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1
Nielsen, Mogens, and Branislav Rovan. "Introduction—Combined TCSA/TCSB issue—mathematical foundations of computer science 2000." Theoretical Computer Science 340, no. 3 (August 2005): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2005.03.010.
Повний текст джерела
2
Lin, R., and S. Olariu. "Fast Inner Product Computation on Short Buses." VLSI Design 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2002): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10655140290011140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We propose a VLSI inner product processor architecture involving broadcasting only over short buses (containing less than 64 switches). The architecture leads to an efficient algorithm for the inner product computation. Specifically, it takes 13 broadcasts, each over less than 64 switches, plus 2 carry-save additions (tcsa) and 2 carry-lookahead additions (tcla) to compute the inner product of two arrays of N=29 elements, each consisting of m=64 bits. Using the same order of VLSI area, our algorithm runs faster than the best known fast inner product algorithm of Smith and Torng [“Design of a fast inner product processor,” Proceedings of IEEE 7th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (1985)], which takes about 28 tcsa + tcla for the computation.
3
Kumar, Dinesh, K. K. Srivastava, and S. R. Singh. "Correlation of trunk cross sectional area with fruit yield, quality and leaf nutrient status in plum under North West Himalayan region of India." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2019.v14i01.006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experiment was conducted to study the correlation of trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) with fruit yield, quality and leaf nutrient status in plum at ICAR-Central Institute for Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir during 2013-14. The TCSA (110.45, 118.23, 123.45, 131.67, 139.25, 146.82, 152.37 and 161.26 cm2) was based on their trunk girth at 15 cm above the ground. Maximum canopy volume (23.14m3 and fruit number 128/ tree) were recorded when TCSA was highest (161.26cm2). Maximum fruit weight (58.85g) was recorded with 123.45cm2 TCSA. Fruit yield and productivity efficiency (59.47kg/ tree and 0.29kg/ cm2) were recorded with 152.37cm2 TCSA. Fruit size (47.45 x 44.12mm), pulp weight (57.54g) and pulp/stone ratio (43.92) were recorded with 123.45cm2 TCSA. Maximum TSS (19.450B), total sugar (13.98%) and reducing sugar (11.46%) were recorded with 161.26 cm2 TCSA. Non-reducing sugar (2.53%) was recorded with 118.23cm2 TCSA. Higher leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content (2.38, 0.19 and 1.95%) was observed with 161.26 cm2 TCSA. A positive and significant correlation was noticed between TCSA and canopy volume (0.995), fruit number (0.992), yield (0.968), pulp/stone ratio (0.903), TSS (0.977), total sugar (0.937), reducing sugar (0.920), non-reducing sugar (0.048), leaf N (0.971), leaf P (0.977) and leaf K (0.997) value in plum variety Santa Rosa under North West Himalayan region of India.
4
Shen, Yan, Xi Chen, Jiang Li, Peifang Wang, and Jueshi Qian. "Preparation and Performance of Ternesite–Ye’elimite Cement." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 4369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124369.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ternesite–ye’elimite (TCSA) cement is a new type of environmentally advantageous binder prepared by introducing ternesite, a reactive phase, into belite calcium sulfoaluminate cement clinker. This paper reports the laboratory production of TCSA cement by the addition of minor elements to achieve the coexistence of ternesite and ye’elimite. The influence of dopants on the mineralogical composition of clinkers and the clinkering conditions for the preparation of TCSA cement clinkers were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties and hydration products of the cement pastes were also studied. The results indicated that the addition of CaF2, P2O5 and Na2O can promote the coexistence of ternesite and ye’elimite, and that Na2O is the most effective candidate. TCSA cement clinkers could be successfully prepared at 1150 °C for 30 min by doping 0.3% Na2O. The TCSA cement clinkers exhibited shorter setting times than the BCSA cement clinkers. The later strength of TCSA cement showed a significant increase compared with BCSA cement. The effect of Na2O was different on the strength development for TCSA and BCSA cement. The dissolution of ternesite could promote the formation of ettringite. The reactivity of belite was higher in TCSA cement due to the formation of strätlingite.
5
Graham, Charles J., and Gregory L. Reighard. "PEACH TREE RESPONSES TO AMMONIUM AND CALCIUM SPRAYS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 594e—594. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.594e.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of several foliar nutrient sprays on the vegetative growth of 'Jefferson' peach budded on 'Nemaguard' and 'Lovell' rootstocks planted on a site with a history of Peach Tree Short Life. The trees received foliar applications of 2 mN solutions of ammonium citrate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, or a water control at 3 week intervals from April to August. Vegetative growth measurements were taken after one growing season. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was significantly increased by ammonium citrate (TCSA=20.35 cm2), calcium citrate (TCSA=20.03 cm2), and calcium lactate (TCSA=19.91 cm2) when compared to controls (TCSA=16.75 cm2). Trees on 'Nemaguard' responded more to treatments than those on 'Lovell'. All nutrient sprays increased TCSA, lateral growth, terminal growth, and total tree growth on 'Nemaguard' rootstock. Terminal growth increased 12-36%, and total tree growth increased 18-51 % compared to control trees, but only ammonium citrate applications were significantly greater. Lateral growth and TCSA of treated trees increased 65-168% and 17-28%, respectively.
6
Calinescu, Mirela, Ivona Mazilu, Emil Chitu, Madalina Butac, Mihai Chivu, Aurelian Plaiasu, and Monica Antonescu. "INFLUENCE OF LOW VIGOUR ROOTSTOCKS ON GROWTH AND FRUITING PROCESS OF ‘REGINA’ CULTIVAR." Fruit Growing Research 37, no. 37 (December 16, 2021): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v37.2021.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this paper was to study the influence of low vigor rootstocks on the 'Regina' cherry cultivar. The study was conducted at Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti, Arges county, Romania between 2019 and 2021. A bifactorial experiment was set up, with A factor-the rootstock ('Gisela 3', 'Gisela 5', 'Gisela 12' and 'Weigi 2') and B factor-the study year (2019, 2020 and 2021). Fruiting and vegetative growth data (fruit production, the trunck cross-section area-TCSA, the annual increase of TCSA, the productivity index and the ratio between the fruit production and the annual increase of TCSA), as well as fruit quality data (fruit mass, firmness, pH, total soluble content, chromatic coordinates of epicarp color and chlorophyll fluorescence) were collected. 'Gisela 5' rootstock recorded the highest value of TCSA annual increase (11.46 kg/cm2) and had also the highest cromatic coordinates values: colour brightness (25.68), red pigment (15.61) and yellow content (4.12).The highest vigor of the cultivar 'Regina' was observed in 'Weigi 2' rootstock variant (with an TCSA value of 44.71 cm2), given that 'Weigi 2' TCSA annual increase was similar to 'Gisela 5'. 'Gisela 3' rootstock stood out for its fruit highest pH (3.97), fruit yield (13.51 t/ha), lowest vigor (TCSA=24.19 cm2), smallest annual TCSA increase (6.11 cm2), highest productivity index 0.219 kg/cm2) and highest fruit production to annual TCSA increase ratio (1.79 kg/cm2). Taking into account climatic accidents that marked the spring of 2021, on the average of the study years, the cultivar 'Regina' grafted on the rootstock 'Gisela 12' was distinguished by fruit weight (10.02 g), firmness (66.53 units HPE Bareiss) and TSS (16.03°Brix) on the background of the lowest fruit yield. A negative very signifficant correlation between fruit yield and fruit quality traits (weight, firmness and total soluble solids) was found.
7
Foshee, W. G., W. D. Goff, K. M. Tilt, J. D. Williams, J. S. Bannon, and J. B. Witt. "Organic Mulches Increase Growth of Young Pecan Trees." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 811–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.811.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Organic mulches (leaves, pine nuggets, pine straw, grass clippings, and chipped limbs) were applied at depths of 10, 20, or 30 cm in a 3 × 3-m area around young pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] trees. These treatments were compared to an unmulched herbicide treatment and a common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sod. Trunk cross-sectional areas (TCSAs) of the mulched trees were larger than those of trees in the sod or unmulched plots and increased linearly as mulch depth increased. All mulches influenced TCSA similarly. Mean TCSA for mulched trees increased 14-fold compared to an increase of 8-fold for the unmulched trees and the sod in this 3-year study. Thus, common yard-waste mulches can be used effectively to increase growth of young pecan trees.
8
Bajnok, Zoltan, and Tamas Lajos Tompa. "TCSA and the finite volume boundary state." Nuclear Physics B 964 (March 2021): 115330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2021.115330.
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9
Ross, Joseph A., Mette Thorsing, Eva Maria Sternkopf Lillebæk, Patrícia Teixeira Dos Santos, and Birgitte H. Kallipolitis. "The LhrC sRNAs control expression of T cell-stimulating antigen TcsA in Listeria monocytogenes by decreasing tcsA mRNA stability." RNA Biology 16, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2019.1572423.
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10
Embree, Charles G., Marina T. D. Myra, Douglas S. Nichols, and A. Harrison Wright. "Effect of Blossom Density and Crop Load on Growth, Fruit Quality, and Return Bloom in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple." HortScience 42, no. 7 (December 2007): 1622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1622.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From 2003 to 2006, the blossom level and crop load of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees on M.26 rootstocks were adjusted to improve fruit quality and return bloom. The treatments consisted of manually removing flower clusters to 50, 100, and 150 per tree, then at ≈50 d after full bloom, the crop load was adjusted to 3, 6, and 9 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), respectively. All flower and crop load adjustment significantly increased TCSA and canopy volume compared with the control. Classic biennial bearing was observed on the untreated control trees and those thinned to 150 blossom clusters per tree and 9 fruit/cm2 TCSA and was mitigated for trees with 50 and 100 blossom clusters followed by crop load adjustment to 3 and 6 fruit/cm2 TCSA, respectively. Fruit color the “on” year was always lower on the control trees; no difference was found in the “off” year. The treatments increased fruit weight proportional to crop load except for the 2004 “off” year. This study illustrates that for trees with ≈1 m3 canopy volume, the combined effects of blossom and crop load adjustment to 100 blossom clusters/tree followed by fruitlet adjustment to 6 fruit/cm2 TCSA and below will induce consistent annual production for ‘Honeycrisp’.
11
Westwood, M. N., P. B. Lombard, Scott Robbins, and H. O. Bjornstad. "Tree Size and Performance of Young Apple Trees of Nine Cultivars on Several Growth-controlling Rootstocks." HortScience 21, no. 6 (December 1986): 1365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.6.1365.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Tree size and performance were summarized for five-year-old apple trees, with a range of vigor, in several cultivars on several size-controlling rootstocks. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of trees on EMLA 9 was 86% greater than those on M 9, while trees on EMLA 27 had a 48% smaller TCSA than M 9. The percentage of flowering was greatest on trees on M 9 compared to EMLA 9 and 27; greatest on Clark (C) 54 compared to C 6 and C 43; and least on seedling compared to MM 111, MM 106, and M 7. Trees on EMLA 9 and M 9 had high-yield efficiency (cumulative yield/TCSA), whereas those on EMLA 27 were less yield-efficient. Trees on seedling stock were less efficient than those on MM 111, MM 106, and M 7. Smallest trees based on TCSA were noted for both ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’/EMLA 27 and ‘Starkrimson’/C 54, whereas the largest trees were ‘Starking Delicious’/Merton 793.
12
Dorey, Patrick, A. J. Pocklington, Roberto Tateo, and Gérard Watts. "TBA and TCSA with boundaries and excited states." Nuclear Physics B 525, no. 3 (August 1998): 641–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00339-3.
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13
Srivastava, K. K., Dinesh Kumar, S. R. Singh, and O. C. Sharma. "Effect of cultivars on tree growth, yield and quality attributes of apple on espalier architecture under high density planting system." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 14, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2019.v14i01.005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annual extension growth (AEG), an indicator of tree vigor, was recorded maximum (145.63 cm) in Granny Smith and minimum (111.04cm) in Spartan, where as correlation matrix showed negative relation between trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) and AEG. Granny Smith exhibited maximum (184.09 g) fruit weight and it was minimum (128.68 g) in Spartan, the correlation matrix between fruit weight and yield efficiency exhibited significant positive correlation over the years. Yield tree-1 was maximum (29.45 kg tree-1) in Coe red Fuji and minimum (16.04 kg/tree) in Spartan. Significant and positive correlation coefficient (0.870) observed between yield and TCSA. TCSA has positive correlation with fruit weight and yield efficiency, maximum mean yield efficiency (1.11 kg/cm2) was recorded in Granny Smith. All the cultivars trained on this architecture had high chroma values (color intensity).
14
Norton, J. D., G. E. Boyhan, and J. A. Pitts. "EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK ON LONGEVITY AND FRUIT AND TREE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLUM." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 431d—431. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.431d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dwarfing characteristics of St. Julien and Pixy rootstocks as measured by shoot growth and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was evident. Tree survival was significantly reduced after 3 years on Nemaguard and Pixy rootstocks. None of the elements measured by foliar nutrient analysis were below the minimum for plums; however, significant multiple regression equations for total shoot growth, TCSA, and survivability were evident with R2 of ≈0.30 in all three cases.
15
Razeto, Bruno, Gabino Reginato, and Sergio Rojas. "Chemical Thinning of Loquat with Naphthalene Acetic Acid." HortTechnology 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) belongs to the subfamily Pomoideae, and is an evergreen fruit tree which blooms in fall. Its inflorescence is a panicle. To attain commercial fruit size fruit thinning is done by hand. A chemical thinning trial was performed during the 1999-2000 growing season in Peumo, Cachapoal County, Sixth Region, Chile. Sixteen-year-old `Golden Nugget' loquat trees were treated with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at rates of 70, 140, and 280 g·ha-1 (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 oz/acre), split into two or three applications beginning at early fruit set followed with sprays, 13 and/or 28 days later. Each treatment was applied to four randomly selected trees. At harvest, fruit number was measured in four panicles per tree and in the whole tree. NAA produced a thinning effect closely related to dose, with the highest doses inducing both highest flower thinning and the largest size of the fruit, but the lowest yield per tree. Lower doses produced fruit size and yield similar to those of hand-thinned check trees. Fruit load, expressed as trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), reached 1.8 to 9.1 fruit/cm2 TCSA (11.6 to 58.7 fruit/inch2 TCSA) in treated trees in comparison to 20 fruit/cm2 TCSA (121 fruit/inch2 TCSA) of the nontreated trees. NAA treatments did not affect the number of seeds per fruit. Total dose of 140 g·ha-1 NAA was the most effective in reducing fruit number, whether split into two or three applications. Fruit development seemed to conform to a double sigmoid curve, with a high rate of growth during fall, a lower one through the winter, in order to recover the growth rate in spring until maturity.
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Machado, Patrick Garcia, Ruth da Silva Brum, and Daniela Buske. "Avaliação do potencial térmico de trocadores de calor solo-ar." Ciência e Natura 43 (November 8, 2021): e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x66949.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A humanidade tem buscado alternativas aos mais diversos sistemas que utiliza no seu dia, visando alcançar uma convivência mais sustentável com o planeta. Entre tais sistemas, destacam-se os aparelhos e sistemas empregados a fim de atender às demandas de conforto térmico de ambientes internos de edificações, como residências, comércios, hospitais. Os trocadores de calor solo-ar (TCSA) constituem uma opção a ser levada em consideração nesse quesito. Neste trabalho, desenvolve-se um modelo numérico baseado no método das Diferenças Finitas para determinar o potencial térmico de um TCSA composto por um só duto. O modelo é validado com os dados apresentados na literatura mais recente da área e empregado para avaliar o desempenho de um TCSA em uma metrópole no sul do Brasil. Os resultados apontam para a eficiência do sistema em Porto Alegre, destacando uma economia energética significativa decorrente de sua utilização.
17
Miller, Stephen S. "Root Pruning and Trunk Scoring Have Limited Effect on Young Bearing Apple Trees." HortScience 30, no. 5 (August 1995): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.5.981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To control excessive growth, vigorous `Smoothee Golden Delicious', `Jonagold', `Empire', and `Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars on Malling 7A (M.7A) rootstock planted at close in-row spacing (2.5 or 1.8 m) were mechanically root-pruned (RP), trunk-scored (TS; ringing), or both, annually for 3 to 5 years beginning in the fourth leaf. Trees were grown in a deep, well-drained, fertile soil and supplied with trickle irrigation. RP reduced terminal shoot length in 2 of 5 years on `Smoothee Golden Delicious'; trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was not affected by RP. TS reduced terminal length in 3 years and TCSA in each of 5 years of treatment on `Smoothee Golden Delicious'. Bloom density was not affected by RP on `Smoothee Golden Delicious' but was increased by TS in two of the three years measured. RP reduced terminal shoot length in `Gala', `Empire', and `Jonagold' in most years and TCSA in 1993 for all cultivars. TS had no effect on shoot length or TCSA in these three cultivars. Effects of RP and TS on yield and fruit size varied with year and cultivar. In general, the effects of RP and TS were inconsistent and often failed to reduce shoot growth or canopy spread. No practical advantage was recognized from these techniques for young apple trees growing on a fertile site with trickle irrigation.
18
Nie, Jing, Yang Yang, Yining Gao, Wenwen Jiang, Aisikeer Aidina, Fei Sun, Lucas R. Prieto, et al. "Newly self-administered two-step tool for screening cognitive function in an ageing Chinese population: an exploratory cross-sectional study." General Psychiatry 36, no. 1 (February 2023): e100837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2022-100837.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundEarly screening of cognitive function is critical to dementia treatment and care. However, traditional tests require face-to-face administration and are often limited by implementation costs and biases.AimsThis study aimed to assess whether the Thoven Cognitive Self-Assessment (TCSA), a novel, innovative two-step touchscreen-based cognition assessment tool, could identify early cognitive impairment due to dementia in older adults.MethodsThe TCSA was administered to 61 healthy controls (HCs), 46 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 44 participants diagnosed with dementia recruited from Shanghai. Two outcome measures were generated from the TCSA test: the TCSAprimary taskscore and the TCSAsecondary taskscore.ResultsThe total average scores in the control group for the TCSAprimary taskand TCSAsecondary taskwere significantly higher than those in the MCI and dementia groups (TCSAprimary task: HCs vs MCI group vs dementia group, 8.58±1.76 vs 5.40±2.67 vs 2.74±2.11, F=75.40, p<0.001; TCSAsecondary task: HCs vs MCI group vs dementia group, 23.02±3.31 vs 17.95±4.93 vs 11.93±5.50, F=76.46, p<0.001). Moreover, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a score below 7.5 for the TCSAprimary taskand a score below 22.5 for the TCSAsecondary taskwere indicators of MCI.ConclusionsThe TCSA appears to be efficacious for the detection of cognitive impairment in older adults. It demonstrates the potential for large-scale cognition screening in community service settings.
19
Srivastava, K. K., Dinesh Kumar, and P. Barman. "Sweet cherry cultivars influenced the growth and productivity under HDP." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 14, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2019.v14i01.008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a field experiment, to identify the best sweet cherry varieties for high density orcharding, maximum canopy volume (18.94 cm3) was recorded in variety ‘Steela’ and minimum in ‘Lambert’ while, ‘Bigarreau Napoleon’ had maximum TCSA (213 cm2). Trees grown under HDP have lower TCSA in comparison to normal density. Primary and secondary branch girth were maximum in ‘Bigarreau Napoleon’ whereas, annual extension growth and shoot thickness were high in ‘Steela’. Yield, yield efficiency and cumulative yield efficiency were registered maximum in ‘Bigarreau Napoleon’ and ‘Bigarreau Noir Grossa’ cultivars. Largest fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameter were found maximum (10.16 g/fruit), (25.51 mm) (25.20 mm) respectively in ‘Bigarreau Napoleon’. Total soluble solids were found maximum in ‘Bigarreau Noir Grossa’ (17.30 0Brix) among the studied cultivars. Correlation matrix showed that TCSA had positive correlation with canopy volume, primary branch girth and secondary branch girth and fruit weight showed positive correlation with fruit length and fruit diameter.
20
Marzarotto, Carine, Bruna Nunes, Michel Kepes Rodrigues, Jeferson Avila Souza, Luiz Alberto Oliveira Rocha, Elizaldo Domingues Dos Santos, and Liércio André Isoldi. "Análise numérica da influência de parâmetros operacionais e construtivos no funcionamento de trocadores de calor solo-ar." Scientia Plena 11, no. 8 (August 31, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14808/10.14808/sci.plena.2015.081304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<div><p class="SPabstract">A busca pelo conforto térmico em ambientes construídos eleva o consumo de energia elétrica, devido à necessidade de climatização para se atingir uma temperatura agradável: resfriamento no verão e aquecimento no inverno. A fim de reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica nos condicionadores de ar, surge o trocador de calor solo-ar (TCSA), que utiliza a radiação solar que incide sobre a superfície do solo como uma fonte de energia limpa e renovável. Assim, o ar que escoa no TCSA é direcionado para o interior de edificações, proporcionando uma melhoria significativa na sua condição térmica. Isso é possível devido à inércia térmica do solo, que possui temperatura mais amena se comparada à temperatura do ar ambiente. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar numericamente a influência da velocidade do ar em escoamento no duto e do espaçamento entre dois dutos em paralelo no desempenho térmico do TCSA. Para isso um modelo computacional, verificado e validado, desenvolvido no software FLUENT, que é baseado no Método dos Volumes Finitos (MVF), foi usado. Os resultados mostram que durante os períodos mais quentes a menor velocidade de escoamento do ar analisada conduz a um melhor desempenho térmico do TCSA. Também foi observado que a partir de 1 m de afastamento entre os dutos, a troca térmica entre cada duto e solo não é afetada de forma significativa.</p></div>
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Nóbrega, Eduardo de Sá Bueno, Ana Maria Bersch Domingues, Juliana Costi, Ruth da Silva Brum, Jairo Valões de Alencar Ramalho, and Régis Sperotto Quadros. "Uma avaliação de estratégias para determinar a temperatura na entrada de trocadores de calor solo-ar." Ciência e Natura 43 (November 8, 2021): e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x67002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Os trocadores de calor solo-ar (TCSA) representam uma opção promissora para reduzir a carga de aquecimento/resfriamento das edificações. Basicamente, os TCSA utilizam dutos subterrâneos, onde o ar circula a fim de trocar calor com o solo. O modelo analítico proposto neste trabalho considera, dentre outros fatores, a temperatura do ar na entrada do duto, no solo e na saída do sistema. Assim, este trabalho abordará duas formas de determinar a temperatura do ar de entrada, uma fornecida pela Estação Agroclimatológica de Pelotas e a outra baseada nos dados de reanálise ERA-Interim. As comparações têm demonstrado eficiência entre ambas as maneiras.
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Yagi, H., Y. Tokura, H. Wakita, F. Furukawa, and M. Takigawa. "TCRV beta 7+ Th2 cells mediate UVB-induced suppression of murine contact photosensitivity by releasing IL-10." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 5 (March 1, 1996): 1824–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.5.1824.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In murine contact photosensitivity, a cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, preirradiation of the photosensitization site with UVB induced Ag-specific, afferent limb-acting, CD4+CD8- suppressor T cells (Ts). The present study examined usage of TCR V beta and production of immunosuppressive cytokines in Ts propagated in vitro. Spleen cells from UVB-preirradiated, 3,3',4',5- tetracholorosalicylanilide (TCSA)-photosensitized mice were stimulated with 3000-rad-irradiated lymph node cells (LNC) from TCSA/UVA-sensitized mice (LNCTCSA) in the presence of rIL-t. After several rounds of antigenic stimulation, a T cell line (B+TCL) consisted exclusively of CD3+CD4+CD8- V beta 7+ and V beta 13+ populations. Transfer to naive recipients of B+TCL treated with anti-V beta mAb plus complement revealed that the V beta 7+ cells suppressed both the in vivo and the in vitro aspects of contact photosensitivity to TCSA in an Ag-specific manner. The in vitro suppressive activity of B+TCL was neutralized by anti-IL-10 mAb, but not by anti-IL-4 mAb, indicating a crucial role of IL-10 in UBV-induced suppression. Upon stimulation with 3000-rad-irradiated-LNCTCSA, B+TCL released IL-4 and IL-10 but not IL-2, and V beta 7+ cells produced IL-10. The reverse transcriptase-PCR detected mRNA for IL-4 and IL-10 but not that for IL-2, IFN-gamma, or TGF-beta in B+TCL stimulated with or without concanavalin A. In accordance with the findings in B+TCL, spleen cells from UVB preirradiation plus TCSA/UVA mice contained V beta 7+ T cells that suppressed contact photosensitivity to TCSA and produced substantial amounts of IL-4 that provided a microenvironment for Th2 cell generation. We conclude that UVB preirradiation and photosensitization result in the generation of V beta 7+ Th2 cells that suppress contact photosensitivity by releasing IL-10. The dysfunction of effector Th1 cells underlying UVB suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity seems to be due not only to altered APC function but also to counteraction of Th2 cells by Th1 cells.
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SRIVASTAVA, K. K., S. RAJAN, DINESH KUMAR, S. R. SINGH, and H. C. VERMA. "Growth pattern and phenological stages of peach (Prunus persica) under subtropics." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i2.99022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peach exhibits different phenological stages throughout its vegetative period in response to environmental conditions. Fifteen different stages were identified during the annual growing cycle of low chill peach at subtropical condition. Dormancy break first started in Saharanpur Prabhat and Pant Peach-1 during last week of January. Initiation of bloom first (8–20 Feb) noticed in Flordaprince, Sharbati Surkha and Earligrande, while full bloom was first noticed in Flordaprince Pratap and Pant Peach-1 and end of flowering earliest in Pant Peach-1 (mid to end February). Fruit maturity is important character for good market price, early maturity was recorded in Sharbati, Sharbati Surkha, Flordaprince and Pratap (last week of April to May 1st week). Maximum production efficiency (4.98 fruit/cm2 TCSA,) was recorded in Pratap. Fruit weight varied from 34.85–80.57 g in different cultivars. Maximum heat use efficiency (HUE) 51.87 kg/cm2 TCSA degree days was registered in Pratap and Earligrande (31.82 kg/cm2 TCSA degree/day/ year). For successful cultivation of low chill peaches under subtropics Flordaprince, Sharbati and Sharbati Surkha selected as early maturing, Shan-e-Punjab, Earligrande and Pratap as mid maturing and Pant Peach-1 has been found as late maturing cultivars.
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Braun, P. Gordon, Keith D. Fuller, Kenneth McRae, and Sherry A. E. Fillmore. "Response of ‘Honeycrisp®’ Apple Trees to Combinations of Pre-plant Fumigation, Deep Ripping, and Hog Manure Compost Incorporation in a Soil with Replant Disease." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study evaluated the effects of pre-plant treatments: deep ripping (DR), fumigation (F), deep ripping plus fumigation (DRF), deep ripping plus hog manure compost (DRC), and deep ripping plus fumigation plus hog manure compost (DRFC) in comparison with a non-treated control (NTC) on shoot and root performance of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees on M.4 rootstocks in an old orchard site with apple replant disease (ARD). Cylindrocarpon spp., Pythium spp., and Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, all potential agents of ARD, were present in the orchard soil. Fine-root numbers (1 to 2.9 mm diameter) were significantly greater in the DRC and DRFC treatments than the DR treatment. After 6 years, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and yield were largest for the DRFC treatment followed closely by F. The DR treatment had no effect on TCSA, yield, or yield efficiency when applied alone compared with the NTC. Contrast analysis demonstrated that F was significantly better than non-F for yield in all years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Also, there was a significant interaction between DR and F treatment in 2005 that significantly reduced yield in the DRF treatment. Contrast analysis showed that compost had a significant positive effect on yield in all three production years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Yield efficiency in the third production year was largest for F, DRC, and the DRFC treatments. Nutrient analysis revealed that soil phosphorus concentrations in compost-treated plots were double those in other treatments. High phosphorus content of compost may have contributed to the amelioration of ARD symptoms. This study found that in 2007, soil fumigation alone, as conventionally used for ARD control, and composted hog manure were equally effective in increasing yield and yield efficiency of apple trees planted in an ARD soil. The DRFC treatment was the overall best treatment in all years.
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Bratsch, Anthony, Robert Bellm, and Don Kniepkamp. "Early Growth Characteristics of Seven Grafted Varieties and Non-Grafted Seedling Pawpaw." HortTechnology 13, no. 3 (January 2003): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.3.0423.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Following spring planting in 1998, and for four seasons (1998-2001), early growth and development were characterized for seven grafted [PawPaw Foundation (PPF), Frankfort, Ky.) pawpaw Regional variety trial (PRVT) rootstock] pawpaw (Asimina triloba) varieties, `Davis', `Taylor', `Rebecca's Gold', `Sunfl ower', `Overleese', `Prolific', `Wells', and one nongrafted seedling strain. Survival rate after four seasons was 96.5% for grafted trees and 100% for seedling trees. Entries exhibited significant differences in total height, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), average shoot length, first winter cold injury and percent bloom. By the end of 2000, seedling tree height and TCSA were greater as compared to the named varieties. Seedling height averaged 134 cm (52.8 inches), with a TCSA of 4.54 cm2 (0.704 inch2), while the least vigorous variety (Davis) had an average height of 77 cm (30.3 inches) and a TCSA of 1.54 cm2 (0.239 inch2). Average shoot length was significant only in the year of planting, ranging from 39.3 cm (15.47 inches) for `Davis', to 61.3 cm (24.13 inches) for `Sunfl ower'. Tip dieback occurred in the winter following planting on all varieties; this damage ranged from 23.3% (`Taylor') to 73.4% (`Overleese'). In 1999, lower axillary shoots (LSL) breaking below the damaged tips grew longer [31.1 to 50.6 cm (12.24 to 19.92 inches)] than upper distal axillary shoots (DASL) [15.8 to 44.6 cm (6.22 to 17.56 inches)], indicating a lack of apical dominance and vigor of emerging top buds. All named varieties developed fl ower buds by the spring of the fourth season, with budding ranging from an average of 0.5 buds/tree (`Rebeccas Gold') to 6.0 buds/tree (`Prolific'). Viability of these buds as determined by successful anthesis ranged from 0.4% (`Davis') to 63.8% (`Wells'). No fruit were set from these flowers.
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Vasconcellos, Douglas Pereira, Gerson Henrique dos Santos, and Luiz Eduardo Melo Lima. "Avaliação numérica do desempenho térmico de diferentes configurações de trocadores de calor solo-ar." Ambiente Construído 21, no. 2 (April 2021): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212021000200534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resumo Visando à diminuição do consumo de energia em edificações, devido ao uso de equipamentos de aquecimento, ventilação e ar condicionado, observa-se o aproveitamento do solo como fonte de energia. Por sua alta capacidade térmica, o solo atua como um reservatório térmico, aquecendo ou resfriando o ar do ambiente interno das edificações, conforme as condições climáticas aplicadas. Sendo assim, aplicou-se o método dos volumes finitos neste trabalho para análise do desempenho térmico desse tipo de trocador de calor solo-ar (TCSA). Inicialmente, os efeitos das propriedades térmicas do solo, da velocidade de escoamento do ar e do diâmetro do duto no desempenho térmico do TCSA foram investigados em regime permanente, por ser uma condição limite. Além disso, analisaram-se duas configurações para a distribuição do duto no solo (dois e quatro passos). A partir dos resultados, notou-se que o melhor desempenho para o TCSA foi obtido utilizando o solo saturado e operando com uma velocidade de ar de 2,5 m/s em um duto com diâmetro de 0,10 m. Em seguida, observou-se que uma distância entre as linhas de centro dos dutos de 0,5 m foi a mais apropriada. Adicionalmente, executaram-se simulações em regime transiente, empregando-se condições climáticas por meio de funções senoidais.
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Almeida, Gustavo Klamer de, Gilmar Arduino Bettio Marodin, Henrique Thomas Queiroz, and Mateus Pereira Gonzatto. "Productive and vegetative performance of peach trees grafted on six rootstocks in a replanting area." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 4 (April 2016): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000400009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive and vegetative performance of the Maciel and Chimarrita peach tree cultivars grafted on six rootstocks, in a replanting area. The experiment was carried out in an area that had been previously cultivated with peach trees for more than 15 years in the municipality of Eldorado do Sul, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Maciel and Chimarrita peach tree cultivars were grafted on 'Aldrighi', 'Capdeboscq', 'Okinawa', 'Flordaguard', 'Nemaguard', and 'Umezeiro'. The 'Umezeiro' rootstock caused high plant mortality in both scions, as well as low productivity and higher alternate bearing; it also affected the qualitative and ripening attributes of the fruits of 'Chimarrita'. The 'Aldrighi', 'Capdeboscq', 'Okinawa', 'Flordaguard', and 'Nemaguard' rootstocks induced a similar yield in both scions. The trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) did not differ between rootstocks in 'Maciel', but in 'Chimarrita', TCSA was higher on 'Flordaguard' than on 'Umezeiro' in some seasons. Regarding the average of rootstocks, 'Maciel' showed higher TCSA, pruning mass, and average yield than 'Chimarrita', as well as changes in qualitative and ripening attributes. The Maciel cultivar shows the best productive performance in replanting areas, and the 'Capdeboscq' and 'Aldrighi' rootstocks induce satisfactory agronomic performance.
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Hermes, Vinicius De Freitas, Juliana Costi, Wiliam Correa Marques, Luiz Alberto Oliveira Rocha, Elizaldo Domingues Dos Santos, Michel Kepes Rodrigues, and Liércio André Isoldi. "Estudo numérico de trocador de calor solo-ar considerando variação anual realística de temperatura do ar e da superfície do solo em região da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG." Revista Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Engenharia 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/ripe.v5i1.19216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Com o propósito de melhorar a condição térmica no interior de ambientes construídos e, consequentemente, reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica, o Trocador de Calor Solo-Ar (TCSA) é um dispositivo que utiliza a energia renovável proveniente da radiação solar que atinge a superfície do solo e é armazenada como energia térmica. Seu princípio de funcionamento consiste em forçar o ar ambiente a escoar no interior de um ou mais dutos enterrados no solo, que devido a sua inércia térmica permite a troca de calor com o ar em escoamento. Dessa forma, o solo retira calor do ar em estações do ano de temperaturas mais elevadas, e cede calor ao ar em estações do ano em que as temperaturas são mais baixas. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar numericamente o comportamento térmico de uma instalação de TCSA, considerando o solo de uma região da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), bem como a variação anual realística de temperatura do ar e da superfície do solo dessa mesma região. Através de um modelo computacional, validado e verificado, foram realizadas simulações numéricas no software Fluent (baseado no Método dos Volumes Finitos). Os resultados apontaram que a profundidade de instalação ideal para o TCSA é de 2,00 m, existindo potencial térmico para melhoria da condição térmica de ambientes construídos tanto no verão quanto no inverno.
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Hudina, M., and F. Štampar. "Effect of a postbloom naphthaleneacetic acid thinning spray and hand thinning on quality and quantity of pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Harrow Sweet." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and hand thinning on quality and quantity of pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Harrow Sweet was investigated in 2005, 2006 and 2007. The experiment included the following treatments: an unsprayed control, hand thinning to 3 fruit cm-2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), hand thinning to 6 fruit cm-2 of TCSA, NAA at 8 mg L-1 (2005-2007), NAA at 16 mg L-1 (2006-2007) and NAA at 20 mg L-1 (2007). The same treatments were applied to the same trees in each of the three years. NAA thinning did not reduce yield per tree and had no negative effect on fruit set, yield efficiency, or crop load in any of the years. In 2005 and 2006, NAA and hand thinning significantly increased fruit diameter and weight. In 2007, only NAA at 20 mg L-1 significantly increased fruit diameter and weight relative to the control. Fruit firmness was not influenced by NAA or hand thinning in 2005 or 2007, but in 2006, hand-thinned fruits were significantly less firm than control fruit. Hand thinning to 6 fruit cm-2 of TCSA increased fruit soluble solids content in 2006 and 2007. Neither NAA nor hand thinning influenced total sugars or organic acids in fruit. Key words: Yield, sugars, organic acids, HPLC
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Rosati, Adolfo, Andrea Paoletti, Raeed Al Hariri, Alessio Morelli, and Franco Famiani. "Partitioning of Dry Matter into Fruit Explains Cultivar Differences in Vigor in Young Olive (Olea europaea L.) Trees." HortScience 53, no. 4 (April 2018): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12739-17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Low vigor and early and abundant production are desirable traits for modern tree crops. In olive, most cultivars are too vigorous and cannot be successfully constrained in the small volume allowed by the straddle harvester used in the so-called superhigh-density (SHD) orchards. Only few cultivars appear to have sufficiently low vigor to be suitable for this system. These cultivars combine low vigor with earlier and higher yield. This study investigated the hypothesis that differences in vigor between Arbequina, a low vigor and the most commonly used cultivar in SHD orchards, and Frantoio, a highly vigorous cultivar not suitable for such orchards, are related to their differences in early bearing and consequent differences in dry matter partitioning into fruit. Young trees of both cultivars were deflowered either in 2014, 2015, both years, or neither one, resulting in a range of cumulative yields over the 2 years. Tree trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was measured at the beginning of each year. This was closely related to total tree mass, as assessed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Cumulative yield, in terms of fruit dry matter, was also assessed. TCSA increased less in fruiting trees in both years. As expected, when not deflowered, ‘Frantoio’ was less productive and more vigorous than ‘Arbequina’. However, there was no difference in TCSA increment when both cultivars were completely deflowered. TCSA increments were closely inversely related to yield across all treatments and cultivars (R2 = 0.90). The regressions improved further when data from 2015 only were used (R2 = 0.99). The results represent the first quantitative report showing that differences in vigor among cultivars can be completely explained in terms of different dry matter partitioning into fruit, supporting the hypothesis that early bearing is a major cause, rather than merely a consequence, of lower vigor in young ‘Arbequina’ trees. These results provide new understanding on vigor differences across cultivars, which will be useful for breeding and selection of new genotypes.
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Liu, Li, Minjie Lian, Caiwu Lu, Sai Zhang, Ruimin Liu, and Neal N. Xiong. "TCSA: A Traffic Congestion Situation Assessment Scheme Based on Multi-Index Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation in 5G-IoV." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The traffic congestion situation is an important reference indicator for the orderly control and management of traffic systems. As intelligent transport systems (ITS) become increasingly popular, the challenge of realizing real-time traffic congestion situation assessments (TCSAs) in the post-traffic era is particularly important. In this study, we propose a TCSA scheme for multi-metric fuzzy integrated evaluation based on three predicted vehicle traffic parameters for the 5G Internet of Vehicles (5G-IoV) environment, which is dedicated to accelerating the development of ITS. Firstly, the scheme uses dynamic multi-model adaptive exponential smoothing (DMMAES), which can calculate the optimal smoothing coefficients and weight of each model based on historical prediction errors to predict the average speed and traffic volume and then calculate the predicted traffic speed, traffic flow density, and road saturation of the three traffic congestion indicators. Secondly, the predicted values of the three traffic congestion indicators are used as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, taking into account the vagueness of the traffic congestion levels, the uncertainty of the indicators, and the conflict among the indicators, using a trapezoidal affiliation function to determine the degree of affiliation of each indicator through the adaptive CRITIC method to determine the weights. Finally, the predicted traffic congestion situations are classified into five levels. The effectiveness of the scheme was verified by the measured data of Yanta North Road in Xi’an. The results showed that the traffic congestion level predicted by TCSA was basically consistent with the actual situation and had a high prediction accuracy.
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Peryea, Frank J. "262 FERTIGATION VERSUS DRY APPLICATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER IN IRRIGATED `GALA' AND `FUJI' APPLES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 467c—467. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.467c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Differential fertilizer application method (single dry, split dry, fertigated liquid), irrigation method (drip, microjet), and nutrient source (N vs. N+P in year 2+) were established in Spring 1992 in a newly planted Gala and Fuji apple orchard. In Spring 1993, the drip-fertigated Gala trees had 3 times and the drip-fertigated Fuji trees had 8 times more flower clusters per tree than the other treatments Fruiting was not allowed in 1993. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) in Fall 1992 was not influenced by treatments. By Fall 1993, TCSA was still independent of treatment for the Fuji trees; however, the Gala trees fell into two size groups - (larger) microsprinkler-fertigated and split dry broadcast; and (smaller) drip fertigated and single-time spring dry broadcast. TCSA had increased 284% (Fuji) and 265% (Gala) since planting. None of the treatment effects were substantially influenced by fertigating with N+P vs N only. Leaf concentrations of most nutrients were consistently lower in 1993 than in 1992. Leaf Fe was higher in 1993 because the orchard was dustier. Leaf N was lower in the microsprinkler-fertigated trees than in all other treatments. Fertigation with N+P did not consistently produce higher leaf P than the N-only treatments. Leaf Mn varied with treatment: microsprinkler fertigated < drip fertigated, single dry < split dry. Treatment effects on all other elements were inconsistent (K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu) or absent (Zn, Fe).
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Belding, Robert D., Bradley A. Majek, Gail R. W. Lokaj, Jeffrey Hammerstedt, and Albert O. Ayeni. "Orchard Floor Management Influence on Summer Annual Weeds and Young Peach Tree Performance." Weed Technology 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt02-180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study compared the effect of weed control and orchard floor management (OFMA) options including organic mulch on summer annual weed interference in a newly established peach orchard. Weed interference where no preemergence (PRE) herbicides were applied, including vole damage, caused 29% peach tree mortality, reduced tree trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) 62% by the fourth year of orchard establishment, and reduced fruit yield and fruit number in 1999 by 73 and 75%, respectively, but had no effect on fruit size. Compared with a no-till or conventionally tilled orchard floor, the population of grassy weeds within the tree row was greater in killed perennial ryegrass sod (PRS) plus hard fescue residue mulch treatments but was less in killed PRS plus tall fescue residue mulch treatments. Among the no-PRE treatments, the tree row broadleaf weed populations were suppressed in killed PRS with or without the addition of fescue residue mulch to the tree row when compared with the no-till or conventionally tilled orchard floor treatments. PRE herbicide treatments strongly affected peach fruit yield and TCSA but not average fruit size. There was no effect among the killed PRS, with or without hard or tall fescue residue mulch treatments, on peach fruit yield, TCSA, or average fruit size when compared with the no-till or conventionally tilled orchard floor treatment options. All treatments with herbicide had higher yields in 1999 than those without herbicides.
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Tokura, Y., M. Takigawa, and M. Yamada. "Induction of contact photosensitivity to TCSA using photohapten-modified syngeneic spleen cells." Archives of Dermatological Research 280, no. 4 (1988): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00513959.
Повний текст джерела
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Kappel, Frank, Michel Bouthillier, and Rob Brownlee. "Summer Pruning Young `Sweetheart' Sweet Cherry Trees Affects Yield and Tree Size." HortScience 32, no. 6 (October 1997): 1034–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.6.1034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
`Sweetheart' sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) were summer-pruned for four summers (1991-94) either before or after harvest and at two levels, removing 1/3 or 2/3 of current-season growth by heading cuts. In an additional postharvest treatment, some current-season growth was removed by thinning cuts. The preharvest 1/3 treatment had the highest cumulative yield during the experiment. Higher yields were obtained following preharvest than postharvest treatments, and following less severe treatments (removing 1/3 of current-season growth) than more severe (removing 2/3) treatments. These increased yields were for the early stages of orchard production. Average fruit mass was not affected by any of the treatments. The summer-pruned trees had smaller trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) increments over the trial and their final TCSA was smaller than that of the control trees.
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Victoria, Lucas Costa, Igor Silva Vaz, Juliana Costi, Luiz Alberto Oliveira Rocha, Elizaldo Domingues dos Santos, Michel Kepes Rodrigues, and Liércio André Isoldi. "Estudo numérico de desempenho de trocadores de calor solo-ar em cidades do Rio Grande do Sul." Ciência e Natura 43 (July 14, 2022): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x66677.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trocadores de Calor Solo-Ar (TCSA) são equipamentos instalados em edificações com o intuito de redução no consumo de energia elétrica com sistemas tradicionais de condicionamento de ar. Seu princípio de operação é simples e consiste em dutos enterrados por onde o ar é forçado a escoar, sendo o solo o responsável por propiciar as trocas térmicas e amenizar a temperatura no ambiente edificado. No presente trabalho é estudado o comportamento de um TCSA em duto reto para três localidades distintas no estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande, Novo Hamburgo e Ibirubá. Ao final da análise, chegou-se à conclusão que o melhor desempenho foi para a cidade do Rio Grande, com um potencial térmico de aquecimento de 6,51 °C e de resfriamento de 5,95 °C. Além disso, foi possível observar que todas regiões apresentaram resultados considerados satisfatórios quanto ao desempenho térmico.
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Schupp, James R. "Early Performance of Four Apple Cultivars on Mark and M.26 Rootstocks." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 792F—793. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.792f.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To evaluate the interactions between cultivar and rootstock, four apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars, `Pioneer Mac', `Marshall McIntosh', `Ginger Gold', and `Empire' on two rootstocks, M.26 and Mark, were planted in a split-plot design. After 5 years, `Pioneer Mac' and `Ginger Gold' had larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) on M.26 than on Mark. `Marshall McIntosh' and `Empire' had larger TCSA on Mark than on M.26. Precocity, expressed as both number of flower clusters and yield, was greater for trees on Mark for all cultivars except `Ginger Gold', which had greater flower cluster numbers and yield on M.26. Fruit size was variable from year to year, depending on crop load; however, `Pioneer Mac' and `Ginger Gold' usually produced the largest fruit, while `Empire' consistently produced the smallest fruit—'Ginger Gold' appears to be incompatible on Mark. The results of this study demonstrate that cultivar × rootstock interactions can be significant and need to be considered when rootstock and planting density recommendations are made.
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Parker, Michael L., and John R. Meyer. "Peach Tree Vegetative and Root Growth Respond to Orchard Floor Management." HortScience 31, no. 3 (June 1996): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.3.330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch. `Biscoe'/Lovell) trees were grown in a sandy loam soil under six orchard floor management systems, including five vegetative covers (continuous under the tree) and a vegetation-free control (bare ground). At the end of the fifth year, trees grown in bare ground and nimblewill grass (Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel.) had a significantly larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) than trees grown in weedy plots, centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.], or bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Trees grown in brome (Bromus mollis L.) did not differ significantly in TCSA from any other treatment. Soil profile excavations of the root system revealed that trees grown in bare ground or with nimblewill had significantly higher root densities than those in the weedy plots or grown with bahiagrass. Vector analysis of root distribution indicated that trees grown in bare ground or nimblewill rooted deeper than trees in all other treatments. The greatest reduction in deep rooting occurred with bahiagrass.
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Hsu, Y. M., M. J. Tseng, and C. H. Lin. "Container Volume Affects Growth and Development of Wax-apple." HortScience 31, no. 7 (December 1996): 1139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The wax-apple [Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry] is a vigorous tropical fruit tree species that has five to six growth flushes per year. One-year-old, root-bearing wax-apple trees were grown in different-sized containers filled with potting mixture to test if container volume restricts shoot and/or root growth and thereby lends itself to forcing culture. The trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) at 15 cm above the soil was measured to assess vegetative growth. After 6 months, the TCSA had increased quadratically with container volume. At the end of the first and second year, leaf count, leaf area, leaf dry mass, stem dry mass, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass were positively correlated with container volume. However, the shoot: root ratios remained fairly constant among treatments during the experimental period. Thus, root restriction is an effective means of reducing shoot and root growth of the wax-apple.
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Yuan, Jingjiu, Chaoyi Chen, Junqi Li, Bianli Quan, Yuanpei Lan, Linzhu Wang, Hui Fu, and Jiaxuan Gai. "Initial Corrosion Behavior of 12Cr1MoV Steel in Thiosulfate-Containing Sodium Aluminate Solution." Metals 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101283.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When alumina is produced by the Bayer process with high-sulfur bauxite, the sulfur would strongly corrode the 12Cr1MoV steel made heat exchanger. This study investigated the initial corrosion behavior of the 12Cr1MoV steel exposed to a thiosulfate-containing sodium aluminate (TCSA) solution under the evaporation conditions of alumina production. The obtained corrosion rate equation is V = 6.306·t·exp(−0.71). As corrosion progressed, with the corrosion product film growing, the corrosion current density declines slowly, and the corrosion resistance of the steel is increased. At 1–3 days, the corrosion product film consisted of FeO, Fe2O3, and FeOOH. S2O32− lead to corrosion in local areas of the steel and pits appeared. AlO2− is transformed into Al(OH)3 and filled in the corrosion pits. At 4 and 5 days, Fe3O4 is generated in the outermost layer, and Al(OH)3 is shed from the corrosion pits. The corrosion mechanism of 12Cr1MoV steel in a TCSA solution is proposed based on the experimental results.
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Kajtár-Czinege, Anikó, Éva Osztényiné Krauczi, and Károly Hrotkó. "Growth Characteristics of Five Plum Varieties on Six Different Rootstocks Grown in Containers at Different Irrigation Levels." Horticulturae 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In contrast to other European countries, the nurseries in Hungary mainly use Myrobalan seedlings as rootstock for plum trees; no experience with other rootstocks is available yet. The aim of our research was to gather experience and recommend rootstocks to growers that are adapted to the climatic conditions and can be used in high-density intensive orchards. In the experiment, six rootstocks (Myrobalan seedlings, ‘St. Julien GF655/2’, ‘St. Julien A’, ‘Fereley’, ‘Wangenheim’ and ‘WaVit’) and five varieties (‘Topper’, ‘Toptaste’, ‘Topfive’, ‘Čačanska lepotica’ and ‘Jojo’) were tested. The experimental plantation was established in Kecskemét, in the lowland region of Hungary, which is characterised by low humus content and dry climatic conditions. The trees received two different irrigation doses from 2012 onwards, one for each half of the trees (six trees) of a combination. The first irrigation dose was 2 L and the second was 4 L per hour. Trees with the highest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and canopy volume were ‘Topper’, ‘Toptaste’ and ‘Topfive’ on the ‘Fereley’ rootstock, but this rootstock showed lower survival, with only 33–50% of trees surviving the 2× dose irrigation. The average TCSA values of the rootstocks showed that ‘Wangenheim’ and ‘WaVit’ rootstocks resulted in too poor growth. In contrast, the Myrobalan seedling (Sdlg) and ‘St. Julien GF655/2’ provided strong growth to the trees based on the TCSA and canopy volume data. The results of the analysis of shoot growth showed that irrigation did not significantly affect shoot length, except for ‘Jojo’. The plum trees developed fruit trees typical of the cultivars after fruiting, with little influence of the rootstocks. ‘Topper’ and ‘Čačanska lepotica’ were dominated by bunched and bunched shoots, while ‘Topfive’ was dominated by short shoots and ‘Toptaste’ developed the highest proportion of long shoots.
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Garriz, P. I., G. M. Colavita, and H. L. Alvarez. "166 Influence of Crop Level on Growth and Quality of `Braeburn' Apple Fruit." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 418E—419. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.418e.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Crop load and the genetic biological carrying capacity (source–sink relationships) determine the potential for fruit size development on apple; however, the environment within which the fruit grows attenuates this potential. The effects of different crop loads on the growth pattern and the progress of maturity in apples were evaluated at the Comahue National Univ., Argentina (lat. 38 56'S long 67 59'W), during the 1998–99 growing season. Our experiment was conducted on 6-year-old `Braeburn'/Malling Merton 111 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees spaced 4.0 × 2.3 m and trained to palmette leader. Treatments were 1) light crop load (LC), 2.5 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), 2) moderate crop load (MC), 6.5 fruit/cm2 TCSA (standard commercial crop load) and 3) high crop load (HC), minimum 8 fruit/cm2 TCSA, no fruit removed from tree. Whole trees were hand-thinned 19 days after full bloom (DAFB). Fruit diameter (FD) was taken at two weekly intervals (n = 24 per date and treatment) and maturity indexes were determined at harvest. Analysis of variance was used and mean separations were computed with Student's t test. From 38 DAFB until harvest, fruit size was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in the HC trees, indicating that they were source-limited during growth. At 166 DAFB, FD was 7.48, 7.14, and 6.89 cm for the LC, MC and HC treatments, respectively. Adequate carbon was apparently available to support a commercial crop load since no differences were found between LC and MC trees. Crop level influenced flesh firmness; at 173 DAFB, it was significantly lower in HC trees than MC and LC trees (84.33, 92.51, and 91.57 N, respectively). These results suggest some goals of thinning for ensuring sizable `Braeburn' fruit.
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Pérez-Romero, L. F., F. T. Arroyo, C. Santamaría, J. F. Herencia, and A. Daza. "Growth, phenology and fruit set of Prunus armeniaca L. (cv. Ninfa) grafted on two rootstocks in organic and conventional management." Horticultural Science 41, No. 3 (August 26, 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/46/2014-hortsci.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tree growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality of Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Ninfa grafted on peach cv. Nemaguard [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and cv. Real Fino apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) as rootstocks were analysed in experimental orchard under organic and conventional management systems. The study was performed during 2012–2013 in the province of Seville (SW Spain). Cv. Nemaguard rootstock had larger cross-sectional areas of the trunk (TCSA), higher yields, began flowering earlier and lasted 2–4 days more. The organic management resulted in lower values of TCSA and yield, and flowering was delayed and shortened. Overall, cv. Nemaguard rootstock produced slightly larger fruit in size and heavier weight. In contrast, apricots from cv. Real Fino had slightly higher soluble solid concentration. Acidity and maturity index were similar, while colour and firmness showed high variability. In general, the organic system produced fruit with soluble solid concentration somewhat higher. In summary, in both types of management cv. Nemaguard worked better than cv. Real Fino in terms of tree vigour, fruit yield and bloom period.
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Saraginovski, Nikola, and Marjan Kiprijanovski. "The effect of the short pruning on the yield and quality of the fruits at the peach tree." Horticultural Science 48, No. 2 (June 29, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/158/2019-hortsci.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of our research was to determine the effect of short pruning on the productive and vegetative characteristics of peach trees. The research was conducted on two cultivars, ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Fayette’. Three short pruning treatments were applied, with heading of the bearing branches at 20, 30, and 40 cm in length and a control, without heading. The following characteristics were evaluated: the growth of the TCSA, the number of thinned fruitlets, the number of fruit and yield per tree, the average weight of the fruits and the diameter of the fruits. Based on our research, we made several observations: the pruning method did not affect the growth of the TCSA; the number of thinned fruitlets decreased with a reduction in the length of the bearing branches; the number of fruits and yield per tree decreased with a reduction in the length of the bearing branches. A higher average fruit weight and percentage of fruits with a bigger diameter were calculated from the trees with the short pruning, but with a different share depending on the cultivar.
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Rom, Curt R., R. A. Allen, K. Kupperman, and J. Naraguma. "SPRING Vs. AUTUMN FERTILIZER APPLICATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREES IN THE MID-SOUTH." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 735d—735. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.735d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three studies were established to compare spring (S) vs. autumn (F) N fertilizer applications on apple tree performance. The studies used newly planted trees, 4-yr-old trees, and 8-yr-old trees, fertilized with either ammonium nitrate or urea at 2 weeks after harvest (F) or at bud break (S). In the first 3 years growth in a newly planted orchard, time of fertilizer did not significantly affect tree height or TCSA. In the first cropping year, F fertilized trees had the greatest flower cluster number and bloom density but similar % set and yield compared to S fertilized trees. F fertilized trees in mature orchards studies tended to be shorter and have smaller TCSA increment after 3 yrs. Treatments did not affect bloom density, % set or total yield although spring fertilized trees had a greater % drop. Although spur leaves of F fertilized trees had greater N content at bloom, shoot leaves typically had lower N and Mn, and higher P, K, and Ca at 90 days after bloom compared to S treatment trees.
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Vivas, Giovanni Antonio Vielma, and Danielle Regina da Silva Guerra. "Modelagem computacional do trocador de calor solo-ar adaptado às condições climáticas de Belém." Ambiente Construído 21, no. 2 (April 2021): 359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212021000200531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resumo A demanda mundial de energia está em constante crescimento, ao mesmo tempo as reservas de combustíveis fósseis estão diminuindo e não serão suficientes para satisfazer as demandas globais de energia no futuro. Além disso, os sistemas convencionais de aquecimento e refrigeração consomem a maior parte da demanda por energia elevando consideravelmente os custos. O trocador de calor solo-ar (TCSA) é uma opção sustentável que consume menos energia com potencial para melhorar as condições térmicas em edifícios. Apesar de ser uma tecnologia simples e antiga, no Brasil as pesquisas sobre eles são muito limitadas. Nesse contexto, faltam estudos na Região Norte deste país, em particular na cidade de Belém do Pará. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é desenvolver um modelo numérico tridimensional do TCSA usando ANSYS Fluent para avaliar a influência de parâmetros operacionais e construtivos, tais como a velocidade de escoamento do ar, comprimento e diâmetro do duto no desempenho térmico desse sistema adaptado às condições climáticas e às características do solo dessa cidade. A partir dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que esse sistema pode reduzir a temperatura do ar na saída do duto até em 5,91 °C.
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Schupp, James R., and Highmoor Farm. "EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING AND CHEMICAL THINNING ON GROWTH AND FRUITING OF `McINTOSH' APPLE TREES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1153b—1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1153b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mature `McIntosh'/MM.111 apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) trees were treated to evaluate the response of root pruned trees to chemical thinning and to determine if reducing the crop load increased fruit size on root pruned trees. The trees were root pruned at full bloom in 1988 and 1989, by cutting on both sides of the row 1m from the trunk and 30cm deep. Water, 600mg/liter carbaryl, 5mg/liter napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or NAA plus carbaryl were applied when fruit diameter was approximately 10mm. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was increased by thinning treatments in 1988, but root pruning had no effect. In 1989, root pruning reduced TCSA increment by 35%. Shoot length was reduced by root pruning both years. All treatments reduced percent fruit set in 1989, however root pruned trees and trees treated with NAA had the highest fruit numbers at harvest. Preharvest fruit drop was reduced by root pruning in both 1988 and 1989. Root pruning had no influence on the response of apple trees to chemical thinning. Removing a portion of the crop with chemical thinners was partially successful in counteracting the reduction in fruit size caused by root pruning.
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Crassweller, R. M., and G. M. Greene. "Early Growth and Yields of Scab-resistamt Apple Cultivars." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 843D—843. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.843d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Apple scab is the primary disease that drives commercial pesticide recommendations; therefore, the use of cultivars that are resistant to this disease would help in reducing chemical inputs in apple production. To date, there has been only limited information on the performance of the scab-resistant apple cultivars. In 1990 and 1991, apple cultivars that are resistant to apple scab were planted at two sites in Pennsylvania, one site was the Fruit Research and Extension Center (FREC) in south-central Pennsylvania, and the other was the Horticulture Research Farm (HRF) in central Pennsylvania. Horticultural characteristics measured were trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), flowering characteristics, yields, and fruit maturity. Trees at the FREC produced fruit 1 year earlier than those at HRF. `Enterprise'/M.26 has been the most-productive cultivar at FREC, as measured by average total weight of fruit per tree. At HRF, `CO-OP 26'/M.26 had been the most-productive cultivar. At the end of the 1994 growing season, `CO-OP 26' and `Williams Pride', both on M.26, are the largest trees as measured by TCSA at HRF. At the FREC, `Enterprise' was the largest cultivar.
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Kumar, Dinesh, DB Singh, KK Srivastava, SR Singh, and KA Zargar. "Performance of apricot varieties/genotypes in north western Himalayan region of India." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i2.31249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A long term experiment (2010-11 to 2014-15) was performed to evaluate the morphological and qualitative traits of apricot varieties/genotypes under north western Himalayan region of India. There were ten varieties/genotypes (CITH-Apricot-01, CITH-Apricot-02, CITH-Apricot-03, Communis, Erani, Afghani, Balcota, CITH-Apricot-09, Chinese apricot, Tokpopa Nimu ) were evaluated under RCBD with three replications. The results of five year pooled data indicated that maximum average Trunk Cross Sectional Area (TCSA) (168.03 cm2) was recorded in the variety Communis. Maximum fruit weight (80.03 g) and yield (113.87 kg/tree) were recorded in CITH-Apricot-01. The productivity efficiency (1.21 kg cm-2 TCSA) was noted in CITH-Apricot-02. The fruit stone ratio 21.62 was recorded in Afghani variety. The highest TSS (25.070 Brix) was estimated in CITH-Apricot-09. Acidity was noticed maximum in the variety Chinese apricot. The total sugar and non reducing sugar were manifested maximum in the apricot genotype Tokpopa Nimu and reducing sugar (8.9%) was recorded in CITH-Apricot-09 under the north western Himalayan region of India.SAARC J. Agri., 14(2): 107-116 (2016)
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Mészáros, M., J. Sus, L. Laňar, and J. Náměstek. "Evaluation Of Slender Spindle Form In Young ‘Topaz’ Apple Orchard." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 46, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2015-0032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractTwo growing systems were compared – slender spindle and modified slender spindle, supplemented with or without additional summer pruning. The trial was carried out in orchard of the apple variety ‘Topaz’ in years 2012–2014. The assessed parameters were: trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), crown volume, number of cuts, dry matter weight of pruned wood, cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and relative occurrence of size classes of fruits. The objective was to confirm the hypothesized advantages of modified slender spindle in the period of increasing yields. Based on statistical analysis there was no significant difference among systems in growth measured by TCSA. Increase in crown cubage was the highest on slender spindle with additional summer pruning. The lowest increase of crown cubage was on modified spindle without summer pruning. Number of winter cuts and similarly dry weight was significantly higher on the modified spindle only in 2013. Additional summer pruning influenced both the above-mentioned parameters. There were no significant differences in cumulative yield and yield efficiency between systems. Similarly, the difference in the occurrence of various fruit size classes was not significant. We conclude that study needs to be extended in order to confirm the suggested trends.