Статті в журналах: "Tea germplasm"

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Liu, Caiguo, Wentao Yu, Chunping Cai, Shijian Huang, Huanghua Wu, Zehan Wang, Pan Wang, Yucheng Zheng, Pengjie Wang, and Naixing Ye. "Genetic Diversity of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Germplasm Resources in Wuyi Mountain of China Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers." Horticulturae 8, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100932.

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Wuyi Mountain in Southeast China is the origin of black tea and oolong tea. It is also considered the ‘treasure trove of tea cultivars’ because of its rich tea germplasm resources. In the present study, the population structure and genetic diversity of 137 tea germplasms from Wuyi Mountain and its adjacent areas were analyzed by SNPs. The information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He) and fixation index (F) polymorphisms of the selected SNPs were high, stable and reliable. Ho had an average of 0.389, while He had an average of 0.324, indicating that Wuyi Mountain tea germplasms had rich genetic diversity. The AMOVA results showed that genetic variation came mainly from intrapopulation variation, accounting for 66% of the total variation. The differences in the Fst and Nei values of tea germplasm between Wuyi Mountain and its adjacent areas are similar to the geographical differences. Multiple analyses based on high-quality SNPs found that the landraces of tea plants on Wuyi Mountain had different genetic backgrounds from the wild-type landraces and the landraces of Wuyi Mountain tea plants underwent population differentiation. This study provides a basis for the effective protection and utilization of tea germplasms on Wuyi Mountain and lays a foundation for identifying potential parents to optimize tea cultivation.

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Gai, Zhongshuai, Yu Wang, Jutang Jiang, Hui Xie, Zhaotang Ding, Shibo Ding, and Hui Wang. "The Quality Evaluation of Tea (Camellia sinensis) Varieties Based on the Metabolomics." HortScience 54, no. 3 (March 2019): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13713-18.

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The identification and evaluation of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] germplasm resources are of great significance for tea plant breeding. In recent years, various methods, such as morphology, biochemistry, molecular markers, and sensory evaluation, have been used to evaluate the tea germplasm resources. However, the evaluation of tea germplasms based on metabolomics is rarely reported. In this study, we first measured the main agronomic characters and biochemical components of tea young shoots in spring, and then analyzed the metabolic profiles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results indicate that tea germplasm accessions QN3 and QN38 had excellent agronomic traits with early germination and high yield compared with HM. The biosynthesis of flavonoids in young shoots of QN3 was more vigorous, especially for the biosynthesis of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG). Accession QN3 had highest content of luteoloside, myricetin and rutin, whereas QN38 had highest content of most amino acids. On the basis of sensory quality evaluation, accession QN3 and QN38 all had higher total quality scores. By using these approaches, we found that QN3 and QN38 are excellent breeding materials with high yield and high quality for making green teas. We also believe that the evaluation system constructed by the approaches described here is suitable for the identification of tea germplasms.

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Ranatunga, Mahasen Achintiya Bandara, Jeevan Dananjaya Kottawa Arachchi, Kumudini Gunasekare, and Deepthi Yakandawala. "Floral Diversity and Genetic Structure of Tea Germplasm of Sri Lanka." International Journal of Biodiversity 2017 (September 19, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2957297.

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The role of tea germplasm in crop improvement, though well recognized, yet lacks sufficient information depriving its optimum use. About 600 accessions are conserved as tea germplasm in Sri Lanka and only 4% have been frequently utilized in breeding. Floral morphological characters are useful descriptors for preliminary characterization of genetic resources and particularly pistil traits are considered as reliable criteria in taxonomical studies of higher plants. The objectives of the present study were to conduct a comprehensive analysis on floral diversity of tea germplasm to determine the nature and extent of genetic structure of tea germplasm and to categorize accessions into major taxa. Eighty-nine accessions from the tea germplasm were characterized using 16 floral traits. Results indicated presence of considerable variation among germplasm accessions. Accessions were categorized into five different groups based on the diversity of floral traits and highly discriminating accessions were identified based on the grouping pattern. Among the traits, pistil traits were highly variable compared to other traits. Tea germplasm is predominantly represented by Cambod type accessions (68%) followed by Assam types (20%). Availability of China type accessions is low. Gaps in the germplasm collection were identified and information generated can be used for decision making in future germplasm exploration missions and breeding programme.

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Jeganathan, Brasathe, P. A. Nimal Punyasiri, J. Dananjaya Kottawa-Arachchi, Mahasen A. B. Ranatunga, I. Sarath B. Abeysinghe, M. T. Kumudini Gunasekare, and B. M. Ratnayake Bandara. "Genetic Variation of Flavonols Quercetin, Myricetin, and Kaempferol in the Sri Lankan Tea (Camellia sinensisL.) and Their Health-Promoting Aspects." International Journal of Food Science 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6057434.

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Flavonol glycosides in tea leaves have been quantified as aglycones, quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol. Occurrence of the said compounds was reported in fruits and vegetable for a long time in association with the antioxidant potential. However, data on flavonols in tea were scanty and, hence, this study aims to envisage the flavonol content in a representative pool of accessions present in the Sri Lankan tea germplasm. Significant amounts of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol have been detected in the beverage type tea accessions of the Sri Lankan tea germplasm. This study also revealed that tea is a good source of flavonol glycosides. TheCamellia sinensisvar.sinensisshowed higher content of myricetin, quercetin, and total flavonols than var.assamicaand ssp.lasiocalyx. Therefore flavonols and their glycosides can potentially be used in chemotaxonomic studies of tea germplasm. The nonbeverage type cultivars, especiallyCamellia rosafloraandCamellia japonicaRed along with the exotic accessions resembling China type, could be useful in future germplasm studies because they are rich sources of flavonols, namely, quercetin and kaempferol, which are potent antioxidants. The flavonol profiles can be effectively used in choosing parents in tea breeding programmes to generate progenies with a wide range of flavonol glycosides.

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Zeng, Wen, Zhen Zeng, Jie Teng, Dylan O’Neill Rothenberg, Mengzhen Zhou, Ronghui Lai, Xingfei Lai, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Purine Alkaloids and Main Quality Components of the Three Camellia Species in China." Foods 11, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11050627.

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Tea (Camelliasinensis var. sinensis) is a widely consumed caffeine-containing beverage, however the Camellia genus also includes other species, which are consumed as tea in their local growing regions. Presently, HPLC analysis assessed 126 unique Camellia germplasms belonging to three Camellia species, C. sinensis var. pubilimba Chang (Csp), C. gymnogyna Chang (CgC) and C. crassicolumna Chang (CcC). Theobromine was the predominant purine alkaloid in all species, representing over 90% of purine alkaloids in Csp and CgC, and 50% in CcC. Significant variability existed in purine alkaloid patterns both between and within species, and some germplasms possessed highly unique alkaloid profiles. Sensory evaluation and quality composition analysis of green tea products produced from the three Camellia species suggested their unsuitability for use in tea production due to their unpalatable flavor. The results of this study revealed the differences in purine alkaloids and main quality components between Camellia species and tea, which contributed to understand why tea, rather than other Camellia species, has become a popular beverage in the world after long-term artificial selection. In addition, unique alkaloid profiles suggest usefulness of these germplasm resources in future breeding of decaffeinated tea plant varieties and alkaloid metabolism research.

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Zhao, Yichen, Runying Wang, Qing Liu, Xuan Dong, and De-Gang Zhao. "Genetic Diversity of Ancient Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze in Sandu County of Guizhou Province in China." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060276.

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The ancient tea plant germplasm is an important resource for breeding new tea plant varieties and has great economic value. However, due to man-made and natural disturbances, it has become endangered. In order to have a better management of the conserved tea plant germplasm, it is a requirement to understand the genetic and phenotypic diversity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 145 ancient tea plant germplasm resources from five populations in Sandu County of Guizhou province in China. To explore the population genetics of tea plant, we successfully identified 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which were highly polymorphic. Additionally, we applied traditional phenotypic methods to evaluate the tea plant diversity. The results suggested that the genetic and phenotypic diversity were relatively high. A total of 96 alleles were identified, and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) value was found to be 0.66. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variation within the populations was greater than among the populations. Overall, our results are the valuable baseline data in developing more efficient management and breeding plans for one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops, the tea plant species.

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Patel, Pradeep Kumar, Dapeng Zhang, Devajit Borthakur, Monpi Hazarika, Pulakesh Boruah, Raj Barooah, Santanu Sabhapondit, Naba Jyoti Neog, and Romen Chandra Gogoi. "Quality Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Clones Marked through Novel Traits." Beverages 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5040063.

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Tea clones and seed varieties released from Tocklai Tea Research Institutes are suitable primarily for manufacturing black tea (CTC/orthodox) while green tea manufactured from these clones are poor in quality. This led to identifying germplasm suitable for manufacturing green tea of high quality. Physiological parameters on net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water-use efficiency, leaf temperature, and carboxylation efficiency of six selected germplasm (DH 1 and 2, DH 3 and 4, DH 5 and 6, DL 13, DL 25, and DL 39) were measured in first flush, second flush, rain flush, and autumn flush. Seasonal Yield, biochemical (L-theanine to total polyphenol ratio), and taster’s score were compared among seasons. Two protocols were used for green tea manufacturing, i.e., roasting and steaming. Significant differences in net photosynthesis (pn), stomatal conductance (gs), carboxylation efficiency (ci/ca), and yield were observed between flushes. Among the six test clones, the L-theanine to total polyphenol ratio found was highest in DH 5 and 6 in the roasting method. Structural and cluster analysis revealed that the DH clones genotypically occupied the same position as that of the popular green tea clone Longjing 43 of China and Yabukita of Japan, indicating suitability of these germplasm to develop new green tea clones. Clones DH 5 and 6 are suitable for green tea manufacturing and they can be released to the industry as new green tea clones. As far as manufacturing protocol is concerned, the roasting method of tea manufacturing was found superior over steaming.

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Wang, Liubin, Hanshuo Xun, Shirin Aktar, Rui Zhang, Liyun Wu, Dejiang Ni, Kang Wei, and Liyuan Wang. "Development of SNP Markers for Original Analysis and Germplasm Identification in Camellia sinensis." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010162.

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Tea plants are widely grown all over the world because they are an important economic crop. The purity and authenticity of tea varieties are frequent problems in the conservation and promotion of germplasm resources in recent years, which has brought considerable inconvenience and uncertainty to the selection of parental lines for breeding and the research and cultivation of superior varieties. However, the development of core SNP markers can quickly and accurately identify the germplasm, which plays an important role in germplasm identification and the genetic relationship analysis of tea plants. In this study, based on 179,970 SNP loci from the whole genome of the tea plant, all of 142 cultivars were clearly divided into three groups: Assam type (CSA), Chinese type (CSS), and transitional type. Most CSA cultivars are from Yunnan Province, which confirms that Yunnan Province is the primary center of CSA origin and domestication. Most CSS cultivars are distributed in east China; therefore, we deduced that east China (mainly Zhejiang and Fujian provinces) is most likely the area of origin and domestication of CSS. Moreover, 45 core markers were screened using strict criteria to 179,970 SNP loci, and we analyzed 117 well-Known tea cultivars in China with 45 core SNP markers. The results were as follows: (1) In total, 117 tea cultivars were distinguished by eight markers, which were selected to construct the DNA fingerprint, and the remaining markers were used as standby markers for germplasm identification. (2) Ten pairs of parent and offspring relationships were confirmed or identified, and among them, seven pairs were well-established pedigree relationships; the other three pairs were newly identified. In this study, the east of China (mainly Zhejiang and Fujian provinces) is most likely the area of origin and domestication of CSS. The 45 core SNP markers were developed, which provide a scientific basis at the molecular level to identify the superior tea germplasm, undertake genetic relationship analysis, and benefit subsequent breeding work.

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Lee, Kyung Jun, Jung-Ro Lee, Raveendar Sebastin, Myoung-Jae Shin, Seong-Hoon Kim, Gyu-Taek Cho, and Do Yoon Hyun. "Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Tea Germplasm for Its Management and Sustainable Use in Korea Genebank." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2019): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090780.

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Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is cultivated in many developing Asian, African, and South American countries, and is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. It is of critical importance to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of tea germplasm for effective collection, conservation, and utilization. In this study, 410 tea accessions collected from South Korea were analyzed using 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Among 410 tea accessions, 85.4% (350 accessions) were collected from Jeollanam-do. A total of 286 alleles were observed, and the genetic diversity and evenness were estimated to be on average 0.79 and 0.61, respectively, across all the tested samples. Using discriminant analysis of principal components, four clusters were detected in 410 tea accessions. Among them, cluster 1 showed a higher frequency of rare alleles (less than 1%). Using the calculation of the index of association and rbaD value, each cluster showed a clonal mode of reproduction. The result of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that most of the variation observed was within populations (99%) rather than among populations (1%). The present study revealed the presence of lower diversity and simpler population structure in Korean tea germplasms. Consequently, more attention should be focused on collecting and conserving the new tea individuals to broaden genetic variation of new cultivars in future breeding of the tea plant.

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Lei, Xiaogang, Haoyu Li, Pingping Li, Huan Zhang, Zhaolan Han, Bin Yang, Yu Duan, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Studies of Biluochun Tea Plant Populations in Dongting Mountain and Comprehensive Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Core Agronomic Traits by Four Analysis Models." Plants 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2023): 3719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12213719.

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The elite germplasm resources are key to the beautiful appearance and pleasant flavor of Biluochun tea. We collected and measured the agronomic traits of 95 tea plants to reveal the trait diversity and breeding value of Biluochun tea plant populations. The results revealed that the agronomic traits of Biluochun tea plant populations were diverse and had high breeding value. Additionally, we resequenced these tea plant populations to reveal genetic diversity, population structure, and selection pressure. The Biluochun tea plant populations contained two groups and were least affected by natural selection based on the results of population structure and selection pressure. More importantly, four non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) and candidate genes associated with (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG), (−)-gallocatechin (GC), and caffeine (CAF) were detected using at least two GWAS models. The results will promote the development and application of molecular markers and the utilization of elite germplasm from Biluochun populations.

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Singh, Nisha, Hukam C. Rawal, Ulavappa B. Angadi, Tilak Raj Sharma, Nagendra Kumar Singh, and Tapan Kumar Mondal. "A first-generation haplotype map (HapMap-1) of tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntz)." Bioinformatics 38, no. 2 (October 2, 2021): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab690.

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Abstract Motivation Tea is a cross-pollinated woody perennial plant, which is why, application of conventional breeding is limited for its genetic improvement. However, lack of the genome-wide high-density SNP markers and genome-wide haplotype information has greatly hampered the utilization of tea genetic resources toward fast-track tea breeding programs. To address this challenge, we have generated a first-generation haplotype map of tea (Tea HapMap-1). Out-crossing and highly heterozygous nature of tea plants, make them more complicated for DNA-level variant discovery. Results In this study, whole genome re-sequencing data of 369 tea genotypes were used to generate 2,334,564 biallelic SNPs and 1,447,985 InDels. Around 2928.04 million paired-end reads were used with an average mapping depth of ∼0.31× per accession. Identified polymorphic sites in this study will be useful in mapping the genomic regions responsible for important traits of tea. These resources lay the foundation for future research to understand the genetic diversity within tea germplasm and utilize genes that determine tea quality. This will further facilitate the understanding of tea genome evolution and tea metabolite pathways thus, offers an effective germplasm utilization for breeding the tea varieties. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Cheng, Linan, Xuan Dong, Qing Liu, Runying Wang, Yan Li, Xiaozhen Huang, and Yichen Zhao. "SLAF-Seq Technology-Based Genome-Wide Association and Population Structure Analyses of Ancient Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze in Sandu County, China." Forests 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111885.

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Guizhou is one of the centers of origin for the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). The location contains highly diverse ancient tea plant germplasms in its Sandu Aquarium Autonomous County. After a prolonged course of continuous evolution, these ancient plants have gained a wealth of genetic diversity. Their resources could be harnessed for the selection and breeding of fine varieties of tea plant, as well as for the effective utilization and protection of germplasm resources. In this study, the specific locus-amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing method was used to analyze the population structure and conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the three traits of 125 ancient tea plants in the Sandu County of Guizhou province, China. A total of 807,743 SLAF tags and 9,428,309 population single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tags were obtained. The results of the phylogenetic tree analysis, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis showed that 125 germplasms were clustered into four groups, and the heterozygosity rates for groups I, II, III, and IV, were 0.211, 0.504, 0.144, and 0.192, respectively. Additionally, GWAS analysis suggested that seven candidate genes were related to altitude at the origin of the plants, eight were related to tree shape, and three were associated with leaf color. In this study, we clarified genetic relationships between four ancient tea plant-producing areas in Sandu County and obtained candidate genes related to their development associated with altitude, tree shape, and leaf color. The study provides useful information for tea plant-breeding development and molecular identification.

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Chen, Xuejin, Pengjie Wang, Yucheng Zheng, Mengya Gu, Xinying Lin, Shuyan Wang, Shan Jin, and Naixing Ye. "Comparison of Metabolome and Transcriptome of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway in a Purple-Leaf Tea Germplasm Jinmingzao and a Green-Leaf Tea Germplasm Huangdan reveals Their Relationship with Genetic Mechanisms of Color Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114167.

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Purple-leaf tea is a phenotype with unique color because of its high anthocyanin content. The special flavor of purple-leaf tea is highly different from that of green-leaf tea, and its main ingredient is also of economic value. To probe the genetic mechanism of the phenotypic characteristics of tea leaf color, we conducted widely targeted metabolic and transcriptomic profiling. The metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of purple- and green-leaf tea were compared, and results showed that phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, accumulated in purple-leaf tea. The high expression of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis (e.g., PAL and LAR) exhibits the specific expression of biosynthesis and the accumulation of these metabolites. Our result also shows that two CsUFGTs were positively related to the accumulation of anthocyanin. Moreover, genes encoding transcription factors that regulate flavonoids were identified by coexpression analysis. These results may help to identify the metabolic factors that influence leaf color differentiation and provide reference for future research on leaf color biology and the genetic improvement of tea.

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Zhu, Yunzheng, Deyang Liang, Zejun Song, Yi Tan, Xiaolan Guo, and Delu Wang. "Genetic Diversity Analysis and Core Germplasm Collection Construction of Camellia oleifera Based on Fruit Phenotype and SSR Data." Genes 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122351.

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Many Camellia oleifera germplasm resources were collected from Guizhou Province, but the fruit morphological variation and genetic diversity of C. oleifera germplasm resources remain unclear. The genetic diversity of C. oleifera germplasms resources in Guizhou was studied based on fruit traits and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers to build a core collection. This paper aims to provide a scientific basis for the collection, management, development, and utilization of C. oleifera resources in Guizhou province. The variation coefficients among and within varieties of seven fruit phenotypic traits of C. oleifera ranged from 11.79% to 61.76% and from 8.15% to 42.31%, respectively, showing rich phenotypic variation. Furthermore, 12 SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity. These primers generated 214 polymorphic bands, and the average number was 17.833. The average number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), polymorphic information content (PIC), and major allele frequency (MAF) were 8.999, 2.301, 0.965, 0.50, 0.836, and 0.238, respectively. The results showed that 12 SSR markers had high polymorphism, and the genetic diversity of 167 C. oleifera germplasm resources was high. Based on SSR molecular marker information and fruit traits clustering, 167 C. oleifera germplasm resources were divided into three groups. When constructing core collections based on fruit traits and molecular marker information, the PowerCore-25 of core collections greatly preserves fruit traits and improves genetic diversity. This paper can provide a reference for the genetic diversity and fruit traits variation of C. camellia germplasm resources in Guizhou Province. It is significant for establishing a core collection, thus promoting germplasm innovation and the development of the oil tea industry in Guizhou.

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Akbar, Asma, Gul Shad Ali, Brian Pearson, Farrukh Hamid, and Sonia Sumreen. "Screening Camelia sinensis Germplasm Against Grey Leaf Blight of Tea." Journal of Agricultural Studies 5, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v5i4.11991.

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Grey blight is a foliar disease of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) caused by Pestalotiopsis. The grey blight pathogen was isolated from infected leaves of tea plants in the National Tea and High Value Crop Research Institute (NTHRI), Shinkiari, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Eight different varieties, Indonesian, Roupi, Jue King, P-5, P-3, Qi man, Chuy and P-1, were investigated for yield loss and resistance against the grey blight disease. All varieties displayed considerably different levels of resistance to Pestalotiopsis (p<0.05). The most resistant variety was Indonesian, which showed the lowest number of lesions (1.5 leaf-1) and the smallest lesion diameter (3.0 cm), whereas the most susceptible variety was P-1 which showed the highest number of lesions (3.83 leaf-1) and the largest lesion diameter (15.0 cm). The grey leaf blight pathogen significantly affected biomass and dry matter of the tested varieties. Compared to non-inoculated control, inoculation with Pestalotiopsis reduced the number of leaves by 40% (p<0.05), fresh leaf weight by 31% (p<0.05) and dry leaf weight by 59% (p<0.05). Whereas, the Indonesian variety was the least affected showing only 11% (p<0.05), 19% (p<0.05), and 28% (p<0.05) reduction in number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight, respectively, over control. These results showed that Pestalotiopsis significantly reduced tea yield and that this disease can be managed by growing resistant varieties.

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Martono, Budi, and Syafaruddin Syafaruddin. "Genetic Variability of 21 Tea Genotypes [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] Based on RAPD Markers." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v5n2.2018.p77-86.

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<em>Knowing the genetic diversity in the tea germplasms collection is one of important conditions for assembling new superior varieties. Information of genetic diversity can be obtained through analysis using RAPD molecular markers. The study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 21 tea genotypes based on RAPD markers. The research was conducted in Integrated Laboratory, Seameo Biotrop, Bogor, from July to September 2013. Genomic DNA was isolated from 21 tea genotypes leaf samples, then amplified with primer OPA 03, OPA 05, OPB 04, OPB 06, OPC 06, and OPD 08. Electrophoresis result was converted into binary data. The genetic similarity and cluster analysis calculation was done using NTSYS-pc version 2.10. In this research, 50 polymorphic bands (94,34%) and 3 monomorphic band (5,66%) were obtained. Cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmatic (UPGMA) divided 21 tea genotypes into two groups at a genetic similarity value of 0,48. Group 1 consisted of 20 tea genotypes, while the second group comprised only a one genotype (Sin 27). The range of genetic similarity matrix was between 28%–92%, the lowest genetic similarity (28%) was found between GMB 4 and Sin 27 genotypes, while the highest (92%) was found between AS 2 and AS 1 genotypes. The information obtained can be utilized in breeding programs with the support of agronomic characters as well as in the conservation of tea germplasm.</em>

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Olayinka Olufemi Olaniyi, Olusola Babatunde Kehinde, Amos Adegbola Oloyede, Omotayo Olalekan Adenuga, Kayode Olufemi Ayegboyin, Elizabeth Folasade Mapayi, Mohammed Baba Nitsa, Feyisetan Omolola Sulaimon, and Tope Emmanuel Ebunola. "Variability analysis of some genotypes in Nigeria tea (Camellia sinensis) germplasm." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.1.0491.

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Thirty four tea clones were sourced from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria tea germplasm and raised through stem cuttings for 10 months in the nursery. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in 2016. Agronomic and yield data were collected and subjected to analysis of variance. Single linkage cluster analysis (SLCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and FATCLUS analysis were employed to analyse the data. ANOVA showed considerable significant variation p<0.05 among the 34 tea genotypes. The PCA showed that Plant Height (PH) 0.39, Number of Leaves (NL) 0.38, Number of Branches (NB) 0.37, Harvestable Points (HP) 0.31, Stem Diameter 0.39 and Leaf Breadth 0.30 accounted for most of the variations observed. Axes 1, 2 and 3 of the PCA accounted for 37.23%, 15.48% and 10.75% variability respectively with cumulative value of 63.47%. The genotypes were clustered into 7 groups by FASTCLUS Analysis. The dendrogram showed that the first cluster was observed between NGC29 and NGC 47 at 0.08 level of similarity. At 0.50 level of similarity the dendrogram revealed 5 distinct groups. Therefore, variation exists among the tea germplasm in Nigeria thereby suggests further presenting opportunities for further varietal development.

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Xiao, Kunyue, Yutao Shi, Sisi Liu, Yuchong Chen, Dejiang Ni, and Zhi Yu. "Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Tea Polysaccharides Extracted from Different Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Varieties." Foods 12, no. 19 (September 27, 2023): 3584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12193584.

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Tea polysaccharide (TPS) is a bioactive compound extracted from tea. It has raised great interest among researchers due to its bioactivity. However, few studies focused on the diversity of TPS in its compositions and antioxidant activity. This study collected 140 different tea varieties from four tea germplasm gardens in China, and their TPSs in tea shoots were extracted. The extraction efficiency, composition contents, including neutral sugar, uronic acid, protein, and tea polyphenols, and the scavenging abilities of hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superoxide radical (O2-·) of 140 TPSs were determined and analyzed. The results showed significant differences in the compositions and antioxidant activities of TPS extracted from different tea varieties. By applying hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), we selected nine tea varieties with high TPS extraction efficiency and 26 kinds of TPS with high antioxidant capacity.

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Burhagohain, Alija, and Aditi Smith Gogoi. "Cytological and anatomical assessment of a few planting materials of tea (Camellia spp.)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 15, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/15.2/73-80.

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In the present investigation, an effort was made to characterize and estimate the variation of 20 tea germplasm on the basis of cytological and anatomical characteristics. All the germplasm showed highly significant difference amongst them in all the parameters except the ploidy level. Here, all the germplasm were observed to be diploid having 2n=30 no. of chromosome. From the anatomical parameters it was observed that THT8 followed by THT5, THT7, THT13 showed characteristic more likely towards Cambod type also recorded with higher phloem index. The planting material noted with higher phloem index in the present study can be considered as hybrid population which may be a good parent material for breeding programme.

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Hyun, Do Yoon, Gwang-Yeon Gi, Raveendar Sebastin, Gyu-Taek Cho, Seong-Hoon Kim, Eunae Yoo, Sookyeong Lee, Dong-Mo Son, and Kyung Jun Lee. "Utilization of Phytochemical and Molecular Diversity to Develop a Target-Oriented Core Collection in Tea Germplasm." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111667.

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Tea has received attention due to its phytochemicals. For the direct use of tea germplasm in breeding programs, a core collection that retains the genetic diversity and various phytochemicals in tea is needed. In this study, we evaluated the content of eight phytochemicals over two years and the genetic diversity through 33 SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers for 462 tea accessions (entire collection, ENC) and developed a target-oriented core collection (TOCC). Significant phytochemical variation was observed in the ENC between genotypes and years. The genetic diversity of ENC showed high levels of molecular variability. These results were incorporated into developing TOCCs. The TOCC showed a representation of the ENC, where the mean difference percentage, the variance difference percentage, the variable rate of coefficient of variance percentage, and the coincidence rate of range percentage were 7.88, 39.33, 120.79, and 97.43, respectively. The Shannon’s diversity index (I) and Nei’s gene diversity (H) of TOCC were higher than those of ENC. Furthermore, the accessions in TOCC were shown to be selected proportionally, thus accurately reflecting the distribution of the overall accessions for each phytochemical. This is the first report describing the development of a TOCC retaining the diversity of phytochemicals in tea germplasm. This TOCC will facilitate the identification of the genetic determinants of trait variability and the effective utilization of phytochemical diversity in crop improvement programs.

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Wibowo, N. A., and B. Martono. "The Diversity and Classification of Tea Germplasm Based on Morpho-Agronomic Characteristics." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 985, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/985/1/012008.

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Abstract The information on diversity needs to be disclosed as a basis for consideration in the use of genetic resources. The objective of this study is to reveal the diversity and the classification of tea germplasm based on morpho-agronomic characteristics. The experiment was carried out from June to December 2018 in Gunung Putri Experimental Garden, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. The materials of the study used were 13 first generation tea clones. The research used was the observation method.s. The level of kinship among the clones was calculated using cluster analysis with the PBSTAT program. The results of observations showed that there was a diversity of leaf margin characteristics, leaf shape, mature leaf color, and immature leaf color. The high diversity was seen in pecco+2 weight, pecco+3 weight, and petiole length. The highest weight of pecco+3 was found in clone Cin 1. The coefficient of dissimilarity of 0.34 was divided into 2 main groups. Group I consisted of the clone Cin 1 and the clone Cin 28. The second group consisted of 11 tea clones. The clone Cin 1 and the clone Cin 28 and the clone Mal 17 are the tea clones with the smallest similarity values.

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Yan, Heqin, Huasha Qi, Yang Li, Yougen Wu, Yong Wang, Jianmiao Chen, and Jing Yu. "Assessment of the Genetic Relationship and Population Structure in Oil-Tea Camellia Species Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers." Genes 13, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13112162.

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Oil-tea camellia trees, the collective term for a class of economically valuable woody oil crops in China, have attracted extensive attention because of their rich nutritional and pharmaceutical value. This study aimed to analyze the genetic relationship and genetic diversity of oil-tea camellia species using polymorphic SSR markers. One-hundred and forty samples of five species were tested for genetic diversity using twenty-four SSR markers. In this study, a total of 385 alleles were identified using 24 SSR markers, and the average number of alleles per locus was 16.0417. The average Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.1890, and the percentages of polymorphic loci (P) of oil-tea camellia trees were 7.79−79.48%, indicating that oil-tea camellia trees have low diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the majority of genetic variation (77%) was within populations, and a small fraction (23%) occurred among populations. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) results indicated that the first two principal axes explained 7.30% (PC1) and 6.68% (PC2) of the total variance, respectively. Both UPGMA and PCoA divided the 140 accessions into three groups. Camellia oleifera clustered into one class, Camellia vietnamensis and Camellia gauchowensis clustered into one class, and Camellia crapnelliana and Camellia chekiangoleosa clustered into another class. It could be speculated that the genetic relationship of C. vietnamensis and C. gauchowensis is quite close. SSR markers could reflect the genetic relationship among oil-tea camellia germplasm resources, and the results of this study could provide comprehensive information on the conservation, collection, and breeding of oil-tea camellia germplasms.

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Wang, Pengjie, Yucheng Zheng, Yongchun Guo, Baoshun Liu, Shan Jin, Shizhang Liu, Feng Zhao, et al. "Widely Targeted Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of a Novel Albino Tea Mutant of “Rougui”." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020229.

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Albino tea mutants with specific shoot colors (white or yellow) have received increasing attention from researchers due to their unique phenotypes, beneficial metabolites, and special flavor. In this study, novel natural yellow leaf mutants of the same genetic background of “Rougui” were obtained, and the transcriptome and metabolite profiles of the yellow leaf mutant (YR) and original green cultivar (GR) were investigated. A total of 130 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) and 55 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in YR compared to GR. The leaf coloration of YR was primarily affected by pigment metabolism including of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids, and the co-expression of three heat shock proteins (HSPs) and four heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) may also regulate leaf coloration by affecting chloroplast biogenesis. Of the 130 SCMs, 103 showed clearly increased abundance in YR, especially nucleotides and amino acids and their derivatives and flavonoids, suggesting that YR may be an ideal albino tea germplasm for planting and breeding. Our results may help to characterize the leaf coloration and metabolic mechanism of albino tea germplasm.

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Benson, Laura L., Warren F. Lamboy, and Richard H. Zimmerman. "Molecular Identification of Malus hupehensis (Tea Crabapple) Accessions Using Simple Sequence Repeats." HortScience 36, no. 5 (August 2001): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.5.961.

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The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) currently holds 36 separate accessions of the `Yichang' clone of Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd. The `Yichang' clone originally entered the United States in 1908 as seed collected for the Arnold Arboretum by E.H. Wilson near Yichang, Hubei Province, China. The original description of M. hupehensis omits fruit characters, and botanists frequently augment these omissions with descriptions of the `Yichang' clone. Apomixis occurs in Malus, including M. hupehensis, and is strongly associated with elevated ploidy levels. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to characterize 65 accessions of M. hupehensis. To check for polyploidy, a set of M. hupehensis accessions was evaluated with flow cytometry. The simple sequence repeat phenotypes and ploidy information revealed the `Yichang' clone under various accession names in arboreta. It was neither known nor suspected that the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System held many duplicate accessions of the `Yichang' clone prior to their molecular characterization. Germplasm conservation decisions for Malus species can benefit from an increased knowledge of the genetic variation or lack thereof in naturalized populations and ex situ collections.

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Li, Haozhen, Kangkang Song, Xiaohua Zhang, Di Wang, Shaolin Dong, Ying Liu, and Long Yang. "Application of Multi-Perspectives in Tea Breeding and the Main Directions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 16 (August 10, 2023): 12643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612643.

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Tea plants are an economically important crop and conducting research on tea breeding contributes to enhancing the yield and quality of tea leaves as well as breeding traits that satisfy the requirements of the public. This study reviews the current status of tea plants germplasm resources and their utilization, which has provided genetic material for the application of multi-omics, including genomics and transcriptomics in breeding. Various molecular markers for breeding were designed based on multi-omics, and available approaches in the direction of high yield, quality and resistance in tea plants breeding are proposed. Additionally, future breeding of tea plants based on single-cellomics, pangenomics, plant–microbe interactions and epigenetics are proposed and provided as references. This study aims to provide inspiration and guidance for advancing the development of genetic breeding in tea plants, as well as providing implications for breeding research in other crops.

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Jiang, Lele, Siyi Xie, Chengzhe Zhou, Caiyun Tian, Chen Zhu, Xiaomei You, Changsong Chen, Zhongxiong Lai, and Yuqiong Guo. "Analysis of the Genetic Diversity in Tea Plant Germplasm in Fujian Province Based on Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing." Plants 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13010100.

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Fujian province, an important tea-producing area in China, has abundant tea cultivars. To investigate the genetic relationships of tea plant cultivars in Fujian province and the characteristics of the tea plant varieties, a total of 70 tea cultivars from Fujian and other 12 provinces in China were subjected to restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). A total of 60,258,975 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were obtained. These 70 tea plant cultivars were divided into three groups based on analyzing the phylogenetic tree, principal component, and population structure. Selection pressure analysis indicated that nucleotide diversity was high in Southern China and genetically distinct from cultivars of Fujian tea plant cultivars, according to selection pressure analysis. The selected genes have significant enrichment in pathways associated with metabolism, photosynthesis, and respiration. There were ten characteristic volatiles screened by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) coupled with multivariate statistical methods, among which the differences in the contents of methyl salicylate, 3-carene, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-4-hexen-1-ol, and 3-methylbutyraldehyde can be used as reference indicators of the geographical distribution of tea plants. Furthermore, a metabolome genome-wide association study (mGWAS) revealed that 438 candidate genes were related to the aroma metabolic pathway. Further analysis showed that 31 genes of all the selected genes were screened and revealed the reasons for the genetic differences in aroma among tea plant cultivars in Fujian and Southern China. These results reveal the genetic diversity in the Fujian tea plants as well as a theoretical basis for the conservation, development, and utilization of the Fujian highly aromatic tea plant cultivars.

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Tan, Li-Qiang, Xin-Yu Wang, Hui Li, Guan-Qun Liu, Yao Zou, Shen-Xiang Chen, Ping-Wu Li, and Qian Tang. "Systematic Evaluation of Landrace Tea Populations in Northern Sichuan, China, Based on Morphology, DNA Markers, and Biochemistry Analyses." HortScience 53, no. 8 (August 2018): 1095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13116-18.

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Landrace tea populations are important recourses for germplasm conservation and selection of elite tea clone cultivars. To understand their genetic diversity and use them effectively for breeding, two traditional landrace tea populations, Beichuan Taizicha (BCTZ) and Nanjiang Dayecha (NJDY), localized to northern Sichuan, were evaluated for morphological characters, simple sequence repeat (SSR)–based DNA markers and the contents of biochemical components. A wide range of morphological variation and a moderately high level of DNA polymorphism were observed from both BCTZ and NJDY. NJDY had on average, bigger leaves, larger flowers, higher total catechins (TCs), and greater gene diversity (GD) than BCTZ. Interestingly, samples from BCTZ had a wide range in the ratio of galloylated catechins to nongalloylated catechins (G/NG) (1.83–8.12, cv = 48.8%), whereas samples from NJDY were more variable in total amino acid (TAA) content (25.3–50.8 mg·g−1 dry weight) than those from BCTZ. We concluded that the two Camellia sinensis landrace populations are of great interest for both individual selection breeding and scientific studies.

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Yan, Meihong, Xiangxiang Huang, Nianci Xie, Tiyue Zhao, Mingzhi Zhu, Juan Li, and Kunbo Wang. "Advances in Purple Tea Research: Chemical Compositions, Anthocyanin Synthesis and Regulation, Processing, and Health Benefits." Horticulturae 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2024): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010050.

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Purple tea, renowned for its anthocyanin content and distinctive purple hue, has gained prominence. The anthocyanin content in purple tea can exceed three times that of traditional green-leaf tea. Purple tea harbors various anthocyanins, implicating intricate pathways of biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation. Concurrently, owing to its distinctive chemical composition, the processing of purple tea may be constrained, potentially influencing the sensory attributes and flavor profile of the tea. The richness of anthocyanins in purple tea has yielded potential health benefits, including antioxidative and anti-cancer properties, rendering purple tea a sought-after commodity in the tea market. However, current research on purple tea remains incomplete, including indistinct networks of anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms, incomplete chemical characterization, and a need for comprehensive investigations into its biological activities. The limited research foundation has greatly reduced the popularity and consumption of purple tea. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanins, as well as the chemical compositions, processing, and health benefits of purple tea. This review will provide the groundwork for future efforts in the selection and innovation of purple tea germplasm, purple tea processing, and the expansion of the market for purple tea consumption.

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Jalgaonkar, V. N., S. A. Chavan, and P. D. Patil. "SCREENING OF GERMPLASM AGAINST CASHEW TEA MOSQUITO BUG (HELOPELTIS ANTONII)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.62.

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TAKEDA, Yoshiyuki, Toshio TAKYU, Namiko IKEDA, and Shun AMMA. "Long term storage of seeds and pollen in tea germplasm." Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal), no. 71 (1990): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.1990.29.

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Xiang, Juan, Shen Rao, Qiangwen Chen, Weiwei Zhang, Shuiyuan Cheng, Xin Cong, Yue Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, and Feng Xu. "Research Progress on the Effects of Selenium on the Growth and Quality of Tea Plants." Plants 11, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192491.

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Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and it plays an important role in immune regulation and disease prevention. Tea is one of the top three beverages in the world, and it contains active ingredients such as polyphenols, theanine, flavonoids, and volatile substances, which have important health benefits. The tea tree has suitable Se aggregation ability, which can absorb inorganic Se and transform it into safe and effective organic Se through absorption by the human body, thereby improving human immunity and preventing the occurrence of many diseases. Recent studies have proven that 50~100.0 mg/L exogenous Se can promote photosynthesis and absorption of mineral elements in tea trees and increase their biomass. The content of total Se and organic selenides in tea leaves significantly increases and promotes the accumulation of polyphenols, theanine, flavonoids, and volatile secondary metabolites, thereby improving the nutritional quality of tea leaves. This paper summarizes previous research on the effects of exogenous Se treatment on the growth and quality of tea trees to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the germplasm selection and exploitation of Se-rich tea.

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32

Joseph Lopez, S., Jibu Thomas, P. K. Pius, R. Raj Kumar, and N. Muraleedharan. "A reliable technique to identify superior quality clones from tea germplasm." Food Chemistry 91, no. 4 (August 2005): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.005.

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Kottawa-Arachchi, JD, MTK Gunasekare, MAB Ranatunga, PAN Punyasiri, and L. Jayasinghe. "Use of biochemical compounds in tea germplasm characterization and its implications in tea breeding in Sri Lanka." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 41, no. 4 (December 12, 2013): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v41i4.6252.

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Cao, Hongli, Jiamin Li, Yijun Ye, Hongzheng Lin, Zhilong Hao, Naixing Ye, and Chuan Yue. "Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Provide Insights into the Role of Trichomes in Tea Plant (Camellia Sinensis)." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020311.

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Trichomes, which develop from epidermal cells, are regarded as one of the key features that are involved in the evaluation of tea quality and tea germplasm resources. The metabolites from trichomes have been well characterized in tea products. However, little is known regarding the metabolites in fresh tea trichomes and the molecular differences in trichomes and tea leaves per se. In this study, we developed a method to collect trichomes from tea plant tender shoots, and their main secondary metabolites, including catechins, caffeine, amino acids, and aroma compounds, were determined. We found that the majority of these compounds were significantly less abundant in trichomes than in tea leaves. RNA-Seq was used to investigate the differences in the molecular regulatory mechanism between trichomes and leaves to gain further insight into the differences in trichomes and tea leaves. In total, 52.96 Gb of clean data were generated, and 6560 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 4471 upregulated and 2089 downregulated genes, were identified in the trichomes vs. leaves comparison. Notably, the structural genes of the major metabolite biosynthesis pathways, transcription factors, and other key DEGs were identified and comparatively analyzed between trichomes and leaves, while trichome-specific genes were also identified. Our results provide new insights into the differences between tea trichomes and leaves at the metabolic and transcriptomic levels, and open up new doors to further recognize and re-evaluate the role of trichomes in tea quality formation and tea plant growth and development.

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Cheng, Bixuan, Chao Yu, Heling Fu, Lijun Zhou, Le Luo, Huitang Pan, and Qixiang Zhang. "Evaluation of the morphological diversity of tea roses (Rosa x odorata) based on phenotypic traits." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 3 (June 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262120000179.

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AbstractRosa x odorata (sect. Chinenses, Rosaceae) is an important species distributed only in Yunnan Province, China. There is an abundance of wild variation within the species. Using 22 germplasm resources collected from the wild, as well as R. chinensis var. spontanea, R. chinensis ‘Old Blush’ and R. lucidissima, this study involved morphological variation analysis, inter-trait correlation analysis, principal component analysis and clustering analysis based on 16 morphological traits. This study identified a high degree of morphological diversity in R. x odorata germplasm resources and the variation coefficients had a distribution range from 18.00 to 184.04%. The flower colour had the highest degree of variation, while leaflet length/width had the lowest degree of variation. Inter-trait correlation analysis revealed that there was an extremely significant positive correlation between leaflet length and leaflet width. There was also a significant positive correlation between the number of petals and duration of blooming, and the L* and a* values of flower colour were significantly negatively correlated. Principal component analysis screened five principal components with the highest cumulative contribution rate (81.679%) to population variance. Among the 16 morphological traits, style length, sepal width, flower diameter, flower colour, leaflet length and leaflet width were important indices that influenced the morphology of R. x odorata. This study offers guidance for the further development and utilization of R. x odorata germplasm resources.

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Jorge, S., M. C. Pedroso, D. B. Neale, and G. Brown. "Genetic Differentiation of Portuguese Tea Plant using RAPD Markers." HortScience 38, no. 6 (October 2003): 1191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1191.

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Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to estimate genetic similarities between Portuguese Camelliasinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (tea plant) accessions and those obtained from the germplasm collections from the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya and from the National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants, and Tea of Japan. The accessions studied are taxonomically classified as C. sinensis, var. sinensis, var. assamica, or ssp. lasiocalyx. A set of 118 ten-base arbitrary primers was tested, of which 25 produced informative, reproducible, and polymorphic banding patterns. These primers were used to amplify DNA from 71 tea plant accessions and produced a total of 282 bands, of which 195 were polymorphic. The phenotypic frequencies were calculated using Shannon's Index and employed in estimating genetic diversity within tea plant populations. Our study demonstrates that tea plant populations, including the Portuguese tea plants, show considerable genetic variability. From the UPGMA cluster analysis based on a matrix using the Jaccard coefficient, it was possible to distinguish the Portuguese tea plants from the remaining accessions. The RAPD markers discriminated the three C. sinensis varieties. Moreover, within each variety cluster, subclusters formed according to geographic distribution. The RAPD analysis also separated the commercially cultivated tea plants from the Taiwanese wild tea plants. The present results show that RAPD analysis constitutes a good method to estimate genetic diversity within C. sinensis, and to differentiate C. sinensis accessions according to taxonomic variety and geographical distribution.

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Ni, Sui, Mingzhe Yao, Liang Chen, Liping Zhao, and Xinchao Wang. "Germplasm and breeding research of tea plant based on DNA marker approaches." Frontiers of Agriculture in China 2, no. 2 (May 29, 2008): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11703-008-0043-1.

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Sharma, R. K., M. S. Negi, S. Sharma, P. Bhardwaj, R. Kumar, E. Bhattachrya, S. B. Tripathi, et al. "AFLP-Based Genetic Diversity Assessment of Commercially Important Tea Germplasm in India." Biochemical Genetics 48, no. 7-8 (April 14, 2010): 549–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10528-010-9338-z.

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39

Wei, Chaoling, Hua Yang, Songbo Wang, Jian Zhao, Chun Liu, Liping Gao, Enhua Xia, et al. "Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 18 (April 20, 2018): E4151—E4158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719622115.

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Tea, one of the world’s most important beverage crops, provides numerous secondary metabolites that account for its rich taste and health benefits. Here we present a high-quality sequence of the genome of tea, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (CSS), using both Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies. At least 64% of the 3.1-Gb genome assembly consists of repetitive sequences, and the rest yields 33,932 high-confidence predictions of encoded proteins. Divergence between two major lineages, CSS and Camellia sinensis var. assamica (CSA), is calculated to ∼0.38 to 1.54 million years ago (Mya). Analysis of genic collinearity reveals that the tea genome is the product of two rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGDs) that occurred ∼30 to 40 and ∼90 to 100 Mya. We provide evidence that these WGD events, and subsequent paralogous duplications, had major impacts on the copy numbers of secondary metabolite genes, particularly genes critical to producing three key quality compounds: catechins, theanine, and caffeine. Analyses of transcriptome and phytochemistry data show that amplification and transcriptional divergence of genes encoding a large acyltransferase family and leucoanthocyanidin reductases are associated with the characteristic young leaf accumulation of monomeric galloylated catechins in tea, while functional divergence of a single member of the glutamine synthetase gene family yielded theanine synthetase. This genome sequence will facilitate understanding of tea genome evolution and tea metabolite pathways, and will promote germplasm utilization for breeding improved tea varieties.

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Punyasiri, P. A. Nimal, Brasathe Jeganathan, Jeevan Dananjaya Kottawa-Arachchi, Mahasen A. B. Ranatunga, I. Sarath B. Abeysinghe, M. T. Kumudini Gunasekare, and B. M. Rathnayake Bandara. "New Sample Preparation Method for Quantification of Phenolic Compounds of Tea (Camellia sinensisL. Kuntze): A Polyphenol Rich Plant." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/964341.

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Chemical analysis of the Sri Lankan tea (Camellia sinensis, L.) germplasm would immensely contribute to the success of the tea breeding programme. However, the polyphenols, particularly catechins (flavan-3-ols), are readily prone to oxidation in the conventional method of sample preparation. Therefore, optimization of the present sample preparation methodology for the profiling of metabolites is much important. Two sample preparation methodologies were compared, fresh leaves (as in the conventional procedures) and freeze-dried leaves (a new procedure), for quantification of major metabolites by employing two cultivars, one is known to be high quality black tea and the other low quality black tea. The amounts of major metabolites such as catechins, caffeine, gallic acid, and theobromine, recorded in the new sampling procedure via freeze-dried leaves, were significantly higher than those recorded in the conventional sample preparation procedure. Additionally new method required less amount of leaf sample for analysis of major metabolites and facilitates storage of samples until analysis. The freeze-dried method would be useful for high throughput analysis of large number of samples in shorter period without chemical deterioration starting from the point of harvest until usage. Hence, this method is more suitable for metabolite profiling of tea as well as other phenol rich plants.

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Qin, Shao-chang, Juan-ling Li, Abdul Kareem, and Yong Wang. "GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Components in Partridge Tea (Mallotus obongifolius)." HortScience 54, no. 8 (August 2019): 1288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14079-19.

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Partridge tea is one of the famous local herbal teas of Hainan Island, China. In the present study, headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were combined to determine and analyze the volatile components in the red and green leaves of partridge tea. Seventeen volatile components were identified in the red young leaves. The olefins, alkanes, and alcohols accounted for 71.24%, 1.1%, and 0.54%, among which the main components were caryophyllene (22.50%), humulene (18.73%), and α-guaiene (8.78%), respectively. Twenty volatile components were identified from red mature leaves, including 34.74% olefins, 6.14% esters, and 3.11% acids. Eighteen volatile components were identified from green young leaves, among which olefins (70.52%), alkanes (4.32%), and alcohol (0.89%) were the major components. Nineteen volatile components were identified from green mature leaves, among which the olefins, esters, and acids were the major components with the contents of 46.04%, 6.38%, and 1.37%, respectively. Results showed that the major volatile components of partridge tea were olefins, in which caryophyllene was the most abundant. The contents of volatile components between red leaves and green leaves had notable differences, which might be useful for germplasm identification of partridge tea.

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42

Benson, Laura L., Warren F. Lamboy, and Richard H. Zimmerman. "054 Characterization of Malus hupehensis (Tea Crabapple) with DNA Simple Sequence Repeats." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 450D—450. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.450d.

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Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly polymorphic regions of DNA that can be used for the molecular characterization of apple (Malus) germplasm. SSR markers are sufficiently variable to distinguish between individual plants in wild Malus species. In this study, accessions of Malus hupehensis were screened for fragment length variation in PCR amplified simple sequence repeat regions of DNA. The fragment length phenotype produced by five SSR primer pairs showed no variation between two lineages of M. hupehensis collected in the Changjiang (Yangtse) River valley. One lineage was collected by E.H. Wilson in 1908 near the city of Ichang, Hubei Province. The second lineage was collected by cooperators at China's Southwest Agricultural University (SWAU) in 1997 near the city of Chongqing (Chungking). M. hupehensis Plant Introduction No. 588760 from the National Plant Germplasm System lacks provenance, but displays a fragment length phenotype identical to both the Wilson and SWAU lineages. The spread of a clone may be aided by asexual reproduction through seed, which is not uncommon in polyploid apples. Two seedlings each of 15 maternal trees from the SWAU lineage were assayed for ploidy level by flow cytometry. The DNA content per nucleus for all SWAU progeny fell within the range for triploids, 2.19 to 2.68 pg DNA/nucleus. It appears that plant explorers in China separated by almost 90 years have succeeded in sampling a single clonal lineage of M. hupehensis.

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Vidya, M., M. N. N. Reddy, K. M. Rajanna, and V. Babu. "SCREENING OF CASHEW GERMPLASM ACCESSIONS/ENTRIES TO TEA MOSQUITO BUG, HELOPELTIS ANTONII SIGN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.60.

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44

LIU, Ben-Ying, You-Yong LI, Yi-Chun TANG, Li-Yuan WANG, Hao CHENG, and Ping-Sheng WANG. "Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Tea Germplasm in Yunnan Revealed by ISSR Analysis." ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 36, no. 3 (March 26, 2010): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2010.00391.

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45

JIANG, Hui-Bing, Wei-Xi SONG, Bing YI, You-Yong LI, Ling MA, Lin-Bo CHEN, Yi-Ping TIAN, Zhi-Fen DUAN, Ben-Ying LIU, and Ming-Zhi LIANG. "Genetic Diversity of Tea Germplasm Resources in Yunnan Province Based on Phenotypic Characteristics." Acta Agronomica Sinica 39, no. 11 (2013): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2013.02000.

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46

Chen, Xuefei, Hanpu Yu, Jin Zhu, Yu Chen, Zhilu Fu, Yuxin Zhao, Ying Yu, Xuan Chen, Xinghui Li, and Qingping Ma. "Widely targeted metabolomic analyses of albino tea germplasm ‘Huabai 1’ and ‘Baiye 1’." All Life 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2021.1933613.

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47

Moon, Doo-Gyung, Yun-Suk Kwon, So Jin Lee, Yong Hee Kwon, Eun Yong Song, and Byung-Hyuk Kim. "Comparison of Amino Acid and Catechins Contents of Tea Plants Germplasm with Yellow Leaves and Green Leaves at the First Harvest Time." Korean Tea Society 29, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29225/jkts.2023.29.2.72.

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The tea plant leaves at the first harvest time have green, purple, yellow, and white colors. The tea plant with yellow tea leaves contained the albino tea germplasm at the Gurye-gun of Jeollanam-do in Korea. This study compared the chlorophyll, amino acid, and catechin contents at the first harvest time in tea plants with yellow leaf (YL) and green leaf (GL) by transplant and cultivation after cutting from the same site. The chlorophyll content of GL was 3.3 times higher than YL at the one bud two leaves of the first harvest time. The chroma of brightness (L), red (a), and yellow (b) were 1.4, 1.1, and 1.6 times higher in YL than in GL, respectively. On the other hand, the total amino acid was 41.0 ± 1.0 mg/g for YL and 16.0 ± 0.6 mg/g for GL, showing a 2.6 times higher amino acid content in YL than GL. The L-theanine content was also 3.0 times higher in the YL (25.8 ± 0.3 mg/g) than in the GL (8.7 ± 0.4 mg/g). The L-theanine content in the total amino acid was 62.9% for the YL and 54.4% for the GL. The other amino acid contents were 15.1 ± 0.7 mg/g for the YL and 7.3 ± 0.2 mg/g for the GL. The total catechin content was 8.96 ± 0.08 mg/g for the YL and 7.19 ± 1.22 mg/g for the GL. The (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (ECG) contents were higher in the YL than in the GL. Nevertheless, the (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) content of GL was 1.2 times higher than the YL. In conclusion, the YL is another cultivar compared to the GL because of its different leaf yellow color, high amino acid, and L-theanine contents than GL.

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Zhang, Ni, Jinqiu Wang, Tianyi Pu, Zhibing Zhao, Weiwen Tan, Zhengwen Yu, and Yuehua Song. "HS-SPEM-GC-MS Analyses of Volatiles and Transcriptome Analysis of Camellia tetracocca in Response to Feeding by Empoasca onukii Matsuda." Forests 14, no. 10 (October 15, 2023): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102059.

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The tea leafhopper (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda, 1952) is the predominant pest infesting tea and causes significant losses in yield. Plants have evolved multiple defense responses to protect themselves from insect herbivores. Camellia tetracocca, a kind of ancient tea with local popularity, is unique to southwest China. This ancient tea is often attacked by the tea leafhopper. However, there are no relevant reports on changes in volatile components and defense signaling pathways after Camellia tetracocca has been attacked by E. onukii. To reveal changes in the responses of the volatile components of C. tetracocca to E. onukii, the headspace sampling technique and GC-MS were adopted to determine and analyze the volatiles. Furthermore, to unveil the defense mechanisms of C. tetracocca in response to E. onukii, transcriptome analysis was applied to damaged tea leaves and healthy leaves. The GC-MS analysis showed significant increases in the linalool and (E)-2-hexenal contents. The transcriptome analysis revealed a set of core pest-responsive genes (3074 upregulated and 5098 downregulated). Most of the enriched pest-responsive genes are mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction photosynthesis, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and the NF-κB signaling pathway. A conjoint analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome indicated that N2-acetylornithine, D-malic acid, theogallin, fucosyllactose, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, and arabinogalactose have a significant correlation with LOC114279735, LOC114317534, LOC114282078, LOC114317768, and LOC114263181. This study lays a foundation for further research on the breeding and cultivation of insect-resistant germplasm resources for C. tetracocca and on the promotion and development of the plant.

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Yamashita, Hiroto, Hideyuki Katai, Lina Kawaguchi, Atsushi J. Nagano, Yoriyuki Nakamura, Akio Morita, and Takashi Ikka. "Analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by ddRAD-seq reveal genetic structure of tea germplasm and Japanese landraces for tea breeding." PLOS ONE 14, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): e0220981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220981.

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Singh, S., R. K. Sud, A. Gulati, R. Joshi, A. K. Yadav, and R. K. Sharma. "Germplasm appraisal of western Himalayan tea: a breeding strategy for yield and quality improvement." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 1501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9938-z.

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