316257.

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Hanova, Jana. "Environmental and techno-economic analysis of ground source heat pump systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1610.

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Climate change stabilization requires an unprecedented effort to change our current approach to energy production and consumption. While rising energy prices are drawing increased attention to reducing energy demand, heightened concern about the environmental consequences of fuel choice requires that this demand be met at lower emission levels. In Canada, the realization of commitments to our GHG emission goals entails reducing residential energy use - a sector responsible for close to 20 percent of end-use energy consumption. This study focuses on the energy demand and emission levels of space and water heating, since these two components comprise 76 percent of residential energy demand. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are a technology that provides heating at 25 to 30 percent of the energy consumed by even the most efficient conventional alternatives. GSHPs have been identified as the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available. However, their drawbacks have been high capital costs, and uncertainty about whether the electric power used by heat pumps has higher system-wide emissions. This thesis delineates how adoption of GSHPs in the residential sector can help align Canada’s technology choices with commitments made to the Kyoto Protocol. The manuscripts delineate conditions under which GSHP systems achieve the largest net emission reductions relative natural gas, heating oil, and electric heat counterparts. Electricity generation methods and emissions embodied in inter-provincial and international electricity trade are shown to significantly affect the emission savings achievable through GSHP. The thesis quantifies how relative fuel prices influence annual operating savings that determine how rapidly the technology can achieve payback. This analysis reveals GSHPs to hold significant potential for substantial GHG reductions at a cost savings relative to conventional alternatives; the time horizons for payback are as short as nine years for average-sized homes, and significantly shorter for larger homes.

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Abass, Kabir Oliade. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Gas Turbine Compressor Washing to Combat Fouling." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9230.

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Among the major deterioration problems a gas turbine encountered while in operation is compressor blade fouling. This is the accumulation and adhesion of dirt and sediment on the compressor blade which contributes between 70 to 85% of gas turbine performance loss. Fouling reduces turbine air mass flow capacity, compressor pressure ratio and overall gas turbine efficiency. In most cases, its effect does not manifest immediately in gas turbine power output and efficiency since they are not measured directly. However, it is apparent on the gradual increase in Turbine Entry temperature (TET) and Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT). More fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber to maintain turbine power output which leads to high combustion flame temperature and thus reduces creep life of hot components. This research seeks to analyse the technical and economic consequences of compressor fouling in overall gas turbine performance. The work begins with simulation of TS3000 engine and examination of its design and off design performance. Subsequently, medium size gas turbine engine was modelled, simulated and its performance at different condition was examined to validate the outcome of field data analysis. Three months field operating data of Hitachi H-25 gas turbine generator used for power generation at bonny oil and gas terminal in Nigeria was collected and corrected to international standard ambient condition, using thermodynamic calculations. These data were analysed to determine the effect of fouling on the engine fuel consumption, power output in order to determine the plant profitability. The above analysis gives an estimation of fuel cost saving benefit of $41,000 over the period of one year plant operation due to regular two weekly compressor online water wash which is a good indication of the engine efficiency.

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Baral, Nawa Raj. "Techno-economic Analysis of Butanol Production through Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480501106426567.

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Lokesh, Kadambari. "Techno-economic environmental risk analysis of advanced biofuels for civil aviation." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9243.

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Commercial aviation has demonstrated its ability to be a key driver of global socio-economic growth to this date. This growth, resulting from an ever increasing need for air-travel, has been observed to be environmentally unsustainable. Any technological enhancements to the upcoming fleet of aircraft or operational improvements have been overshadowed by this very demand for air-travel. Any further investigation into innovative concepts and optimisation approaches bring in trade-off difficulties due to limitations in current technology. This creates a constraint on design space exploration. The need to mitigate civil aviation’s environmental impact has necessitated this sector to expand its frontier and seek radical technologies. Among a range of other technologies, advanced biofuels for civil jet engines have been claimed to be one of the most promising solutions. “Techno-economic Environmental Risk Analysis (TERA) of Advanced Biofuels for Civil Aviation” is a study that contributes to knowledge through conception plus application of quantitative/ qualitative approaches to assess the technical viability, financial feasibility and environmental competence of 2nd and 3rd generation biojet fuels, through their application into the existing scenario of civil aviation, against that of the fossil-derived conventional jet fuel (Conv.Jet fuel). TERA of advanced biofuels aims to accomplish the aforementioned through a holistic, multi-disciplinary study entailing life cycle studies, carbon-foot printing, sustainability analysis, fuel chemistry, virtual studies comprising combustion thermodynamic, engine/aircraft performance and emission prediction, economic studies entailing biofuel price prediction and business case analysis as opposed to earlier studies. TERA of Advanced biofuels study entails development of elaborate life cycle models, ALCEmB (Assessment of Life Cycle Emissions of Biofuels) and ALCCoB (Assessment of Life Cycle Cost of Biofuels) to predict life cycle emissions and costs, respectively, of the advanced biofuels from the point of raw material generation to the point of finished product consumption (a “cradle-grave” approach). A virtual experiment, to assess the impact of the “performance” properties of the advanced biofuels on a representative twin-shaft turbofan/airframe combination, relative to that of Conv.Jet fuel, was also undertaken through numerical modelling and simulation.Evaluation through ALCEmB revealed that Camelina-SPK, Microalgae-SPK and Jatropha-SPK delivered 70%, 58% and 64% savings in life cycle emission, relative to Conv.Jet fuel. The Net Energy Ratio (NER) analysis indicates that current technology for the biofuel processing is energy efficient and technically feasible. An elaborate post-combustion gas property evaluation infers that the Bio-SPKs exhibit improved thermodynamic behaviour. This thermodynamic effect has a positive impact on mission-level fuel consumption which reflected as fuel savings in the range of 3 - 3.8% and, therefore, emission savings of 5.8-6.3% in CO2 and 7.1-8.3% in LTO NOx, relative to that of Jet-A1. An economic feasibility analysis which entails prediction of hypothetical biofuel price prediction and its impact on direct operating cost (DOC) of an aircraft which infers that Bio-SPKs, over a user-defined medium-range mission profile, costs an additional 95-100% in terms of aircraft DOC, relative to that operated with conventional Jet-fuel, within short (2020) and medium (2020). However, the advanced biofuels are able to exhibit financial competence from 2020 onwards, relative to that of Conv.Jet fuel. However, the Bio-SPKs exhibit this economic feasibility only against a backdrop of persistent Conv.Jet fuel price volatility and severe environmental taxation between the analysis periods (2020-2075).

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Elshaer, Ehab. "Millimetre-Wave Spectrum Sharing in Future Mobile Networks : Techno-Economic Analysis." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206078.

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Mobile operators passed through many phases in the market over the last several years, since the beginning of mobile broadband services. When the first smart phone was introduced in 2007, it caused a huge increase in the traffic and the users demand kept on increasing. This exponential growth has led to a severe shortage in the available capacity which caused that mobile users don’t have their promised quality of service and coverage. Operators began to put different scenarios for the next-generation mobile networks, putting in consideration the expected increase in the number of users along with their high demand.As a new proposed solution to the scarcity of empty spectrum slots, operating in higher frequency bands (noted as mmwave) emerged as a solution that will provide larger bandwidths with lower prices for the license. Mmwave will provide users with high data rates but on the other hand, has a low penetration rate that can be fixed by increasing the base stations. Another technique for the operators to follow is that they share their own spectrum with each other, by changing the classic way of exploiting the spectrum which proved a low efficiency and high cost, operators can increase their spectrum and coverage with lower cost.To get a clear understanding of how the operators will decide their future strategies, a technical analysis of the new strategies will not be enough, a technical one also will make it clearer and will help the operators in making the decision. The objective of this thesis is to perform a Techno-Economic analysis to get a full image of the system performance. Our system will consist of 2 operators working in mmwave band with antennas equipped with directional beamforming and the base station transmitters will consist of small cells serving outdoor users only. The main question we want to answer is what will be the effect of decreasing the beamwidth on the system performance and when the operators will need to share their spectrum with each other. The performance evaluation will be based on measuring the downlink achievable rate. As we will be performing an economical evaluation, the number of base stations required in each strategy will be an important parameter to evaluate its economic feasibility and cost savings. The different scenarios will include variations of the beamwidth and coordination between the operators with an objective of seeking the best performance along with cost savings. The results should give us a clear look on how the operators will decide for a certain strategy depending on downlink data rate as a KPI and the number of deployed base stations as a limiting factor.

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Baak, Werner. "TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF REPOWERING POTENTIAL IN NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA, GERMANY." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-398228.

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Germany is one of the pioneer countries in wind turbine technology. They installed many wind turbines during the last decades and are now confronted with a shortage of land suitable for new wind parks. Now, with an estimated wind turbine service life of 20 – 25 years whole wind parks are becoming obsolete and owners have to decide whether do decommission, repower or to continue the operation of their parks. The advantages of repowering as well as the bureaucratic hurdles are outlined and evaluated. This thesis deals with the repowering potential in North Rhine-Westphalia and is analysing the technical and economical possibilities of repowering. The main objectives are to identify wind turbines eligible for repowering and also to develop repowering scenarios in order to determine their techno-economic feasibility. The designed steps of the methodology allow the census and the subsequent implementation of the results in WindPro and RETScreen.

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Mohamed, Wanis. "Techno-Economic, Environmental and Risk Analysis (TERA) for Power Generation -Market Growth." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7942.

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Gas turbines (GTs) are extensively used in many power generation applications. This project has close coupled advanced, economic diagnostics with the technology of prime movers using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimise the economic performance of fleets of GTs for electricity production. The investigation has included comparative assessment of traditional and novel GT options, including the design and off-design performance of the engines. The originality of the work lies in the concurrent technical and economic optimisation of a fleet of GTs based on a GA using current and novel engine cycles in a wide range of climatic conditions. The project has developed an effective model for optimising operational strategies for off-design conditions capable of optimising the economic performance of existing fleets of GT engines to meet power requirement while minimising environmental impact. It has also developed an approach able to simulate engine operating conditions with attendant costs under different scenarios based on the Techno-Economic, Environmental, and Risk Analysis (TERA) philosophy which allows for a broad and multidimensional analysis of the problem. By integrating the TERA model with in-house performance simulation software (Turbomatch) it has been possible to simulate the engine performances at design point and off-design conditions and maximise total power output at minimum cost to aid equipment selection and plant operation strategies for new plant. This study simulated and accounted for the time value of money during the operational life of the power plant. The model includes a life cycle cost assessment including: capital cost, maintenance and operating costs, fuel cost and emission taxes. Using the Net Present Value (NPV) technique the model was able to make techno-economic comparisons between various modes of operation and variations in power demand. Peak load operation requires GTs to operate at high firing temperatures with consequent reduction in component’ useful life. The techno-economic analysis found the optimum condition between both operating condition and corresponding strategies and thus includes a comparative lifing model, which performs stress and thermal analyses, and estimates the component’s minimum creep life using the Larson Miller method. A fleet of GT engine operating in a warm coastal environment have been modelled and investigated in this study. The results showed that the combined effect of the operating environment and the power demand can have significant impact on the blade creep life. The ability to predict this impact will aid GT users in the decision making process associated with GT operation. The project has developed an emissions model which identifies the GT engine with smallest impact on global warming and lowest cost of ownership (including governmental taxation policies) and which will meet a variety of emission legislation.

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Eriksson, Olof. "Techno Economic Analysis of Reverse Osmosis Combined with CSP + PV in Kuwait." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34521.

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Seawater desalination plays an important role when fighting the freshwater scarcity that many places around the world are currently facing. The increasing need for desalinated water is followed by a high energy demand. It is therefore essential that an expansion of desalination capacity is accompanied by a parallel use of renewable energy sources in this process. This thesis presents a techno-economic study on a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant, with a nominal power consumption of 15 MW, that is powered by a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant combined with a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, in Kuwait. The main aim of this thesis was to find which system designs would give the lowest global warming potential and levelized cost of the desalinated water. In addition, it has been investigated how electricity price and emission allowance cost could make a solar power plant competitive to the grid. For this purpose, some components in the whole system were simulated using System Advisor Model and Engineering Equation Solver. With the results obtained from the simulations, a dynamic model of the whole system was developed in MATLAB, Simulink where simulations were done for a typical meteorological year in Shagaya, Kuwait. Both on-grid and off-grid systems were considered. In the on-grid case, the lowest cost of water was obtained with only PV (ca 0.65 USD/m3) and this could reduce carbon emissions by 30 % compared to only using the grid. Combining CSP and PV could reduce the carbon emissions by 85 % but with a 35 % increase in water cost. It was found that an electricity price of 0.1 USD/kWh or an emission allowance cost of 70 USD/tCO2-eq would make a CSP + PV plant competitive to the grid. These results indicate that the choice of which system is best for powering an on-grid RO plant depends on how the environmental and economic factors are prioritised. In the case of the off-grid system, both the lowest cost of water (ca 0.9 USD/m3) and the highest capacity factor were obtained with a CSP + PV plant with 16 h of storage, a solar multiple of 3 and a PV capacity of 28 MW.

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Ahmed, Alia Amber. "Techno-economic analysis of PV and energy storage systems for Swedish households." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278165.

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As more countries progress towards renewable energy, intermittency in the power system is causing an unreliable power supply. Flexibility solutions from prosumers, which both consume and produce electricity, is one solution to provide stability to the power system. Households with both PV and energy storage are studied for this purpose in this thesis where the following flexibility services for both a household and the electricity grid of Sweden are studied: Increasing PV self-consumption, peak shaving, energy arbitrage at the day-ahead electricity market and providing the frequency regulation reserves FCR-N, FCR-D, aFRR and mFRR. Each house is assumed to have a 10 kW PV capacity and a battery capacity of 7.68 kWh. The services are studied in the software HOMER Grid and are modelled in different scales to see how the load in different aggregated levels affect the services. The case studies are a single family house, an overloaded transformer, an energy community and on a national scale. For the aggregated case studies, the potential capacity for PV will be based on the existing Swedish policies and the number of energy storages will be inspired by one the leading countries in Europe in energy storage installations, Germany. The results showed that for a single household the self-consumption and self-sufficiency increased the most with an addition of a battery. The battery was most efficient in peak shaving and reducing the overall electricity cost when the electricity fee targeted both the electricity consumption during peak hours and the monthly peaks. With this price scheme, the payback time of the battery and PV system is around 14 years. However, when the electricity fee is only targeting the electricity consumption during peak hours, the results showed that the monthly electricity demand peaks actually increase with an addition of a battery. For the aggregated case studies, it showed that decentralized batteries are not as effective in decreasing the electricity demand peaks if the peak lasts more than a few hours. On a national scale the results show that 20% of the aggregated batteries capacity is sufficient to provide around 70-100% of each of the frequency reserves individually. The highest savings are gained for the households when both the primary frequency reserves, FCR-N and FCR-D, are provided by the aggregated batteries together with increasing the PV self-consumption, peak shaving and energy arbitrage. The battery payback time is then reduced to 11 years. Based on a sensitivity analysis, the costs that affects the battery payback the most are the investment cost and the power fee.
I takt med att fler länder använder sig mer av förnybar energi, ökar opålitligheten i kraftsystemet på grund av förnybar energis intermittenta natur. Flexibilitetslösningar från konsumenter som kan både producera och konsumera el är en lösning för att förse stabilitet till kraftsystemet. Hushåll med både PV och batteri studeras för detta ändamål i detta examensarbetet där följande flexibilitetstjänster för både hushållet och elnätet studeras: Öka egenkonsumtionen av solel, kapning av effekttoppar, energiarbitrage samt tillhandahålla frekvensregleringens reserver FCR-N, FCR-D, aFRR och mFRR. Varje hus antas ha en 10 kW installerad kapacitet för PV och 7.68 kWh för batteriet. Tjänsterna studeras i programmet HOMER Grid och modelleras i olika skalor för att undersöka hur elkonsumtionen i aggregerade nivåer påverkar dessa tjänster. Fallstudierna är ett enskilt hus, en överbelastad transformator, en samling av hus samt i nationell skala. För de aggregerade fallstudierna kommer den potentiella kapaciteten för PV baseras på Energimyndighetens målbild för produktion av solel och antalet batterier är inspirerade av ett av de ledande länderna i Europa inom energiinstallationer, Tyskland. Resultaten visar att för ett enskilt hushåll ökar egenförbrukningen och självförsörjningen som mest med både batteri och PV. Batteriet var mest effektiv med att minska effekttopparna och den totala elkostnaden när eltariffen innehöll både effekttariffen och tidstariffen. PV systemet med batteriet hade då en återbetalningstid på 14 år. Med endast tidstariffer visar resultatet att de månatliga effekttopparna ökar med tilläggen av batteriet. För de aggregerade fallstudierna visar resultatet att decentraliserade batterier inte är lika effektiva att minska effekttopparna om de varar mer än några timmar. På nationell skala visar resultaten att 20% av den sammanlagda batterikapaciteten är tillräcklig för att förse cirka 70–100% av varje frekvensreserv. Den högsta besparingen för hushållen för den nationella fallstudien fås när både av de primära frekvensreserverna, FCR-N och FCR-D tillhandahålls av de aggregerade batterierna, tillsammans med tjänsterna för att öka PV-konsumtionen, kapning av effekttopparna och energiarbitrage. Batteriets återbetalningstid reduceras då till 11 år. Känslighetsanalysen visar att de kostnader som påverkar batteriets återbetalning mest är investeringskostnaden och effekttariffen.

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Bellur, Ramachandra Srikanth. "Techno-economic analysis of biosolids equilibrium moisture and drying for energy utilization." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460747.

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Edlund, Alan. "Synthetic Spider Silk Sustainability Verification by Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5150.

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Major ampullate spider silk represents a promising biomaterial with diverse commercial potential ranging from textiles to medical devices due to the excellent physical and thermal properties from the protein structure. Recent advancements in synthetic biology have facilitated the development of recombinant spider silk proteins from Escherichia coli (E. coli), alfalfa, and goats. This study specifically investigates the economic feasibility and environmental impact of synthetic spider silk manufacturing. Pilot scale data was used to validate an engineering process model that includes all of the required sub-processing steps for synthetic fiber manufacture: production, harvesting, purification, drying, and spinning. Modeling was constructed modularly to support assessment of alternative protein production methods (alfalfa and goats) as well as alternative down-stream processing technologies. The techno-economic analysis indicates a minimum sale price from pioneer and optimized E. coli plants at $761 kg-1 and $23 kg-1 with greenhouse gas emissions of 572 kg CO2-eq. kg-1 and 55 kg CO2-eq. kg-1, respectively. Spider silk sale price estimates from goat pioneer and optimized results are $730 kg-1 and $54 kg-1, respectively, with pioneer and optimized alfalfa plants are $207 kg-1 and $9.22 kg-1 respectively. Elevated costs and emissions from the pioneer plant can be directly tied to the high material consumption and low protein yield. Decreased production costs associated with the optimized plants include improved protein yield, process optimization, and an Nth plant assumption. Discussion focuses on the commercial potential of spider silk, the production performance requirements for commercialization, and impact of alternative technologies on the sustainability of the system.

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Schreurs, Twan. "Techno-economic analysis of combined heat pump and PV systems in Austria." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263606.

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With the increasing amount of buildings that are being renovated in Austria, the potential of replacing conventional heating systems with heat pumps increases and thus CO2 emissions could be reduced. Several companies therefore focus on installing combined heat pump and PV systems. The installation of heat pumps and PV systems are being subsidized in Austria with different schemes for every state. The subsidy programs could therefore be clearer and more constant, like the Swedish heat pump subsidies of the last decades. Heat pumps currently cover the heating of over 10% of the gross floor area of single-family houses in Austria. For multifamily houses less than 5% of the gross floor area is heated with heat pumps. The research goal has been to analyze the sensitivity of the net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio (BCR) and internal rate of return (IRR) on different input parameters for the replacement of a conventional heating system in a multifamily house, by a heat pump combined with a PV system. This way it could be researched what parameters would have most influence on the profitability of a combined heat pump and PV system. A case study has therefore been performed on the replacement of a gas heating system by an ambient air/water heat pump and a borehole ground source heat pump combined with a PV system in a multifamily house in Vienna. A model has been developed with Excel to perform this analysis uses the building space heating demand generated from a simulation tool created internally by AIT: The Building Model Generator. The model calculates the annual energy demand of a multifamily building in Vienna, which leads to the annual costs and benefits with respect to the conventional gas heating system. This model has been validated by a model created with the Polysun software. The results of the analysis showed that installing a combined heat pump and PV system to replace a gas heating system in a multifamily house would improve the NPV in comparison to installing the heat pump or PV system separately. The BCR is greater than one for both the combined air/water heat pump and PV system (AW HP+PV) and the combined ground source heat pump and PV system (GS HP+PV) for the currently used input. Subsidies currently have a large influence on the NPV and payback time of the installment of these combined systems, especially for the GS HP+PV due to the high investment subsidies for this type of heat pump in Vienna. The sensitivity analysis shows that the bigger the PV area of these combined systems, the higher the BCR, but this BCR increase flattens out for increasing PV areas. The investment costs have a large influence: if these would decrease somehow by 50%, the BCR would double. The large influence of the investment costs is shown by the sensitivity analysis on the assumptions for the heat pump investment costs as well. The electricity price has a larger influence on the BCR than the feed-in tariff does. When the electricity price decreases, the BCR increases. It could be concluded from the sensitivity analysis that the gas price has the largest influence however. Because of this high dependency on the gas price, a gas price increase could even make subsidies redundant. Increasing the gas price could thus be the quickest way to stimulate the sales of combined heat pump and PV systems, which could lead to a decrease of approximately 45%-60% of the total CO2 emissions for every multifamily house where these combined heat pump and PV systems are installed. In the future the Excel model could be included in the Building Model Generator. With only a few input parameters it would then be possible to evaluate the replacement of a heating system with another heating system in different building types for the whole of Austria where there are various subsidy schemes.
Med ökande antal byggnader som renoveras i Österrike, ökar även potentialen för att byta ut det konventionella värmesystemet mot värmepumpar. Således kan CO2-utsläpp minskas. Därför fokuserar flera företag på att installera kombinerade värmepump och PV system. Installationen av värmepumpar och PV system subventioneras i Österrike, men subventionerna kan vara klarare och mer konstant, som det har varit i Sverige under de senaste decennierna. För närvarande omfattar värmepumpar mer än 10% av uppvärmningen av den totala golvytan av enfamiljshus i Österrike. Beträffande flerfamiljshus motsvarar värmepumparna mindre än 5% av uppvärmningen av den totala golvytan. Forskningsmålet har varit att analysera känsligheten av nuvärdet (NPV), förmånskostnadskvoten (BCR) och den interna avkastningen (IRR) på olika inmatningsparametrar för ersättningen av ett gasvärmesystem i ett flerfamiljshus, mot en värmepump kombinerat med ett PV system. På så sätt kunde det undersökas vilka parametrar som har mest inflytande på lönsamheten av en värmepump och PV system. Därför utfördes en fallstudie på ersättningen av ett gasvärmesystem med en luft/vatten värmepump och en bergvärmepump kombinerad med ett PV system i ett flerfamiljshus i Wien. En modell har utvecklats med Excel för att utföra den här analysen använder byggnadsutrymmets värmeefterfrågan som genereras av ett program som har skapats internt av AIT:s Building Model Generator. Excelmodellen beräknar det årliga energibehovet av ett flerfamiljshus i Wien, som leder till de årliga kostnaderna och fördelarna med avseende på ett konventionellt gasvärmesystem. Excelmodellen har validerats med en modell som har skapats med mjukvaran Polysun. Resultaten av analysen visade att installera ett kombinerat värmepump- och PV system för att byta ut ett gasvärmesystem i ett flerfamiljshus skulle förbättra NPV-värdet jämfört mot att installera ett värmepumpeller PV system separat. Resultaten visar att, för de aktuella inmatningarna, BCR-värdet är större än ett för både det kombinerade luft/vatten värmepump- och PV systemet (AW HP+PV) och det kombinerade bergvärmepump- och PV systemet (GS HP+PV). För närvarande har subventioner en stor påverkan på NPV-värdet och återbetalningstiden av installationen av dessa kombinerade system, framförallt på GS HP+PV på grund av höga investeringssubventionerna av den här typen av värmepumpar i Wien. Känslighetsanalysen visar att desto större PV-yta av dessa kombinerade system, desto högre BCR-värde, men ökningen plattas ut för ökande PV-ytor. Investeringskostnaderna har stort inflytande: om dessa på något sätt skulle minska med 50%, skulle BCR-värdet fördubblas. Den stora påverkan av investeringskostnaderna visas även i känslighetsanalysen av antagandena för investeringskostnader för värmepumpen. Inmatningstariffen har inte stort inflytande på BCR-värdet. Elpriset har en större påverkan än inmatningstariffen. När elpriset sänks, ökar BCR-värdet. Från känslighetsanalysen kan slutsatsen dras att gaspriset har största inverkan. På grund av den här stora påverkan av gaspriset, kunde även en gasprisökning göra subventioner överflödiga. Att öka gaspriset kunde således vara det snabbaste sättet att stimulera försäljningen av kombinerade värmepump och PV system, som kan leda till en minskning av ungefär 45%- 60% av totala CO2 utsläppen för varje flerfamiljshus där dessa kombinerade värmepump och PV system är installerade. I framtiden kan Excelmodellen komma bifogad i Building Model Generatorn. Med några få inmatningar kommer det sedan vara möjligt att värdera ersättningen av ett värmesystem med ett annat värmesystem i olika byggnadstyper i hela Österrike där flera subventioner gäller.

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PAPIC, IVA. "Energy storage technologies : A comparative techno-economic analysis with focus on economic value to the customer." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301836.

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As the global renewable energy penetration increases, energy storage technologies are being rapidly deployed to compensate for the intermittency and non-dispatchability of variable energy resources. Storage solutions play a crucial role in providing reliability and flexibility, but their growth is subject to a number of barriers. One of the main issues includes the high investment cost and the difficulty of quantifying the services and values they provide. This paper aims to evaluate the sources of customer value for energy storage technologies and analyse their techno-economic viability from a value based pricing or economic value analysis perspective. The work is focused on a thermal Carnot battery, patented under the name TES.POD by the company Azelio, and how it compares to lithium ion battery energy storage. To fulfil the aim of the report, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used motivated by an economic value analysis framework. Through an in-depth literature study, customer values that differentiate the TES.POD with lithium ion battery energy storage were identified and thereafter verified through semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders in the ESS value chain. The cost efficiency of the system was recognized to be the most dominant driver, but apart from this, the value of having a storage technology that is able to provide low-carbon, long-duration storage and heat supply while having no degradation in capacity over a lifetime of 30 years was generally considered to be of most importance for the interviewees. Based on the value prioritization from the interviewees and literature, four economic values were further quantified and analysed in a techno-economic performance model: long-duration storage, heat supply, recyclability and land costs. The model demonstrates the economic value and viability of the TES.POD compared to a lithium-ion battery energy storage system by implementing it for a relevant case study for the mining segment in Huechun, Chile. The results show that the heat savings is the most beneficial differentiation value from an economic point a view. The yearly electricity savings were significantly higher than the heat savings for the specific case study, but the differentiated worth of heat was higher which was also confirmed by analysing the NPV for the different cases. It showed that for a 30 year lifetime, the TES.POD combined heat and power solution is competitive and even more profitable that the BESS case whereas the electricity only application (without considering the heat) is still profitable but not competitive towards the other two solutions.
I takt med att användningen av förnybara energikällor i världen ökar, installeras också lagringsteknologier i allt snabbare takt för att kompensera för produktionsvariationerna och begränsningen i direktöverförande hos dessa energikällor. Lagringsteknologier spelar en avgörande roll för att tillhandahålla tillförlitlighet och flexibilitet, men vissa utmaningar kan stå i vägen för en ökad tillväxt. En av huvudfrågorna är den höga investeringskostnaden och svårigheten med att kvantifiera tjänsterna och värdena som de tillhandahåller. Syftet med detta arbete är att utreda värdet av nyttorna som kunder får ut av lagringsteknologier och analysera deras tekno-ekonomiska lönsamhet med utgångspunkt från värdebaserad prissättning. Arbetet är centrerat kring ett Carnot batteri, patenterat under namnet TES.POD av företaget Azelio, och hur teknologin jämförs med litium-jon batterier. För att uppnå syftet användes en kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder, inspirerat av en guide för analys av ekonomiska kundvärden. Genom en detaljerad litteraturstudie identifierades kundvärden som skiljer TES.PODen från litium-jon batterier. Dessa verifierades sedan genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med olika parter inom värdekedjan för lagringsteknologier. Kostnadseffektiviteten av systemet framstod som den viktigaste faktorn, men utöver detta visade sig generellt att värdet av att tillhandahålla en hållbar, långvarig lagring och värmetillförsel samtidigt som att inte ha någon kapacitetsförsämring under en livstid på 30 år var viktigast för de intervjuade. Baserat på prioriteringen av de intervjuade och litteratur, valdes fyra kundvärden som skulle kvantifieras i en tekno-ekonomisk modell: långvarig lagning, värmetillförsel, återvinningsbarhet och landkostnader. Modellen visar den ekonomiska genomförbarheten och lönsamheten för ett TES.POD system jämfört med ett litium-jon batteri system genom att implementera modellen i en fallstudie i Huechun, Chile. Resultaten visar på att värmebesparingar är det förmånligaste kundvärdet. De årliga elektricitetbesparingarna är mycket högre för det specifika fallet, men skillnaden i värdet mellan TES.PODen och batterierna är högre när det kommer till värmebesparingarna. Detta bekräftas också när nuvärdesberäkningen analyserades. Denna visade att värme+el lösningen för TES.PODen är konkurrenskraftig med batterierna, till och med mer lönsam, för ett projekt på 30 år medan endast el lösningen för TES.PODen inte är konkurrenskraftig med de andra två. Dock är den fortfarande lönsam.

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26

Djurberg, Robert. "Practical implementation of Bio-CCS in Uppsala : A techno-economic assessment." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277820.

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To decrease global warming, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS) has been proposed as an effective and necessary tool. Combusting biomass and capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the same process results in net negative emissions, hence, reducing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The infrastructure around heat and power generation in Sweden has transformed to make use of biomass and waste. Bio-CCS has the potential to be a key factor in making the heat sector carbon negative and the Swedish energy system more sustainable. This study has assessed how Bio-CCS can practically be implemented in the Uppsala heat and power plant. In the assessment, three chemical absorption post-combustion carbon capture (CC) technologies were evaluated based on energy requirement, potential to reduce emissions and economics. They are the amine process, the chilled ammonia process (CAP) and the hot potassium carbonate process (HPC). The process of each technology was modelled by performing mass and energy balance calculations when implementing CC on the flue gas streams of the production units using biomass-based fuel at the plant. The modelling enabled finding specific heating, cooling and electricity requirements of the technologies. With this data it was possible to assess the potential emission reduction and CC cost for the different configurations assessed. A solution was proposed in how a CC technology can be integrated into the system of the Uppsala plant regarding land footprint, available heat supply to the process and possibilities for waste heat recovery. If heat recovery is not utilized the results show that the amine process is the most cost-effective technology when implemented on the flue gas stream of the waste blocks. When utilizing heat recovery to use waste heat to heat the district heating water, CAP becomes more cost-effective than the amine process. Further improvements can be achieved by combining flue gas streams of the waste blocks to increase the number of hours per year CC can be performed. The plant in Uppsala can then capture 200 000 tonne CO2 annually. The total cost of Bio-CCS will be approximately 900 SEK per tonne CO2 captured.
För att minska den globala uppvärmningen har infångning och lagring av koldioxid från förbränning av biomassa (Bio-CCS) föreslagits som ett effektivt och nödvändigt verktyg. Förbränning av biomassa och infångande av koldioxid från samma process leder till negativa nettoutsläpp, vilket minskar koncentrationen av koldioxid (CO2) i atmosfären. Infrastrukturen kring värme- och kraftproduktion i Sverige har omvandlats till att använda biomassa och avfall. Bio-CCS har potential att vara en nyckelfaktor för att göra värmesektorn koldioxidnegativ och det svenska energisystemet mer hållbart. Denna studie har analyserat hur Bio-CCS praktiskt kan implementeras i Uppsalas kraftvärmeverk. I analysen utvärderades tre infångningstekniker av typen kemisk absorption baserat på energibehov, potential att minska utsläpp och ekonomi. Teknikerna är aminprocessen, chilled ammonia process (CAP) och hot potassium carbonate process (HPC). Processen för varje teknik modellerades genom att utföra mass- och energibalansberäkningar vid infångning av CO2 från rökgasströmmarna producerade av produktionsenheterna som förbränner biomassa. Modelleringen gjorde det möjligt att hitta specifika värme-, kyl- och elbehov för teknikerna. Med dessa data var det möjligt att bedöma den potentiella utsläppsminskningen och kostnaden för infångning för de olika konfigurationer som har analyserats. En lösning föreslogs i hur en infångningsanläggning kan integreras i kraftvärmeverkets system när det gäller markanvändning, tillgänglig värmeförsörjning till processen och möjligheter till återvinning av spillvärme. Om värmeåtervinning inte utnyttjas visar resultaten att aminprocessen är den mest kostnadseffektiva tekniken när den implementeras på rökgasströmmen från avfallsblocken. När man använder värmeåtervinning för att använda spillvärme för att värma fjärrvärmevattnet blir CAP mer kostnadseffektivt än aminprocessen. Ytterligare förbättringar kan uppnås genom att kombinera rökgasströmmar från avfallsblocken för att öka antalet timmar per år infångning kan utföras. Anläggningen i Uppsala kan då årligen fånga 200 000 ton CO2. Den totala kostnaden för Bio-CCS kommer att vara cirka 900 SEK per ton infångad CO2.

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27

Van, Eck Wilma Hendrina. "Techno-economic optimisation methodology for HTGR balance of plant systems / Wilma van Eck." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4233.

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The nuclear industry lacks a well documented, systematic procedure defining the requirements for power plant cycle selection and optimisation. A generic technoeconomic optimisation methodology is therefore proposed that can serve in the selection of balance-of-plant configurations and design conditions for High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) power plants. The example of a cogeneration steam plant coupled to a pebble bed reactor, with or without an intermediate buffer circuit, was used in search of a suitable methodology. The following analyses were performed: • First order thermal hydraulic analysis • Second order thermal hydraulic analysis including cost estimation • Third order steady state analysis to evaluate part-load operation • Third order transient analysis to test operability and controllability The assumptions, level of detail required, modelling methodology and the type of decisions that can be made after each stage are discussed. The cycles under consideration are evaluated and compared based on cycle efficiency, capital cost, unit energy cost and operability. The outcome of this study shows that it is worthwhile spending the effort of developing a second order costing model and a third order model capable of analysing off-design conditions. First order modelling could be omitted from the methodology. The advantage of a second order model is that the cycle configuration can be optimised from a unit energy cost perspective, which incorporates the effects of both capital cost and cycle efficiency. The optimum cycle configuration differs from that predicted by first order modelling, which illustrates that first order modelling alone is insufficient. Third order part-load operation analysis showed operability issues that were not apparent after first or second order modelling. However, transient analysis does not appear justified in the very early design stages. To conclude, the proposed methodology is summarised as follows: • Evaluate the user requirements and design constraints. • Apply design principles from the Second Law of thermodynamics in selecting cycle configurations and base case operating conditions. • Optimise the operating conditions by performing second order thermal hydraulic modelling which includes component design and cost estimation. • Evaluate part-load operation with third order analysis. • Select the cycle with the lowest Levelised Unit Energy Cost (LUEC) and simplest operating strategy.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

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28

Ihiabe, Daniel. "Assessing biomass-fired gas turbine power plants : a techno-economic and environmental perspective." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8451.

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Fossil fuels continue to deplete with use as they are irreplaceable. In addition, the environmental impact with the continuous use of these conventional fuels has generated global concern due to the production of harmful emission gases. An alternative source of energy has become inevitable. Technological advancements in the area of biomass use for both aviation and power generation are at different levels of development. There is however the need for an integrated approach to assess gas turbine engine behaviour in terms of performance, emission and economics when they are running on biofuels. The current research work is concerned with finding alternative fuel resources for use on stationary gas turbine engines for power generation with the necessary identification of suitable biofuels using a multidisciplinary approach. A techno-economic, environmental and risk assessment (TERA) model comprising the performance, emissions, economics and risk modules has been developed. There had been several simulations of two gas turbine engines (GTEs) to ascertain the effects of both ambient and operating conditions and the effect of fuel types on the engines. These simulations were done with the use of an in-house code-the Turbomatch and a code developed for the steam cycle which is employed for the combined cycle simulation. Cont/d.

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29

Hopper, Miles. "Grid-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage : A Techno-Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis for Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226147.

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The transition to a 100% renewable-based energy system in Sweden requires investments in large-scale energy storage to balance the variable output from renewable energy sources. Currently, many energy storage technologies exist and their feasibility and effectiveness needs to be critically evaluated for every particular location with different sets of parameters. Underground hydrogen storage has been suggested by many researchers as one such viable option. This study explores the potential costs and benefits of developing the technological framework and investing in a grid-scale hydrogen energy storage, from the point of view of electricity distribution system operators in Sweden. A tool called StorageVET was used for the analysis, to simulate three potential scenarios for the implementation of hydrogen energy storage in Sweden, such as: a) offshore underground storage in saline aquifers; b) underground storage in geological formations onshore; and c) liquid hydrogen storage in large steel vessels on land. All three scenarios were calculated to have a NPV of just over $100 million, for the specific parameters selected, suggesting that investing in hydrogen energy storage could be economically feasible for the case of Sweden. It is believed that this work would lead to increased focus on hydrogen as a grid-scale energy storage technology and to further detailed feasibility evaluation studies by distribution system operators and energy researchers.

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30

Ojum, Victor Chimenim. "A techno-economic analysis of artificial lift technique selection in the petroleum industry." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510641.

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31

Hong, Jongsup. "Techno-economic analysis of pressurized oxy-fuel combustion power cycle for CO₂ capture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50567.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-127).
Growing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions have driven extensive research into new power generation cycles that enable carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. In this regard, oxy-fuel combustion is a promising new technology for capturing carbon dioxide in power generation systems utilizing hydrocarbon fuels. Combustion of a fuel in an environment of oxygen and recycled combustion gases yields flue gases consisting predominantly of carbon dioxide and water. To capture carbon dioxide, water is condensed, and carbon dioxide is purified and compressed beyond its supercritical state. However, conventional atmospheric oxy-fuel combustion systems require substantial parasitic energy in the compression step within the air separation unit, a flue gas recirculation system and carbon dioxide purification and compression units. Moreover, a large amount of flue gas latent enthalpy, which has high water concentration, is wasted. Both lower the overall cycle efficiency. Alternatively, pressurized oxy-fuel combustion power cycles have been investigated. In this thesis, the analysis of an oxy-fuel combustion power cycle that utilizes a pressurized coal combustor is reported. We show that this approach is beneficial in terms of larger flue gas thermal energy recovery and smaller parasitic power requirements. In addition, we find the pressure dependence of the system performance to determine the optimal combustor operating pressure for this cycle.
(cont.) We calculate the energy requirements of each unit and determine the pressure dependence of the water-condensing thermal energy recovery and its relation to the gross power output. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted on important operating parameters including combustor temperature, Heat Recovery Steam Generator outlet temperature, oxygen purity and oxygen concentration in the flue gases. A cost analysis of the proposed system is also conducted so as to provide preliminary cost estimates.
by Jongsup Hong.
S.M.

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32

Camacho, Gonzalez Daniel. "Techno-economic analysis of jet fuel production from waste vegetable oil in Mexico." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107372.

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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-55).
This thesis quantifies the economic feasibility of building and operating a biorefinery that converts waste vegetable oils into transportation fuels in Mexico. The hydroprocessing technology selected produces predominately diesel and jet fuel that can be used and blended with the existing fossil fuel infrastructure. The analysis shows that a 4,000 BPD plant located in Mexico can reach a positive NPV of approximately $80 million over a 20-year operating period at an internal rate of return of 15% percent. The minimum selling price for reaching this internal rate of return is $2.21 per gallon for diesel and $2.36 per gallon for jet fuel. If sufficient and reliable feedstock supply exist for a scale-up of the biorefinery to 6500 bpd, NPV increases to approximately $180 million. Sensitivity analyses shows that the NPV for the 4000 bpd facility reaches zero at an internal rate of return of 24%, and that the maximum buying price of the waste vegetable oil at the baseline internal rate of return of 15% percent the plant can afford to procure is $0.73 per gallon, which is 36% higher than the average price for the feedstock in 2013. Finally, the thesis quantifies the commercial opportunity of exporting the produced transportation fuels to the United States where they might qualify for monetary incentives. After accounting for transportation costs the NPV of fuel production in the biorefmery increases to $294 million, 368% higher than if transportation fuels are sold in Mexico.
by Daniel Camacho Gonzalez.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

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33

Pitarch, Montserrat. "Techno-Economic analysis of a Solar PV Energy System in Zimbabwe Country Office." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245234.

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Detta arbete utreder möjligheten att använde förnybar energi som alternative energikälla i UN byggnader enligt "smarta UN-faciliteter" direktiven. I detta arbetet står UNDP Zimbabwe i Harare som testplattform. Detta projekt har utvecklats inom ramen för FN:s utvecklingsprogram (UNDP) "Office of Information Management and Technology (OIMT)" med målet att kunna erbjuda den mest tillförlitliga och genomförbara solabaserad system som förnybar energi system. Data för energiförbrukningssensorer i UNDP Zimbabwe samlades sedan mitten av 2017. En årlig profil för energiförbrukning presenterades som tillsammans med information om lokala nätavgifter, tillgängligt utrymme för solcellspaneler, användes för en vidare analys. Analysen inkluderar tre studiefall: − Undersökningen av två solcellssystem med 44 kWp och 28 kWp kapacitet res. −Gemföresle av multikristall kisel PV (BSF-teknik, 30.15 kWp solpanel PV-system) mot monokristall kisel PV (PERC tekniken). Dessa alternativ uppnår uppskattningsvis 37 %, 25 % respektive 27 % av den totala förväntade elförbrukningen av byggnaden, med tillhörande besparingar och fördelar.
In pursuit of utilizing green energy in line with Smart UN Facilities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this Master Thesis presents the results of an analysis on potential solar photovoltaic (PV) panel solutions for UNDP Zimbabwe Country Office in Harare. This project has been developed under the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Office of Information Management and Technology (OIMT) methodology in order to offer the most reliable and feasible renewable energy system. Using data gathered by power consumption sensors in the UNDP Zimbabwe Country Office (CO) since mid-2017, a yearly load profile was created. This data has been coupled with information on local grid tariffs, available space for solar PV panels at the premises, and UNDP Zimbabwe CO project objectives in order to model three options: two Solar PV systems with 44 kWp and 28 kWp of rated capacity, respectively, using multicrystalline silicon PV panels with BSF technology, and a 30.15 kWp Solar PV system with monocrystalline silicon PV panels developed with the innovative PERC technology. These options achieve an estimated 37%, 25% and 27% coverage of the total expected electricity consumption of the building, respectively, with associated savings and benefits.

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34

El-Suleiman, Abdussalam. "Gas turbine application to CO2 pipeline : a techno-economic and environmental risk analysis." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9240.

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Gas Turbines (GTs) are used extensively in pipelines to compress gas at suitable points. The primary objective of this study is to look at CO2 return pipelines and the close coupling of the compression system with advanced prime mover cycles. Adopting a techno-economic and environmental risk analysis (TERA) frame work, this study conducts the modelling and evaluation of CO2 compression power requirements for gas turbine driven equipment (pump and compressor). The author developed and validated subroutines to implement variable stators in an in-house GT simulation code known as Variflow in order to enhance the off-design performance simulation of the code. This modification was achieved by altering the existing compressor maps and main program algorithm of the code. Economic model based on the net present value (NPV) method, CO2 compressibility factor model based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state and pipeline hydraulic analysis model based on fundamental gas flow equation were also developed to facilitate the TERA of selected GT mechanical drives in two case scenarios. These case scenarios were specifically built around Turbomatch simulated GT design and off-design performance which ensure that the CO2 is introduced into the pipeline at the supercritical pressure as well as sustain the CO2 pressure above a minimum designated pressure during transmission along an adapted real life pipeline profile. The required compression duty for the maximum and minimum CO2 throughput as well as the operation site ambient condition, guided the selection of two GTs of 33.9 MW and 9.4 MW capacities. At the site ambient condition, the off design simulations of these GTs give an output of 25.9 MW and 7.6 MW respectively. Given the assumed economic parameters over a plant life of 25 years, the NPV for deploying the 33.9 MW GT is about £13.9M while that of the 9.4 MW GT is about £1.2M. The corresponding payback periods (PBPs) were 3 and 7 years respectively. Thus, a good return on investment is achieved within reasonable risk. The sensitivity analysis results show a NPV of about £19.1M - £24.3M and about £3.1M - £4.9M for the 33.9 MW and 9.4 MW GTs respectively over a 25 - 50% fuel cost reduction. Their PBPs were 3 - 2 years and 5 - 4 years respectively. In addition, as the CO2 throughput drops, the risk becomes higher with less return on investment. In fact, when the CO2 throughput drops to a certain level, the investment becomes highly unattractive and unable to payback itself within the assumed 25 years plant life. The hydraulic analysis results for three different pipe sizes of 24, 14 and 12¾ inch diameters show an increase in pressure drop with increase in CO2 throughput and a decrease in pressure drop with increase in pipe size for a given throughput. Owing to the effect of elevation difference, the 511 km long pipeline profile gives rise to an equivalent length of 511.52 km. Similarly, given the pipeline inlet pressure of 15 MPa and other assumed pipeline data, the 3.70 MTPY (0.27 mmscfd) maximum average CO2 throughput considered in the 12¾ inch diameter pipeline results in a delivery pressure of about 15.06 MPa. Under this condition, points of pressure spikes above the pipeline maximum operating allowable pressure (15.3 MPa) were obtained along the profile. Lowering the pipeline operating pressure to 10.5 MPa gives a delivery pressure of about 10.45 MPa within safe pressure limits. At this 10.5 MPa, over a flat pipeline profile of same length, the delivery pressure is about 10.4 MPa. Thus, given the operating conditions for the dense phase CO2 pipeline transmission and the limit of this study, it is very unlikely that a booster station will be required. So also, compressing the CO2 to 15 MPa may no longer be necessary; which eliminates the need of combining a compressor and pump for the initial pressure boost in order to save power. This is because, irrespective of the saving in energy, the increase in capital cost associated with obtaining a pump and suitable driver far outweighs the extra expense incurred in acquiring a rated GT mechanical drive to meet the compression duty.

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35

Dimitriou, Ioanna. "Techno-economic assessment and uncertainty analysis of thermochemical processes for second generation biofuels." Thesis, Aston University, 2013. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/19315/.

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Biomass-To-Liquid (BTL) is one of the most promising low carbon processes available to support the expanding transportation sector. This multi-step process produces hydrocarbon fuels from biomass, the so-called “second generation biofuels” that, unlike first generation biofuels, have the ability to make use of a wider range of biomass feedstock than just plant oils and sugar/starch components. A BTL process based on gasification has yet to be commercialized. This work focuses on the techno-economic feasibility of nine BTL plants. The scope was limited to hydrocarbon products as these can be readily incorporated and integrated into conventional markets and supply chains. The evaluated BTL systems were based on pressurised oxygen gasification of wood biomass or bio-oil and they were characterised by different fuel synthesis processes including: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) process and the Topsoe Integrated Gasoline (TIGAS) synthesis. This was the first time that these three fuel synthesis technologies were compared in a single, consistent evaluation. The selected process concepts were modelled using the process simulation software IPSEpro to determine mass balances, energy balances and product distributions. For each BTL concept, a cost model was developed in MS Excel to estimate capital, operating and production costs. An uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo statistical method, was also carried out to examine how the uncertainty in the input parameters of the cost model could affect the output (i.e. production cost) of the model. This was the first time that an uncertainty analysis was included in a published techno-economic assessment study of BTL systems. It was found that bio-oil gasification cannot currently compete with solid biomass gasification due to the lower efficiencies and higher costs associated with the additional thermal conversion step of fast pyrolysis. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was the most promising fuel synthesis technology for commercial production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels since it achieved higher efficiencies and lower costs than TIGAS and MTG. None of the BTL systems were competitive with conventional fossil fuel plants. However, if government tax take was reduced by approximately 33% or a subsidy of £55/t dry biomass was available, transport biofuels could be competitive with conventional fuels. Large scale biofuel production may be possible in the long term through subsidies, fuels price rises and legislation.

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36

Lamond, Alexander Robert. "Techno-economic and carbon emissions analysis of biogas utilisation systems in the UK." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50376/.

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Biogas is a renewable and carbon neutral fuel, that can help the UK meet its increasing energy demand, while simultaneously reducing the net greenhouse gas emissions. All the biogas utilisation routes modelled, return positive avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biogas to combined heat and power (CHP) returns higher avoided emissions than biogas upgrading to biomethane and injection into the gas grid across the entire heat utilisation range (0% to 100%). The current renewable energy incentives, offered by the UK government, allow utilising biogas via either CHP, or biomethane production to return positive net present values (NPV). A theoretical membrane with improved separation properties (termed "future" membrane) allows reduction in energy consumption and increase in NPV. The future membrane returns positive net present values without the aide of subsidies, however, subsidies are required in order to compete with biogas to CHP. When 2014 subsidies were applied (7.7 pence/kWh of biomethane), the future membrane returned a higher NPV (£28.3million) than biogas to CHP (£27.5million). The proposed development fuel maximum buy-out for biogas derived transport fuels would make the minimum selling point (MSP) of upgraded biogas transport fuel lower than diesel by 2-10 pence/kWh. Enriching biogas with natural gas is a lower cost method of achieving a gas mix that complies with internal combustion engine specifications than upgrading biogas with either current membranes, or future membranes. However, the renewable fraction of the final transport fuel would only contain a maximum renewable energy fraction of 30%, if enriching biogas with natural gas. The largest overall contributor to producing biogas derived transport fuel is the cost of producing biogas.

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37

Abid, Hamza. "Techno-economic analysis of energy storage integration for solar PV in Burkina Faso." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263725.

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Electrification in rural areas of West African countries remain to be a challenge for the growth of the region. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has set a target of 2030 to achieve 100% electrification in all member countries. Burkina Faso is one of the least electrified countries in the world, where only 9 % of the rural population has access to electricity. This study presents a conceptualization of techno-economic feasibility of pumped hydro storage (PHS) and electric batteries with solar photovoltaics (PV) in the context of Burkina Faso. The results are explored for an off grid standalone PV plus storage system for a rural setting and a grid connected PV system for an urban setup. The least cost configurations for both the cases are determined using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). The results indicate the need of extended solar penetration in Burkina Faso in response to the challenges of low electrification rates in the country. Adding more PV to the present electricity mix of Burkina Faso could drive down the cost of energy by 50 % compared to the present grid electricity prices by making cheap electricity available to the local population. Adding PHS to grid connected PV leads to a cost reduction of 8% over a lifetime of 25 years which does not provide enough motivation for the high investments in storage at present. Policy interventions that allow stacking up of revenues and benefits of storage are needed to make it more competitive. PV plus pumped hydro storage remains the optimal system architecture as compared to PV plus electric batteries for off grid standalone systems provided the geographic availability of lower and upper reservoirs. The capital cost of PV remains to be the most dominating factor in the cost of optimal system for both the urban and the rural cases, and driving down the costs of PV would have the most positive effect for increased electricity access in the country.
Elektrifiering i landsbygdsområden i västafrikanska länder är fortfarande en utmaning för tillväxten i regionen. Ekonomiska gemenskapen i Västafrikanska stater (ECOWAS) har satt upp ett mål 2030 att uppnå 100% elektrifiering i alla medlemsländer. Burkina Faso är ett av de minst elektrifierade länderna i världen där bara 9% av landsbygdsbefolkningen har tillgång till el. Denna studie presenterar en konceptualisering av teknisk ekonomisk genomförbarhet för pumpad vattenkraftlagring (PHS) och elektriska batterier med PV (photovoltaics) paneler i samband med Burkina Faso. Resultaten undersöks med avseende på ett fristående fristående PV plus lagringssystem för landsbygden och ett nätanslutet PV-system för en stadsinstallation. De lägsta kostnadskonfigurationerna för båda fallen bestäms med hjälp av HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). Resultaten visar på behovet av utökad solpenetrering i Burkina Faso som svar på utmaningarna med låga elektrifieringshastigheter i landet. Att lägga till mer PV till den nuvarande elmixen av Burkina Faso skulle kunna sänka energikostnaderna med 50% jämfört med de nuvarande elpriserna för nätet genom att göra billig el tillgänglig för lokalbefolkningen. Att lägga till PHS till nätansluten PV leder till en kostnadsminskning på 8% under en livslängd på 25 år som inte ger tillräcklig motivation för de stora investeringarna i lagring för närvarande. Politikåtgärder som möjliggör stapling av intäkter och fördelar med lagring behövs för att göra det mer konkurrenskraftigt. PV plus pumpad hydro förblir den optimala systemarkitekturen jämfört med PV plus elektriska batterier för fristående nät utanför nätet förutsatt geografisk tillgänglighet av nedre och övre reservoarer. Kapitalkostnaden för PV är fortfarande den mest dominerande faktorn i det lägsta kostnadssystemet för både stads- och landsbygdsfall och att köra ner PV-kostnaderna skulle ha den mest positiva effekten för ökad elåtkomst i landet.

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Holmberg, Bårman Joakim. "Power to Gas : Background & techno-economic scenario analysis at Söderåsen Biogas plant." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228060.

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Power to gas is an emerging energy storage technology with great versatility. This thesis investigates the economic prospects of investing in such a facility via a case study linked to the Söderåren biogas plant in southern Sweden.The basis for this study is cash flow scenario analysis based on revenues and costs, which are referred as scenario parameters. Each of these parameters have different options to choose from, with nominal values chosen as the most likely options for each scenario parameter. In current market condition it was observed that installing power to gas is not profitable. However after exploring numerous combinations of scenarios, it was found that the electrical grid fee charges and higher ancillary service income was critical to achieve a viable business case for power to gas. Another scenario achieved profitability with a small margin which occurred when the grid fee was removed, referred as “grid fee off”. Both the most likely scenario and grid fee off scenario included sensitivity analysis. This was used to observe the impact of net present value when changing one parameter at a time.
Power to gas/ El till gas är en teknik på frammarsch med mångsidiga egenskaper. Den här master uppsatsen ämnar att undersöka om power to gas är lönsamt att investera idag vid en anläggning i södra Sverige vid namn Söderåsen/Wrams biogasanläggning. Samt överskåda under vilka ekonomiska den skulle kunna bli lönsam. Resultaten kan extrapoleras till liknande biogasanläggningar med liknande ekonomiska förutsättningar.Grunden för denna studie är analys av kassaflödesscenarion baserat på intäkter och kostnader, vilket kommer att refereras till som scenarioparametrar. Var och en av dessa parametrar har olika alternativ att välja mellan, där en av dessa parametrar antas vara det mest troliga alternativet att hända verkligheten. I nuvarande marknadsförhållanden observerades det att installation av el till gas inte är lönsam. Däremot efter att ha undersökt en mängd olika scenario, tillsammans 90 stycken kombinationer av scenarier (mer finns i bilagan), visade det sig att nätavgiften var avgörande för att uppnå en bärkraftig affärssituation för el till gas. Ett alternativt scenario med slopad nätavgift illustreras därefter. Känslighetsanalys sker i det mest troliga scenariot och i det alternativa scenariot utav projektets nuvärde för belysa ändring av enskilda scenario parametrars inverkan på resultatet.En intressant men osäker ekonomisk möjlighet diskuteras kring möjligheterna att ersätta uppgraderingsenheten för konventionella biogasenheter helt och hållet. Det diskuteras hur vissa parametrar korrelerar samt ifall det går att ekonomiskt motivera an slopning av nätavgiften.Slutligen tas rekommendationer till framtida studier upp.

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39

Nkoi, Barinyima. "Techno-economic studies of environmentally friendly Brayton cycles in the petrochemical industry." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9260.

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Brayton cycles are open gas turbine cycles extensively used in aviation and industrial applications because of their advantageous volume and weight characteristics. With the bulk of waste exhaust heat and engine emissions associated, there is need to be mindful of environmentally-friendliness of these engine cycles, not compromising good technical performance, and economic viability. This research considers assessment of power plants in helicopters, and aeroderivative industrial gas turbines combined-heat-and-power (ADIGT-CHP) in the petrochemical industry. Thus, it consists of two parts: part A focuses on performance analysis of helicopter gas turbines, while part B entails technoeconomic and environmental risk assessment of ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry. The investigation encompasses comparative assessment of simple cycle (SC) and advanced gas turbine cycle options including the component behaviours and the environmental and economic analysis of the systems. The advanced cycles considered include: recuperated (RC), intercooled (IC), intercooled-recuperated (ICR), and low pressure compressor zero-staged (LPC-ZS), cycles. The helicopter engines are analysed and subsequently converted to small-scale ADIGT engines. Also, modelling combined-heat-and-power (CHP) performances of small-scale (SS), and large-scale (LS) ADIGT engines is implemented. More importantly, a large part of the research is devoted to developing a techno-economic model for assessing, predicting, and comparing viability of simple and advanced cycle ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry in terms of net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and simple payback period (SPBP). The techno-economic performances of the ADIGT-CHP cycles are measured against the conventional case of grid power plus on-site boiler. Besides, risk and sensitivity of NPV with respect to uncertain changes in grid electricity cost, gas fuel cost, emission cost, and electricity export tariff, are investigated. Two case studies underlie the development of the techno-economic model. One case study demonstrates the application of the model for large-scale (LS) ADIGT-CHP, and the other for small-scale (SS) ADIGT-CHP, all in the petrochemical industry. By so doing, techno-economic and environmental risk analysis framework (a multi-disciplinary preliminary design assessment tool comprising performance, emissions, economic, and risk modules) is adapted to ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry, which is the aim of this research. The investigation and results led to the conclusions that advanced cycle helicopter and ADIGT engines exhibit higher thermal efficiencies than simple cycle, and that savings exist in operational costs of ADIGT-CHP above the conventional case. Thus, for both SS ADIGT-CHP, and LS ADIGT-CHP cases, all ADIGT-CHP cycles are profitable than the conventional case. For LS ADIGT- CHP category, the IC ADIGT-CHP is the most profitable, whereas for SS ADIGT-CHP category, the RC ADIGT-CHP is the most profitable. The contribution to knowledge of this research is the development of a technoeconomic model for assessing, predicting, and comparing viability of simple and advanced cycle ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry in terms of NPV, SPBP, and IRR over the conventional case of grid power plus on-site boiler. A second contribution is the derivation of simple and advanced cycle small-scale ADIGT and ADIGT-CHP from helicopter engines. Cont/D.

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40

Mohan, Tanya. "An integrated approach for techno-economic and environmental analysis of energy from biomass and fossil fuels." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4898.

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Biomass conversion into forms of energy is receiving current attention because of environmental, energy and agricultural concerns. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the environmental, energy, economic, and technological aspects of using a form of biomass, switchgrass (panicum virgatum), as a partial or complete replacement for coal in power generation and cogeneration systems. To examine the effects of such a substitution, an environmental biocomplexity approach is used, wherein the agricultural, technological, economic, and environmental factors are addressed. In particular, lifecycle analysis (LCA) and a three-dimensional integrated economic, energy and environmental analysis is employed. The effectiveness of alternate technologies for switchgrass preparation, harvest and use in terms of greenhouse gas impact, cost and environmental implications is examined. Also, different scenarios of cofiring and biomass preparation pathways are investigated. Optimization of the total biomass power generation cost with minimum greenhouse gas effect is undertaken using mathematical programming for various alternate competitive biomass processing pathways. As a byproduct of this work a generic tool to optimize the cost and greenhouse gas emissions for allocation of fuel sources to the power generating sinks is developed. Further, this work discusses the sensitivity of the findings to varied cofiring ratios, coal prices, hauling distances, per acre yields, etc. Besides electricity generation in power plants, another viable alternative for reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) is the utilization of biomass in conjunction with combined heat and power (CHP) in the process industries. This work addresses the utilization of biowaste or biomass source in a processing facility for CHP. A systematic algebraic procedure for targeting cogeneration potential ahead of detailed power generation network design is presented. The approach presented here effectively utilizes the biomass and biowaste sources as external fuel, and matches it with the use and dispatch of fuel sources within the process, heating and non-heating steam demands, and power generation. The concept of extractable energy coupled with flow balance via cascade diagram has been used as a basis to construct this approach. The work also discusses important economic factors and environmental policies required for the cost-effective utilization of biomass for electricity generation and CHP.

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41

VASUDEVAN, ROHAN ADITHYA. "SWOT-PESTEL Study of Constraints to Decarbonization of the Natural Gas System in the EU Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production in Portugal : Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production in Portugal." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292186.

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The exigent need to address climate change and its adverse effects is felt all around the world. As pioneers in tackling carbon emissions, the European Union continue to be head and shoulders above other continents by implementing policies and keeping a tab on its carbon dependence and emissions. However, being one of the largest importers of Natural Gas in the world, the EU remains dependent on a fossil fuel to meet its demands. The aim of the research is to investigate the barriers and constraints in the EU policies and framework that affects the natural gas decarbonization and to investigate the levelized cost of hydrogen production (LCOH) that would be used to decarbonize the natural gas sector. Thus a comprehensive study, based on existing academic and scientific literature, EU policies, framework and regulations pertinent to Natural gas and a techno economic analysis of possible substitution of natural gas with Hydrogen, is performed. The motivation behind choosing hydrogen is based on various research studies that indicate the importance and ability to replace to natural gas. In addition, Portugal provides a great environment for cheap green hydrogen production and thus chosen as the main region of evaluation. The study evaluates the current framework based on a SWOT ((Strength, Weakness, and Opportunities & Weakness) analysis, which includes a PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental & Legal) macroeconomic factor assessment and an expert elicitation. The levelized cost of hydrogen is calculated for blue (SMR - Steam Methane Reforming with natural gas as the feedstock) and green hydrogen (Electrolyzer with electricity from grid, solar and wind sources). The costs were specific to Portuguese conditions and for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 based on availability of data and the alignment with the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and the climate action framework 2050. The sizes of Electrolyzers are based on the current Market capacities while SMR is capped at 300MW. The thesis only considers production of hydrogen. Transmission, distribution and storage of hydrogen are beyond the scope of the analysis. Results show that the barriers are mainly related to costs competitiveness, amendments in rules/regulations, provisions of incentives, and constraints in the creation of market demand for low carbon gases. Ensuring energy security and supply while being economically feasible demands immediate amendments to the regulations and policies such as incentivizing supply, creating a demand for low carbon gases and taxation on carbon. Considering the LCOH, the cheapest production costs continue to be dominated by blue hydrogen (1.33 € per kg of H2) in comparison to green hydrogen (4.27 and 3.68 € per kg of H2) from grid electricity and solar power respectively. The sensitivity analysis shows the importance of investments costs and the efficiency in case of electrolyzers and the carbon tax in the case of SMR. With improvements in electrolyzer technologies and increased carbon tax, the uptake of green hydrogen would be easier, ensuring a fair yet competitive gas market.
Det starka behovet av att ta itu med klimatförändringarna och deras negativa effekter är omfattande världen över. Den europeiska unionen utgör en pionjär när det gäller att såväl hantera sina koldioxidberoende och utsläpp som att implementera reglerande miljöpolitik, och framstår därmed som överlägsen andra stater och organisationer i detta hänseende. Unionen är emellertid fortfarande mycket beroende av fossilt bränsle för att uppfylla sina energibehov, och kvarstår därför som en av världens största importörer av naturgas. Syftet med denna forskningsavhandling är att undersöka befintliga hinder och restriktioner i EU: s politiska ramverk som medför konsekvenser avkolningen av naturgas, samt att undersöka de utjämnande kostnaderna för väteproduktion (LCOH) som kan användas för att avkolna naturgassektorn. Därmed utförs en omfattande studie baserad på befintlig akademisk och vetenskaplig litteratur, EU: s politiska ramverk och stadgar som är relevanta för naturgasindustrin. Dessutom genomförs en teknisk-ekonomisk analys av eventuella ersättningar av naturgas med väte. Valet av väte som forskningsobjekt motiveras olika forskningsstudier som indikerar vikten och förmågan att ersätta till naturgas. Till sist berör studien Portugal. som tillhandahåller en lämplig miljö för billig och grön vätgasproduktion. Av denna anledning är Portugal utvalt som den viktigaste utvärderingsregionen. Studien utvärderar det nuvarande ramverket baserat på en SWOT-analys ((Strength, Weakness, and Opportunities & Weakness), som inkluderar en PESTEL (Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental och Legal) makroekonomisk faktoranalys och elicitering. Den utjömnade vätekostnaden beräknades i blått (SMR - Ångmetanreformering med naturgas som råvara) och grönt väte (elektrolyser med el från elnät, sol och vindkällor). Kostnaderna var specifika för de portugisiska förhållandena under åren 2020, 2030 och 2050 baserat på tillgänglighet av data samt anpassningen till den nationella energi- och klimatplanen (NECP) och klimatåtgärdsramen 2050. Storleken på elektrolyserar baseras på den nuvarande marknadskapaciteten medan SMR är begränsad till 300 MW. Avhandlingen tar endast hänsyn till produktionen av vätgas. Transmission, distribution och lagring av väte ligger utanför analysens räckvidd. Resultaten visar att hindren är främst relaterade till kostnadskonkurrens, förändringar i stadgar och bestämmelser, incitament och begränsningar i formerandet av efterfrågan på koldioxidsnåla gaser på marknaden. Att säkerställa energiförsörjning och tillgång på ett ekonomiskt hållbart sätt kräver omedelbara ändringar av reglerna och politiken, såsom att stimulera utbudet, att skapa en efterfrågan på koldioxidsnåla gaser och genom att beskatta kol. När det gäller LCOH dominerar blåväte beträffande produktionskostnaderna (1,33 € per kg H2) jämfört med grönt väte (4,27 respektive 3,68 € per kg H2) från elnät respektive solenergi. Osäkerhetsanalysen visar vikten av investeringskostnader och effektiviteten vid elektrolysörer och koldioxidskatten för SMR. Med förbättringar av elektrolys-tekniken och ökad koldioxidskatt skulle upptagningen av grön vätgas vara enklare och säkerställa en rättvis men konkurrenskraftig gasmarknad.

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Duwahir, Zahras Mohamed. "Capturing CO2 from an integrated steel mill : a techno-economic analysis through process modelling." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32403/.

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The increase in global carbon dioxide emission has raised concerns about climate change. This has caused nations to consider different carbon dioxide mitigation pathways to reduce emissions. The iron and steel industry contributes to approximately 30% of total global CO2 direct emission in the industrial sector. It is an energy intense industry. Many steel mills are operating close to thermodynamic limits in efficiency. Therefore decarbonising the steel industry through process improvements is limited. Breakthrough technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an alternative and attractive solution. In this research I have explored the application of a retrofit carbon capture technology to an existing steel mill. The steel mill chosen, combusts gases arising from the steel making processes. Different locations within the steel mill were analysed, the in-house power station and the turbo blower house were chosen for retrofit post-combustion carbon capture. Two different separation technologies were process modelled to capture the carbon dioxide from the flue gas of the in-house power station and the turbo blower house. The technologies were chemical absorption and adsorption. The two technologies were techno-economically studied. Chemical absorption, with solvent MEA, showed capability of recovering 86% of CO2 with a purity of more than 99 mol%. Adsorption using sorbent zeolite 13X was able to achieve 82% recovery with purity of 96 mol%. Sorbent activated carbon showed a capability of recovering 67% of carbon dioxide with a purity of 95 mol%. The cost of CO2 avoidance for the process using chemical absorption (MEA) was equal to $44.92/tonne CO2. For the process using adsorption (zeolite 13X) the CO2 avoided cost was equal to $44.90/tonne of CO2. Activated carbon was the most expensive capture process, out of the three processes studied. It costs $45.81/tonne of CO2 avoidance.

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43

Bents, Scott C. "A techno-economic analysis of syngas fermentation for the production of hydrogen and polyhydroxyalkanoate." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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44

Burger, Scott P. "Utility business model innovation : a techno-economic and strategic analysis of distributed energy systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103569.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 129-146).
Bankable and sustainable utility business models are key to the secure and efficient functioning of critical electric power infrastructure. Due to a variety of factors, including technological progress and policy goals, many electric power industry stakeholders believe the business model of electric utilities is on the precipice of unprecedented change. However, calls for dramatic changes to utility business models must be backed by substantive analysis of what aspects of the business model must change, who is best suited to provide what services, and what resources should be deployed to provide these services. This thesis presents a review of current utility business models, an introduction to the agents driving changes in utility business models, and a methodology for assessing emerging business models that bridges two important but heretofore unlinked fields of business model analysis. This thesis first provides a definition of the electricity services upon which business models in the utility industry are based. These definitions are grounded in linear programming and fundamental power system economics and technology. Next, this thesis provides an ontological taxonomy of electricity services business models, and demonstrates the application of this taxonomy on demand response and solar photovoltaics business models. This ontological breakdown is extended from management and strategy literature developed over the past fifteen years in the context of emerging Internet-based businesses. This thesis then demonstrates how quantitative models can be used in combination with qualitative analyses to provide a more complete understanding of which, if any, emerging electricity services business models may prove technically and economically attractive. A case study is performed on solar PV and electricity storage business models.
by Scott P. Burger.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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45

LIU, HAIKUO. "TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND BUSINESS FEASIBILITY STUDY TO PORTABLE POLYGENERATION SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192669.

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Polygeneration technology is to utilize a single plant to offer multiple energy products, and the multiple processes are integrated into one system. In comparison with the single-product technology, polygeneration improves the system efficiency significantly since it has multiple outputs, and reduces the relevant capital and production cost accordingly. In this thesis, a polygeneration system was designed specifically for a project in construction industry and the business feasibility of the system was analyzed. The status quo and problems of present temporary power system were introduced and the idea of using polygeneration system as the substitute was described. A substation project in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia was utilized as the reference to design the polygeneration system and to analyze the system’s technical and business feasibility. After the study of energy demand, 12 scenarios were proposed based on the available energy sources and commercialized technologies in the market. RETScreen 4 software was used to simulate proposed scenarios and relevant techno economic discussion and analysis of the results were made. Based on “RETScreen 4” software’s simulation results, one optimized scenario was selected for the polygeneration system design and business feasibility analysis. A polygeneration system with two polygeneration sets were designed to meet energy demand of the reference project in this thesis. Considered the technical and economic information of the designed system, a business feasibility analysis of the polygeneration system for the construction industry was studied. As the last part of the thesis, a summary of business plan was made to the designed system based on the results of market research and business feasibility study.
Polygenereringsteknik är att utnyttja en enda anläggning för att erbjuda flera energitjänster där multiplaprocesser är integrerade i ett gemensamt system. I jämförelse med separata tekniklösningar, förbättrar polygenerering systemets effektivitet avsevärt eftersom flera tjänster produceras och kapital- och produktionskostnadernadärmed minskar. I denna avhandling har ett polygenereringssystem utformats speciellt för ett projekt i byggbranschen och lämpligheten hos systemet har analyserats. Status quo och problem med nuvarande tillfälliga kraftsystemet togs med i analysen och idén att använda polygenereringssystemet som substitut har beskrivits. Ett ställverksprojekt i Al Kharj, Saudi Arabien användes som referens för att utforma polygenereringssystemet och för att analysera systemets tekniska och affärsmässiga genomförbarhet. Efter studier av efterfrågan på energi, har 12 scenarier föreslagits baserat på tillgängliga energikällor och kommersialiserade teknologier på marknaden. “RETScreen 4” programvaran anvädes fö att simulera föeslagna scenarier och en teknisk-ekonomisk diskussion och analys av resultaten gjordes. Baserat på RETScreen 4 programvarans simuleringsresultat, har ett optimalt scenario valts för design av ett polygenereringsystem och en affärsgenomförbarhetsstudie har utförts. Ett polygenereringssystem med två uppsättningar av polygenerernde subsystem har utformats för att möta efterfrågan på energi hos referensprojektet i denna avhandling. Med hänsyn taget till de tekniska och ekonomiska uppgifterna i det utformade systemet, har realiseringen av polygenereringssystemet för byggindustrin studerats. Den sista delen av avhandlingen utgör en sammanfattning avaffärsplanen för det utformade systemet baserat på resultaten av marknadsundersökningar och en affärsförstudie.

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Gupta, Kushagra. "Techno-economic analysis of implementing energy-efficiency and alternative fuels in Indonesia using OSeMOSYS." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280820.

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Анотація:

Indonesia’s energy demand has been growing rapidly driven by increasing population, urbanization, and rapid economic growth. With increasing energy demand, the emissions associated with the energy sector continue to increase. With the gradual increase in demand and dominant share of fossil fuels in the energy mix, implementing the energy efficiency measures is crucial for Indonesia to achieve its energy and climate goals. From the policy perspective, National Energy plan of Indonesia aims to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency to reduce the overall energy intensity. Indonesia also has commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve SDG targets. This report reviews the current status of energy demand and energy efficiency in Indonesia and evaluates the potential of implementing energy efficiency measures and fuel switching options to achieve future low carbon energy future. Long term energy model of Indonesia is modelled using the open-source modelling tool OSeMOSYS. Different scenarios have been developed to investigate the outcome of implementing energy efficiency and fuel switching measures in the Residential, Commercial, and Transportation sectors. The results are presented in terms of reduction in total final energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and local air pollution. Cost-Benefit analysis of the applied measures present their financial feasibility. With the deployment of efficient appliances, up to 30% electricity savings can be achieved in the residential and commercial sector. Vehicle electrification can contribute towards reduction in annual energy use by 48% by the end of modelling period. Measures in the residential and commercial sector directly contribute towards emission reductions. Vehicle electrification does not show proportionate reduction in emissions compared to energy use reduction due to high carbon intensity of the electricity grid. However, significant reduction in local air pollutants can be achieved. Cost benefit analysis shows that deployment of efficient appliances is financially feasible with maximum 2 years of payback period. On the other hand, successful deployment of electric vehicles will require tangible support from government due to its high price premium compared to conventional vehicles. Energy efficiency measures and fuel switching also contribute substantially to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.3. In conclusion, this study presents a set of technically and economically feasible energy system development options for Indonesia. From the modelling perspective, this study identifies ways to implement demand side management measures in the energy supply modelling system OSeMOSYS.
Indonesiens energibehov har ökat snabbt drivet av ökande befolkning, urbanisering och snabbekonomisk tillväxt. Med ökande energibehov fortsätter utsläppen i energisektorn att öka. Medden gradvisa ökningen i efterfrågan och den dominerande andelen fossila bränslen ienergimixen är genomförandet av energieffektivitetsåtgärderna avgörande för att Indonesienska uppnå sina energi- och klimatmål. Ur politiskt perspektiv syftar Indonesiens nationella energiplan till att uppnå högre nivåer av energieffektivitet för att minska den totala energiintensiteten. Indonesien har också åtaganden att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och uppnå SDG-mål. Denna rapport granskar den aktuella statusen för efterfrågan på energi och energieffektivitet i Indonesien och utvärderar potentialen för att genomföra energieffektivitetsåtgärder och alternativ för bränsleomkoppling för att uppnå framtida energiförbrukning med låg koldioxid. Indonesiens långsiktiga energimodell modelleras med hjälp av open-sourcemodelleringsverktyget OSeMOSYS. Olika scenarier har utvecklats för att undersöka resultatet av genomförande av energieffektivitet och bränsleomkopplingsåtgärder inom bostads-, kommersiellt och transportsektorn. Resultaten presenteras i termer av minskning av den totalaslutliga energiförbrukningen, växthusgasutsläpp och lokal luftföroreningar. Kostnadsnyttoanalys av de tillämpade åtgärderna utgör deras ekonomiska genomförbarhet. Med användning av effektiva apparater kan upp till 30% elbesparing uppnås i bostads- och affärssektorn. Fordonselektrifiering kan bidra till minskning av den årliga energiförbrukningen med 48% i slutet av modelleringsperioden. Åtgärder inom bostads- och kommersiell sektor bidrar direkt till utsläppsminskningar. Fordonselektrifiering visar inte proportionell minskning av utsläpp jämfört med energiförbrukningen på grund av hög kolintensitet i elnätet. Emellertid kan en betydande minskning av lokala luftföroreningar uppnås. Kostnads för delningsanalys visar att distribution av effektiva apparater är ekonomiskt möjlig med maximalt 2 års återbetalningsperiod. Å andra sidan kommer framgångsrik distribution av elfordon att kräva konkret stöd från regeringen på grund av dess höga prispremie jämfört med konventionella fordon. Energi effektivitetsåtgärder och bränsleomkoppling bidrar också väsentligt till att uppnå mål för hållbar utveckling 7.3. Sammanfattningsvis presenterar denna studie en uppsättning tekniska och ekonomiskt genomförbara energisystemutvecklingsalternativ för Indonesien. Från modelleringsperspektivet identifierar denna studie sätt att implementera hanteringsåtgärder på efterfrågesidan i modelleringssystemet för energiförsörjning OSeMOSYS.

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47

Friman, Max. "Techno-economic analysis of solar powered hydrogen production in vicinity of Swedish steel industries." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281961.

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The world’s steel industries account for 7% of the global CO2 emissions and the demand for steel is estimated to increase in the near future. Swedish steel manufactures are investigating processes to produce steel in an environmental friendly way. One attractive option is to include hydrogen gas as much as possible in the processes. This thesis investigates hydrogen production from solar power in vicinity of 7 different steel producing facilities in Sweden. The objective is to construct systems with electrolyzers, PV and storage to possibly lower the cost of operation as well as lowering the CO2 emissions. The types of industries investigated are divided into two groups. The first group consists of industries with no current hydrogen demand. These industries are evaluated with a system which produces hydrogen from PV during the summer and storing it until winter when electricity prices increase. Then the hydrogen is converted back to electricity with a fuel cell. The second group consists of industries with a existing demand of hydrogen. These industries are evaluated with a system similar to the first, but the hydrogen is used in gasous form in melt-shops and furnaces, not as a source for electricity. The systems are evaluated on two parameters; the change in CO2 emissions and NPV. The system for group one showed a negative NPV for all industries, as well as an increase of CO2 emissions. The system for group two showed both positive NPV and a decrease in CO2 emissions compared to operations as it is done today. As a conclusion of this thesis, industries would benefit from producing their own hydrogen gas at the facilities if they use it as a raw product. If it shall be used as storage for electricity usage, the storage cost today are too high.
Världens stålindustrier bidrar till 7% av de totala CO2 utsläppen, och efterfrågan av stål i världen antas öka. I Sverige undersöker ståltillverkare nya mer miljövänliga alternativ för att producera stål. Ett av dessa alternativ är att i större utsträckning använda använda vätgas i stålproduktione. Syftet för denna uppsats var att undersöka hur vätgasproduktion från solkraft i närhet av 7 svenska stålindustrier påverkar CO2 utsläpp samt driftkostnader. Detta gjordes genom att bygga system bestående av elektrolysörer, PV samt förvaring. Det 7 industrierna blev uppdelade i två grupper. Den första gruppen består av industrier som inte använder sig utav vätgas idag. Dessa industrier undersöktes med ett system där vätgas produceras från solkraft under sommarhalvåret för att lagras till vintern, då priset på elektricitet ökar. Vätgasen blir då omväxlad till elektricitet via en bränslecell. Den andra gruppen består av industrier som redan använder sig utav vätgas. Dessa industrier undersöktes med ett system som liknar det första, men här används vätgasen som råprodukt i ugnar, och omvandlas därav inte till elektricitet. Båda systemen mättes på två parametrar, skillnad i CO2 utsläpp och NPV. Alla industrier som utvärderades med första systemet visade en ökning i CO2 utsläpp och negativa NPV. Industrierna i grupp två som utvärderades med det andra systemet visade båden en förminskning i CO2 utsläpp samt possitiva NPV. Slutsatsen av denna uppsats är att industrier som använder sig utav vätgas som råvara skulle gynnas av att producera vätgasen själva. Om vätgasen ska användas till elektricitet vid ett senare tillfälle är kostnaden för förvaring idag alldeles för hög.

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48

Madugu, Fatima Usman. "Modelling and analysis of the techno-economic and social impacts of an algal oil." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9759.

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The economic viability for a microalgae production facility for the production of algal oil and bioproducts remains challenging and unanswered. Important aspects not investigated in assessment of the economic viability of algal oil are the social benefits, such as employment, local earnings and outputs created from such facilities. A model that is able to include both techno-economic and social benefits can help provide answers on the future of these technologies. The development of this type of model requires a combination of techno-economic and social impact theory. This thesis presents an integrated model that estimates the social (employment earnings, and output) and techno-economic impacts generated from a microalgae production facility. A process and system configuration of the algal production chain is selected first. The construction costs of the equipment are then calculated, followed by overall capital cost calculation. Then, the operating costs are estimated by multiplying the resources and energy usage rate by a unit price. Employment, earnings, and output generated from constructing and operating the facility is then calculated using output from the capital and operating cost with input – output multipliers to measure the impact of the series of effects generated by expenditure. The model as far as the author knows, is the first techno-economic model that addresses the social impact. A parametric analysis is carried out using two different methods to determine the viability of an algal oil production facility. Taking the economic costs and the operating parameters from the socio- techno-economic model, some key parameters are changed across a range of values, and their influence on the final cost of algal oil and job impact are analysed. The results shows highest cost contributor to the algal oil cost comes from capital costs. Productivity rate and lipid content have the highest impact both on the final algal oil costs, and the social impact outputs. Improvement would need to be made both in biology and system units.

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49

Basavalingappa, Sharat. "Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System with Battery storage : A Brief Techno-Economic Analysis." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40444.

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Most of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and nuclear. People are realizing the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. Therefore, in recent year there has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity. One such recent trend is solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. This ever-increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be producers or “Prosumers”. Due to the irregular production capability of solar PV, the need for an energy storage system like a battery bank is on the rise as well. This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank to supply the annual electricity demand for a household with little to no support from the grid. The building is assumed to be located in Bangalore, India. The energy demand for the household is estimated based on the requirements of a basic Indian house standard. The size and configuration of each component have been done with regards to the total load demand. Furthermore, the cost of the whole system is estimated in order to evaluate the feasibility of the grid-tied system from an economic perspective. The results show that a PV system consisting of four 270W solar panels, a battery bank of eight150Ah lead-acid batteries and a 48V 4kW inverter is required to meet the annual energy demand of the house. The results show that from a technical standpoint, the above-mentioned technology is feasible. The results from the economic evaluation show that the localized cost of energy(LCOE) for the system is ₹6.01/kWh or € 0.078/kWh or 0.84SEK/kWh and the payback time for the given system is 16.19 years. On the bright side, there are new technological advancements in the PV field every day, which could mean that an energy system of this type can be an achievable and practical alternative. Most of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and nuclear. People are realizing the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. Therefore, in recent year there has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity. One such recent trend is solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. This ever-increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be producers or “Prosumers”. Due to the irregular production capability of solar PV, the need for an energy storage system like a battery bank is on the rise as well. This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank to supply the annual electricity demand for a household with little to no support from the grid. The building is assumed to be located in Bangalore, India. The energy demand for the household is estimated based on the requirements of a basic Indian house standard. The size and configuration of each component have been done with regards to the total load demand. Furthermore, the cost of the whole system is estimated in order to evaluate the feasibility of the grid-tied system from an economic perspective. The results show that a PV system consisting of four 270W solar panels, a battery bank of eight 150Ah lead-acid batteries and a 48V 4kW inverter is required to meet the annual energy demand of the house. The results show that from a technical standpoint, the above-mentioned technology is feasible. The results from the economic evaluation show that the localized cost of energy (LCOE) for the system is ₹6.01/kWh or € 0.078/kWh or 0.84SEK/kWh and the payback time for the given system is 16.19 years. On the bright side, there are new technological advancements in the PV field every day, which could mean that an energy system of this type can be an achievable and practical alternative.

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50

Ruan, Tianqi. "Techno-Economic Analysis of an Innovative Purely Solar Driven Combined Cycle System based on Packed Bed TES Technology." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264353.

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With increasing awareness of environmental issues and worldwide requirements for sustainable development, renewable energy technologies with lower environmental impact, especially those having abundant resources like wind and solar energy, attract more attention. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is one of the most promising solar energy technologies. Indeed, thermal energy storage (TES) units could be integrated into CSP plants, enhancing their flexibility and capacity factor. However, tower based CSP plants still remain cost intensive. This study evaluates the performance of a 55MWe combined-cycle CSP plant with rock-bed TES located in Sevilla, Spain. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the influence of critical parameters. Furthermore, in order to decrease the costs with increasing efficiency, improved CSP plant schemes have been proposed. In the study, EES, SAM and TRNSYS are used to design and simulate the model from technological perspective, then the capital and operational costs are calculated in MATLAB. For one-year simulation of the designed case, the performance of the plant is determined by the trade-off among several conflicting factors. The study focuses on three key indicators to measure the performance- levelized costs of electricity (LCoE), capital expenditure (CAPEX) and efficiency factor (UF). As long as CAPEX is within the acceptable range, LCoE would be the most concerned one-as low as possible, then followed by UF. Compared to conventional CCGT plant, the proposed combined-cycle tower-based CSP plant, with efficiency of 0.49 and LCoE of 196USD/MWe, enables efficiency improvements, while both CAPEX and LCoE are higher. On the other hand, it has to be noticed that CCGT relies on fuel (natural gas) price, which means higher risks and operational expenditure (OPEX). A sensitivity study is involved varying gas turbine expansion ratio (to vary its outlet temperature and therefore supply power for the bottoming Rankine cycle), size of TES and solar multiple (SM). It can be found that same LCoE and UF could be achieved with lower CAPEX by setting appropriate parameters. The study also introduces two improved CSP plant schemes with sensitivity study. To some extent, the LCoE decreases due to increasing power output and the efficiency of the system simultaneously increases.
Med ökad medvetenhet om miljöfrågor och globala krav på hållbar utveckling lockar förnybar energi teknologi med lägre miljöpåverkan, särskilt de som har stora resurser som vind och solenergi, mer uppmärksamhet. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) är en av de mest lovande solenergi teknologierna. Faktiskt kan värmeenergi lagringsenheter integreras i CSP-anläggningar, vilket förbättrar deras flexibilitet och kapacitetsfaktor. Träbaserade CSP-anläggningar är dock fortfarande kostnads intensiva. Denna studie utvärderar prestandan för en 55MWe CSP-anläggning med kombinerad cykel med TESsandbädd i Sevilla, Spanien. Känslighetsanalys har utförts för att bedöma påverkan av kritiska parametrar. För att minska kostnaderna med ökad effektivitet har dessutom förbättrade CSP-anläggningsprogram föreslagits. I studien används EES, SAM och TRNSYS för att designa och simulera modellen ur teknologiskt perspektiv, sedan beräknas kapital och driftskostnader i MATLAB. För ett års simulering av det planerade fallet bestäms anläggningens prestanda av bytet mellan flera motstridiga faktorer. Studien fokuserar på tre nyckelindikatorer för att mäta prestandanivå kostnaderna för el (LCoE), investeringar (CAPEX) och effektivitetsfaktor (UF). Så länge CAPEX ligger inom det acceptabla intervallet, skulle LCoE vara den mest bekymrade en så låg som möjligt, följt av UF. Jämfört med konventionell CCGT-anläggning möjliggör den föreslagna träbaserade CSP-anläggningen med kombinerad cykel med effektivitet 0,49 och LCoE på 196USD / MWe effektivitetsförbättringar, medan både CAPEX och LCoE är högre. Å andra sidan måste man notera att CCGT förlitar sig på bränslepriset (naturgas), vilket innebär högre risker och driftsutgifter (OPEX). En känslighetsstudie är involverad med varierande utvidgning förhållande för gasturbin (för att variera dess utloppstemperatur och därmed leverera ström för botten Rankine-cykeln), storlek på TES och sol multipel (SM). Det kan konstateras att samma LCoE och UF skulle kunna uppnås med lägre CAPEX genom att ställa in lämpliga parametrar. Studien introducerar också två förbättrade CSP-anläggningar med känslighetsstudie. I viss utsträckning minskar LCoE på grund av ökad effekt och systemets effektivitet ökar samtidigt.

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