Дисертації з теми "Technical sociology"
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1
Attwood-Charles, William. "Post-Bureaucratic Organizations: Normative and Technical Dimensions." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108138.
Анотація:
Thesis advisor: Juliet B. SchorIn this dissertation, I study dynamics of inequality in three post-bureaucratic organizations: a makerspace and two on-demand labor platforms for couriers. I focus on three aspects of post-bureaucracy: 1) Identity work and social clorure. 2) Dynamics of status and distinction making. 3) Technology as an alternative to rational-bureaucratic and value-rational organizations, and the experience of technologically organized work. Collectively, these cases explore how institutional orders are created, reproduced, and transformed in organizations that reject interpersonal authority relationships. As a social technology for coordinating activity, bureaucracies rely upon formalized rules, responsibilities, and impersonal authority relationships. In a completely rationalized bureaucracy, coordination is achieved through rigid adherence to codified roles and procedures, as well as deference to designated superiors within a bureaucratic hierarchy. Post-bureaucratic organizations, by contrast, eschew formalized interpersonal authority relationships - typically emphasizing normative and technical controls. For example, many high-tech organizations group workers into teams that negotiate and enforce norms. Material technology may also be used by organizations as a method to coordinate and manage workers, as in the case of on-demand labor platforms that direct workers via software technology. Like conventional bureaucracies, post-bureaucratic organizations are susceptible to a variety of pathologies. Two tendencies, however, are particularly salient: anomie and reification. Technical control involves reifying aspects of an institutional order that otherwise would be interactively negotiated and enforced. One risk in reifying an institutional order is that it will be incapable of responding to changes in the environment. In contrast to the problem of an institutional order that is too stable, anomie is a quality of normlessness and an ambiguous institutional order. Previous research suggests commitment forms of organizing are susceptible to anomic tendencies. In such weakly institutionalized environments where norms are open for negotiation, there can be considerable competition between individuals over how to define norms and practices. These individual status competitions may come at the expense of collective goals, in addition to being an avenue by which race, gender, and class inequalities are produced and reproduced
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
2
Ross, Priscilla. "A town like Nelson : the social implications of technical change in a Lancashire mill town." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335673.
3
Kepenek, Emek Baris. "Socio- Technical Issues In Youth Employment: Case Of The Furniture Sector In Ankara." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610869/index.pdf.
Анотація:
The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how the technological developments implemented in the production processes and organizational structures of small and medium sized enterprises affect the skilling and thus the employment process of youth in these enterprises. The furniture sector of Turkey is chosen as a specific industrial sector for this research.
4
Van, Buren Paul E. "A comparative study of qualifications and motivations of US agricultural scientists accessed by aid for overseas work in 1981 /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487264603217529.
5
Mardis, Nicole. "The state of health information technology standards: the conflation of the technical and the political in the development of a pan-Canadian electronic health record system." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67001.
Анотація:
The convergence of political and technical challenges is demonstrated in a case study on a collaborative initiative to develop a pan-Canadian Electronic Health Record (EHR) system. It is argued that the juxtaposition of different domains, procedures, knowledge bases, and entities involved in establishing a pan-Canadian EHR has resulted in the development of a new, hybrid form of collaboration.Cette étude de cas d'un projet collaboratif de développement d'un dossier de santé électronique (DSE) pan-canadien démontre que le déroulement de ce projet a donné lieu à une convergence d'enjeux politiques et techniques. La juxtaposition de différents domaines, procédures, bases de connaissances, et entités impliqués dans l'établissement d'un DSE pancanadien a ainsi abouti à l'élaboration d'une nouvelle forme hybride de collaboration.
6
Tarr, James Michael. "Should the United States Environmental Protection Agency's policy on the technical impracticability waivers be changed?" Thesis, American Military University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1691468.
Анотація:
This research tests and answers the main question: Should the Environmental Protection Agency’s Policy on the Technical Impracticability Waivers be changed? This research uses public and private databases for collecting information on the Comprehensive Environmental Recovery and Liability Act sites with Technical Impracticability Waivers and examines the process the Environmental Protection Agency uses to make Technical Impracticability Waivers evaluations. Existing data demonstrates the Environmental Protection Agency has been very conservative and has granted few Technical Impracticability Waivers over the last 30 years. Several arguments for changing Environmental Protection Agency’s policy are made. A comparison of approved Technical Impracticability Waivers sites and sites that meet the criteria for approval but have not been submitted for the waiver are used in this research. The results indicate that the policy should be changed. A policy change would be beneficial to appropriate funds to the more complex and critical sites. A change in policy would also save taxpayers funds instead of being spent on experimentation on sites that are impracticable to clean up, these funds would go to more critical sites. The research also shows a need for collecting a database of sites that Environmental Protection Agency has rejected for a Technical Impracticability Waiver.
7
Sovacool, Benjamin K. "The Power Production Paradox: Revealing the Socio-Technical Impediments to Distributed Generation Technologies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27058.
Анотація:
Dramatic improvements in renewable energy and small-scale distributed generation (DG) technologies have been made in the last twenty years. Nevertheless, they remain underutilized in the American electric utility system. Despite the immense environmental, technical, and financial promise of renewable energy systems and DG technologies, such generators still constitute a very small percentage of electricity generation capacity in the United States. This relative neglect occurs despite remarkable gains in their technical performance and reductions in their cost of producing powerâ the result (in part) of dramatic government support for several decades. Moreover, the technologies often demonstrate great environmental benefits that appeal to policymakers and consumers. At the same time, they offer ways to enhance strained distribution and transmission networks.
This project attempts to answer the apparently paradoxical question: why do new energy technologies that offer such impressive benefits also find the least use? The dissertation emphasizes how the history and culture of the community of electricity producers and users helps explain why the new technologies have seen little use. Going beyond technical explanations of alleged low capacity factors and high capital costs, it focuses on the social nature of decision making among participants in the electric utility system. The approach not only helps us understand the glossing over of renewable energy and distributed generation technologies, but also suggests ways of overcoming the barriers faced by their advocates.Ph. D.
8
Erasmus, Anna Wouterina. "Research at Technikons : the journey from apprenticeship training to technological degrees." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21450.
Анотація:
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents the findings and conclusions of the function of research in the technikons’ journey from apprenticeship training to technological degrees. The analysis and interpretation of primary sources on the development of technical higher education and research revealed that research developments at technikons evolved in a pattern so closely resembling and reflecting an evolving technical education mission that it is difficult if not impossible to pinpoint cause and effect. The evolving technical education mission was characterised by diversity entrenched in the provision of technical education, a continuing problematic process of differentiation between vocational and technical education, the development of formal centrally-controlled technical higher education and continuous differences between the Education Department and the sector officials on the nature of the technical higher qualifications and the role of research in these qualifications. As a result of the factors characterising the development of technical higher education, gaps were created between the technikon officials’ vision of research at technikons, the strategies and plans to establish a research culture and the technikons’ research performance. In addition, an evaluation of technikon research performance in terms of the nature, scope, content and volume of research reflects a limited understanding of the relation between the input factors and the process factors utilised to lead to a system capable of sustaining a research culture, especially in view of maintaining the newly-assigned University status.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie dissertasie handel oor die bevindinge en slotsom ten opsigte van die funksie van navorsing in die technikons se reis van vakleerlingskapopleiding tot die aanbied van tegnologiese grade. Die analise en interpretasie van primêre bronne wat handel oor die ontwikkeling van hoër tegniese onderwys en navorsing het bewys dat navorsingontwikkeling by technikons op ‘n manier ontwikkel het dat dit die evolusie van die tegniese onderwysmissie streng navolg en reflekteer. Dit maak dit moeilik, indien nie onmoontlik nie, om die oorsaak en gevolg vas te stel. Die evolusie van die tegniese onderwysmissie is gekenmerk deur diversiteit wat ingebed is in die voorsiening van tegniese onderwys, ‘n voortdurende problematiese proses van differensiasie tussen beroeps- en tegniese onderwys, die ontwikkeling van formele sentraalbeheerde hoër tegniese onderwys en voortdurende verskille tussen die Department van Onderwys en die sektorbeamptes oor die aard van die hoër tegniese kwalifikasies en die rol van navorsing in hierdie kwalifikasies. As gevolg van die faktore wat die ontwikkeling van hoër tegniese onderwys gespeel het, het gapings ontstaan tussen die technikonbeamptes se visie van navorsing aan technikons, die strategieë en planne wat ontwikkel is om ‘n navorsingskultuur te vestig en die technikons se navorsingsuitsette. Saam daarmee het ‘n evaluasie van technikonnavorsingprestasie in terme van die aard, omvang, inhoud en volume ‘n beperkte begrip van die verhouding tussen insetfaktore en die prosesfaktore wat gebruik word om tot ‘n sisteem te lei wat daartoe in staat is om ‘n navorsingskultuur te onderhou, gereflekteer, veral met die doel om die nuuttoegekende universiteitstatus te onderhou.
9
Fernandez, Michaël. "D'un futur incertain à un certain avenir : Alignement des anticipations et déploiement de l'hydrogène en France et au Japon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALH002.
Анотація:
L’intégration de l’hydrogène dans les schémas de transition énergétique suscite de nombreux débats. La multitude des positionnements observée à son égard est symptomatique de l’incertitude qu’il médiatise. De cette observation émerge une question structurante : comment est pensé et gouverné le déploiement de l’hydrogène ? Pour tenter d’y répondre, cette recherche s’inscrit dans le sillage de la sociologie des anticipations développée par Jens Beckert. Mettant en lumière la dimension sociale et politique de la fabrique du futur, celle-ci permet d’explorer le déploiement de l’hydrogène sous deux angles distincts et complémentaires. A travers un premier prisme sociotechnique, elle investit le processus de légitimation par lequel l’hydrogène est intégré dans les schémas de transition énergétique. Associée à un angle socioéconomique, elle met ensuite en évidence la façon dont se transpose un futur sociotechnique dans des objets comme les politiques publiques de soutien et les agencements marchands, tout en investiguant la légitimité de l’Etat ou du marché à gérer les incertitudes relatives à ce déploiement. De cette façon, cette thèse appréhende le déploiement de l’hydrogène, et plus largement les politiques de transition, comme des tentatives d’alignement des anticipations. De manière transversale, elle adopte une démarche essentiellement inductive, explorant son objet d’étude par le biais des controverses observées parmi les acteurs publics et privés. Elle se caractérise aussi et surtout par la comparaison qu’elle opère entre les situations française et japonaise, qui fournissent deux cas d’étude empirique d’une grande richesse. Les deux trajectoires nationales laissent en effet entrevoir la plasticité qui caractérise l’hydrogène, qu’il s’agisse du rôle qui lui est confié dans le cadre de la transition énergétique, ou de l’organisation sociotechnique et socioéconomique de son déploiement. En France, où la pertinence énergétique et environnementale de cette molécule est le centre de gravité des débats, le statut qui lui est accordé a significativement évolué ces dernières années. Débordant du seul champ sociotechnique, cette évolution se traduit notamment dans les débats relatifs à sa qualification et au développement d’un soutien public discriminant. La centralité de cette problématique est particulièrement visible alors qu’émergent autour de l’hydrogène, du fait d’une crise sanitaire inédite, des velléités de réindustrialisation. En comparaison, le cas japonais contraste fortement avec le précédent. La légitimité sociotechnique de l’hydrogène repose d’abord sur un récit de sécurité de l’approvisionnement énergétique et l’organisation temporelle du déploiement implique en premier lieu une diffusion d’usages novateurs de la molécule. En conséquence, les débats liés son origine énergétique n’ont pas la même portée. Par ailleurs, alors que l’enjeu industriel du déploiement de l’hydrogène semble apparaître en France a posteriori de la question énergétique, la motivation industrielle est historiquement au cœur de la trajectoire japonaiseThe integration of hydrogen into energy transition schemes generates a lot of debates. The numerous positions observed toward this object demonstrate how much uncertainties it involves. Based on this observation, how to construct and manage such technological deployment? as an attempt of answer, this PhD thesis mobilizes the sociology of expectations developed by Jens Beckert. Highlighting social and political nature of future’s production, it allows to explore the hydrogen deployment through two different and complementary angles. Through a sociotechnical one, it allows to study the legitimation process through which hydrogen is integrated into energy transition. Then, through a socioeconomical angle, it underlines the way how a sociotechnical future translates within items such as public support policies and making of the market, and also investigates the legitimacy of State and market to manage uncertainties related to this deployment. This thesis approaches the hydrogen deployment, and broadly the transition policies, as attempts of alignment of expectations. Transversally, this research adopts an inductive method, exploring the hydrogen deployment through the controversies identified among public and private actors. This work is especially characterised by a comparison between the French and the Japanese situations, which bring rich empirical cases. The two national trajectories give a glimpse of the malleability of hydrogen, whether it is the role given to it within energy transition, or the sociotechnical and socioeconomical organisation of the deployment. In France, where the energy and environmental relevance of this molecule is the core of the debates, the status given to hydrogen has significantly changed for the last years. Overflowing from the only sociotechnical field, this trend translates within debates about the way how qualifying hydrogen and developing a selective support. The centrality of this issue is especially visible when, due to an unprecedent health crisis, reindustrialisation target emerges. By comparison, the Japanese case sharply contrasts with the previous one. Hydrogen’s sociotechnical legitimacy is based first on a narrative of energy supply security, and the temporal configuration of deployment involves first the diffusion of innovative uses for the molecule. As a result, the debates related to its energetical origin do not have a similar range. Moreover, whereas the industrial issue of hydrogen deployment seems to emerge in France after the framing of the energy one, industrial motivation is historically at the heart of the Japanese trajectory
10
Gurney, Sarah. "Gender, work-life balance and health amongst women and men in administrative, manual and technical jobs in a single organisation : a qualitative study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1641/.
Анотація:
There is increasing interest in how people manage the multiple demands of paid work, home and personal life, and the consequences that failure to achieve ‘balance' between these domains may have on health. There has been limited qualitative research exploring the meanings and connections people attach to gender, ‘work-life balance’ and health; this is particularly so for workers who do not occupy managerial or professional jobs. To fill this gap in the literature this qualitative study examined narratives about ‘work-life balance’ amongst women and men working in ‘non-professional’ jobs in a single organisation. Forty semi-structured interviews were carried out with women and men working in administrative, technical and manual jobs within a single organisation based in various cities across the UK. As with the wider labour market, jobs were largely segregated by sex; all the administrative workers were women, whilst all but one of the manual employees were men. The sample included people who worked full-time and part-time, along with participants who also had other employment or were in further education. The sample was diverse in relation to age and family situation. The study was framed within the context of Clark’s (2000) work/family border theory, which aims to explain how individuals balance paid work and family, and construct the borders between these domains. The thesis focused on paid employment, family, leisure, and reported experiences of work-life balance amongst the sample. It concludes by revisiting Clark’s work/family border theory, considering the importance of different domains and borders for this sample, and the role of gender within the theory. The accounts of work-life balance given by these participants differed from those reported in studies of professional employees. Whilst much of the literature problematises paid work as being the main source of conflict, within this sample experiences varied. Due to the relatively low-paid nature of the work carried out amongst the sample, in many instances the necessity of work in providing for self and family predominated over considerations of work-life balance. Borders surrounding the leisure domain were highly permeable, meaning this domain was often compromised by work and family demands. Participants generally held traditional attitudes to gender roles, particularly in relation to the domestic sphere. This influenced choices constructed around paid work, and experiences of work-life balance. Health was not a key concern, although high levels of strain in different spheres, particularly in relation to the home and family sphere, led to stress for some participants.
11
Gresham, Mitchell. "An Examination of the Effects of Living Arrangements, Family Social Support, Employment, and Neighborhood Perceptions on the Likelihood of Parole Noncompliance and Re-incarceration for Technical Violations and New Crime among Men and Women." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1596189415457845.
12
Guerrini, Daniel. "Software livre no Brasil : que política para a inovação?" reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/21513.
Анотація:
Neste trabalho discutem-se as políticas de implementação de software livre no Brasil dos governos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, do Paraná e da União Federativa, de 2002 a 2008. O objetivo foi compreender os procedimentos de legitimação pública destas políticas. E para esta análise focou-se a atuação dos gestores das políticas, cujos objetivos mais destacados eram o de alcançar a autonomia tecnológica e o de instituir práticas colaborativas para o desenvolvimento. Como referencial teórico, discutiu-se a inovação técnica situada como parte da teoria habermasiana sobre a racionalização moral-prática das relações sociais institucionalizadas de uma sociedade histórica. Coletou-se, para tanto, material jornalístico e documentos disponíveis na internet, que contivessem os discursos dos gestores em busca da legitimação pública das políticas analisadas. Com o material empírico se pôde observar uma ação administrativa, no que diz respeito ao discurso dos gestores, para a legitimação das políticas. Entre as instâncias observadas, que validaram tal hipótese, está a predominância da atuação do Poder Executivo na condução das políticas, a identificação das qualidades técnicas do software livre com a solução de problemas sociais e a assimilação imediata de uma ética particular no âmbito da vida pública. Conclui-se que as políticas de implementação do software livre no Brasil, sem passarem pelo crivo de uma justificação pública e racional, não engendraram um ambiente autônomo de inovação para este setor da economia informacional. Elas tiveram por base a conquista de privilégios políticos por um grupo particular da sociedade civil, em um país de marco institucional historicamente refratário à autonomia dos sujeitos.In this article we discussed the free software implementation policies in Brazil in the federal government, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná, from 2002 to 2008. The aim of this study is to comprehend the procedure behind the public legitimation of these policies. In order to develop this analysis, we have focused on the action of the managers of these policies, whose most highlighted objectives were those of trying to achieve technological autonomy and of establishing collaborative practices towards economic growth. As a theoretical framework, the technical innovation debate was placed as part of Habermas' theory about the moral-practical rationalization of a society. Journalistic material available on the Internet which contained those managers' discourse to pursue the public legitimation of the analysed policies was therefore gathered. Thus it was possible to observe an administrative action towards the legitimations of the policies. Among the observed instances that have validated such hypothesis are the predominant action of the Executive Branch in dealing with the policies and the identification of the technical qualities of the free software with the solution of social problems. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that the policies of implementation of the free software in Brazil did not create an autonomous environment of innovation for this sector of the national informational economy. Those policies were based on the achievements of political privileges by a particular group of the civil society, in a country of institutional framework historically contrary to citizen’s public autonomy.
13
Johnson, Taylor B. "Analysis of User Interfaces in the Sharing Economy." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7174.
Анотація:
This thesis considers claims of discrimination and the interfaces that six platforms use as companies in the sharing economy.
In 2015, Benjamin Edelman, Michael Luca, and an Svirsky did an experiment with Airbnb to test the discrimination of names that sounded distinctly African American. Before and after their findings, there were members of the community who claimed that they had been discriminated against, some suing the company for not upholding their anti-discrimination policy. This leads to the question of how is one able to discriminate against someone whom they have never met and lives thousands of miles away? What information do they have to hold against them? As a result, this thesis provides a rhetorical analysis of the interfaces of six companies of the sharing economy.
14
Luo, Yan. "Radical Architecture, Collective Mindfulness, and Information Technology: A Dialectical Analysis of Risk Control in Complex Socio-Technical Systems." online version, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=case1228450166.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009.Department of Information Systems, Weatherhead School of Management. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.
15
Prozesky, H. E. (Heidi Eileen). "Gender differences in the publication productivity of South African scientists." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17330.
Анотація:
Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is aimed at describing gender difference in publication productivity among South African academic authors, and to develop an understanding of possible reasons for these differences. It is argued that the lack of empirical knowledge of publication productivity of academics in South Africa needs to be addressed, as scientific communication through publication is one of the most central social processes in science. Moreover, one form of scientific publication, the peer-reviewed article, has become the single most important aspect according to which academics in South Africa and abroad are rewarded. The focus on gender differences is motivated by the fact that women have been strengthening their representation in South African HEIs, but not their proportional contribution to our country’s output of accredited research articles. A review of the past four decades of empirical and theoretical work on the gender gap in publication productivity leads the author to identify three sets of factors that may account for its existence: gender-socialised differences between women and men, women’s greater family responsibilities, and gender-related deficits in the academic workplace. However, none of these sets of variables by themselves satisfactorily account for gender differences in publication productivity, and they should not be considered independent from each other. The literature review is followed by a review of methodological considerations that need to be taken into account when studying gender differences in publication productivity. Against this background, the advantages and limitations associated with the first empirical project of the dissertation - a secondary analysis of SA Knowledgebase, an existing bibliometric database - are identified. This analysis is aimed at quantifying gender differences in the publication productivity of South African academic authors; at controlling for relevant variables (race, age, highest qualification, rank, institutional affiliation and scientific domain); and at investigating gender differences in the tendency towards joint authorship. The results show that South African male authors publish almost twice as many articles in accredited journals than women authors do, but that the latter’s contribution to the total scientific publication output of South Africa has increased from 16 percent in 1990 to 24 percent in 2001. Part of the gender gap in publication productivity can be explained by women’s younger age, lower qualification level and lower rank as a gender group, but not by any tendency among women to co-author less than men do. This project was complemented by the analysis of primary data collected from the CVs of and qualitative interviews with sixteen highly productive South African academics. This second project contributes to the development of a more in-depth understanding of the way in which men and women’s publication productivity is differentially affected, in a predominantly male milieu and across the span of their careers, by their family responsibilities, non-research academic roles, and gender-socialisation. The dissertation concludes with an integration of the literature review with the main findings of the two projects, on the basis of which recommendations are made for future research, and proposals are made towards rendering the measurement of publication productivity more sensitive to the gender differences highlighted by the dissertation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif het ten doel om genderverskille in publikasieproduktiwiteit van Suid-Afrikaanse akademiese outeurs te beskryf, en om ʼn begrip te ontwikkel van moontlike redes vir dié verskille. Daar word aangevoer dat ʼn gebrek aan empiriese kennis oor die publikasieproduktiwiteit van akademici in Suid-Afrika aangespreek behoort te word, aangesien wetenskaplike kommunikasie deur middel van publikasie een van die mees sentrale proses in die wetenskap is. Daarbenewens het een vorm van wetenskaplike publikasie, die eweknie-beoordeelde artikel, die enkele belangrikste aspek geword waarvolgens akademici in Suid-Afrika en oorsee beloon word. Die fokus op genderverskille word gemotiveer deur die feit dat vroue hul verteenwoordiging in Suid-Afrikaanse hoër-onderwysinstellings versterk het, maar nie hul proporsionele bydrae tot ons land se uitset van geakkrediteerde navorsings-artikels nie. ʼn Oorsig van die afgelope vier dekades se empiriese en teoretiese werk oor die gender-gaping in publikasieproduktiwiteit lei tot die identifisering van drie stelle faktore wat die bestaan daarvan sou kon verklaar: gender-gesosialiseerde verskille tussen vroue en mans, vroue se swaarder gesinsverantwoordelikheidslas, en gender-verbandhoudende tekortkominge in die akademiese werkplek. Opsigself verklaar geen enkele van hierdie stelle veranderlikes egter gender-verskille in publikasieproduktiwiteit op ʼn bevredigende wyse nie, en hulle behoort nie onafhanklik van mekaar beskou te word nie. Die literatuur-oorsig word gevolg deur ’n oorsig van metodologiese oorwegings wat in ag geneem behoort te word ter bestudering van gender-verskille in publikasieproduktiwiteit. Teen hierdie agtergrond word die voordele en beperkinge verbonde aan die eerste empiriese projek van die proefskrif – ʼn sekondêre ontleding van SA Knowledgebase, ’n bestaande bibliometriese databasis - geïdentifiseer. Hierdie ontleding van is daarop gemik om gender-verskille in die publikasieproduktiwiteit van Suid-Afrikaanse akademiese outeurs te kwantifiseer; om vir relevante veranderlikes te kontroleer (ras, ouderdom, hoogste kwalifikasie, rang, institusionele affiliasie en wetenskaplike domein); en om gender-verskille in mede-outeurskap te ondersoek. Die resultate toon dat Suid-Afrikaanse man-outeurs bykans twee maal soveel artikels in geakkrediteerde vaktydskrifte as vroue-outeurs publiseer, maar dat laasgenoemde se bydrae tot die totale wetenskaplike publikasie-uitset van Suid-Afrika vanaf 16 persent in 1990 tot 24 persent in 2001 toegeneem het. Deel van die gender-gaping in publikasieproduktiwiteit kan verklaar word aan die hand van vroue se jonger ouderdom, laer kwalifikasievlak, en laer rang as ʼn gender-groep, maar nie aan die hand van enige neiging by vroue om minder as mans met andere te publiseer nie. Hierdie projek is aangevul deur die ontleding van primêre data wat ingesamel is vanuit die CV’s van, en kwalitatiewe onderhoude met sestien hoogs-produktiewe Suid-Afrikaanse akademici. Hierdie tweede projek dra by tot die ontwikkeling van ’n meer in-diepte begrip van die wyse waarop mans en vroue se gesinsverantwoordelikhede, hul nie-navorsingsverbandhoudende akademiese rolle, en hul gendersosialisering in ’n oorwegend manlike milieu en oor die bestek van hul loopbane heen differensieel op hul publikasieproduktiwiteit inwerk. Die proefskrif sluit af met ’n integrasie van die literatuur-oorsig met die hoofbevindinge van die twee projekte, op grond waarvan aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing gemaak word, en voorstelle aan die hand gedoen word vir die meting van publikasieproduktiwiteit wat sensitief sou wees vir die genderverskille wat in hierdie proefskrif uitgelig is.
16
Szuba, Mathilde. "Gouverner dans un monde fini : des limites globales au rationnement individuel, sociologie environnementale du projet britannique de politique de Carte carbone (1996-2010)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010540/document.
Анотація:
Au cours des années 2000, les gouvernements britanniques néo-travaillistes de Tony Blair et Gordon Brown ont porté un projet de politique publique appelé «Carte carbone», consistant à instaurer des quotas individuels d’émissions pour les particuliers. Ce projet avait initialement été formulé en 1996 par des chercheurs écologistes qui, en s’inspirant des politiques de rationnement passées, ont contribué à faire émerger un nouveau référentiel d’action publique structuré par l’idée de la finitude du monde. La mise à l’agenda de ce projet par les néo-travaillistes a cependant été suivie d’un travail de réinterprétation des limites environnementales, tendant à mettre à distance l’idée de finitude pour mieux concilier la carte carbone avec le référentiel environnementaliste de la modernisation écologique. Ce travail d’interprétation s’est doublé d’un processus d’aménagement des limites environnementales, encore éloignées par la rencontre du macrosystème énergétique avec les instruments du nouveau management public. Au terme de ce processus, le report sine die de la carte carbone témoigne d’une nouvelle relégation des limites environnementales aux marges de l’action publique. L’étude sociologique de la trajectoire institutionnelle de ce projet d’action publique vise à nourrir une réflexion plus théorique sur les difficultés d’émergence d’un référentiel de la finitude au temps de la crise écologique globale. À la lumière des travaux de la sociologie environnementale, il s’agira de montrer comment les réflexions politiques sur le rationnement participent à la recherche d’autres modalités de gouvernement dans un monde finiDuring the 2000s, the British New Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown have contemplated implementing a public policy called “Carbon card”, which consisted of allocating tradable emission rights to individuals. This project had originally been formulated in 1996 by green researchers who, drawing on past rationing policies, have contributed with this Carbon card to the emergence of a new public policy “référentiel” structured by the idea of ecological finiteness. Once agenda status was attained, however, this project was subjected to a reinterpretation of its environmental limits frame, that tended to relegate the idea of finitude, in an attempt to better conciliate the Carbon card with the ecological modernisation référentiel. This interpretation was coupled with a technical softening of environmental limits, still more relativized by the junction operated between the energy macrosystem and New Public Management-inspired policy instruments. At the outcome of this process, the indefinite postponement of the Carbon card reveals a renewed relegation of environmental limits to the margins of public action. The sociological study of the Carbon card’s institutional trajectory aims at feeding into a theoretical analysis of the obstacles to the emergence of a finitude référentiel, in a time of global ecological crisis. Drawing from environmental sociology, this work aims at showing that public policy research on rationing might contribute to investigating different ways of governing for a finite world
17
Bolinder, Veronica, and Sofia Ekström. "Användningen, funktionen och effekten av digitala möten : En kvalitativ fallstudie i den offentliga sektorn." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77905.
Анотація:
Communication is a fundamental process for organizations with meetings as the most important arena. The nonverbal language affects the transfer and the rendering of what is communicated. Digitization has changed the opportunities to communicate, where the possibility of nonverbal communication is limited. The aim of the study is to describe and analyze the technical domestication in meetings at two selected workplaces. The purpose is to contribute to research on digitizing organizations in general and workplace meetings in particular. We intend to achieve the goal and purpose of the survey by examining how the technology is handled and what it is attributed to it by the employees. This survey research the questions from a user perspective. Data has been gathered through a qualitative research method. 15 interviews have been conducted with public sector employees. The result has been analyzed based on the theoretical framework by Gidden’s structuring theory. Further the theoretical concepts nonverbal communication, digital trust and paralinguistic and expressive linguistic have been used. The results from the study indicates that physical meetings is to prefer before digital meetings. The conclusion is that digital meetings cannot replace physical meetings. However, digital meetings are able to provide a new way of working with meetings in working life. Another conclusion is that the employee's technical domestication is a consequence of a normative approach at the workplace.
18
Mohajeri, Kaveh. "THEORIZING WHEN USER REACTION TO IT IMPLEMENTATION IS NEITHER RESISTANCE NOR ACCEPTANCE, BUT CONSTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY OF HEALTHCARE IT IMPLEMENTATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3830.
Анотація:
The prevailing discourse of “resistance vs. acceptance” in IT implementation research mostly personalizes the issue as “users” versus IT implementers (e.g., managers, CIOs, CMIOs, etc.). This kind of discourse has created an IT-implementer-centric attitude among IS scholars and practitioners. The IT-implementer-centric attitude, while embraces “acceptance” as a desirable reaction almost unconditionally, frequently holds for minimizing or more conservatively suppressing “resistance” to IT implementation. In other words, the mainstream IT implementation research, almost completely, treats “users” as passive recipients whose choices, as they face pre-developed/pre-designed/pre-rolled-out technology being implemented, can only be defined on a spectrum from “acceptance” to “resistance.” The current research study, however, offers an alternative perspective that views the “resistance vs. acceptance” duality “from the other side,” i.e., from the perspective of the supposed “resistors” or “acceptors” themselves. Through a review of the literature, this study first identifies major drawbacks of the extant theories and models of IT implementation research. Next, drawing on an interpretive paradigm of research (more specifically, phenomenological sociology), this study investigates a real world case of healthcare IT implementation. The results of the aforementioned literature review and case investigation subsequently form the basis for the study’s proposed theoretical account, which provides an unprecedented understanding and explanation of how actors representing different stakeholder groups, among which people who are routinely called “users” are but one group, experience IT implementation as they live their everyday lives. The proposed theoretical account is lastly used as a guide for crafting both practical and research prescriptions with respect to managing IT-involved change occasions.
19
Villemaine, Robin. "Le conseil agricole coopératif à l'épreuve de l'environnement : une enquête en Champagne-Ardenne." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL001.
Анотація:
Les coopératives agricoles sont tantôt présentées comme une alternative au capitalisme financier, tantôt dénoncées pour leurs « résistances » à prendre en charge les problèmes d’environnement. Mais comment, concrètement, intègrent-elles ces enjeux dans leurs stratégies et leurs organisations ? Comment leurs agents sont-ils affectés dans leur travail par la montée des injonctions environnementales et comment font-ils avec ? J’aborde ces questions par l’analyse des dispositifs que ces entreprises déploient pour conseiller les agriculteurs, en m’appuyant sur une enquête socio-historique en Champagne-Ardenne. Je montre que la question de qui prend en charge les questions environnementales, et comment, structure les dynamiques du conseil coopératif. Les dirigeants des coopératives ajustent leur modèle économique et leurs dispositifs de conseil pour faire face à la concurrence et répondre aux critiques environnementales. D’un côté, ils internalisent la compétence de la durabilité dans leurs stratégies de création de richesses, en amont du conseil, afin de défendre des modalités d’écologisation de l’agriculture alignées avec leurs intérêts, tout en permettant aux agriculteurs individuels de déléguer la prise en charge de l’environnement. D’un autre côté, ils développent des démarches de conseil innovantes pour les agriculteurs refusant de déléguer cette compétence. Par ailleurs, les technico-commerciaux ne considèrent pas la prise en charge de l’environnement comme un moyen efficace de captation des clients. Ils font avec cette contrainte via leur expertise réglementaire, et développent de nouvelles compétences techniques pour répondre aux attentes diverses des agriculteursAgricultural cooperatives are sometimes presented as an alternative to the excesses of financial capitalism, and sometimes criticized because of their reluctance to cope with environmental concerns. But how, actually, do they integrate these environmental stakes into their strategies and organization? How are their agents affected in their work by the increase of environmental normalization, and how do they deal with them? I address these issues through the analysis of the schemes these organizations build to bring technical advice to the producers, with a socio-historical focus based on an investigation in the French Region Champagne-Ardenne. I show that the question “who handles the environmental concerns, and how” shapes the dynamic of these schemes. Executives of cooperatives adjust their economic model and advisement frame to cope with concurrence and to respond to environmental criticism. On the one hand, they integrate the competence of sustainability into their strategies of wealth creation, upstream of the advice activity, to defend ways of environmental reform of agriculture in line with their interest, and in the same time they let individual producers delegate a part of their environmental responsibility. On the other hand, they develop new advice methods for producers who don’t want to delegate this competence. Otherwise, technical sales advisors don’t think that dealing with environmental concerns is an effective means to strengthen their links with their customers. They do with this constraint through their regulatory expertise, and develop new competences to meet the producers’ request for services
20
Lück, Jacqueline Catherine. "Knowledge and knowing in the public management and public administration programmes at a comprehensive university." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013166.
Анотація:
Knowledge is often tacit and under researched in educational fields. In order for student access to knowledge and its related academic discourses to be facilitated, a deep understanding needs to be gained of the form that this knowledge takes. This study interrogates the ways in which knowledge is constituted in the first year of a Public Management Diploma and a Public Administration Degree at a comprehensive university in South Africa. The study takes a social realist approach that understands reality as fact but sees our knowledge thereof as a social phenomenon. The study was concerned with knowledge structures and knower structures as it argues that these have not been adequately accounted for in the sociology of education research. But this study comes to this concern from a strongly ideological view of student reading and writing. This study calls on a social practices approach that sees literacy as embedded within specific academic discourses, which vary from context to context. It uses this ideological understanding of literacy as the orienting framework for the study of knowledge. The study takes place in a Higher Education mileu that has begun to transform from its divisive past. The transformation brought about new institutional formations such as the comprehensive university, with its mix of vocational, professional and formative programmes and varied emphasis on contextual and conceptual curriculum coherence. Increasingly, the transformation agenda also shifts concern from simply providing physical access to a previously disenfranchised majority to ensuring full participation in the context of high attrition rates in first year and low retention rates. The data was analysed using the Specialisation Codes of Legitimation Code Theory to see what was being specialised in the Diploma and Degree curricula of the Public Management and Administration fields. These fields are characterised in the literature by ongoing tensions about focus, and perceptions of there being a theoretical vacuum and an inability to deal adequately with challenges in the South African public sector. Analysis of lecturer interviews and first-year curriculum documentation showed that both the Public Management Diploma and Public Administration Degree have stronger epistemic relations (ER), with an emphasis on claims to knowledge of the world. The data showed relatively weak social relations (SR), in that there was not the valuing of a particular lens on the world or a specific disposition required for legitimation within this field. The combination of ER+ and SR- indicates that these curricula are Knowledge Codes, where legitimation is through the acquisition of a set of skills and procedures. The programmes were characterised by fairly low-level procedural knowledge, which may point to a workplace-oriented direction that is dominant in the comprehensive university. In keeping with concerns raised in the literature about this field, there was little evidence of theoretical or propositional knowledge in the Public Management Diploma and while the Public Administration Degree had some evidence of this, it was arguably not to the extent expected of a degree as described in the National Qualifications Framework. This study was limited to the first-year of the Diploma and Degree and subsequent years could present different findings. Lecturers showed awareness of student challenges with literacy practices and made concerned attempts through various interventions to address this but they were found to value the surface features of writing practices over personal engagement with the knowledge. Though the expectations of student literacy practices in tests and assignments were aligned to the ways in which knowledge was constructed in the curriculum, there was little evidence of student induction into disciplinary discourses of the field as knowledge was presented as being neutral and student writing primarily took the form of retelling objective facts. The implications of these findings could include student exclusion from higher-level academic discourse, more powerful knowledge in the workplace and, finally, constrain them from becoming producers of knowledge.
21
Baro, Aurélie. "Principe d’efficience entre technique et économie : calculs de rendement des premiers moteurs électriques (1881 – 1914)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100043/document.
Анотація:
A la fin du 19ème siècle, le réseau électrique prend forme et l’électricité comme source d’énergie commence à être utilisée, pour l’éclairage et les communications principalement, et dans une moindre mesure comme force motrice. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les conditions sociologiques de calculs de rendement des premiers moteurs électriques, les méthodes théoriques et expérimentales utilisées par les premiers ingénieurs électriciens pour démontrer que les moteurs électriques pouvaient remplacer efficacement d’autres types de moteurs, vivants ou pas, alors disponibles dans l’industrie. Les machines électriques étaient également comparées entre elles, et celles qui permettaient d’obtenir un système de transport et de distribution avec le rendement le plus élevé étaient en théorie retenue par l’industrie. Dans la pratique, d’autres critères entraient en jeu, les électriciens défendant un certain type de machines ou de systèmes de transport devant aussi convaincre la communauté scientifique et l’industrie intéressées par leur découverte. S’appuyant sur l’analyse de ce contexte faite à partir de textes de revues techniques et de documents d’archives ainsi que de travaux de sociologie et d’histoire, cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre l’essor de ce type particulier de machines, symboles de la quête d’une certaine efficacitéAt the end of the 19th century, the electrical grid is taking shape and electricity as a source of energy starts to be used, mainly for lighting and communications, and to a lesser extent as a motor force. In this thesis, we analyze the sociological conditions of calculations of the efficiency of the first electric motors, the theoretical and experimental methods used by the first electrical engineers to demonstrate that electric motors could effectively replace other types of engines, alive or not, available in the industry. Electrical machines were also compared with each other, and the industry was theoretically used to produce the most efficient transmission and distribution system. In practice, other criteria came into play, as electricians defending a certain type of machinery or transport systems also had to convince the scientific community and industry interested in their discovery. Based on an analysis of this context made from texts from technical journals and archival documents, as well as from works of sociology and history, this thesis aims to better understand the development of this particular type of machines, symbols of the quest for a certain efficiency
22
Alexander, Stephanie J. H. "Views from the Summit: White Working Class Appalachian Males and Their Perceptionsof Academic Success." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1363701352.
23
Vlisides, James C. "Rendering the Other: Ideologies of the Neo-Oriental in World of Warcraft." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1363105916.
24
Farias, Bruna de. "CIÊNCIA, TÉCNICA E VALOR À LUZ DOS DISCURSOS BIOMÉDICOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6247.
Анотація:
The present research consists in a discussion and investigation about the issues regarding science, technicality, and the questions of value that permeate scientific practices and discourse. In a first moment, the dichotomy fact/value and the alleged neutrality of science is analyzed drawing on the contributions of philosophy and sociology authors. Some considerations on the concepts of technoscience, on the Weberian idea of science as well as Boltanski‟s notion of justification have enabled the operationalization of the objectives of this research. These objectives, in turn, have consisted in identifying how trainee biomedical scientists justify their professional practices in evaluative terms. To do so, interviews and observations in colloquiums, as well as dissertation defenses and lectures in the field have been used.Esta pesquisa consiste em uma discussão e investigação acerca de questões que versam sobre a ciência, o tecnicismo e as questões de valores que permeiam as práticas e o discurso científico. Em um primeiro momento foi realizada uma reflexão sobre a contribuição de autores da sociologia e filosofia acerca da dicotomia fato/valor e da suposta neutralidade da ciência. Algumas considerações sobre os conceitos de tecnociência, a ideia weberiana de ciência, bem como a noção de justificação de boltanski, permitiram operacionalizar os objetivos desta pesquisa. Esses objetivos, por sua vez, consistiram em identificar como os cientistas biomédicos em formação justificam valorativamente suas práticas profissionais. Para isso, fez-se uso de entrevistas e observações em colóquios, defesas de dissertação e palestras da área.
25
Santos, Daniela Rodrigues dos. "O corpo e a técnica : a superação do humano na modernidade técnica?" Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6289.
Анотація:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorWithin debates and disputes about the stature of the human and its importance within the technical development we face the multiplicity of approaches revealed. Contrary views beckon both the extinction of humanity, and to overcome them. The meaning attributed to men and their actions in pursuit of steady improvement of its biological apparatus imply specific understandings about society and about the technique, because it appears as a decisive force in the construction of new social paradigms. So we launched into the understanding of this scene in the modern technique, with special attention to the question about man and his supposed imminent end as a result of technological development seeking common links to competing perspectives, as well as their differences. We present an exploratory overview of opposing views on the technical implementation of human possibilities within the context of the sociological study of man and technology. In this sense, the post-humanism is a route of criticism and renewal of important concepts located within this issue.
Dentro de debates e disputas sobre a estatura do humano e sua importância no seio do desenvolvimento técnico nos deparamos com a multiplicidade de abordagens reveladas. Concepções opostas acenam tanto para a extinção da humanidade, quanto para a sua superação. O significado atribuído aos homens e às suas ações em busca da melhoria progressiva de seu aparato biológico implicam em entendimentos específicos sobre a sociedade e sobre a técnica, pois esta aparece como força decisiva na construção de novos paradigmas sociais. Assim, nos lançamos rumo ao entendimento deste panorama dentro da modernidade técnica, dando atenção especial à questão sobre o homem e seu suposto fim eminente como consequência do desenvolvimento tecnológico buscando nexos comuns às perspectivas concorrentes, bem como suas diferenças. Apresentamos um panorama exploratório de visões antagônicas sobre as possibilidades humanas tecnicizadas dentro do contexto do estudo sociológico sobre o homem e a técnica. Neste sentido, a perspectiva póshumanista surge como uma via de crítica e de renovação de conceitos importantes situados dentro desta problemática.
26
Daraut, Sandrine. "De l'apprentissage technico-organisationnel ou du rôle des règles dans la structuration de contextes d'interactions - Fondements théoriques et illustrations empiriques." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00141424.
Анотація:
Dans ce travail de recherche, nous nous proposons d'apporter une réponse à la problématique du transfert des compétences: où les savoirs et savoir-faire sont-ils stockés; comment s'accumulent-ils et se diffusent-ils au niveau des structures d'action collective? Nous soutenons la thèse selon laquelle seuls, les individus sont à l'origine de dynamiques d'apprentissage propres à abonder une base cognitive collective. Pour ce faire, ces acteurs organisationnels mobilisent, au cours de leurs interactions quotidiennes aux Hommes et aux Machines, des règles et des ressources structurant elles-mêmes les systèmes sociaux. Il s'agit d'acteurs compétents : ces individus agissent intentionnellement ou en connaissance de cause, même si les conséquences de l'action ne sont jamais totalement prévisibles !... Somme toute, il y a production et reproduction du contexte d'action au travers d'une co-évolution entre dynamiques d'apprentissage et construction de l'espace d'interactions aux autres ainsi qu'aux machines: des salariés autonomisés, impliqués au sein et au service de projets d'action collective impriment pratiques et expériences dans les règles formelles ou informelles d'accomplissement des tâches. Et, nous d'appliquer cette théorie de la structuration (A. Giddens) au réseau organisé d'échanges de compétences, résultant de la construction d'un nouveau Système d'Information (SI), au sein des Caisses régionales d'assurance maladie. Un autre champ d'application réside aussi dans les artefacts de stockage, de traitement et de communication des informations. Ce sont, en effet, des outils coordonnateurs, structurés de par leur rigidité technique; ils peuvent, malgré tout, être structurants si leur caractérisation correspond à une dualité intrinsèque: support / objet d'apprentissage. Dans cette perspective, y sont intégrés, à mesure, les résultats des processus d'apprentissage ainsi que les dynamiques relationnelles qui leur sont associées. Cela va dans le sens d'un usage à la fois partagé et personnalisé de ces SI.
27
Bornia, Junior Dardo Lorenzo. "Telecentros comunitários e ciberespaço : redes de interações sociais na encruzilhada entre o local e o global." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/21457.
Анотація:
As últimas décadas foram marcadas pela consolidação em nível mundial de uma sociedade da informação, enquanto modelo societal dinâmico e flexível, amparada nas TICs (como base material). Atualmente, a internet tem importância fundamental neste contexto, haja vista que representa a constituição de um ciberespaço, isto é, de uma sociedade virtual e em rede, de um novo espaço de sociabilidades. A partir do entendimento das possibilidades sociais permitidas pela internet, órgãos governamentais e comunidades locais passaram a discutir acerca de alternativas à problemática da exclusão digital, entendida como empecilho ao ingresso de grupos sociais pobres à sociedade da informação. Em resposta a esta situação, vêm sendo criadas neste último decênio unidades de telecentros – espaços para livre acesso comunitário à informática e à internet –, sobretudo nas periferias das grandes cidades do país. Na esteira destas considerações, nossa pesquisa analisou redes de interações sociais formadas por usuários de telecentros comunitários nos e a partir de tais ambientes, ou seja, no contexto local e através do ciberespaço – ou, em outras palavras, em uma dimensão global –, a fim de verificar como elas se constituem, se transformam, se reproduzem, etc. Assim, logramos apreender, sob o prisma das redes, o contexto de interação entre os usuários de telecentros e a sociedade da informação. Para tanto, partimos de uma perspectiva teórica sociotécnica – a qual subentende que elementos humanos e não-humanos compõem a realidade, associados em redes –, ou, mais precisamente, da teoria do ator-rede (TAR), e também de um pensamento rizomático, que visa assegurar a ampla complexidade intrínseca às redes. Foram estudados dois telecentros comunitários de Porto Alegre-RS: Timbaúva e Vila Cruzeiro – localizados nas zonas norte e sul do município, respectivamente. Seguindo uma abordagem qualitativa, fizemos observações de campo durante quatro meses e realizamos trinta e duas entrevistas individuais semi-abertas, que buscavam compreender de que forma os usuários de telecentros se relacionavam com outrem (em redes), tanto nestes próprios espaços quanto por meio do ciberespaço. Na seqüência, fizemos uma análise de conteúdo das entrevistas e uma exposição etnográfica de nossas vivências nos telecentros, e pudemos desenvolver uma reconstrução de redes de interações sociais, em que traçamos associações entre elementos (coisas e pessoas) e identificamos fluxos de sociabilidades, movimentos no interior das redes.The last decades were really marked all over the world by the consolidation of an information society, as a dynamic and flexible societal model, based materially on ICTs. Currently, the internet has a fundamental importance in this context, since it allows the constitution of a cyberspace, which is a network and virtual society, a brand new space of sociabilities. Starting from the understanding of the social possibilities granted by internet, governmental organizations and local communities started to discuss about alternatives to digital divide, understood as a hindrance to the access of the poorest social groups into the information society. To solve this situation, telecenters – places for free computer and internet access – have been created in the last decade, mainly in the outskirts of Brazil’s big cities. Considering the subject showed above, our research has analyzed the social interaction networks made by communitarian telecenter users in and from these places, or better, in the local context and through the cyberspace – or, in other words, in a global dimension – to check how they are built, transformed, and reproduced, etc. So, we learned what happens during the interaction between telecenter users and information society – under the network point of view. To get it, we started from a socio-technical analysis – which conceives that reality is composed by humans and non-humans association networks –, or, specifically, from the actor-network theory (ANT), and also from a rizomatic thought that is able to express how nets are complex. We have studied two communitarian telecenters from Porto Alegre-RS: Timbaúva and Vila Cruzeiro – placed respectively in the north and in the south of this town. Following the qualitative method, we made field observations for four months and applied thirty two individual and open (not entirely) interviews, which tried to catch how telecenter users related to each other in these spaces and through the cyberspace. Afterwards, we did a content analysis of the interviews and made an ethnographic description about our telecenter experiences, and we developed a reassembly of the social interaction networks, in which we traced associations among different elements (things and people) and identified sociability flows, movements inside the nets.
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Bodt, Jean-Marie. "La "cité écologique" dans l'espace public médiatique : trajectoires de controverses environnementales dans la presse généraliste française." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20037/document.
Анотація:
Afin de participer aux décisions politiques, suivant des procédures institutionnalisées ou par le simple fait de se forger une opinion, les médias d’information jouent un rôle central. Avec les problématiques écologiques contemporaines, cette exigence de participation s'accroît. Comment, dans les discours médiatiques, les enjeux environnementaux sont-ils traduits et mis en forme ? Par l’étude de deux trajectoires de controverses sociotechniques (autour du gaz de schiste et de la centrale nucléaire de Fessenheim) dans la presse généraliste (Le Monde et 20minutes) et un éventail de journaux plus large, nous explorons comment celles-ci se fixent dans différents répertoires de « montée en généralité ». À l’aide d’une articulation entre méthodes quantitative (lexicométrie) et qualitative (analyse du discours), nous dévoilons un dialogue entre différents « mondes de justification » (Boltanski et Thévenot, 1991) et cherchons l’existence d’une « cité écologique » (Lafaye et Thévenot, 1993) dans l’espace public médiatiqueIn order to participate in political decisions, following institutional processes or through the simple fact of opinion-forming, the informative media play a central role. With the contemporary ecological problems this kind of involvement is ever more needed. How are environmental issues interpreted and shaped by media discourses ? By studying the trajectories of two socio-technical controversies (shale gas and the nuclear power plant of Fessenheim) in the mainstream press (Le Monde and 20minutes) and in a larger range of newspapers, we explore how these are linked to different “forms of generalization”. By combining quantitative (lexicometric analysis) and qualitative (discourse analysis) methods, we reveal a dialogue between different “worlds of justification” (Boltanski and Thévenot, 1991) and search for the existence of an “ecological city” (Lafaye and Thévenot, 1993) in the media public sphere
29
Godier, Patrice. "Fabrication de la ville contemporaine : processus et acteurs : le cas de l'agglomération bordelaise." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21647/document.
Анотація:
Dans un contexte où les problématiques urbaines, les formes de l'action publique et les systèmes d'acteurs ont bouleversé ces dernières décennies les façons de fabriquer la ville, il s'agit de saisir les logiques d'action qui participent de la dynamique de transformation des espaces et des territoires contemporains. Elaboré sous l'angle de la sociologie urbaine, le modèle d'analyse repose sur trois grands processus interactifs. Un processus de cadrage dont le référentiel donne la mesure en termes de socle de représentations partagées. Un processus d'organisation complexe de ressources et d'hommes dont il faut coordonner et réguler les actions et les interventions au sein de dispositifs techniques , réglementaires et organisationnels spécifiques.Un processus de traduction spatiale, matérielle et formelle visant à la réalisation concrète sur des territoires privilégiés d'opérations, combinant sur la base des intentions initiales et dans le cadre d'un espace d'activités spécifique, autant d'objectifs économiques, sociaux, politiques et symboliques. La notion de projet urbain traduit le chaînage de ces trois processus qui à partir d'un enjeu défini en commun à l'échelle de la ville ou de l'agglomération génère en continuum sur une donnée donnée une activité collective, mobilisant et enrôlant à chaque étape et niveaux de responsabilité, une pluralité d'acteurs autour d'une série d'opérations urbaines et architecturales. Le cas de l'agglomération bordelaise et de ses transformations sur la période 1995-2007 sert de terrain de référenceIn a context where urban problems forms of public action and systems of actors drastically change the ways to build the city these last decades, we must understand the logics of action that influence the dynamics of spatial and territorial changes. The analysis model is developed from the point of view of the urban sociology and is based on three important intercative processes. A strategic framing process whose reference system gives the standart in terms of a base of shared representations. A complicated organizational process (networking), involving ressources and persons whose actions and interventions need to be coordonated and controlled within a specifical technical, legal and organisatinal system (urban contracting owner). A process, of a precise, material and spatial translation aiming the concrete realization, on privileged territories of operations which on the basis of the initial intentions and within the framework of a space of specific activities, combine economic, political and symbolic objectives. The concept of urban project is the expression of the chaining of these three processes. Starting from a jointly defined issue on the scale of the city of agglomeration, it generates during a given time period a collective activity, mobilizes and recruits in each stage of all levels of responsabilities a plurality of actors around a serie of urban and architectural operations. The agglomeration of Bordeaux and its transformation over the period 1995-2006 is used as reference base
30
Van, Winkle Kristina A. "Educating for Global Competence: Co-Constructing Outcomes in the Field: An Action Research Project." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1626442252415126.
31
Lefeez, Sophie. "Représentations et usages des armements contemporains : pour une socio-anthropologie de la complexité technique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010640.
Анотація:
En Irak et en Afghanistan, les EEI (engins explosifs improvisés) ont durement atteint les matériels militaires et les soldats occidentaux. Cette confrontation entre haute et faible technicité soulève la question des choix techniques. Les rapports institutionnels et les acteurs mettent habituellement en avant deux raisons pour justifier le choix de la haute technicité : la nécessité de jouir d'une supériorité technique sur l'adversaire pour vaincre, et l'imprévisibilité des futures interventions militaires. L'étude de terrain sur le système de missile antichars Milan et son successeur temporaire, le Javelin, montre que les combattants ne lient pas la polyvalence à la technicité, et que leur travail est en train d'être fonctionnalisé. En effet, les concepteurs (États-majors, DGA, industriels) ont recours à l'approche systémique pour améliorer la cohérence entre matériels et accroître la performance d'ensemble. Cette approche s'inspire de la rationalité managériale, qui pénètre de plus en plus le milieu militaire. Or, les combattants réinventent souvent leurs matériels du fait du caractère imprédictible des conflits, et la puissance née de cette rationalité gestionnaire se révèle sur le terrain en partie fragile et déréalisée. La complexité ressentie par les acteurs à propos des armements contemporains serait alors le révélateur d'une évolution technique hors sol et hors du temps commun, distante des êtres humains concretsIn Iraq and in Afghanistan, IEDs (improvised explosive devices) severely hit Western military equipment and personnel. This high-tech / low-tech face-off raises questions about technical choices. Institutional reports and actors usually justify the choice of high technicity on two grounds: the need to have technical superiority over rivals to win and the uncertainty surrounding future military interventions. A ground study about the Milan antitank missile system and his temporary successor, the Javelin, revealed versatility is not related to technicity in users' mind, and showed servants are being functionalised. Indeed, designers (military HQs, DGA, private industries) have opted for a systemic approach to increase consistency among equipment and gain in overall performance. Users have got considered as a piece of the system — serving a function. This approach owes much to managerial rationality, which has pervaded the military organisation to a high degree. However, fighters often re-invent their equipment role due to war unpredictability, while power delivered by managerial rationality proves to be partly fragile and derealised. Complexity actors detect about contemporary weapons seems to be a pointer of a technical evolution carried out above ground and beyond time, remote from concrete human beings
32
Arbouche, Abdelmajid. "L’absentéisme et le décrochage scolaire. Approche socio-historique et empirique dans un espace social et scolaire marginalisé : le lycée professionnel." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040224.
Анотація:
L’absentéisme et le décrochage scolaire sont aujourd’hui au cœur du débat public. Les discours politiques et institutionnels semblent découvrir ces questions. Pourtant ces phénomènes ne sont pas nouveaux. En effet, pourquoi l’absentéisme et le décrochage scolaire qui étaient invisibles médiatiquement et socialement à une certaine époque deviennent-ils visibles et médiatiques aujourd’hui ? Faut- il y voir l’action de l’homme ou le coup du sort ? Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le champ de la sociologie de la connaissance. Il s’agit de savoir quelle connaissance on a de ces questions mais également de comprendre l’apparition de ces problématiques dans le champ du social .Sur le terrain, la réalité est tout autre car aux discours sur l’absentéisme et le décrochage scolaire succède l’action et les contraintes auxquelles les acteurs sont confrontés. Le regard porté par les acteurs scolaires devient plus distant, plus raisonné et raisonnable face aux problèmes auxquels ils doivent faire face et surtout trouver des solutions. L’hypothèse générale est que les discours institutionnels (circulaires et rapports d’inspection) et politiques, sur l’absentéisme et le décrochage scolaire davantage construits sur un discours globalisant et anxiogène lié à des problématiques sociales comme la délinquance, s’opposent aux acteurs de terrain dont les discours hétérogènes laissent place à des récits et réflexions mesurés et réalistes face à l’immensité des phénomènes auxquels ils sont confrontés. Dans cette recherche, il s’agit essentiellement de joindre à cette approche socio-historique dans une première partie, une approche empirique dans une deuxième partie dont l’objectif réside dans la confrontation du discours public et médiatique : le discours d’ « en haut » et du discours des acteurs de terrain : le discours d’ « en bas ». Si le Lycée Professionnel (LP) comme terrain de recherche s’inscrit dans un espace social et scolaire marginalisé depuis un certain nombre d’années , il n’en demeure pas moins que les discours et actions des acteurs ainsi que les résultats obtenus sur les questions d’absentéisme et de décrochage scolaire laissent à penser que chaque LP est singulier et développe un effet propreAbsenteeism and dropping out are at the heart of public debate. The political and institutional discourses seem to find these issues. Yet these phenomena are not new. Indeed, why absenteeism and school dropout who were invisible mediatically socially and at one time they become visible and media today? Should we see the action of the man or the twist of fate? This research is in the field of sociology of knowledge. This is to know what knowledge we have of these issues but also to understand the occurrence of these problems in the social field .On the ground, the reality is quite different because the discourse on absenteeism and dropping succeeds the action and the constraints, the actors face. The look worn by school actors becomes more distant, more reasoned and reasonable deal with the problems they face and especially solutions. The general assumption is that institutional discourse (circular and inspection reports) and policy on absenteeism and dropping out more built on a globalizing discourse and anxiety related to social problems such as delinquency, are opposed to actors of land including heterogeneous discourse gave way to stories and reflections measured and realistic given the immensity of the phenomena they face. In this research, it's basically join this socio-historical approach in the first part, an empirical approach in the second part whose objective is the confrontation of the public and media discourse: the discourse of "top "and the speech field players: the discourse of " down ". If the vocational school as field research is part of a marginalized social and academic space for a number of years, the fact remains that the speeches and actions of the actors and the results obtained on the issues of absenteeism and dropout suggests that each LP is unique and develops its own effect
33
Broitman, Rojas Claudio. "Entre la construction du point de vue et l’immersion sensible : comprendre le cours d'un projet. Le cas d’un projet de barrages hydroélectriques au Chili." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040046.
Анотація:
Sous un prisme réflexif, cette recherche vise l’appréhension d’un cadre conflictuel (une controverse ou un conflit), à partir de différentes angles de la construction scientifique d’un problème. Elle articule ainsi trois regards méthodologiques, l’ethnographie, la sociologie de la traduction et de l’analyse de discours, pour examiner les aspects techniques, politiques et communicationnels d'une discussion qui dura une dizaine d'années et qui engagea de centaines de scientifiques, experts, politiciens et profanes dans la production de connaissances. Le cas d’étude est le projet hydroélectrique HidroAysén. Il visait la construction de cinq méga-barrages dans la Patagonie chilienne et proposait de fournir un cinquième de toute la production nationale. Les jeux d'acteurs, leurs argumentations et la circulation discursive de leurs productions culturelles sont des problématiques qui s’intègrent à l’attention à l’autre dans un contexte conflictuel, imprégnant la recherche dans tous les niveaux étudiés : situations de communication dans le cadre des entretiens, logiques d’acteurs et analyse de textes médiatiquesThrough a reflexive perspective, this research looks to apprehend a conflictual frame (it may be a sociotechnical controversy or a communicational conflict), regarding different angles of a scientific construction’s problem. We articulate methodological elements from ethnography, translation sociology and discourse analysis to examine the technical, political and communicational aspects of a discussion that lasted for ten years and engaged hundredths of scientists, experts, politicians and lay people in the production of knowledge.Our case study is the hydro electrical project HidroAysén in Chilean Patagonia that proposed to install five mega-dams in this territory in order to produce one fifth of the national production of energy. We integrate the attention to the other in a conflictual frame to stakeholders, its argumentations and the discursive circulation of its cultural productions. Those problématiques impregnate the research in every studied level: communication situations in the interviews, stakeholder’s interactions and media text’s analyses
34
Lima, Rodrigo da Costa. "A reorganização curricular da educação profissional após o decreto n° 5154/2004 : um estudo sobre o Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina - Campus Araranguá." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/66295.
Анотація:
Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo de caso desenvolvido com o objetivo de investigar as concepções de educação profissional subjacentes às mudanças recentes produzidas em âmbito nacional, estadual e local no processo de educação profissionalizante técnica de nível médio, mais precisamente as desenvolvidas na organização dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. O estudo parte de uma análise histórico-relacional procurando compreender o processo de estruturação da formação profissional, cotejando com as dinâmicas do mundo do trabalho e as disputas políticas em torno de projetos de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. O referencial teórico possibilitou uma aproximação às diferentes concepções de educação profissional, em especial as de qualificação e competências compreendidas de forma relacional às mudanças no trabalho originado no último quartel do século XX e às influências de posições de desenvolvimento local sustentável e social nos projetos de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Procurou-se compreender as implicações destas transformações nos discursos e produções na esfera local através das falas de gestores, educadores e alunos. Tomou-se como unidade de análise o Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina - Campus Araranguá, cuja aproximação metodológica realizou-se a partir da pesquisa qualitativa, com a utilização de técnicas de coleta de dados como a entrevista semiestruturada, a observação e a análise documental. A análise de conteúdo foi o recurso utilizado para a compreensão dos dados. No estudo verificou-se que é possível afirmar mudanças no processo de reorganização da educação profissional no país, principalmente na interiorização e ampliação das unidades federais, assim como na incorporação de objetivos como a inclusão social, o desenvolvimento social e local, da inserção da pesquisa e da extensão como pilares da formação profissional. Ao mesmo tempo permanece uma concepção de formação por competências voltada para a formação de recursos humanos, em uma noção de formação orientada para resultados marcadamente influenciada por visões empresariais. A investigação também aponta que as implementações das políticas públicas de formação não são lineares, pois sofrem modificações importantes através das interpretações dos diferentes atores, principalmente na esfera local, sobre os objetivos e propostas de educação profissional técnica de nível médio.This dissertation consists of a case study developed with the aim of investigating the underlying concepts of professional education to the recent changes occurred at national, state and local levels in the process of technical professional education at middle level, more precisely those developed within the organization of the Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology (Institutos Federais de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia). The starting point of the study is the historic-related analysis, seeking the understanding of the building up process of professional graduation, in comparison with the dynamics of the work universe and their political disputes around the projects of socio-economic development. The theoretical reference enabled a closer view of the different concepts of professional education especially those of qualification and competence, undertaken as related to the changes in work since the last quarter of the XX century and the various influences of local sustainable and social development in projects of socio-economic development. It was sought the understanding of the implications of those transformations in the discourses and production in local level, through the managers, educators and students speeches. The Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina), Araranguá campus was taken as analysis unit. The methodological approach was done from a qualitative research, using technical data gathering as the semi structured interview, the observation and the documentation analysis. The tool used for data understanding was the content analysis. Within the study it was observed that it is possible to assert changes in the process of re-organization of professional education in the country, mainly towards countryside and the extension of federal units, as well as in the incorporation of objectives as the social inclusion, social and local development, insertion of research and extension as pillars for the professional graduation and of trial. At the same time, there remains a concept of graduation via competence focused on the establishment of human resources, within a notion of result oriented graduation, strongly influenced by business view. The investigation also points out that the implementation of public policies for graduation is not linear, since they suffer important changes through the interpretation of different actors, mainly in the local sphere, on the objectives and proposals of technical professional education at middle level.
35
Abdallah-Bindang, Edou Laïticia. "La problématique de l'enseignement technique et professionnel moyen au Gabon." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG018.
Анотація:
La formation technique et professionnelle a souvent été considérée comme un facteur déterminant dans le processus de développement des forces productives des pays en quête de progrès, de croissance et de modernité tel que le Gabon. C'est dans cette logique qu'elle fut institutionnalisée et légitimée dans la loi 16/66 portant organisation générale de l'enseignement dans la République gabonaise. Mais depuis la tenue des Etats Généraux de l'Education et de la formation de 1983 au Gabon, le bilan diagnostic et les perspectives de l'enseignement technique et professionnel scolaire conduisent au désenchantement. Ses effets, pervers ne cessent d'être relevés dans les discours tenus par la société civile nationale et internationale. La parole n'étant jusqu'à ce jour pas donnée à ses principaux bénéficiaires que sont les élèves et les enseignants, c'est tout l'objectif de la présente étude. Avec eux, nous débattons des attributs sociaux de l'enseignement technique et professionnel scolaire, afin de répondre à la question de son attractivité, en dépit des discours peu élogieux prononcés à son égard. Nous examinons aussi les causes de l'inefficacité de l'enseignement technique et professionnel scolaire en interrogeant les conditions de scolarité des élèves, les certifications, les rendements scolaires et le vécu de carrière enseignanteTechnical and vocational studies have often been considered as a major element in the development process leading to progress, growth and modernity in countries such as Gaboon. lt is in such a state of mind that it was institutionalized and became legitimate with the law 10/66 which dealt with the general organization of education in the Republic of Gaboon. Since the EtatsGénétaux de l'Education Formation in 1983, the balance and perspectives of technical and vocational education led to a disillusioned view. lts biased effects are examined by the civil national and international society. Although, up to now the main benefactors such as the students and the teachers have not been allowed to speak up, it is thus the main object of our study. With their comments, on one hand, we shall view the main social features of the technical and vocational school in order to check its interest, notwithstanding the lack of favorable comments in public speeches. On the other hand we shall examine the causes of the lack of efficiency of the technical and vocational schools regarding the schooling, the process of graduation, the output and the insight of a teacher's career concerning his wages
36
Fouqueray, Timothée. "Adaptations aux incertitudes climatiques de long terme : trajectoires socio-écologiques de la gestion forestière française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA029.
Анотація:
Les trajectoires socio-écologiques des forêts sont considérablement dépendantes des pratiques sylvicoles retenues par leurs gestionnaires. Or, ces choix de gestion sont susceptibles d’évoluer afin de prendre en compte les impacts des dérèglements du climat sur les milieux forestiers. L’objectif des travaux qui suivent est donc de comprendre les évolutions de la gestion forestière induites par les adaptations aux dérèglements climatiques (ACC). Ils se concentrent sur la France métropolitaine, dont les forêts sont l’un des écosystèmes les plus importants – elles en couvrent trois quarts de la surface. Trois thématiques de recherche ont permis de décliner cette problématique : (1) la diversification des ACC (quels biens et services écosystémiques forestiers (BSE) cible-t-elle ?) ; (2) l’importance accordée par les forestiers aux approches techniques, en comparaison des réflexions portant sur l’organisation socio-économique de la gestion forestière ; et enfin (3) l’intégration des dynamiques écologiques dans la conception et la mise en œuvre d’adaptations aux changements climatiques.Chapitre 1 : Recensement, par des enquêtes de terrain, des ACC en forêts privées et publiques. Les adaptations répertoriées concernaient seulement quelques-uns des nombreux BSE forestiers, au premier rang desquels la production de bois, le stockage de carbone et la préservation des habitats naturels. Ces adaptations étaient avant tout mises en place pour répondre à des aléas climatiques déjà vécus par les forestiers. Surtout, ces adaptations relevaient d’évolutions des techniques sylvicoles, où les humains interviennent sur le socio-écosystème forestier, en modifiant les composantes naturelles.Chapitre 2 : J’ai étudié le financement public des projets de recherche portant simultanément sur les changements climatiques et sur la foresterie. J’ai montré qu’une des causes du manque de considération des aspects socio-économiques de l’ACC provient de la prééminence de recherches techniques, très peu tournées vers les services écosystémiques socio-culturels, de régulation ou de soutien.Chapitre 3 : Retour au terrain, pour une étude de cas sur le paiement pour stockage de carbone. J’ai mis en relief comment la diversification des revenus engendrée par ce type d’innovation est un moyen indirect pour les forestiers de s’adapter aux changements climatiques, en diminuant leur dépendance à une production ligneuse fortement menacée par les dérèglements climatiques. Les atouts, mais aussi certaines limites techniques et conséquences socio-économiques de cette approche ont été soulignés.Chapitre 4 : Synthèse des apprentissages des chapitres précédents, grâce à la création d’une simulation participative de gestion forestière. Dans Foster Forest, divers acteurs de la gestion forestière sont plongés dans un scénario de fort changement climatique. Pour mener à bien leur propre mission, ils disposent d’une panoplie de pratiques sylvicoles inspirée de pratiques usuelles, mais qui ne suffisent pas à faire face aux perturbations climatiques. Pour compenser, les participants ont toute liberté de proposer des changements des règles du jeu afin de faire évoluer l’organisation socio-économique de leurs activités forestières. La dizaine d’applications de cette simulation participative, dans différentes régions françaises, a permis de confirmer les résultats des chapitres précédents. Les parties jouées ont aussi apporté un éclairage sur l’importance des structures d’animation territoriale dans l’élaboration de projets d’adaptations, à des échelles complémentaires des seules visions « à la parcelle »Adapting forest management to climate change (CC) is a key issue, as forests are crucial for mitigation policies and the provision of many ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the magnitude of the progress made in this respect can help shape further adaptation developments and avoid the putative maladaptive side effects of forest management evolutions. Here, I aim to bridge the knowledge gap of adaptation implementation in French forests.Chapter 1: Based on semi-structured interviews with foresters, my findings highlight unprecedented aspects of adaptations: (i) a focus on productive ES at the expense of other essential services such as water supply or natural habitats; (ii) adaptations rely on technical changes in forest management and do not deal with climate impacts through organizational or economic tools; and (iii) envisaging ecological processes through adaptations is instrumental and limited to small spatial and temporal scales. My results also extend the existing body of knowledge to the framework of forest management: (i) CC is not the main driver of forestry changes; (ii) extreme events are windows of opportunity to stimulate adaptive changes; and (iii) proactive adaptation to unexperienced hazards is very weak.Chapter 2: Assessment of the diversity of research projects in the forest sciences focusing on CC. I categorized projects according to discipline and main focus, using data from the online description of French public calls for proposals and from selected projects. Since 1997, mitigation research has gradually given way to adaptation. Despite pledges for the inclusion of social sciences, research rarely draws on the social sciences and focuses on ES of economic interest. Biomass production is paramount, being addressed either directly or through projects on tree species of industrial interest. Hence, instead of a diverse search for adaptation strategies, climate research is geared toward a few ES. Without denying the need for timber and biofuel production, I encourage public funders to complement current calls for proposals with more diverse approaches beneficial for both biomass production and other ES.Chapter 3: I study how multiple mechanisms for the mitigation of CC have been developed, drawing on a combination of reducing and offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While mechanisms are mandatory for certain economic sectors, some business that are not required to mitigate their GHG emissions would nevertheless like to do so. I examine two study cases in France to analyze how public and private foresters seized this opportunity to obtain complementary funding from such companies for forestry operations. I focus on offset contracts issued by associations linking public sector forestry agencies, forest landowners, and offset funders. Carbon mitigation was a reason shared by all contractors to commit to the agreement, although it concealed multifarious motivations. Hence, I argue that voluntary offset contracts act like a Trojan horse by enabling foresters to dialogue with entities that would otherwise not be interested in supporting forest management. Regional embedding was crucial to overcoming the mitigation challenges.Chapter 4: To gain insight on how can socio-economic adaptive tools complement technical evolutions of forestry, I designed Foster Forest, a participatory simulation of forest management. It combines a role-playing game, an agent-based model, and a scenario of CC with high uncertainties. Drawing from multiple applications in French regions, I show that climate change is not a short-term matter of concern for private and public foresters. I analyze the emergence of socio-economic changes (mainly payment for carbon storage) in the provision of ES, and participants’ negotiations to spontaneously change the simulation rules. I also highlight how collective adaptive action was steered by stakeholders with a public interest role
37
Fourie, Hercules Salmon. "Philosophy of the technical process." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1073.
Анотація:
Thesis (DSc (Sociology and Social Anthropology. Centre for Research on Science and Technology))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the fundamental question about the technical relationship is investigated. The term ‘technology’ was found to be misused out of contexts by various disciplinary authors. Some authors used it for the notion that could better be described as artefacts. Consequently what was called ‘technology transfer’ was little more than artefactual transfer. Others concentrated on production and design that could better be described by techno-practice. Still others confused so-called ‘technological knowledge’ with what could be described as techno-knowledge and techno-literacy. A survey of notions of the authors in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), especially those that focussed on technology was done and it was found that the following elements were identifiable: Techno-practice for the ‘practice’ of the making, forming, designing and maintaining of artefacts. For this was required Technoknowledge, for the know-how and experience in making, and maintaining these artefacts. Furthermore the element of Techno-science for the technical science that was recording knowledge from different sciences like mathematics, physics and electronics etc. to help in the solutions of techno-practice was identified. Lastly technoliteracy was distinguished from techno-knowledge, indicating the capability to use artefacts without necessarily having the knowledge to fix them. Driving a car but not being able to fix it sounds like a good example. The result of techno-practice is normally an artefact. What was interesting, is that many saw the result of technology as technology. Many associate an artefact with the process of techno-practice under the term ‘technology’. An amazing paradigmparalysis was found that could not distinguish the technical from the technological and cannot be better illustrated than by the biased statement: “Clearly computers are technology…” where-as clearly computers are artefacts, the result of a technical design and production process. Lastly the transcendental empirical method was used to consider the ontic (transcendental) conditions required for this technical relationship and it was described in an ontological, anthropological and societal framework.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die studie is die grondvraag na die tegniese verwantskap ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat die term ‘tegnologie’ buite konteks misbruik word deur verskeie vakwetenskaplike outeurs. Sommige gebruik dit vir wat beter aangedui kan word met die term artefakt. Gevolglik is wat genoem was ‘tegnologie-oordrag’ eintlik beter beskryf met die terme artefakt oordrag. Ander het konsentreer op produksie en ontwerp wat eintlik beter beskryf kan word met die term tegno-praktyk. Sogenaamde ‘tegnologiese kennis’ is verder verwar met wat eintlik beter beskryf kan word as tegniese kennis en tegniese geletterdheid. ‘n Oorsig van terme en gebruike van outeurs in die veld van wetenskap en tegnologie studies (STS) veral diegene wat op ‘tegnologie’ gekonsentreer het, het die volgende elemente ge-identifiseer. Tegno-praktyk vir die praktyk van vervaardiging, ontwerp en instandhouding van artefakte. Tegniese kennis (tegno-kennis) vir die ondervinding van vorming en instandhouding van die artefakte. Tegniese wetenskap (tegno-wetenskap) vir die wetenskap wat kennis aangaande die tegniese proses byeenbring uit ander wetenskappe soos wiskunde, fisika en elektronika, byvoorbeeld om tegniese probleme op te los en moontlikhede te skep. Laastens was tegniese geletterdheid onderskei van tegniese kennis soos om ‘n motor te kan bestuur sonder om dit noodwendig te kan herstel. Die gevolg van tegno-praktyk is gewoonlik ‘n artefakt. Wat interessant was is die feit dat verskeie die resultaat van ‘tegnologie’ as ‘tegnologie’ beskou het. Baie gevalle van waar ‘n artefakt gelykgestel was aan die proses van tegno-praktyk was opgemerk natuurlik onder die term ‘tegnologie’. ‘n Verbasende paradigma versteendheid was gevind waar outeurs nie die onderskeid tussen die tegniese en tegnologiese kon onderskei nie. In ‘n sekere sin kan dit nie beter geïllustreer word as die volgende bevooroordeelde stelling dat dit tog ‘…duidelik is dat rekenaars tegnologie is…’ terwyl dit ewe-eens duidelik is dat rekenaars eintlik artefakte is, die resultaat van ‘n ontwerp en vervaardigingsproses. Laastens is die transendentaal empiriese metode gebruik om die onties (transendentale) struktuurvoorwaardes vir die tegniese verwantskap in ag te neem en daarna is dit beskryf in ‘n ontologiese, (wysgerig) antropologiese en samelewingsraamwerk.
38
Remer, Sebastian. "A Socio-technical Perspective on Back-end Technologies." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105870.
Анотація:
This is a submission to the 3rd Annual Social Informatices SIG Research Symposium: The Social Web, Social Computing and the Social Analysis of Computing.
This concept paper mainly deals with the question whether back-end technology such as Web Services or concepts such as the Service Oriented Architec-ture (SOA) have any social meaning (and if so, how social science can conceptualize it). Both technologies are discussed broadly in academia and business. However, most of the research points on pure tech-nical questions and barely analyzes social and or-ganizational issues.
Since not much work has been done before in this field by social scientists, this paper tries to answer the research question coming from a very broad perspective. It follows a three step approach. First, in putting together insights from very diverse fields of research I want to show, different ways how to conceptualize isomorphism between Information Technology (IT) at the one side and the organizational and social dimension respectively on the other side. Second, I apply basic statements of this discussion to understand the organizational and social issues of SOA. Third, these assumptions are evaluated and compared shortly with early results from empirical field work. Theoretical reflections and impressions from expert interviews lead us to an affirmative answer of the research question.
This results finally in a pleading for more interdisciplinary research. For this purpose intellectual approaches which cross traditional lines of research like Social Informatics (SI) might provide further support.
39
Lee, AJ. "Defining the informatic person : exploring how socio-technical relationships are created and negotiated in informatic contexts." Thesis, 2016. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/23456/1/Lee_whole_thesis.pdf.
Анотація:
Societies have become informatic in nature, with “patterns of living that emerge from and depend upon access to large data banks and instantaneous transmission of messages” (Hayles 1999:313). This thesis explores the social relationships and practices that emerge around informatic trends. To capture recent developments a novel conceptualisation, that of Informatic Context and Informatic Persons, is proposed. The Informatic Context is the context of data and data technologies in contemporary society, and is defined by the presence of Data Interfaces (that connect individuals to digital contexts), Data Circulation (trends in the movement and storage of data), and Data Abstraction (data manipulation practices). Informatic Persons are those who reside within this context. Using these concepts, this thesis asks what does it mean to be an Informatic Person, and live in an Informatic Context? It explores the kinds of relationships (between humans, nonhumans, or combinations of) assembled while living in the Informatic Context, and how Informatic Persons negotiate and manages these. A qualitative methodology is adopted to achieve this. A sample of twenty two, affluent technology users participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews to collect data. Results were conceptualised using Irwin and Michael’s (2003) theory of Ethno-Epistemic Assemblages.
The adoption of informatic technologies, learning skills and technology, risks and surveillance, the benefits of living with Informatic Technologies, and tensions with nonhuman actors are identified as salient relationships that Informatic Persons negotiate. The original contribution of this research is in the identification of how these relationships are highly scalable, and negotiated through narratives of control. Digital mediations have the potential to change the scale of relationships, connecting any interactions to broader socio-technical contexts. These relationships are managed through a narrative of control, with Informatic Persons emphasising their heightened capacity for controlling life through the Informatic Context, despite the limitations of individual agency and technology.
40
Moore, William Joseph. "Vocational-technical education in Massachusetts: An examination of the African-American experience and prospects for change." 1992. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9233114.
Анотація:
This descriptive study presents strategies and recommendations that, if adopted and implemented effectively, can lead to a significant increase in the acknowledgment of the importance of vocational education in Massachusetts' Black communities, as well as lead to an increase in the number of minority youth expressing interest in vocational technical education. This will lead to prospects for change. A closer look will be taken at the quality of education being offered in various vocational technical schools and programs especially by minority parents, educators, and civic leaders. The pressure for quality in vocational education will be very great in Massachusetts' Black communities; this means that educators, civic leaders, and parents will begin to ask more and harder questions regarding decisionmaking, allocation and use of resources, and the quality and profile of the teaching profession in vocational technical education in Massachusetts. An important expectation to be noted here, based on what some union officials have stated about vocational education and Blacks, is that the union community wants to cooperate with minority leaders and parents who are seeking to make vocational education work for their youth. This study began with the theme that vocational technical education can be a creative and exciting "public policy glue" tying together demography, the economic needs of Massachusetts, and the educational needs of Black communities. It raised the awareness of the importance of vocational education in minority communities through various forums and meetings; it brought together a network of individuals and organizations which could be the basis of renewed interest and attention to the role that vocational education can play in the economic development of minority communities, and in the improvement of the quality and relevance of education in these communities. Finally, the study resulted in several concrete strategies and recommendations which, if implemented effectively, could lay the foundation necessary to guarantee a significant presence of Blacks in the world of vocational education in Massachusetts.
41
(9814763), Jo-Anne Luck. "Lost in translations: A socio-technical study of interactive videoconferencing at an Australian university." Thesis, 2008. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Lost_in_translations_A_socio-technical_study_of_interactive_videoconferencing_at_an_Australian_university/13424684.
Анотація:
"This thesis examines the socio-technical interplay that occurred during and after the introduction of an information and communication technology (ICT) specifically, interactive videoconferencing (IVC) into a contemporary university. It investigates the work and negotiations that transpired as a vision for a new multi-campus model of teaching was translated into reality and the subsequent translations that occurred after implementation. Based on the methodological principles of actor-network theory (ANT), the research design uses qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. Documents and other artefacts were gathered; participant observation notes were taken; and individual and focus group interviews were undertaken. The data analysis strategy is a process of initial data categorisation, followed by the use of Callons (1986b) concept of the Sociology of Translation as an analytical lens to interrogate the work and negotiations around IVC that unfolded over a sixteen year period (19922008). The thesis conceptualises change as an open-ended process of translations. The translations are a consequence of socio-technical negotiations that occur when a new technology is introduced into an organisation. Actors in the socially and technically mediated networks become lost in the many translations that occur during the life of the technology. The research design developed in this study, where ANT is deployed conceptually, methodologically and analytically, offers a valuable approach to investigating the translations that occur during the implementation and maintenance of an ICT in a university setting. A significant finding is a process of reviewing and reproblematising the technological innovation after its implementation. This negates the potential for acts of dissidence to adversely affect the innovation and associated work practices." -- abstract
42
Bisset, Sherri. "Health promotion program implementation, a socio-technical networking process : a case study of a school-based nutrition intervention." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6608.
43
Tatnall, Arthur. "Innovation and change in the Information Systems curriculum of an Australian University: a socio-technical perspective." Thesis, 2000. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/368/.
Анотація:
Information Systems is a relatively new curriculum area and one that is still growing in size and importance. It involves applied studies that are concerned with the ways people build and use computer-based systems in their organisations to produce useful information. Information Systems is, of necessity, a socio-technical discipline that has to deal with issues involving both people and machines; with the multitude of human and non-human entities that comprise an information system.
This thesis reports an investigation of how Information Systems curriculum is made and how the choices of individual lecturers or groups of lecturers to adopt or ignore a new concept or technology are formed. It addresses this issue by describing a study into how the programming language Visual Basic entered the Information Systems curriculum of an Australian university, and how it has retained its place there despite challenges from other programming languages. It is a study of curriculum innovation that involves an important but small change in the curriculum of a single department in a particular university.
Little of the literature on innovation deals with university curriculum and most reported work is focussed on research, development and diffusion studies of the adoption, or otherwise, of centrally developed curriculum innovations in primary and secondary schools. The innovation described here is of a different order being developed initially by a single university lecturer in one of the subjects for which he had responsibility. It is important primarily because it examines something that does not appear to have been reported on before: the negotiations and alliances that allow new material, in this case the programming language Visual Basic, to enter individual subjects of a university curriculum, and to obtain a durable place there.
The research investigates a single instance of innovation, and traces the associations between various human and non-human entities including Visual Basic, the university, the student laboratories, the Course Advisory Committee and the academic staff that made this happen. It follows the formation of alliances and complex networks of association, and how their interplay resulted in the curriculum change that allowed Visual Basic to enter the Information Systems curriculum, and to fend off challenges from other programming languages in order to retain its place there.
I argue that in this curriculum innovation no pre-planned path was followed, and that representations of events like this as straightforward or well planned hide the complexity of what took place. The study reveals the complex set of negotiations and compromises made by both human and non-human actors in allowing Visual Basic to enter the curriculum.
The study draws on the sociology of translations, more commonly known as actor-network theory (ANT) as a framework for its analysis. I show that innovation translation can be used to advantage to trace the progress of technological innovations such as this. My analysis maps the progress of Visual Basic from novelty to ‘obvious choice’ in this university’s Information Systems curriculum.
44
Skerlj, Alexandre. "Forme et dynamique sociale de l'entreprise réseau : monographie d'un atelier de dessin technique." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4943.
Анотація:
Le recours à la stratégie du recentrage sur le cœur de métier (core business) par les entreprises fait apparaître, en discours comme en pratique, trois mouvements qui déstabilisent les ensembles bureaucratiques: la réorganisation de la grande firme en « centres de profits », la multiplication des relations inter-firmes et un changement d’ordre qualitatif dans les termes de l’échange. L’avènement et le maintien de ce que nous convenons d’appeler l’« entreprise réseau » demeurent à ce jour problématique : soit cette forme organisationnelle serait le résultat d’une adaptation unilatérale à son environnement; soit la dynamique sociale serait réglée par la confiance entre les acteurs. Notre démarche inductive et exploratoire d’un cas d’entreprise réseau québécoise veut contribuer au démontage de la notion, puis à la compréhension sociologique du phénomène. Nous constatons que cette forme d’entreprise ne peut être comprise que lorsque nous la mettons en perspective avec l’entreprise bureaucratique.The strategic focus on the core business by bureaucratic firms contributed to the destabilization of this organizational form in three ways: the move to small « profits centers », the multiplication of exchange relations between firms and the changing nature of the relationships between them. The literature that explains the why and how of what we conceptualize as a « network firm » is still problematic. This management literature has two paradigms: either this organizational form is the result of a unilateral adaptation it’s environment ; either the social dynamic between firms is only based on trust. Our inductive research design is based on a single case of a multinational network Quebec firm. It tries to contribute to the analysis of this concept and to its sociological understanding. We conclude that this organizational form cannot be fully understood unless it is putted in perspective with the bureaucratic firm.
45
Richard, Sébastien. "Le Nanomonde des chercheurs. Analyse sociologique des pratiques et des discours sur l’instrumentation en nanotechnologies." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9881.
Анотація:
À l’avant-garde de l’innovation scientifique actuelle, la recherche en nanotechnologies s’inscrit dans une promesse de conquête d’une nouvelle dimension : le Nanomonde. Défini par un critère de dimensionnalité incluant l’ensemble des objets entre 1 et 100 nanomètres et par l’application des lois de la physique quantique à l’analyse des phénomènes, ce nouveau territoire de la
connaissance sert de vitrine sociale aux promesses de transformation radicale de notre
compréhension de la réalité, à travers notamment la production d’objets « nanos »
aux propriétés révolutionnaires, comme les nanotubes de carbone par exemple. Mais
quelle est exactement la nature de cette dimension ? Comment est-elle définie, et qui,
une fois les discours et les pratiques analysés, la contrôle et l’étudie ? À travers un terrain de recherche dans deux laboratoires de nanotechnologies et une série
d’entretiens avec des chercheurs, j’ai analysé l’importance de l’instrumentation
technique comme élément de structuration du Nanomonde, à la fois dans la pratique
et dans les discours. À cet égard, le concept de pensée technique permet de rendre
compte de la nature des aprioris à l’oeuvre dans le travail de recherche en
nanotechnologies.
En parcourant les différents travaux effectués en sciences humaines et
sciences sociales sur les nanotechnologies, la place de l’instrumentation, si elle est
évoquée comme un élément d’accessibilité pour rejoindre le Nanomonde, n’est que
rarement considérée dans une perspective problématique. À travers l’analyse du
discours réflexif des acteurs de la recherche sur leurs pratiques, il apparaît que l’instrumentation, bien plus que d’être un simple élément matériel du laboratoire,
structure les relations inter-personnelles. Elle créée en effet un réseau d’interdépendance cognitive dans lequel chaque chercheur se situe en fonction de son
expertise instrumentale, structurant les relations au sein des groupes de recherche. Ce partage cognitif, d’une façon d’établir des relations sociales, apparaît également
comme un élément de détermination de la nature même des recherches et de la
dimension particulière qu’est le Nanomonde.
L’instrumentation est donc naturalisée comme une composante allant de soi de la « vie de laboratoire ». Pourtant, l’analyse des tentatives de contrôle du contexte
de recherche et une discussion autour de l’efficacité du système technique déployé
via l’instrumentation en nanotechnologies, souligne l’aspect auto-référentiel que
prend le travail d’exploration du Nanomonde. Cet aspect de fermeture sur le système
technique de l’instrumentation est mis en parallèle avec la façon dont les discours sur
les nanotechnologies – à la fois internes et externes à la sphère scientifique –
présentent les objets du Nanomonde et les recherches sur ces mêmes objets à travers
leur aspect performatif qui ressortira particulièrement.
En insistant sur les performances des produits de la recherche, les chercheurs
et les promoteurs des nanotechnologies font du Nanomonde un espace de connaissance marchande, répondant à la logique propre au marché des idées néolibérales. Cependant, bien loin de correspondre à un enrichissement des expertises, ce modèle de marchandisation entraîne un appauvrissement de celles-ci, et une difficulté pour former les futurs chercheurs « nanos » de demain, chacun essayant de répondre à l’impératif technique de la performativité dans son discours et dans ses choix de recherches. L’analyse menée ici insiste donc sur l’idée que c’est selon un mode de pensée technique que le Nanomonde est exploré, conquis, et, finalement, exploité.In the vanguard of the current scientific innovation, the research in nanotechnologies joins in a promise of conquest of a new dimension: the Nanoworld. Defined by a dimensionality criterion including all the objects between 1 and 100 nanometers and by the application of the laws of the quantum physics in the analysis of phenomenon, this new territory of knowledge is used as a social showcase for the promises of radical processing of our understanding of the reality, through in particular the production of "nano" objects displaying revolutionary properties, such as carbon nanotubes. But what exactly is the nature of this dimension? How is it defined, and who, once the speeches and practices have been analyzed, eventually controls it? Through a grounded research in two nanotechnologies laboratories and a series of interviews with researchers, I have analyzed the importance of technical instrumentation as a structuring element of the Nanoworld, both in practice and speeches. Furthermore, the concept of technical thought allows to report the nature of aprioris within the research work in nanotechnologies. By going through the various works made by humanities on nanotechnologies, the square of the instrumentation, if evocated as an element of accessibility to join the Nanoworld, is only rarely considered in a problematic perspective. Through the analysis of the reflexive speech of the research practitionners, it seems that the instrumentation, much more than being a simple material element of the laboratory, structures the interpersonal relations. It creates a network of cognitive interdependence where every researcher is situated according to his instrumental expertise. It structures the relations within the researchers’ group. This cognitive sharing is a way to establish social relationships, while being an element of determination of the nature of the researches on the Nanoworld. The instrumentation is thus naturalized as a granted component of "laboratory life". Yet, the analysis of the attempts of control of the research context and a discussion around the efficiency of the technical system of the instrumentation in nanotechnologies, the auto-reference aspect which takes the work of exploration of the Nanoworld becomes highlighted. This aspect of closure on the technical system of the instrumentation is parallel with the way the speeches on the nanotechnologies - both internal and external to the scientific sphere - present the objects of the Nanoworld and the researchs on these objects through their performative aspect. By insisting on the performances of the products of their research, scientists and developers of the nanotechnologies turn the Nanoworld into a dimension of merchandised knowledge, in the same logic as neoliberal market ideas. However, far from corresponding to an enrichment of the expertises, this model of merchandisation entails their impoverishment. Furthermore, a difficulty to train the "nanos" researchers of the future arised in the past few years. This double standard is obvious as a consequence of the technical imperative of the speech performativity and the choice of individual researchs. Thus, the analysis I conducted here insists on the idea that it is according to the technical way of thinking that the Nanoworld is investigated, conquered, and, finally, exploited.
Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
46
Crosset, Valentine. "Être visible sur et par internet : le cas de l'État islamique." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24778.
Анотація:
Cette thèse porte sur la visibilité de groupes qualifiés d’extrémistes sur internet. Si plusieurs études ont décrit les différents usages des technologies numériques par des groupes radicaux et la manière dont internet serait un catalyseur de radicalisation, peu d’études ont cherché à analyser la relation constitutive entre un dispositif technique et des militants extrémistes. L’objectif de la thèse est de renouveler le modèle de la visibilité médiatisée de groupuscules qualifiés d’extrémistes, en tenant compte des reconfigurations mutuelles entre les plateformes numériques et le groupe militant. Sur le plan théorique, cette recherche se situe à l’intersection de la théorie de l’acteur-réseau, des software studies et des travaux de Lucy Suchman (2007) sur les dynamiques de reconfigurations mutuelles et permanentes des relations entre humains et machines. Basée sur l’étude du cas de l’État islamique, l’analyse s’ancre dans des données provenant d’un terrain de recherche de type ethnographique, collectées sur un an et demi. L’enquête est composée d’une observation non participante menée sur plusieurs plateformes numériques exploitées par le groupe jihadiste, de l’archivage et l’analyse des traces en ligne, ainsi que d’un corpus documentaire.
Nos résultats contribuent premièrement à une meilleure compréhension de la visibilité des groupes qualifiés d’extrémiste sur les plateformes numériques, en démontrant qu’elle est relationnelle, technicisée et conflictuelle. Notre étude fait tout d’abord ressortir qu’on assiste à une complexification du tableau de la visibilité. La visibilité en ligne de l’État islamique nécessite un vaste réseau d’acteurs, tels que spécialistes des médias, militants, spécialistes en cybersécurité et botnets. La visibilité mêle ainsi des procédés hors-ligne et en ligne, décentralisés et centralisés. L’analyse des pratiques quotidiennes de visibilité montre que le travail d’apparence des militants de l’État islamique suit un objectif d’amplification et d’abondance de leur flux informationnel. Le but est d’inonder les plateformes de réseaux sociaux de contenus pro État islamique, afin de mener une « guerre médiatique ». Par ailleurs, les résultats suggèrent que la visibilité est complexe en raison des séries de contraintes et de forces ennemies qui contrecarrent le projet en ligne de l’État islamique, tel que la modération de leurs contenus. Parallèlement, notre étude montre que la présence de ces usagers a redessiné la régulation de ces technologies en les rendant plus contraignantes. Enfin, nos résultats dévoilent que les militants de l’État islamique refusent l’assujettissement face aux suspensions répétées dont ils font l’objet. Pour limiter les effets négatifs de la modération, le collectif travaille activement à mettre en place des tactiques de résistance.
Dans un second temps, la thèse s’intéresse aux formes de visibilité que cette médiation technique entre les militants et les plateformes numériques configure. Nous proposons le concept de visibilité technicisée pour rendre compte de la visibilité en ligne des opinions politiques. Ce type de visibilité se fonde sur l’incessant déploiement d’une raison technique. En cela, la visibilité devient une activité spécialisée qui exploite les dimensions techniques et automatisées des technologies numériques, avec leurs normativités propres. Si la visibilité technicisée confère aux utilisateurs du pouvoir pour assurer leur visibilité, la thèse émet certaines réserves quant à la valeur réelle de ce faire-voir. Elle montre que, dans la quête d’efficacité et d’abondance qui la caractérise, ce type de visibilité technicisée généralise un ensemble de comportements nuisibles et de procédures trompeuses pour exprimer une opinion politique. Révélatrices de nouvelles formes de domination et d’asymétrie, nous plaidons qu’elle pourrait à terme contraindre le jeu démocratique.This thesis focuses on the visibility of extremist groups on the internet. While several studies have focused on describing the different uses of digital technologies by radical groups and the way the internet would operate as a catalyst for radicalization, few studies have sought to analyze the constitutive relationship between the technical apparatus and the militant extremist. The objective of the thesis is to renew the visibility model of groups classified as extremists, taking into account the mutual reconfigurations between digital platforms and the militant groups. At a theoretical level, our study is situated at the intersection of actor-network theory (ANT), software studies and Lucy Suchman’s work (2007) on the dynamic reconfiguration of mutual and permanent relationships between humans and machines. Based on the case study of the Islamic State, this analysis, lasting one and a half years, was anchored in data from an ethnographic research field. The survey consists of non-participant observation of several digital platforms exploited by the jihadist group, online archiving and analysis of online traces, as well as a documentary corpus. Our results contribute to better understanding how groups qualified as extremist develop their visibility on digital platforms, by emphasizing that it is relational, technical and conflictual. First of all, our study demonstrates the evolution to a more complex development of the resources used to obtain visibility. The online visibility of the Islamic state requires a vast network of actors, such as media specialists, activists, cybersecurity specialists and botnets. For this reason, offline and online, decentralized and centralized processes are combined. The analysis of their daily practices shows that the work of Islamic state militants to obtain visibility strive at amplification and abundance of their information flow. Their goal is to inundate social media platforms with their contents, conducting a “media war”. Furthermore, the results obtained suggest that developing visibility is complex due to a series of constraints and enemy forces that thwart the Islamic State project, such as moderation of contents as an example. At the same time, our study shows that the presence of this type of users has resulted in the redesign of the regulation of these technologies, making them more restrictive. Finally, the results reveal that the Islamic state militants are actively working to put in place resistance tactics in order to limit the negative effects of that moderation. In a second step, the thesis focuses on the forms of visibility evolving from this technical mediation between activists and digital platforms. We suggest the concept of technical visibility to highlight the online visibility of political opinions. This type of visibility is based on the deployments of a technical rationality. Therein the creation of visibility becomes a specialized activity using the technical as well as mechanized dimensions of digital technologies, each with their own mode of normativity. If technical visibility gives users the possibility to develop their visibility, the thesis expresses certain reservations as to the real value of this “ faire-voir ”. It shows that this type of technical visibility, due to its characteristic quest for efficiency and abundance of information, generalizes bulk, aggressive, or deceptive activity. This results in new forms of domination and asymmetry. We therefore argue that it could jeopardize democracy.
47
Leroux, Marie-Pierre. "Le partage des connaissances en développement international : influence des processus relationnels sur les résultats et incidences sur le renforcement des capacités." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12373.
48
Coussot, Caroline. "Recherche et développement dans les sciences de l’environnement : l’Université entre impératifs scientifico-techniques, économiques et socio-politiques. Le cas du Réseau de centres d’excellence ArcticNet." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10551.
Анотація:
Cette thèse cible l’étude d’une organisation sociotechnique pluraliste, le Réseau de centres d’excellence ArcticNet, établi depuis 2003 au sein de l’Université Laval et financé par le programme fédéral des Réseaux de centres d’excellence (RCE). Ce programme, effectif depuis 1988, est issu d’une initiative du ministère de l’Industrie Canada et des trois Conseils fédéraux de financement de la recherche scientifique (CRSNG, CRSH et IRSC). Par sa dimension interdisciplinaire et interinstitutionnelle, le RCE ArcticNet sollicite la mise en place de divers accommodements sur une thématique environnementale controversée, celle du développement de l’Arctique canadien côtier. Notre approche se concentre sur la description de ces collaborations pluralistes et l’analyse des stratégies de consensus mises en place par une organisation universitaire médiatrice. Si cette étude illustre le cas d’ArcticNet, elle questionne toutefois deux réalités d’ensemble: (1) D’un point de vue théorique, prépondérant dans cette thèse, les enjeux environnementaux et de développement durable s’inscrivent dans les nouvelles réalités de la production des connaissances portées par une coévolution entre science et société, contribuant à l’expansion des domaines de R&D ciblés; et, (2) D’un point de vue empirique illustratif, les éléments de formation et d’évolution d’un réseau sociotechnique intersectoriel et les stratégies des scientifiques dans la recherche et le développement de l’Arctique canadien côtier présentent un profil basé sur l’accommodement des parties prenantes. Cette recherche adhère au postulat épistémologique des théories des organisations sociotechniques pluralistes, plutôt qu’aux modèles théoriques de la société/économie de la connaissance. L’étude regroupe un total de 23 entrevues recueillies en 2008 et en 2010 auprès de l’administration, de membres scientifiques et de partenaires d’ArcticNet, suivant une logique de témoignage. Elle ouvre ainsi une nouvelle réflexion sur leur milieu de pratique de la science, plus particulièrement des sciences de l’environnement, vers lequel la société actuelle oriente la nouvelle production des connaissances, à travers les divers financements de la recherche et du développement.Cette thèse cible l’étude d’une organisation sociotechnique pluraliste, le Réseau de centres d’excellence ArcticNet, établi depuis 2003 au sein de l’Université Laval et financé par le programme fédéral des Réseaux de centres d’excellence (RCE). Ce programme, effectif depuis 1988, est issu d’une initiative du ministère de l’Industrie Canada et des trois Conseils fédéraux de financement de la recherche scientifique (CRSNG, CRSH et IRSC). Par sa dimension interdisciplinaire et interinstitutionnelle, le RCE ArcticNet sollicite la mise en place de divers accommodements sur une thématique environnementale controversée, celle du développement de l’Arctique canadien côtier. Notre approche se concentre sur la description de ces collaborations pluralistes et l’analyse des stratégies de consensus mises en place par une organisation universitaire médiatrice. Si cette étude illustre le cas d’ArcticNet, elle questionne toutefois deux réalités d’ensemble: (1) D’un point de vue théorique, prépondérant dans cette thèse, les enjeux environnementaux et de développement durable s’inscrivent dans les nouvelles réalités de la production des connaissances portées par une coévolution entre science et société, contribuant à l’expansion des domaines de R&D ciblés; et, (2) D’un point de vue empirique illustratif, les éléments de formation et d’évolution d’un réseau sociotechnique intersectoriel et les stratégies des scientifiques dans la recherche et le développement de l’Arctique canadien côtier présentent un profil basé sur l’accommodement des parties prenantes. Cette recherche adhère au postulat épistémologique des théories des organisations sociotechniques pluralistes, plutôt qu’aux modèles théoriques de la société/économie de la connaissance. L’étude regroupe un total de 23 entrevues recueillies en 2008 et en 2010 auprès de l’administration, de membres scientifiques et de partenaires d’ArcticNet, suivant une logique de témoignage. Elle ouvre ainsi une nouvelle réflexion sur leur milieu de pratique de la science, plus particulièrement des sciences de l’environnement, vers lequel la société actuelle oriente la nouvelle production des connaissances, à travers les divers financements de la recherche et du développement.
49
Díaz, Sánchez Nicolás. "Plan de Preservación y Acceso del Patrimonio Bibliográfico y Documental, para la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú." Thesis, 2016. http://eprints.rclis.org/31036/1/diaz_002_web.pdf.
Анотація:
A diagnosis of the bibliographic heritage management documentary in the National Library of Peru; identifying procedures what you must follow, to achieve its conservation in the long term, so coordinated among the various areas that relate to collections.
It also establishes the actions that allow you to have the information in a permanent and sustained way, thanks to its reproduction through the microfilming and digitization; In the case of the last one, adoption of a digital preservation policy.
The main objective is to achieve the implementation of the document, it is raise awareness of the effects of deterioration on collections, and then develop lines of work to overcome this risk, through the change of attitude and improvement in storage actions manipulation of documents, by internal and external users; reinforcing the need to retrieve information, in an organized way, for expand its diffusion, achieve its importance and preserve the structure and functionality of the books and documents that are guarded and served.
50
Wolfe, Maxime. "De la déconstruction discursive du genre à la déconstruction technique de la matière : une analyse du concept de genre dans l'univers technoscientifique." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20726.