Дисертації з теми "Tau class"

Since its inception in 1969, the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) has been utilized to keep taxpayers with higher income from taking advantage of loopholes and paying little or no income tax. This project presents an outline of what the AMT is, how it is calculated, and its history; and also illustrates why the AMT is no longer viable today.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-102).
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and degenerative condition that affects millions of Americans. Current approach of PD evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment is mainly qualitative using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) or the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Assessment of the efficacy of the drugs used is difficult and subjective. A long-term monitoring device that can collect movement data in assisting quantitative analysis proves to be useful and needed. This thesis discusses a discrete prototype of a passive EPC Class 1 Gen 2 UHF RFID sensor tag which is a preliminary step in realizing such a monitoring device. The prototype is capable of collecting 8-bit sensor (temperature, inertial, etc) data and transmits it in real-time through a RFID backscatter link to an UHF reader. It is shown that the device can achieve a read distance up to 3 meters at 5 reads/s and a max data rate of about 640 Kbps.
by Haobo (Jack) Dong.
S.M.

It has become common practice for cities to use neoliberal planning to improve the region’s economic growth and old industrial cities are using an additional cultural strategy to reinvigorate their city image. This is the case for Malmö which tries to renew itself from an old industrial city to a knowledge-based city by changing the built environment and using place branding. The change is made to attract innovation, companies and the desirable creative class. Malmö’s latest endeavor is to redevelop Rosengård, a part of the city notorious for its large immigrant population, its social inequality and its bad image.This study aims to compare culture worker’s perception of Rosengård to the image set by the urban planners in their planning documents. The culture workers are part of the so- called creative class and are favored by cities that believe this group will help to promote economic growth and contribute to the cities’ renewal.Malmö, like other cities, wants to change its image to be more alluring for desirable possible citizens, but if the city changes its image to something that is unrecognizable to its existing inhabitants Malmö risks not only to displace those inhabitants, but also to start an uprising.

For the past 50 years, cultural economics has developed as an independent research specialism. At its core are the creative industries and the peculiar economics associated with them, central to which is a tension that arises from the notion that creative goods need to be experienced before an assessment can be made about the utility they deliver to the consumer. In this they differ from the standard private good that forms the basis of demand theory in economic textbooks, in which utility is known ex ante. Furthermore, creative goods are typically complex in composition and subject to heterogeneous and shifting consumer preferences. In response to this, models of linear optimization, rational addiction and Bayesian learning have been applied to better understand consumer decision- making, belief formation and revision. While valuable, these approaches do not lend themselves to forming verifiable hypothesis for the critical reason that they by-pass an essential aspect of creative products: namely, that of novelty. In contrast, computer sciences, and more specifically recommender theory, embrace creative products as a study object. Being items of online transactions, users of creative products share opinions on a massive scale and in doing so generate a flow of data driven research. Not limited by the multiple assumptions made in economic theory, data analysts deal with this type of commodity in a less constrained way, incorporating the variety of item characteristics, as well as their co-use by agents. They apply statistical techniques supporting big data, such as clustering, latent class analysis or singular value decomposition. This thesis is drawn from both disciplines, comparing models, methods and data sets. Based upon movie consumption, the work contrasts bottom-up versus top-down approaches, individual versus collective data, distance measures versus the utility-based comparisons. Rooted in Bayesian latent class models, a synthesis is formed, supported by the random utility theory and recommender algorithm methods. The Bayesian approach makes explicit the experience good nature of creative goods by formulating the prior uncertainty of users towards both movie features and preferences. The latent class method, thus, infers the heterogeneous aspect of preferences, while its dynamic variant- the latent Markov model - gets around one of the main paradoxes in studying creative products: how to analyse taste dynamics when confronted with a good that is novel at each decision point. Generated by mainly movie-user-rating and movie-user-tag triplets, collected from the Movielens recommender system and made available as open data for research by the GroupLens research team, this study of preference patterns formation for creative goods is drawn from individual level data.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 117 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-117). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Purpose: This study examines 26 large and established South African multi-asset unit trusts in order to determine their style and asset class exposure over time. The objective is to ascertain whether South African multi-asset fund managers can realise outperformance, that exceeds what can be realised through exposure to representative, investable, style and asset class indices. Such an analysis assists in identifying unit trust manager skill, but a further consideration is how to combine unit trusts in a suitable manner, to this end portfolio construction tools are utilised to meet illustrative client objectives in a multi-asset context. Methodology: This study uses monthly total return time series for several investable style and asset class indices as well as South African multi-asset unit trust monthly total return time series. Where historical data permits, the period under investigation is from 1 January 2003 to 30 June 2018. Style and asset class exposure is determined using the Returns Based Style Analysis (RBSA) of Sharpe (1992) applying a 24-month rolling window approach. Findings: The equity style exposures estimated using RBSA provide evidence that on average the value style was dominant across the multi-asset high equity unit trusts examined. For the multi-asset low equity unit trusts examined the low volatility style was dominant. Moreover, a large proportion of the variability in returns of many multi asset unit trusts, can be explained by exposure to style and asset class indices. Consequently only 3 out of the 15 multi-asset high equity unit trusts analysed, could realise performance in excess of their custom style and asset class benchmark. As only a limited number of these unit trusts could demonstrate superior security selection ability the implication is that many asset managers stand to be disrupted by lower cost products that provide similar style and asset class index exposure. Originality/Value: Much research has been conducted into the style exposures of SA general equity funds. However, to the author’s own knowledge this is the first study to apply RBSA in a performance context to multi-asset unit trusts, under the new ASISA classification standards. The benefits of portfolio construction tools such as portfolio simulation and the ‘Risk Budgeting’ approach are also discussed and applied in a multi-asset context.

Orientador: Maria Clementina Pereira Cunha
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T00:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santiago_Silvana_M.pdf: 616230 bytes, checksum: 4f175c8492f42eb70d191b46fb46ea4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: A partir da combinação de fontes processuais, literatura e música popular, este trabalho pretende investigar como se constituíram alguns estereótipos, em especial àqueles relacionados à sensualidade, beleza e a sexualidade das mulatas. Discutindo os conceitos de gênero, classe e raça, minha proposta é pensar como estes estereótipos podem ser percebidos no cotidiano de mulheres negras (e ¿mestiças¿), em sua maioria pobres, de fins do século XIX e início do século XX, período imediatamente posterior à abolição do trabalho escravo no Brasil, bem como da também recente proclamação da República. Utilizando processos de mulheres com a alcunha Conceição combinada a outros nomes, discuto como imagens e estereótipos sobre as mulheres negras surgem no ambiente policial e jurídico. A seguir, tomo a literatura e a música do período como palcos privilegiados para uma leitura alegórica destes estereótipos
Abstract: From the combination of legal proceedings sources, literature and popular music, this work intends an investigation on how some estereotypes were established specially those related to mulata¿s sensuality, beauty and sexuality. Examining gender, class and race concepts, my proposal is to think how these estereotypes may be noted on black (and ¿mestiças¿) women¿s everyday, mostly poor, from the end of nineteenth century and the begining of twentieth century, period just after the slavery abolition in Brazil and short after the Republic proclamation. Using women¿s legal proceedings whose name Conceição was arranged among another names, I examine how images and estereotypes about black women rise on police and juridical environments. Next, I work the period¿s literature and music as privileged stages to allegory readings of these estereotypes
Mestrado
Historia Social
Mestre em História

Etant la source centrale de production de peptides antigéniques, le protéasome, un complexe multiprotéique qui est un constituant majeur de la voie protéolytique non-lysosomale, semble être une des cibles principales pour les virus. En réponse à une production d'interféron-y lors d'une infection virale, les nouveaux immunoprotéasomes produisent des peptides provenant de la dégradation de protéines virales qui vont alors interagirent avec les molécules de classes I du CMH afin de déclencher une réponse cytosolique en vue d'éliminer les cellules infectées. La réponse immunitaire cellulaire à une infection par le VIH est inhabituelle. Ce phénomène serait dû à la protéine Tat du VIH. Un des buts précis de ce projet était de démontrer les interactions entre les différentes sous-unités alpha du protéasome 20S qui n'ont pas été prédictes auparavant dans l'étude de la structure crystal du protéasome 20S de levure. A l'aide de la technique du double hybride nous avons pu montrer que la sous-unité alpha7 intéragit fortement avec la sous-unité alpha4 ainsi qu'avec les 5 autres sous-unités alpha. Ces résultats ont été également justifié par l'interaction des sous-unités alpha-radiomarquées, aux protéines de fusions GST-alpha. L'autre but de ce projet était de déterminer quelles sous-unités du protéasome 20S interagissaient avec la protéine Tat. Utilisant la technique de chromatographie d'affinité nous avons pu montrer que la protéine Tat intéragissait avec les sous-unités alpha4 et alpha7 ainsi qu'avec 8 pro-sous-unités bêta. En outre, la protéine Tat inhibe partiellement l'interaction entre ces deux sous-unités. D'autre part la protéine Tat inhibe l'activité chymotrypsine du protéasome 20S in vivo. La protéine Tat peut ainsi, d'une part, interférer avec l'assemblage du protéasome 20S et, d'autre part, inhiber la production de peptides antigéniques et donc leurs présentations aux molécules de classes I des cellules infectées

This thesis is a case studie of a newly arrived student placed in a regular class in a P-9 school in a suburb south of Stockholm. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the class teacher for the regular class and the Swedish as a second language teacher are working with this student. The research questions are: What are the basic ideas behind the placement of newly arrived students in regular classes with no previous language skills? How is the language development for the newly arrived student according to the teacher of the selected class? What methods and materials are used by the teacher in her teaching to benefit the newly arrived student’s language development? The purpose of my study has been to investigate the teachers and the headmaster’s perspective on how the integration of newly arrived students into the regular class can be done and the decisions context for the placement of newly arrived students into the regular class. The study is based on interviews with two teachers and the school headmaster. Results of the study show that the principal of the selected school has a vision for the integration of newly arrived students into the regular class, which means that this particular school has a different way of working than other schools in the area where the newly arrived are placed into a preparation class before being integrated into the ordinary class. The class teacher believes that the headmaster’s vision of direct placement into ordinary classes is good for integration. In this vision the newly arrived student receives knowledge related to the context and task during class. The teacher in “Swedish as a second language” does not believe that the headmasters vision is good for the newly arrived students, she believes that it is better if they get separate schooling in Swedish before being integrated into ordinary classes. The overall conclusion after having collected my results and studied previous research is that the work with newly arrived students at the school looks different from what the School Board calls for. The selected school for my study has no clear guidelines on how the work with the newly arrived students in regular classes should be attended. This is sought by the class teacher and that there is a need for such guidelines to give these students an equivalent schooling

The Estate Tax is a toll that is imposed on the assets of a deceased individual in the United States. This tax, often dubbed the “death tax,” has been a source of great conflict in American politics for generations. The tax seems to ebb and flow with political tides, military conflicts, and societal trends. Because of this, it is often hard to make a solid plan for your future, and for the future of your children. This problem could not be more evident than in the last ten years. The estate tax exemption, or the amount of assets that is exempt from tax, has been changing almost every year for the past decade. In fact, in 2010, the exemption was unlimited and anyone who died in that year could escape tax free. Despite this constant ebb and flow of the tax, 2013 presents a new challenge, a year in which the estate tax exemption will return to $1 million. This, coupled with the likely inflation increase in the coming years, will result in more estate having to pay the tax. Subsequently, the estate tax will no longer be a rich man’s quandary, and the effects will be especially felt in the middle class. If proper planning is not done soon, many middle class families may get blindsided by a tax they never thought would pertain to them. This paper is an attempt to educate the middle class on certain planning techniques that will allow them to preserve their estate in a tax-efficient manner.

Only when the servant or wife is abruptly removed from the household and the well-oiled wheels of domestic machinery grind to a halt does the superior realize just how important such services really are. This quote shows how important domestic services are, it also points out who executes it and that society and people, at least the superior, tend to take it for granted. The quote also gives a hint to the aim of this study which is to analyze the arguments behind the policy proposal presented in Promemorian Skattelättnader för hushållstjänster from 2006. The study focuses on the social problems behind the policy proposal and if there were problems left unproblematized. Another aim is to study if assumptions on gender and class can be seen in the policy proposal. Two methods have been used; primarily argumentation, but to some extent (theoretically) also Carol Lee Bacchi’s approach ”what’s the problem represented to be?”. Bacchi’s approach is useful because the presented solutions to a problem depend on the representation of problems and how they are formulated. The results show, among other things, that the interpretation of women’s role in household and society, which also contain a representation of problems, line up the solutions of the problems. They also show that gender equality, as well as gender and class, has been left unproblematized in the policy proposal.

In the contemporary critique of the welfare state a common target is taxation. The consequences of the high levels of taxes collected by the modern state, the critics argue, are slowdown in economic growth, high unemployment, and declining public legitimacy for taxes and state provided welfare. This thesis explores the political support for taxation in Sweden, the epitome of high-tax-society. The thesis consists of one introductory chapter and five journal articles. The first objective of the thesis is to examine whether a trend of increasing tax discontent has occurred in Sweden since the early 1980s up to present. The second objective is to study public attitudes to the 'Tax Reform of the Century' implemented in 1991. The third objective is to analyse whether public tax preferences and patterns of social conflict observed in Sweden tend to be unique in a cross-national context. Of particular interest is to analyse how relationships between structural locations and tax preferences are affected by the institutional context within which they are embedded. This is the fourth objective of the thesis. The following conclusions are drawn. First, no long-term trend of increasing discontent with taxes can be distinguished in Sweden, but there are some indications that discontent may have increased during the most recent years. Second, attitudes towards taxation are multidimensional and patterns of conflict vary across dimensions. Preferences regarding redistributive properties of taxation are primarily structured by social class. Generalised discontent with taxes tends to be associated with trust in political institutions. Third, the social bases of political support for progressive taxation appears to be different in Sweden compared to other countries examined. While class is the single most important determinant in Sweden, the lack of class divisions is evident in the United States and Britain. It is argued that patterns of tax policy conflict are strongly influenced by institutional configurations of organised social protection and government social spending priorities.
digitalisering@umu

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
With the necessity of knowledge of the growth of canafistula, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., in homogeneous stands, in the adult age (24 years), it was analyzed a bifactorial experiment with initial spacing of the plants (2 m x 2 m, 2 m x 3 m, 2 m x 4 m) and seedling types (nude root and packaged root) using blocks at random. It was quantified qualitative variables as stem rectitude, crow symmetry and the stem length with morphometric variables as the diameter at the breast height (d), total height (h), number of trees per hectare (N), Assmann dominate height (h100), basal area per hectare (G) and the hypsometric relation for the species (h/d). The qualitative data was analyzed using the Chi-Square test by contingency tables, testing the dependency and the homogeneity among the qualitative variables and tree diameters. The morphometric variables were analyzed by variance and covariance analyzes using the factors: seedling, spacing, blocks, number of trees per hectare and dominate high class. The results shown that: the use of mathematical model in a bifactorial experiment using the random blocks delineation, with spacing and seedling factors, after 24 years show limitations in the analyze because of the surviving differences. The use of the number of tress per hectare and dominate high class as explicative factors to the morphometric variables show good estimatives for the stand. The medium diameter, as the basal area per hectare, were significantly influenced by the density variations and dominate high class, showing different medians only for extreme densities of 1250 and 2500 trees per hectare. For the h100, the medium diameter and G were significantly different in all the classes, showing bigger diameters in the class of 1250 trees per hectare and bigger G in the class of 2500 trees for hectare. The median height and the stem height showed similar behavior to the analyzed factors, being significantly affected only for the h100 classes. As bigger the h100 class as bigger is the median height and the steam height. The hypsometric relation for canafistula was significantly influenced by classes of number of trees per hectare and dominate high classes, showing differences of inclination only for dominate high classes, in which the curves more accentuated are found in the superior classes of dominant height. The classes of number of trees per hectare determine only variation of levels to hypsometric relation, such that how much bigger the densities lesser were the levels to the hypsometric relation, granting by the statistic just in the minor classes of dominant height. Qualitative variables of canafistula, as stem rectitude and stem length showing that there were dependence by Chi-Square test, but with weak association, being that crow symmetry showing bigger ratios for long and straight steams. And how much bigger the diametric, bigger are the ratios of pantries symmetrical, straight and long steams.
Devido à necessidade do conhecimento do crescimento da canafístula, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., em plantio homogêneo, na idade adulta (24 anos), foi analisado um experimento bifatorial de espaçamento inicial de plantio (2 m x 2 m, 2 m x 3 m, 2 m x 4 m) e tipos de mudas (raiz nua, embalada) no arranjo de blocos ao acaso. Quantificaram-se variáveis qualitativas como retitude de fuste, simetria de copa e longitude de fuste conjuntamente com variáveis morfométricas, como o diâmetro à altura do peito (d), a altura total (h), o número de árvores por hectare (N), a altura dominante de Assmann (h100), a área basal por hectare (G) e a relação hipsométrica para a espécie (h/d). Os dados qualitativos foram analisados pelo teste de Qui-quadrado, através das tabelas de contingência, testando-se a dependência e a homogeneidade entre as variáveis qualitativas e o diâmetro das árvores. As variáveis morfométricas foram analisadas pela análise de variância e covariância sob os fatores muda, espaçamento, blocos, número de árvores por hectare e classe de altura dominante. Os resultados demonstraram que: o uso do modelo matemático, para um experimento bifatorial, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com fatores muda e espaçamento, após um período de 24 anos, apresenta limitações na análise devido às diferenças na sobrevivência. O uso do número de árvores por hectare e classes de altura dominante, como fatores explicativos para as variáveis morfométricas, apresentam boas estimativas para a população. O diâmetro médio, assim como a área basal por hectare, são significativamente influenciados pelas variações de densidade e classe de altura dominante, apresentando médias distintas somente entre as densidades extremas de 1250 e 2500 árvores por hectare. Já em relação a Ch100, o diâmetro médio e G diferenciam-se significativamente para todas as classes, tendo maiores diâmetros na classe de 1250 árvores por hectare e maior G nas classes de 2500 árvores por hectare. A altura média e a altura de fuste tiveram comportamento similar em relação aos fatores analisados. Elas foram bastante afetadas apenas pelas classes de h100, sendo que, quanto maior a classe de h100, maior é a altura média e a altura de fuste. A relação hipsométrica para canafístula é significativamente influenciada pelas classes de número de árvores por hectare e classes de altura dominante, apresentando somente diferenças de inclinação para as classes de altura dominante, onde curvas mais íngremes são encontradas nas classes superiores de altura dominante. As classes de número de árvores por hectare determinam apenas variações de níveis para a relação hipsométrica, sendo que, quanto maiores as densidades, menores são os níveis das curvas da relação hipsométrica, diferindo estatisticamente apenas na menor classe de altura dominante. Variáveis qualitativas de canafístula, como a retitude de fuste e o comprimento de fuste apresentam dependência pelo teste Qui-quadrado, mas com fraca associação. As copas simétricas apresentam maiores proporções para fustes compridos e retos, já quanto maiores são os diâmetros, maiores são as proporções de copas simétricas, fustes retos e longos.

Bien que le traitement antirétroviral (ART) supprime efficacement la multiplication du VIH-1 chez les patients infectés, l’ART ne guérit pas l'infection. En effet, si l'ART est arrêté, on observe un rebond viral. Celui-ci est principalement dû à l'activation stochastique de cellules latentes qui contiennent le génome viral intégré mais ne produisent pas de virus et ne sont donc pas ciblées par l'ART ou le système immunitaire. Ces cellules latentes sont peu nombreuses (1-10 par million de cellules T-CD4+ quiescentes) mais elles apparaissent rapidement après la primo infection (en quelques jours), ont une longue durée de vie (près de 4 ans de demi-vie). Ces cellules réservoirs constituent donc un obstacle majeur à l'éradication virale.La stratégie la plus prometteuse pour supprimer ces cellules, dite "Shock and Kill", (ou "kick and kill" est de les activer pour qu'elles soient ensuite détruites par la production virale, ciblées par l'ART et/ou lysées par les cellules T cytotoxiques. Un certain nombre d’agents de sortie de latence (LRAs) ont été développés pour activer ces cellules. Ils ciblent des protéines cellulaires telles que les histone-désacétylases (HDAC) ou la protéine kinase C. La plupart d'entre eux présentent donc des effets non spécifiques, comme l'inhibition des lymphocytes cytotoxiques, et parfois une toxicité. Ils ont été incapables de diminuer la taille du réservoir chez les patients VIH+.Nous avons développé une nouvelle famille d’agents de levée de latence du VIH ciblant une protéine virale. Sur la base des structures disponibles, nous avons identifié par criblage in silico des ligands potentiels de cette protéine. Dix molécules ont été sélectionnées. Aucune n'est toxique pour les cellules T CD4+. Une molécule appelée D10 se fixe spécifiquement à la cible avec une affinité de l’ordre de 30 -50 nM et affecte l'activité biologique de cette protéine. De plus, D10 présente une activité LRA sur les lignées cellulaires latentes JLat-9.2 et OM-10.1. L’activité LRA de D10 sur ces lignées représente 50 à 70% de celle du SAHA (vorinostat), un inhibiteur des HDAC candidat LRA en cours d’essais cliniques (Phase 2). Lors de tests ex vivo sur les cellules latentes de patients VIH traités, D10 à 50 nM a une activité LRA très efficace, 80% supérieure à celle de la bryostatine-1 qui agit sur la PKC et est considéré comme le LRA le plus prometteur actuellement. En utilisant une approche chémoinformatique nous avons sélectionné 11 analogues de D10, dit N1-N11. Certains de ces analogues (N5, N8) montrent un effet plus fort que D10 sur les lignées cellulaires latentes. L'étude de cette famille nous a permis d'ébaucher une relation structure chimique / activité LRA de ces molécules. Nous avons donc identifié de nouveaux agents de sortie de latence du VIH-1 qui ciblent une protéine virale et devraient donc être plus spécifiques que les LRAs ciblant les protéines cellulaires
Despite its efficiency to prevent viral multiplication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unable to cure patients with HIV-1. Indeed, if ART is stopped, a viral rebound is observed. This increase in blood viral load is due to the activation of HIV-1 reservoirs, among which latently-infected memory CD4+ T cells. These cells are rare (1-10 per million of quiescent T cells), appear very quickly following infection and have a long half-life (almost 4 years). To purge this long-lived reservoir the "Shock and Kill" (or kick and kill) approach was developed. This strategy relies on the use of latency reversing agents (LRAs) to induce reservoir activation. All LRAs developed until now target cellular proteins such as histone deacetylases or protein kinase C. These LRAs did not affect the reservoir size of HIV+ patients.Here we present a new LRA family that binds to and activates an HIV-1 protein. These compounds were identified by in silico screening, are not cytotoxic and affect the biological activity of their target. They were less efficient than available LRAs on HIV-1 latent cell lines. Nevertheless, when tested on latent T-cells from HIV-1 patients in ex vivo assays, the lead compound D10 at 50 nM was ~ 80% more efficient than bryostatin-1, one of the best LRA available to date.Using a chemoinformatic approach, we selected 11 analogs of D10, termed N1 to N11. Some of these analogs (N5, N8) showed a stronger effect than D10 on latent cell lines. The study of this family enabled us to elaborate a structure/ function relationship.We thus identified a new family of HIV latency reversing agents targeting a viral protein and that should therefore be more specific than LRAs that target cellular proteins

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 2006.
Title from title page screen, viewed on April 30, 2007. Dissertation Committee: Thomas Crumpler (chair), Dent Rhodes, Ellen Spycher. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-195) and abstract. Also available in print.

Chez les eucaryotes, la transcription in vitro des gènes tARN par l'ARN polymérase C purifiée requiert au moins deux facteurs de transcription. Nous avons isolé l'un de ces facteurs à partir d’extraits acellulaires de levure par des méthodes chromatographiques conventionnelles et par chromatographie d'affinité sur colonne de gènes de tARN. Ce facteur, que nous avons appelé Tau, correspond à une protéine de poids moléculaire élevé (au moins 300. 000), probablement multimérique. Le facteur Tau forme des complexes stables et spécifiques avec les gênes de tARN. Par digestion ménagée de l’ADN par la DNase I et par méthylation partielle du gène, nous avons montré que le site de fixation du facteur à l’ADN est dédoublé et correspond aux deux blocs promoteurs internes, A et B, des gènes de tARN. Le facteur Tau est vraisemblablement constitué de deux domaines interagissant chacun avec un bloc promoteur. Le domaine Tau B, qui se lie à la région du bloc B, a pu être libéré par protéolyse ménagée du facteur. La liaison du facteur Tau à une série de gènes du tARN3Leu eu, dont la distance entre les blocs A et B varie de 0 à 74 paires de bases (pb), a été étudiée. La liaison de Tau est optimale lorsque les blocs A et B sont séparés par 28 à 62 pb ; ni la spécificité, ni la force de l’interaction ne sont affectées par des variations dans l’orientation hélicale relative des blocs A et B. Dans les autres cas, l'affinité moindre du facteur s'accompagne d'un affaiblissement ou même d'une perte de la liaison de Tau au bloc A. L’analyse des gènes courts (dont la distance AB est inférieure à 21 pb) a révélé des rôles différents pour chaque domaine de Tau : reconnaissance et ancrage de la protéine au gène, pour le domaine Tau B et positionnement correcte de l’ARN polymérase au site d'initiation de la transcription, pour le domaine Tau A.

Idag är medvetenheten om miljöförstöring och dåliga arbetsförhållanden för anställda större än för trettio år sedan. Att företag ska ta ansvar och aktivt arbeta för en hållbar utveckling har blivit ett fenomen internationellt. Denna studie är en analys av tre svenska detaljhandelsföretags hållbarhetsredovisning, från 2003, 2008 och 2013, med syfte att visa på eventuell förändring över tid. Med en socialkonstruktivistisk språksyn används delar av Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys och Hallidays systemisk-funktionella grammatik för att undersöka texternas modalitet samt vilka diskurser som präglar hållbarhetsredovisningarna. Även hållbarhetsredovisningens omfattning i förhållande till årsredovisningens totala omfång undersöks. Resultatet visar att ett av de tre undersökta företagen formulerar sin redovisning med starkare modalitet med åren. För två av företagen blir diskursen som rör bland annat arbetsförhållanden större, medan det tredje företaget domineras av en miljödiskurs. Gemensamt för de tre företagen är att hållbarhetsredovisningen ökar i omfattning. En slutsats är att hållbarhetsredovisningarna har påverkats av den sociala praktik de är en del av. Globalisering och ett ökat intresse för hållbarhetsarbete hos konsumenterna bör vara en bidragande faktor till hållbarhetsredovisningens expansion. Att diskursen för sociala förhållanden tar större plats med åren har möjligen att göra med en ökad medvetenhet om dåliga arbetsvillkor hos allmänheten.

This thesis describes the design and synthesis of a new class of hydrogen bonding organocatalysts. After various synthetic strategies were investigated, a convenient two-step process, involving an amide coupling followed by borane reduction of the resulting N-acylsulfonamide, resulted in the formation of the targeted racemic 1,5-bis-sulfonamides. This synthesis also provided access to a second series of potential organocatalysts, the N-acylsulfonamides. The catalytic ability of both libraries of racemic compounds was tested in Friedel-Crafts type reactions of N-methylindole with ethyl glyoxylate and p-nitrostyrene. Following on from this work, a small number of N-acylsulfonamides were synthesised in enantiomerically enriched form, after resolution of the starting material trans-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid using strychnine. Testing of the enantiopure N-acylsulfonamides showed that they were able to promote the Friedel-Crafts type reaction between N-methylindole and P-nitrostyrene, in good yields but poor enantioselectivities. A second group of catalysts were synthesised based on the TAD DOL class of compounds. Attempts to form his-sulfonamide TADDOL derivatives were unsuccessful, with only mono-sulfonamides being isolated, possibly due to a stabilising intramolecular hydrogen bond present in the mono-sulfonamides. A p-tolyl N-acylsulfonamide TADDOL derivative was also synthesised. The mono sulfonamide and N-acylsulfonamide TADDOL derivatives did not effectively catalyse the Friedel-Crafts type reaction between N-methylindole and P­ nitrostyrene. The TADDOL derivatives catalysed the model reaction between N­ methylindole and ethyl glyoxylate with low to moderate efficiency.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

Notam-se semelhanças fundamentais entre os delitos patrimoniais e os crimes de sonegação fiscal, os quais possuem dignidade penal no ordenamento jurídico nacional. Não obstante isso, ao comparar o tratamento dado a eles pelas agências formais de controle social, percebe-se uma escancarada preferência em criminalizar os autores de crimes contra o patrimônio, que são, em sua grande maioria, pertencentes às classes sociais mais pobres, enquanto se imunizam comportamentos típicos de indivíduos pertencentes às classes dominantes, como a sonegação fiscal. Nota-se que o Direito Penal, supostamente igualitário, é seletivo e discriminatório; é o Direito desigual por excelência. A teoria crítica da Criminologia, a partir do método materialista-histórico de Karl Marx, procura explicar que, em uma sociedade (capitalista) embasada fundamentalmente em relações de propriedade, a diferença de classes estrutural acaba por circunscrever a operacionalidade do sistema de justiça penal. O preconceito de classe conduz toda a seletividade do Direito Penal: as imunidades e a criminalização incidem em medida correspondente às relações de poder entre as classes sociais. Desvenda-se uma ordem legal ideológica e imaginária, fundada em conceitos de igualdade e de justiça social e projetada para legitimar a ordem vigente, em contrapartida a uma ordem real opressiva, que se dirige aos pobres, marginalizados, despossuídos e não proprietários, com uma função distinta da que prega: reproduzir as relações de desigualdade e as massas criminalizadas. A escola crítica, defronte a esse quadro e tratando-se de uma teoria comprometida com a construção de uma sociedade mais igualitária, apresenta propostas para tentar reduzir os mecanismos discriminatórios da justiça penal.
Fundamental similarities can be observed between property crimes and tax evasion, both of which having penal legitimacy in the public legal order. Notwithstanding, by comparing the treatment the official agencies of social control applied to them, it can be noticed a clearly preference to criminalize the agents of property crimes, who, in great number, belong to the poor social class, while typical conducts from high social class, as tax evasion, are immunized. It can be noticed that Criminal Law, supposedly egalitarian, is selective and discriminatory; it is the unequal Law par excellence. The critical theory of Criminology tries to explain, from Karl Marxs historical-materialist method, why in a (capitalist) society, structured mainly on properties relations, the differences between classes limit the criminal justice system operation. The class prejudice conducts the Criminal Law selectiveness: immunities and criminalization are focused correspondingly to power relations between the social classes. It can be unveiled an ideological and imaginary legal order, founded in equality and social justice, projected in order to legitimate the existing order, in contrast to an oppressive real order and directed to the poor, marginalized, dispossessed, nonproprietary, which performs in a different way of its speech: reproducing the unequal relations and the criminalized mass. The critical theory, in front of this frame, as a theory committed to the construction of a more equal society, presents proposals to try to reduce the discriminatory mechanisms of the criminal justice.

Le but de ce travail était d'étudier 1) le polymorphisme des gènes TAP, et 2) l'expression tissulaire et la libération des molécules MICA dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires différentes par leurs causes et mécanismes. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons déterminé 6 régions codantes variables, les codons 333 et 637 du gène TAP1 et 379, 565, 651, 665 du gène TAP2, pour étudier leur association, chez des patients français, avec 3 maladies : a) Dans l'échinococcose alvéolaire (EA) l'homozygotie Thr/Thr au codon 665 de TAP/2 était plus fréquente que chez les témoins ; de plus, elle était significativement plus fréquente chez les patients atteints de formes sévères d'EA, et ce de façon indépendante de l'allèle DR3. B) Dans la Polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR), les homozygoties et hétérozygoties Thr et Cys aux codons 565 et 651 respectivement de TAP/2 étaient plus fréquentes que chez les témoins, mais seule la substitution Thr565 était indépendante de la présence de HLADRB1 *04, allèle très lié à la PR. C) Dans le Diabète de type-1, l'association trouvée avec le polymorphisme de TAP/2 au codon 651 était en relation avec un déséquilibre de liaison avec HLA-DR4. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons étudié l'expression des molécules MICA sur des coupes de foie et dosé ces molécules dans le sérum, chez des patients atteints d'EA ou de cirrhose alcoolique. Dans le foie normal, une expression discrète des molécules MICA était observée dans le cytoplasme des hépatocytes et à la membrane apicale des cellules biliaires. Dans les foies cirrhotiques, MICA était fortement exprimé par les hépatocytes, en particulier à la périphérie des nodules de régénérations, et dans toutes les cellules de la néogenèse biliaire. L'expression du marqueur CD57 était observée dans ces mêmes types cellulaires. Dans les foies des patients atteints d'EA, la membrane germinative d'Echinococcus multilocularis était marquée par l'anticorps monoclonal anti-MICA, ainsi que les cellules CD68+, cellules épithélioïdes, macrophages et cellules géantes de l'infiltrat périparasitaire. Les cellules endothéliales, les cellules biliaires et les hépatocytes exprimaient fortement MICA dans leur cytoplasme. L'infiltration par des lymphocytes T CD8 apparaissait plus importante dans les zones proches des hépatocytes MICA + ; de plus, des images de contact entre lymphocytes et hépatocytes, et d'apoptose des hépatocytes étaient observées dans ces zones frontières entre granulome et parenchyme hépatique. Nous n'avons pas pu mettre en évidence de molécules MICA libérées dans le sérum des patients atteints de maladies hépatiques, alors que MICA était détectable dans le sérum de patients atteints de maladie coeliaque. Nos résultats indiquent que : 1) l'association entre le polymorphisme de TAP et les maladies auto-immunes semble le plus souvent liée à celle, bien démontrée, avec les allèles du HLA de classe II ; quand elle en est indépendante, dans les maladies infectieuses et autoimmunes, son rôle et son mécanisme sont inconnus ; 2) deux types différents d'agression hépatique sont associés à une expression importante des molécules MICA dans les cellules hépatiques et biliaires, sans libération de ces molécules dans le sérum, à la différence de ce qui est observé dans la maladie coeliaque, une maladie inflammatoire intestinale. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour élucider le rôle des molécules MICA et de leur ligand, NKG2D, dans ces maladies hépatiques chroniques
The aim of our research was to explore 1) the polymorphism of the TAP genes and 2) the tissue expression and release of MICA in several inflammatory diseases differing in their cause and mechanisms. Ln the first part of this research, we determined six coding region variants, i. E. , codon 333 and 637 in TAPt gene and 379, 565, 651, 665 in TAP2 gene, to study the association of TAP polymorphism in French patients with 3 types of inflammatory diseases : a) ln Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), Thr/Thr homozygosity at TAP2/665 was significantly more frequent than in controls ; furthermore, patients with progressive lesions were more frequently Thr/Thr homozygote at TAP2/665, independently of the HLA-DR3 status ; b) ln Rheumatoid Arlhritis (RA), Thr and Cys homozygosity and heterozygosit:y at position 565 and 651 in TAP2 gene respectively was more frequent than in controls ; there was no linkage disequilibrium between DRB1 * RA-associated alleles and amino acid substitution Thr565, whereas Cys651 was dependent of HLA-DRB1 *04, a strongly RA-linked allele ; c) ln Type-1 diabetes the observed association with TAP2/651 (TAP2F) was obviously secondary to HLA-DR4. Ln the second part of this research, we studied MICA expression on liver sections, and measured soluble MICA in serum samples of patients with AE and in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Ln normal controls, a constitutive faint expression of MICA was observed in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells and apical membrane of bile duct cells. Ln the livers from cirrhotic patients, hepatic cells of the regeneration nodules and bile duct cells were heavily stained by the anti-MICA MoAb. Both ceIl type exhibited CD57 expression. Ln AE, the germinal layer of Echinococcus multilocularis was stained by the anti-MICA MoAb as well as CD 68+ epithelioid cells, macrophages and giant cells within the granuloma. Endothelial cells, bile duct and hepatic cell cytoplasm were stained intensively. CD8 T cells appeared more numerous where hepatic cells expressed MICA. Figures of close contacts between MICA+ hepatic cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and apoptotic changes in hepatocytes at the border of the granuloma, were observed. No soluble MlCA was found in the sera from patients with the studied liver diseases, whereas we found significant amount of MICA in the serum form patients with celiac disease. Our findings indicate that 1) association between TAP polymorphism and auto-immune diseases is frequently due to a linkage disequilibrium with HLA class II genes, and in infectious or autoimmune diseases, when found independently, its role, if any, is unclear ; 2) chronic liver aggressions are associated with a marked expression of MICA, but unlike celiac disease, they are not accompanied by MICA release in the serum. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of MICA-NKG2D interactions in such diseases

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With the advent of mass society, marked by high litigiosity and complexity of the social relations, the traditional techniques of conflict’s resolutions have revealed insufficient to protect the social peace. As a result of this, the common law old procedural institute of class actions resurged with force. In the last decades, the class action institute has been spread in all world as an effective technique to combat the litigiosity and to improve the access of justice. Absorbed by almost all the legal systems, the class actions had operated significant changes in the protection of the metaindividual rights. However, in the Brazilian legal system, although the recent legislative advances, the use of class actions has not achieved all the legal subsystems, as the tax law system, where the phenomenon of the litigiosity, of the legal relationships complexity, and the mass actions are rule. The analysis of this situation, including the necessity of the use of this type of legal action to strengthen citizenship and to mitigate the litigiosity in the relations Statetaxpayer, is the target of the present work.
Com o advento da “sociedade de massa”, marcada pela forte carga de litigiosidade e complexidade das relações sociais, as técnicas tradicionais de resolução de conflitos mostraram-se insuficientes para resguardar a paz social. Nesse ambiente, resurgiu com força o antigo instituto processual das class actions, oriundas da tradição common law, que, em décadas recentes, espalhou-se pelo mundo todo como técnica efetiva de combate à litigiosidade e de acesso à justiça. Absorvidas por quase todas as famílias do direito, as ações coletivas operaram mudanças significativas na proteção dos chamados direitos metaindividuais. Entretanto, sua utilização no Brasil, apesar dos avanços legislativos recentes, ainda não abraçou porções do direito, como o tributário, onde o fenômeno da litigiosidade, da complexidade das relações jurídicas, e da massividade são regra. A análise desse panorama, e da necessidade desse tipo de tutela para reforçar noções de cidadania e esvaziar a litigiosidade contida nas relações Estado-contribuinte é o escopo do presente trabalho.

Former les citoyens à la pensée de la variabilité et à la gestion de l'aléatoire est aujourd'hui une question socialement vive dont on montre ici, à propos de la classe de seconde, qu'elle est aussi didactiquement vive. Lorsqu'un professeur de mathématiques conçoit et réalise la partie de son enseignement dévolue à la statistique, sous quelles contraintes doit-il opérer ? Pourquoi, bien que fort divers, les enseignements donnés semblent-ils converger imparablement vers une réduction arithmétique de la statistique ? Peut-on modifier ces contraintes pour rendre possible un enseignement plus authentique au plan épistémologique ? Qu'y peuvent les professeurs et leurs organisations professionnelles ? À l'aide des outils les plus récents de la théorie anthropologique du didactique, nous mettons notamment en évidence que l'indispensable reprise de la transposition didactique de la statistique doit être éclairée et guidée par une analyse d'ensemble de son enseignement comme « fait social total ».

Les peptides antigeniques presentes par les molecules hla de classe i (hci) aux lymphocytes t cytotoxiques, a partir de proteines endogenes exprimees dans les cellules, subissent plusieurs etapes de selection : en effet, outre leur fixation aux proteines hci, qui depend a la fois de leur taille et de leur sequence, l'etape d'entree dans le reticulum endoplasmique (re) de ces peptides depend du transporteur tap (transporter associated with antigen processing), puis l'etape d'assemblage aux complexes dimeriques neosynthetises, formes par la chaine lourde hci et la beta 2-microglobuline, depend de l'intervention de nombreuses proteines du re, notamment la proteine tapasine. Au cours de ce travail, il a ete montre que deux epitopes viraux immunodominants in vivo ne sont plus presentes lorsqu'ils sont exprimes sous une forme minimale a cause de leur tres faible affinite pour le transporteur tap humain et en depit de leur haute affinite pour les molecules hci. Ces epitopes peuvent cependant etre selectionnes par le transporteur sous une forme precurseur de meilleure affinite, possedant une extension aminoterminale. Cette derniere peut etre clivee dans le re, pour les precurseurs montrant une faible affinite de liaison aux proteines hci. Ensuite, dans un systeme heterologue de reconstitution de la presentation antigenique hci dans des cellules d'insecte, il a aussi ete montre que la quantite de trimeres stables formes et exprimes a la surface de ces cellules depend soit de peptides tap-independants pour l'allele hla-a2, soit de peptides apportes par tap pour l'allele hla-b27, refletant vraisemblablement une meilleure adaptation des preferences des transporteurs tap humains a certains motifs de fixation peptidique allelique des proteines hci. Dans les deux cas cependant, l'efficacite de formation des complexes trimeriques se trouve tres fortement accrue par la presence de la proteine tapasine, suggerant donc un role de chaperon pendant l'assemblage des dimeres avec les peptides de sources variees et/ou d'editeur de peptides pour cette proteine.

Class I PI3Ks are a family (α, β, δ and γ) of ubiquitous lipid kinases that can be activated by cell surface receptors to 3-phosphorylate PI(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate) and generate the signalling lipid PI(3,4,5)P3. The PI(3,4,5)P3 signal then activates a diverse collection of effector proteins involved in regulation of cell migration, metabolism and growth. The importance of this network is evidenced by the relatively high frequency with which cancers acquire gain-of-function mutations in this pathway and huge efforts to make PI3K inhibitors to treat cancer. The canonical model describing these events suggests class I PI3Ks are activated at the plasma membrane and generate PI(3,4,5)P3 in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane where its effectors are activated. The PI(3,4,5)P3 signal can be terminated directly, by the tumour-suppressor and PI(3,4,5)P3-3-phosphatase PTEN, or modified to a distinct PI(3,4)P2 signal, by SHIP-family 5-phosphatases. The PI(3,4)P2 is removed by INPP4-family 4-phosphatases. Published work has shown that PI(3,4,5)P3 signalling can also occur in endosomes and nuclei, however, there is very little data defining the intracellular distribution of endogenous class I PI3Ks that supports these ideas; this is as a result of technical problems such as; their very low abundance, poor antibody-based tools and artefacts generated by overexpression of PI3Ks. Past work has indicated that, in PTEN-null mouse models of prostate tumour progression, either PI3Kβ or PI3Ks α and β, have important roles. Furthermore, the cell types and mechanism involved remained unclear. Recent published work in the host laboratory had indicated that there is an unexpectedly large accumulation of PI(3,4)P2 in PTEN-null cells that might be an important part of its status as a major tumour suppressor. The explanation and prevalence of this observation was unclear but potentially a result of PTEN also acting as a PI(3,4)P2 3-phosphatase in vivo. MEFs were derived from genetically-modified mice expressing endogenous, AviTagged class I PI3K subunits and used in experiments to define the subcellular localisation of class I PI3Ks. We found that following stimulation with PDGF, class IA PI3K subunits were unexpectedly depleted from the adherent basal membrane, in contrast, p85α and p110α, but not p85β and p110β, accumulated transiently in the nucleus. Interestingly, p110β, but none of the other subunits, was constitutively localised in the nucleus. These results support the idea that class I PI3K and PI(3,4,5)P3 signalling occurs in the nucleus. In organoids derived from WT, PI3Kγ-null or PTEN-null mouse prostate, application of PI3K-selective inhibitors revealed that PI3Kα had a dominant role in generating PI(3,4,5)P3 in prostate epithelial cells. The levels of PI(3,4)P2 were also elevated substantially in PTEN-null, compared to WT prostate organoids, use of PI3K-selective inhibitors suggested that it was also generated by PI3Kα. These data were consistent with the idea that PTEN can act as a PI(3,4)P2 3-phosphatase. Surprisingly, raising the pH of the organoids medium dramatically increased accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2, although the cause of this effect was unclear, we hypothesised the pH of the local environment may influence signalling via class I PI3Ks.

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista
Introducción: Se ha relacionado en la literatura la angulación de la guía incisiva con la angulación de la pared anterior de la cavidad glenoidea de manera proporcional directa, develando escasas conjeturas acerca de su vínculo tanto en su conformación y desarrollo, como en el efecto que puede traer su modificación sobre la ATM durante el tratamiento ortodóncico. Por esta razón, el propósito de este estudio fue investigar si existe relación proporcional directa entre la angulación de la guía incisiva y la angulación de la pared anterior de la cavidad glenoidea, según biotipo y clase esqueletal, utilizando para ello la tomografía axial computarizada Cone Beam. Material y Método: Se estudiaron 71 TAC 3D Cone Beam de pacientes con dentición permanente, que poseían su fórmula dentaria completa de incisivos tanto superiores como inferiores y mesa molar de al menos un lado, sin tratamiento de ortodoncia actual. Por medio del programa computacional Galaxis®, de marca Sirona® se midió en los cortes tomográficos la angulación de la pared anterior de la cavidad glenoidea y la angulación de la guía incisiva de los incisivos superiores. Para ambas mediciones se utilizó, además, el programa computacional MB-Ruler© versión 4.0. Estos datos se relacionaron con el biotipo y clase esqueletal de cada paciente. Resultados: Se encontró que según la clase esqueletal no hay relación significativa entre guía incisiva y angulación de la cavidad glenoídea. Al realizar el análisis por biotipo, se encontró correlación estadísticamente significativa en el biotipo braquifacial, pero ésta fue solamente en el lado derecho. En los demás biotipos no hubo correlación estadísticamente significativa en ningún lado. Conclusiones: De acuerdo a la muestra estudiada, no existe una relación proporcional directa entre la angulación de la guía incisiva y la angulación de la pared anterior de la cavidad glenoidea tanto en relación a la clase esqueletal como 6 al biotipo. Esto se puede deber a la exclusión de los caninos en el estudio, a la gran variabilidad existente en un mismo paciente, o la presencia de otros factores individuales.

This master’s thesis deals with the determination of conditions and the proposal of appropriate instruments within the World Class Manufacturing system (WCM), mainly its pillars Professional Maintenance (PM), in order to remove, with the assistance of subsequent analysis, all the waste which occurs in the enterprise and consequently to appropriately optimise the activities of staff, especially the specialized engineers.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the use of the Ação Ordinária Coletiva (the Brazilian Class Action), a type of lawsuit provided by the Title III (Articles 81 to 104) of Law No. 8.078 / 90, the Consumer Protection Code, in claims involving Tax Law. For this purpose, the first part of this paper aims to demonstrate that the Ação Ordniária Coletiva is suitable for the protection of interests of this nature. To do so, starting with a Neo-constitutionalist notion of Law, the principle of access to justice is explored and it is demonstrated that class actions are a necessary instrument for this constitutional guarantee to be truly effective. Once the correlation between access to justice and class actions has been verified, the legal classification of the species of collective rights and the criticisms made by the Jurisprudence of this classification are analyzed, in order to conclude that the Tax Law not only can, but shall be protected by means of instruments procedures. From this point on, we will study the collective procedural instruments provided for in the Brazilian legal system and their compatibility with the protection of tax law. The conclusion that this analysis leads to is that the Ação Ordinária Coletiva, provided by the Consumer Defense Code, is among all the collective lawsuits provided by the Brazilian law, the one capable of delivering more effective judicial protection on Tax Law. The second part of this paper analyzes the operation of the Ação Ordinária Coletiva and the main obstacles encountered by the legal operators working in this area, among which are the reiterated, and unconstitutional, attempts by the Public Authorities to impose limits on effects of the judgment rendered in these actions
O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a utilização da Ação Ordinária Coletiva, instrumento processual previsto no Título III (arts. 81 a 104) da Lei nº 8.078/90, o Código de Defesa do Consumidor, para a tutela do direito Tributário. Assim, a primeira parte do trabalho tem o objetivo de demonstrar o cabimento da Ação Ordinária Coletiva para a tutela de interesses desta natureza. Para tanto, partindo de uma noção Neoconstitucionalista do direito, explora-se o princípio do acesso à justiça e demonstra-se que as ações coletivas são um instrumento necessário para que esta garantia constitucional seja verdadeiramente efetiva. Evidenciada a correlação entre acesso à justiça e tutela coletiva, analisa-se a classificação legal das espécies de direitos coletivos e as críticas feitas pela doutrina a esta classificação para se concluir que o direito tributário não só pode como deve ser tutelado por meio de instrumentos processuais coletivos. A partir deste ponto, passa-se a estudar os instrumentos processuais coletivos previstos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e sua compatibilidade à tutela do direito tributário. A conclusão que esta análise leva é a de que a Ação Ordinária Coletiva, prevista no Código de Defesa do Consumidor é, dentre todos os instrumentos processuais coletivos previstos pelo legislador brasileiro, aquele capaz de entregar tutela jurisdicional mais efetiva no campo do direito tributário. Demonstrado este ponto, a segunda parte do trabalho analisa o funcionamento da Ação Ordinária Coletiva tributária e os principais empecilhos encontrados pelos operadores do direito que atuam nesta seara, dentre os quais destacam-se as reiteradas, e inconstitucionais tentativas do Poder Público de impor limites aos efeitos da sentença proferida nestas ações

During the last years, the definition of “communication” has been rewritten by the viral diffusion of a class of devices which has been thought and created to open new and fast channels of interaction. The contraction they create on the space of communications is linked to a virtually instantaneous availability, so we all have access to anything, and in any place. Today, in this way, unimaginable amounts of information are transferred through wireless systems. With an image, we could say that the concept of voice has been amplified or even recreated: who could speak, now may go further, without even moving; moreover, inanimate objects have received the gift of speech. A virtual contracture of the world, in which anyone can talk and be listened to, by any other actor. In such a dimension, there must be a specific structured order, to make efficient this unique opportunity, and in this sense rules and strategies are necessary. The whole work describe in these pages is inserted in the context of non wired communications. On the whole and wide field of interest, recalling the image suggested, attention will be mainly focused on devices that give voice to otherwise inanimate things. We will talk about RFID systems, which are diffusing in many practical situations. A RFID system is a very complex system that compresses and synthesizes many fields of study, including signal processing, the design of radio frequency circuits and antennas, networks and information systems, etc.. Down more specifically, attention will be primarily focused on systems developed for large-scale applications, such as the management of inventories, or the supply chain. In this context, the most promising technology utilizes electromagnetic waves in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) spectrum, and passive devices with no internal power supply. RFID is not a new technology, but it represents the maturity of a technology known since about seventy years. Despite of such an age, until the first of the nineties, the potential of technology in civil applications has not actually been experienced, and it came with the revolution in the supply chain and the perspective of continuous monitoring, tracking and localization. In recent years, RFID technology continues to evolve and change, in the direction of improving reliability and minimize risk of error. Along these pages, RFID UHF technology will be carefully analysed, paying particular attention to reliability issues still open, and all aspects and strategies that can help to improve performance. The effects of electromagnetic interference represent an innovative aspect of the work proposed. Because of the peculiar nature of RFID systems, disturbances on the communication channel can be interpreted from two points of view: as a random loss of function, still important and dangerous, and as voluntary noise. Knowledge of system behaviour in the presence of interfering agents is very important to assess risk situations and minimize consequences. The ultimate goal is to provide useful metrics to improve performance and increase the robustness of the RFID systems against interference, to designers of both hardware and protocols.
Nel corso degli ultimi anni, la definizione di comunicazione è stata riscritta con metodica cura dalla diffusione virale di una classe di dispositivi pensati e creati per aprire nuovi rapidissimi canali di interazione. La contrattura dello spazio delle comunicazioni che essi generano è legata a una disponibilità prati- camente istantanea, per cui ne abbiamo accesso tutti, e in qualsiasi luogo. Oggi, in questo modo, impensabili quantità di informazioni vengono trasferite at- traverso sistemi senza fili. Con una immagine, potremmo dire che è stato am- plificato o addirittura ricreato il concetto di voce: chi poteva parlare, ora può spingersi più in là, senza neppure muoversi; oggetti inanimati hanno ricevuto il dono della parola. Una contrattura virtuale del mondo, nel quale chiunque può parlare e farsi ascoltare, da qualsiasi altro attore. È naturale che deve esistere un ordine preciso e strutturato, per rendere fattiva questa straordinaria opportunità, e in questo senso si rendono necessarie regole e strategie. Il contesto nel quale si innesta il lavoro descritto in queste pagine, è proprio quelle delle comunicazioni non cablate. Di tutto il vasto campo di interesse, l’attenzione sarà concentrata principalmente sui dispositivi che, nel paragone proposto, danno voce a “cose” altrimenti inanimate. Si tratta dei sistemi di identificazione a radio frequenza (RFID), che, seppur lentamente, si stanno diffondendo a macchia d’olio in un gran numero di situazioni pratiche. Un sistema RFID è un sistema molto complesso che comprime e sintetizza numerosi campi di studio, tra i quali il processamento di segnali, la progettazione di circuiti a radio frequenza e di antenne, le reti e i sistemi informativi, ecc. Scendendo più nello specifico, l’attenzione sarà concentrata principalmente sui sistemi sviluppati per le applicazioni di larga scala, come ad esempio la gestione delle scorte di magazzino, o della catena di distribuzione, tra loro facilmente correlate. In questo contesto, i sistemi più promettenti sfruttano onde elettromagnetiche nello spettro UHF, e impiegano dispositivi passivi privi di circuiti interni di alimentazione. I sistemi RFID di oggi non costituiscono una tecnologia nuova, ma la vicina maturità di una tecnologia nota da almeno settanta anni. Nonostante questo, prima degli anni novanta non si è potuto sperimentare concretamente la potenzialità della tecnologia in ambiti civili, che è giunta con la rivoluzione della catena di distribuzione e la prospettiva del monitoraggio continuo, del tracciamento e della localizzazione. In questi anni, la tecnologia dei sistemi RFID continua a evolversi e cambiare, nella direzione di migliorare l’affidabilità e ridurre al minimo i rischi di errore. In queste pagine verrà analizzata con cura la tecnologia dei sistemi UHF, ponendo particolare attenzione ai problemi di affidabilità ancora aperti, e a tutti gli aspetti e le strategie che possono aiutare a migliorare le prestazioni. Un aspetto particolarmente innovativo del lavoro proposto riguarda lo studio sul campo degli effetti di interferenza elettromagnetica. Per la particolare natura dei sistemi RFID studiati, i disturbi del canale di comunicazione possono essere interpretati da due punti vista: sia in un’ottica di perdita di funzionalità casuale ma comunque importante e dannosa, sia in un’ottica di disturbo volontario. La conoscenza del comportamento del sistema in presenza di agenti di interferenza è molto importante al fine di valutare le situazioni di rischio e limitarne il più possibile le conseguenze. L’obiettivo finale è fornire ai progettisti dell’hardware e dei protocolli un insieme di metriche e indicazioni utili a migliorare le prestazioni e aumentare la robustezza dei sistemi RFID contro l’interferenza.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the arrival of class society is expressed in the social dance of high society during the second half of the eighteenth century. The study is based on the idea that culture and society develope in interaction; that changes in the economic, political and social life determine the cultural expressions as well. What I wish to examine is whether cultural themes from the developing bourgeois culture – individualism, to be precise – is expressed in the social dance during the second half of the eigthteenth century. // The study shows that public balls definitely gave people a chance to show off on the dance floor in spite of social rank. The assemblies were open to everyone, and there were no formal distinction between the estates. The equality was enforced furthermore in the bal masques. // In spite of this formal equality, there are also signs of public assemblies not being quite the arenas for individual triumph beyond the boundaries of estate that they could be. Comments about dance and individuals are for example way more common in connection to private gatherings than public. When writing about public balls focus is primarily on the attender’s social rang, and more seldom on the dance at all. It’s clear that the mixing of estates was a source of agitation, and also that it was hard for peasants and merchants to compete with the nobility on their home ground. In theory the dance culture was boundary-crossing, but in reality the rift between the estates was still wide.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’étude théorique de mélanges quantiques fortement interagissants à une dimension et soumis à un potentiel externe harmonique. De tels systèmes fortement corrélés peuvent être réalisés et testés dans des expériences d’atomes ultrafroids. Leurs propriétés de symétrie par permutation non triviales sont étudiées, ainsi que leurs effets sur les corrélations. Exploitant une solution exacte pour des interactions fortes, nous extrayons des propriétés générales des corrélations encodées dans la matrice densité à un corps et dans les distributions des impulsions associées, dans les mélanges fermioniques et de Bose-Fermi. En particulier, nous obtenons des résultats substantiels sur le comportement à courtes distances, et donc les queues à haute impulsions, qui suivent des lois en k^−4 typiques. Les poids de ces queues, dénotés contacts de Tan, sont liés à de nombreuses propriétés thermodynamiques des systèmes telles que les corrélations à deux corps, la dérivée de l’énergie par rapport à la longueur de diffusion unidimensionnelle, ou le facteur de structure statique. Nous montrons que ces contacts universels de Tan permettent également de caractériser la symétrie spatiale des systèmes, et constituent donc une connexion profonde entre les corrélations et les symétries. En outre, la symétrie d’échange est extraite en utilisant une méthode de théorie des groupes, à savoir la méthode de la somme des classes (class-sum method en anglais), qui provient à l’origine de la physique nucléaire. De plus, nous montrons que ces systèmes suivent une version généralisée du fameux théorème de Lieb-Mattis. Souhaitant rendre nos résultats aussi pertinents expérimentalement que possible, nous dérivons des lois d’échelle pour le contact de Tan en fonction de l’interaction, de la température et du confinement transverse. Ces lois présentent des effets intéressants liés aux fortes corrélations et à la dimensionnalité
The main focus of this thesis is the theoretical study of strongly interacting quantum mixtures confined in one dimension and subjected to a harmonic external potential. Such strongly correlated systems can be realized and tested in ultracold atoms experiments. Their non-trivial permutational symmetry properties are investigated, as well as their interplay with correlations. Exploiting an exact solution at strong interactions, we extract general correlation properties encoded in the one-body density matrix and in the associated momentum distributions, in fermionic and Bose-Fermi mixtures. In particular, we obtain substantial results about the short-range behavior, and therefore the high-momentum tails, which display typical k^−4 laws. The weights of these tails, denoted as Tan’s contacts, are related to numerous thermodynamic properties of the systems such as the two-body correlations, the derivative of the energy with respect to the one-dimensional scattering length, or the static structure factor. We show that these universal Tan’s contacts also allow to characterize the spatial symmetry of the systems, and therefore is a deep connection between correlations and symmetries. Besides, the exchange symmetry is extracted using a group theory method, namely the class-sum method, which comes originally from nuclear physics. Moreover, we show that these systems follow a generalized version of the famous Lieb-Mattistheorem. Wishing to make our results as experimentally relevant as possible, we derive scaling laws for Tan’s contact as a function of the interaction, temperature and transverse confinement. These laws. Display displadisplay display interesting effects related to strong correlations and dimensionality

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder whose onset emerges at an increasingly early age and whose prognosis, even among adolescents, can be grave. Current scientific literature and practice guidelines on the treatment of adolescent patients with anorexia point to the key role that is played by parents and family in influencing the therapeutic possibilities and the outcomes of young patients. The aims of the thesis are to explore the relational and emotional dynamics in families of adolescents with anorexia that may influence the treatment possibilities and the outcome of the young patients. Three different research studies are presented in the thesis, all examined families of adolescents with restricting type anorexia nervosa, and explored aspects of family relations, relating in particular to the internalized parental bonding, emotion regulation and triadic mother-father-daughter interactions. The first study aims to identify any specific pattern of parental bonding and address the intergenerational transmission of these patterns in families of newly diagnosed adolescents with restricting type anorexia. The second study instead deals with emotion regulation in families with an adolescent with anorexia, exploring alexithymia in the daughter, mother and father based on clinical versus self- assessment. Whereas in the third study, a direct observational procedure based on a videotaped play section was used to explore triadic interactions. The results of the studies seem to suggest that both in the research, as well as in treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa, attention needs to be shifted from the exclusive mother-daughter relation to the involvement of the father, of the parental couple and of the family as a whole. Since family functioning is well established as a maintaining factor of anorexia nervosa or vice versa as a facilitating factor in the therapeutic process, studying the family relations may not only help clinicians to select the most suitable treatment for each patient and each family but also to predict the possibility of establishing a therapeutic alliance with the family and thus to improve the possibility of reaching a good outcome.
L’anoressia, patologia eclatante nelle sue manifestazioni eppure sfuggente, paradossale ed inquietante, tentativo di redenzione e rischio di morte allo stesso tempo, pone ai suoi clinici e ai suoi teorici questioni di grande complessità, che si riflettono nella varietà delle teorie differenti e contraddittorie formulate nei diversi ambiti. Patologia di confine fra il somatico e lo psichico, l’anoressia ha da sempre suscitato il dibattito fra i sostenitori delle origini psicologiche della malattia e coloro che invece parteggiano per cause primariamente organiche. L’anoressia nervosa, la più studiata e la più nota fra le forme di disturbo del comportamento alimentare, conserva anche nell'età evolutiva aspetti di prognosi molto grave con un’elevata percentuale di esito mortale. Nonostante l’età di esordio dell’anoressia nervosa sia sempre più precoce e la prevalenza del disturbo in età evolutiva in crescita, sono ancora carenti gli studi in letteratura che riguardano specificamente questa fascia d’età. Eppure ben il 40% dei nuovi casi di anoressia esordisce proprio fra i 15 e i 19 anni, età in cui si rilevano tuttavia anche i più elevati tassi di guarigione. Nelle prime fasi del suo esordio, che avviene di solito in adolescenza, appare perciò cruciale predisporre una presa in carico precoce e tempestiva di questo disturbo dagli esiti potenzialmente molto gravi. L’insorgenza del disturbo, la cui eziologia appare complessa e multifattoriale, sembra precipitata dall'interazione di diversi fattori: biologici, psicologici, ambientali, culturali e sociali. Se i dati riguardanti le componenti genetiche e neurobiologiche sembrano offrire per ora limitate prospettive per un reale progresso nel trattamento di questa complessa patologia, più interessanti sul piano clinico e terapeutico appaiono attualmente i dati della letteratura che indicano il ruolo cardine delle componenti famigliari, sia per quanto riguarda l’evoluzione del disturbo sia per quanto riguarda gli indirizzi terapeutici valutati come più efficaci. Se è noto che i trattamenti familiari si sono dimostrati molto efficaci nel trattamento di questa psicopatologia, i meccanismi di funzionamento di queste terapie e le peculiari dinamiche familiari cui indirizzare più fruttuosamente il trattamento restano campi potenzialmente fertili, da esplorare per la ricerca. E’ convinzione generale che il complesso problema della eziopatogenesi rimanga al di fuori degli obiettivi degli studi volti ad analizzare e fotografare le dinamiche familiari presenti in un determinato momento nelle famiglie delle pazienti con anoressia. Tuttavia - obiettivo forse prioritario rispetto ad ogni altro - cogliere e descrivere il funzionamento delle pazienti con anoressia all'interno delle loro famiglie può essere utile e forse indispensabile per stabilire quali siano le misure terapeutiche più valide da attivare in ogni specifico caso. Una presa in carico tempestiva ed efficace di questa grave psicopatologia, potenzialmente mortale, può essere fondamentale e la ricerca in questo campo può arricchire in maniera sostanziale il ventaglio degli interventi disponibili e l’efficacia della loro applicazione alle diverse situazioni cliniche. Questa tesi si propone di esplorare all'interno delle famiglie di adolescenti con anoressia alcune dinamiche relazionali ed emotive che potrebbero influenzare il decorso e le possibilità di cura delle giovani pazienti. Nella tesi sono presentati tre diversi lavori di ricerca, svolti tutti all'interno di famiglie di adolescenti con anoressia nervosa di tipo restrittivo, volti ad esaminare aspetti delle relazioni familiari, relativi in particolare ai legami genitoriali interiorizzati, alla regolazione emotiva e alle interazioni madre-padre-figlia. Il primo studio esamina il legame genitoriale percepito dalle adolescenti con anoressia e dei loro genitori, nell'intento di cogliere la possibile continuità e influenza degli stili di attaccamento tra le diverse generazioni (genitori verso i propri genitori – figli verso i genitori) all'interno delle famiglie dei pazienti. La ricerca sulla potenziale trasmissione trasgenerazionale dei legami parentali e dell’attaccamento è infatti ancora molto limitata e non vi è inoltre alcuna evidenza che riguardi le famiglie di pazienti adolescenti. Questo studio controllato ha visto la partecipazione di 168 partecipanti, adolescenti e genitori, cui è stato somministrato il Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) per la valutazione dei legami genitoriali interiorizzati. L’analisi dei legami parentali dei membri della famiglia, svolta a livello latente (Latent Class Analysis), ha permesso di evidenziare alcune peculiarità a livello familiare. Se da una parte i risultati dello studio confermano che gli adolescenti con anoressia restrittiva riferiscono di percepire positivamente il rapporto con i propri genitori, dall'altra i genitori dei pazienti mostrano di ricordare i propri genitori come apprensivi e autoritari ma non particolarmente affettuosi. Tali specificità del legame parentale ricordate dai genitori dei pazienti rispetto ai propri genitori aprono la questione di quanto i modelli di attaccamento genitoriali possano influenzare la relazione stessa con i figli e dunque essere possibili target di un intervento volto a modificare in senso migliorativo le relazioni all'interno delle famiglie dei pazienti con anoressia. Ulteriori ricerche sui modelli di attaccamento nelle famiglie di pazienti con anoressia potrebbero chiarire l’eventuale ruolo di questi modelli come fattore di vulnerabilità rispetto ai disturbi alimentari e soprattutto la loro influenza rispetto al decorso della malattia. D’altra parte il disegno trasversale dello studio non permette di chiarire se le percezioni genitoriali negative rispetto al legame con i propri genitori preesistano alla malattia della figlia o se invece siano conseguenza di quest’ultima. Le relazioni in atto e le esperienze successive possono infatti influenzare i ricordi e le rappresentazioni del passato e ciò specialmente nel caso di esperienze fortemente traumatiche come può essere per i genitori delle pazienti la diagnosi di anoressia delle figlie con il concreto pericolo di vita che spesso essa comporta. Questa considerazione rende conto dell’importanza di studiare le percezioni interne dei genitori e delle figlie, superando la sterile e probabilmente insolubile controversia su quali siano le cause e quali le conseguenze. Dal punto di vista della cura considerare la reciproca e vicendevole connessione tra rappresentazioni interne (per esempio le rappresentazioni del legame con i genitori del passato) e le relazioni e le interazioni attuali offre infatti due importanti punti di accesso al lavoro terapeutico con le famiglie: se da una parte il lavoro sulle rappresentazioni può favorire la modificazione dei comportamenti genitoriali e delle interazioni reali fra genitori e figlie malate, dall'altro è altrettanto vero che lavorare direttamente sulle relazioni concrete in corso fra genitori e figli può giungere a modificare anche le rappresentazioni interne di questi rapporti. Da qui l’interesse di studiare non solo le rappresentazioni interne dei legami familiari ma anche le interazioni in atto fra genitori e figlie (terzo studio di questa tesi) e la regolazione delle emozioni all'interno della famiglia (secondo studio), aspetto quest'ultimo che potrebbe collegare le due dimensioni del mondo interno delle rappresentazioni e della realtà esterna delle interazioni. Le rappresentazioni di sé e dell’altro (modelli operativi interni di attaccamento) sono infatti strettamente connesse alla regolazione, più o meno funzionale, degli affetti ed ai comportamenti parentali messi in atto nel concreto. Il secondo studio, presentato nella tesi, si occupa quindi di esaminare le potenziali peculiarità del funzionamento psichico dei membri delle famiglie di pazienti con anoressia in relazione alla qualità della percezione e del contatto col mondo emozionale interno, utilizzando il costrutto di alessitimia. Molti studi sull'anoressia nervosa si sono concentrati sulla regolazione emotiva, ed in particolare sull'alessitimia, a livello individuale, mentre ci sono solo pochi e contrastanti dati sull'alessitimia a livello famigliare, nonostante le evidenze più recenti segnalino l'importanza delle dinamiche familiari rispetto all'evoluzione del disturbo anoressico, soprattutto nei pazienti adolescenti. Si è ritenuto opportuno in questo secondo studio non limitarsi all'indagine delle percezioni interne di pazienti e genitori rispetto alla qualità dei propri vissuti emotivi attraverso questionari autovalutativi, ricorrendo in aggiunta ad una valutazione clinica svolta attraverso un’intervista strutturata specificamente studiata per valutare l’alessitimia. L'alessitimia rappresenta infatti uno specifico deficit nella regolazione degli affetti che implica proprio una difficoltà nell'identificare, elaborare e descrivere verbalmente le emozioni, che si accompagna di solito ad un limitata capacità immaginativa e fantasmatica. Lo scopo dello studio è stato dunque quello di valutare l’alessitimia nelle pazienti adolescenti anoressiche e nei loro genitori, utilizzando una misurazione multi-metodo al fine di acquisire una conoscenza più diretta e approfondita del problema. A 46 partecipanti, pazienti adolescenti con anoressia e genitori, è stata proposto il noto questionario self-report Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), accanto all’intervista strutturata Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA), che rappresenta la prima intervista clinica strutturata completa per la valutazione dell’alessitimia. L’uso del modello a tratti latenti di Rasch ha permesso di confrontare la sensibilità dei due diversi strumenti, evidenziando una significativa discordanza fra i due: l’intervista clinica infatti permette di riscontrare un grado di alessitimia maggiore sia nei genitori sia nelle figlie con anoressia. Inoltre all’interno delle famiglie ed in particolare della coppia genitoriale è emerso un significativo divario nei livelli di alessitimia. Grazie all’utilizzo dell’intervista clinica, che si è dimostrata in grado di minimizzare le tendenze alla negazione, si è rilevato che i padri delle pazienti si trovano molto più in difficoltà nell’identificare, elaborare e descrivere verbalmente i propri sentimenti rispetto alle madri. Queste ultime si collocano piuttosto su una polarità opposta di grande recettività e capacità di comprendere e analizzare i sentimenti, che potrebbero all’opposto coinvolgerle eccessivamente fino talvolta a travolgerle. I risultati aprono la via a dare maggior spazio, accanto alle caratteristiche individuali di pazienti e genitori, anche all’impatto del funzionamento emotivo familiare (per esempio le antitetiche modalità materne e paterne di gestire e vivere le emozioni all’interno della coppia genitoriale), come aspetto fondamentale rispetto alla possibilità di stabilire un’alleanza terapeutica con paziente e genitori e dunque influenzare in senso positivo l’outcome. Gli studi più recenti e le linee guida per il trattamento di pazienti adolescenti con anoressia nervosa concordano infatti nel sottolineare il ruolo chiave svolto dai genitori per quanto riguarda gli esiti dei trattamenti per le giovani pazienti. Tuttavia il funzionamento familiare è stato per ora studiato quasi esclusivamente con metodi autovalutativi. Eppure, come è emerso nel secondo studio presentato, proprio nelle difficili circostanze vissute dalle famiglie che si trovano ad affrontare la malattia, spesso grave e pericolosa, della figlia che soffre di anoressia, le valutazioni cliniche e i metodi osservativi possono aiutare a riconoscere in maggior misura aspetti delle relazioni familiari e del funzionamento psichico dei membri della famiglia, che essi stessi non sono sempre in grado di cogliere appieno. Il terzo studio, che compone questa tesi, mira infatti ad indagare le interazioni triadiche all’interno delle famiglie di adolescenti con anoressia nervosa attraverso una procedura osservativa semistandardizzata. 120 genitori e figlie adolescenti, consecutivamente giunti all’attenzione di servizi neuropsichiatrici per l’età evolutiva, hanno partecipato allo studio e hanno preso parte ad una seduta di gioco videoregistrata, secondo la procedura del Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP). In questa innovativa applicazione alle famiglie di pazienti con anoressia restrittiva, il Lausanne Trilogue Play segnala alcune peculiarità nell’interazione, che differenziano queste ultime famiglie da un altro gruppo di famiglie con figlie diagnosticate come sofferenti di disturbi psichiatrici differenti (disturbi dell’umore di tipo depressivo o disturbi d’ansia), le quali hanno preso parte allo studio come gruppo di controllo con altra psicopatologia. I risultati mostrano che nelle famiglie delle pazienti con anoressia i ruoli all’interno della triade madre-padre-figlia non sono sempre chiari e definiti e ciò soprattutto quando è richiesta una rilevante capacità di triangolazione e di coinvolgimento di tutti e tre i protagonisti nell’interazione. Il rapporto sembra infatti più spesso mantenuto a livello diadico attraverso la creazione di coalizioni familiari. I genitori mostrano una notevole difficoltà a ritagliarsi uno spazio relazionale di coppia da cui la figlia malata possa essere momentaneamente esclusa. Il padre è posto o tende a porsi lui stesso ai margini dell’interazione fra madre e figlia, rimanendone spesso escluso. Padre e figlia si collocano inoltre su una polarità di maggior autocontrollo e distacco emotivo, aliena alle madri che mostrano invece una maggiore reattività e un più marcato coinvolgimento. Il presente lavoro, essendo controllato, fornisce indicazioni in linea con la medicina dell'evidenza, anche se con un grado di evidenza inferiore a quello fornito da un trial controllato randomizzato. Ad esempio si dimostra la presenza di caratteristiche di funzionamento famigliare in cui il padre acquisisce un ruolo di primo piano, suggerendo dunque l’opportunità di spostare l'attenzione dall’indagine dalla relazione esclusiva madre-figlia al coinvolgimento del padre, della coppia dei genitori e della famiglia nel suo complesso. Dal momento che proprio il funzionamento familiare può rivelarsi un fattore di rischio o viceversa un fattore di facilitazione del processo di cura, l’utilizzo della metodica LTP può consentire l’osservazione diretta delle dinamiche familiari, aprendo la via ad un eventuale lavoro terapeutico mirato su queste ultime. Lavorare sugli elementi disfunzionali delle interazioni attuali, che siano acquisiti dopo l’esordio della malattia oppure antecedenti, può infatti mobilizzare le relazioni familiari, favorendo un outcome positivo per la giovane paziente. Con la consapevolezza del rischio di operare un’indebita trasformazione dei risultati dell’osservazione diretta in dati di fatto assoluti, interpretati poi a vantaggio di letture eziopatogenetiche dell’anoressia, diviene necessario sottolineare che in un campo di studio così complesso e articolato, come quello della psicopatologia dell’anoressia nervosa e delle relazioni familiari, la ricerca scientifica, e così i dati presentati in questa tesi, non possono che offrire risultati sempre limitati e destinati a ulteriori arricchimenti, conferme e disconferme. I tre studi presentati in questa tesi rappresentano un tentativo di cogliere e analizzare, con metodologie diverse e complementari, alcuni aspetti del funzionamento familiare pressochè inesplorati per quanto riguarda i pazienti adolescenti. I tre studi convergono nell’indicare che la coppia genitoriale e l’ambiente famigliare nel suo complesso possono avere un ruolo chiave rispetto alle possibilità evolutive e di cura delle giovani con anoressia. Non a caso il trattamento familiare, trattamento di prima linea raccomandato dalle linee guida internazionali, è particolarmente efficace proprio per le pazienti nella fascia di età adolescenziale e con recente esordio di malattia. Una miglior comprensione delle dinamiche familiari può essere prioritaria proprio per la cura di pazienti che non hanno ancora concluso il proprio sviluppo, anche dal punto di vista psicologico, e che vivono inoltre ancora all’interno della propria famiglia di origine. In adolescenza infatti il gioco di rimandi fra realtà esterna e realtà interna, fra genitori reali e imago parentali interiorizzate è ancora fluido e aperto. Il processo di soggettivazione stesso, l’evolversi del mondo interno dell’adolescente si gioca in questa complessa articolazione di relazioni ed emozioni, attuali e interiorizzate (Jeammet, 2010).

碩士
中華大學
電機工程學系(所)
96
In this paper, a digital anti-collision system circuit design for Radio Frequency Identification （RFID） Tag is presented completely and verified with RF front-end circuits, moreover to be aimed at digital anti-collision system to integrated. This system was adapted with the “Slotted Random” anti-collision algorithm. Two commended Tag functions are the usage of random number system to do backward data linking frequencies chosen and time-division multiplexing （TDM） by readers. The proposed anti-collision system circuit both enhances functions to Tags, and speeds up the identification rate. Meanwhile, it reduces the detection error and the power consumption. We implemented the design on ALTERA Cyclone II EP2C5T144C7 FPGA chip combine with an antenna and a hybrid RF front-end circuit. The Alien Reader ALR-9780 had successfully linked with our Tag circuit and read the EPC codes, which were compatible with the EPC Class-1 Generation-2 UHF RFID Protocol [1]. In the integrated circuit is used TSMC 0.18 um process.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
94
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems have become one of the most popular technologies recently. It can replace the traditional role of bar code system in the supply or service chain by reducing the needs of manpower. In this thesis, we first carry out a tag module by Verilog HDL that complied with Auto-ID Center Class-1 Standard. Then, a fully tag search algorithm is designed to work in a simple RFID reader to find out all the tags coexisting in the field of the RFID reader. This search algorithm queries the tags for identification information efficiently. It can identify up to six hundred tags in eight seconds. Finally, we propose two modifications about the original architecture and focus our attention on how to further reduce the use of logic gate to efficiently improve search performance. According to our experimental results, the modified architecture achieves 200% improvement over the original standard.

碩士
中華大學
電機工程學系(所)
95
In this paper, a digital anti-collision system circuit design for Radio Frequency Identification （RFID） Tag is presented completely and verified with RF front-end circuits, moreover to be aimed at digital anti-collision system to integrated. This system was adapted with the “Slotted Random” anti-collision algorithm. Two commended Tag functions are the usage of random number system to do time-division multiplexing （TDM） and backward data linking frequencies chosen by readers. The proposed anti-collision system circuit both enhances functions to Tags, and speeds up the identification rate. Meanwhile, it reduces the detection error and the power consumption. We implemented the design on ALTERA Cyclone II EP2C5T144C7 FPGA chip combine with an antenna and a hybrid RF front-end circuit. The Alien Reader ALR-9780 had successfully linked with our Tag circuit and read the EPC codes, which were compatible with the EPC Class-1 Generation-2 UHF RFID Protocol [1]. In the integrated circuit is used SMIC 0.18 um process.

碩士
大葉大學
資訊管理學系碩士在職專班
97
This research uses Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) to examine the relationship between teachers and the usage of class websites, and explain the determining factors of its acceptance and the effects it has on class cohesion. The external variable factors include the self-efficiency of the computers, subjective norm, system quality, hardware support and external support. This research utilizes document analysis and questionnaires surverys, and the research subjects are elementary school teachers who use the “uSchoolnet”, and the level of class cohesion is directly tested and derived from the students themselves. Online surveys are used to collect the necessary data, and the research tools are “Questionnaire on the attitudes and level of acceptance by Elementary school teachers towards the usage of class websites” and “Questionnaire on current class cohesion”. 236 valid questionnaires are collected from teachers, while 1338 questionnaires are collected by students. The findings of this research are: Subjective norm and system quality have positive correlations to the perceived usefulness. Self efficiency of the computers, subjective norm, system quality, hardware support and external support have positive correlations to the perceived ease of use. TAM models receive wide support, with significant positive correlations existing among the TAM models. The actual usage of class websites have positive correlations to the class cohesion.