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Статті в журналах з теми "Task failure"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Siswantoro, Nurhadi, Dwi Priyanta, Enggar Dywari Suminta, Muhammad Badrus Zaman, Trika Pitana, Hari Prastowo, Wolfgang Busse, and Taufik Reza Nurdiansyah. "The Maintenance Task Allocation Analysis in Steam Power Plant: Case Study on Closed Cooling Water System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 972, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/972/1/012031.

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Abstract The closed cooling system is one of the systems that functioned to ensure the cooling water supply can be continuously distributed and ensure that the production process does not cause the equipment or products to overheat, which can result in failure to the equipment and affect the production process due to downtime repair. Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is one of the methods that can be used to analyze the cause of failure, impact, and determination of appropriate and effective maintenance tasks. The purpose of this research is to identify potential failures, determine the maintenance task and determine the optimal maintenance schedule in the closed cooling system of a steam power plant by using the Reliability Centered Maintenance method. The results of analysis on the closed cooling pump, heat exchanger, expansion tank, minimum flow valve, and level control valve obtained a total of 155 failure modes, of which 73% of total failure modes were identified as an evident failure and 27% identified as a hidden failure. While the results of the maintenance task recommendation obtained a total of 155 maintenance tasks which consists of 5 maintenance task categories. They are 88 (57%) of total failure modes recommended to scheduled on condition task, 38 (24%) scheduled restoration task, 20 (13%) scheduled discard task, 3 (2%) schedule finding failure, and 6 (4%) of total failure modes recommended to no scheduled maintenance.

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2

Savyanavar, Amit Sadanand, and Vijay Ram Ghorpade. "Application Checkpointing Technique for Self-Healing From Failures in Mobile Grid Computing." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2019040103.

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A mobile grid (MG) consists of interconnected mobile devices which are used for high performance computing. Fault tolerance is an important property of mobile computational grid systems for achieving superior arrangement reliability and faster recovery from failures. Since the failure of the resources affects task execution fatally, fault tolerance service is essential to achieve QoS requirement in MG. The faults which occur in MG are link failure, node failure, task failure, limited bandwidth etc. Detecting these failures can help in better utilisation of the resources and timely notification to the user in a MG environment. These failures result in loss of computational results and data. Many algorithms or techniques were proposed for failure handling in traditional grids. The authors propose a checkpointing based failure handling technique which will improve arrangement reliability and failure recovery time for the MG network. Experimentation was conducted by creating a grid of ubiquitously available Android-based mobile phones.

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3

Kececi, E. Faruk, Xidong Tang, and Gang Tao. "Adaptive actuator failure compensation for redundant manipulators." Robotica 27, no. 1 (January 2009): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574708004487.

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SUMMARYThis paper presents an adaptive actuator failure compensation method, which compensates for uncertainties due to unknown actuator failures for redundant manipulator systems. The method is first developed for manipulators whose joints are concurrently actuated. While physical realization of concurrently actuated manipulators and the advantages of their use have been understood before, in this paper failure modeling, controller structure, and adaptive update rules for handling uncertainties from the actuator failures are studied. The adaptive actuator failure compensation method is then expanded for a cooperating multiple manipulator system with uncertain actuator failures. Dynamic equations of such a multiple manipulator system in the task space are derived and the adaptive actuator failure compensation problem is formulated in the task space, for which a compensation controller structure is proposed with stable adaptive parameter update laws. The adaptive control scheme is able to compensate for the uncertainties of system parameters and actuator failures in a more general sense. For both cases, closed-loop system stability and asymptotic tracking are proved, despite uncertain system failures.

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4

Altekin, F. Tevhide, and Can Akkan. "Task-failure-driven rebalancing of disassembly lines." International Journal of Production Research 50, no. 18 (September 15, 2012): 4955–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2011.616915.

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5

Rünger, Dennis, Sabine Schwager, and Peter A. Frensch. "Across-task conflict regulation: A replication failure." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 36, no. 1 (2010): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017172.

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6

Young, James B., William T. Abraham, Robert C. Bourge, Marvin A. Konstam, and Lynne Warner Stevenson. "Task Force 8: Training in Heart Failure." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51, no. 3 (January 2008): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.016.

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7

Carlson, John G., and Jeffrey E. Cassisi. "Prior task failure as a determinant of biofeedback and cognitive task performance." Motivation and Emotion 9, no. 4 (December 1985): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00992204.

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8

Molloy, Robert, and Raja Parasuraman. "Monitoring Automation Failures: Effects of Automation Reliability and Task Complexity." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 18 (October 1992): 1518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601833.

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Two studies examined the effects of automation reliability and task complexity on the monitoring of automation failures during performance of a flight-simulation task. In the first study, 24 students performed tracking and resource management tasks while an automation routine monitored for system malfunctions over four 30-minute sessions Detection of automation failures was significantly higher for variable reliability automation (mean = 81.6%) than for constant reliability automation (mean = 32.7%), indicating that constant-reliability automation induced complacency in monitoring. The effect of automation reliability was eliminated when 16 more subjects were required to complete the monitoring task only. Neither group of subjects exhibited a vigilance decrement. In the second study monitoring performance and vigilance decrement were examined for a situation in which only one automation failure occurred during a session. 36 students were randomly assigned to one of three task groups: simple (visual discrimination task), single-complex (monitoring only) or multi-complex (tracking, resource management, and monitoring). In both the simple and the multi-complex tasks, more subjects detected the automation failure in the first ten minutes of a session than in the last ten minutes of a session (67%-17% and 75%-42% respectively). Subjects in the single-complex condition detected the automation failure equally well in both time periods (92%-83%). The results point to two areas of potential costs in the automation of a task: (1) constant patterns of automation reliability can lead to inefficiency in monitoring automation failures; and (2) infrequent automation failures in multi-task conditions can lead to a vigilance decrement. While these costs should not prohibit the implementation of automation, they should be considered in the design of any automated system.

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9

Welch, Renate, Meg Gerrard, and Aletha Huston. "Gender-Related Personality Attributes and Reaction to Success/Failure: An Examination of Mediating Variables." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 3 (September 1986): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00748.x.

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The effects of success and failure on task performance, and attributions about performance, were compared for high and low instrumental college women. For the high instrumental group, success facilitated task performance, whereas failure had no debilitating effect; for the low instrumental group, success had no effect on subsequent performance, whereas failure interfered with it. High instrumental women attributed their success primarily to internal factors and their failures to external tactors (the “egotistical” attribution profile), whereas low instrumentar women revealed the opposite profile. The gender-appropriateness of the task had little effect on performance or attribution. Four potential mediators of these differences were investigated: self-esteem, perceived ability, expectancy of success, and attainment value. High-instrumental women's higher perceived ability and performance expectations accounted for their superior task performance, but none of the four mediators accounted for the relationship of instrumentality to attributions.

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10

Maluf, Katrina S., and Roger M. Enoka. "Task failure during fatiguing contractions performed by humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 2 (August 2005): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2005.

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By comparing the physiological adjustments that occur when two similar fatiguing contractions are performed to failure, it is possible to identify mechanisms that limit the duration of the more difficult task. This approach has been used to study two fatiguing contractions, referred to as the force and position tasks, which differed in the type of feedback given to the subject and the amount of support provided by the surroundings. Even though the two tasks required a similar net muscle torque during submaximal isometric contractions, the duration that the position task could be sustained was consistently much briefer than that for the force task. The position task involved a greater rate of increase in EMG activity and more marked changes in motor unit recruitment and rate coding compared with the force task. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the motor unit pool was recruited more rapidly during the position task. The difference in motor unit behavior appeared to be caused by variation in synaptic input, likely involving heightened sensitivity of the stretch reflex during the position task. Upon repeat performances of the two fatiguing contractions, some subjects were able to increase the time to failure for the force task but not the position task. Furthermore, the time to failure for the position task could be influenced by the postural demands associated with maintaining the position of the limb, and the difference in the two durations was enhanced when the postural activity evoked a pressor response. These observations indicate that the difference in the duration of the two fatiguing contractions was attributable to differences in the control strategy used to sustain the tasks and the magnitude of the associated postural activity.

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11

Feng, Yuejiao. "Abandon Policies for Two Types of Multiattempt Missions." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6449483.

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Systems that perform critical missions will often be affected by internal degradation until they reach a failure state. For safety critical systems that perform certain tasks, failure of the systems will have serious consequences. In such scenarios, the survival of the systems has a higher priority than the completion of the task. The task can be suspended at an appropriate time and a rescue procedure can be initiated to reduce the risk of system failures. When the task is important, the systems can try to execute the task multiple times after the task is abandoned and the rescue is completed, to improve the probability of task completion. This study further expands the existing research on multiple task abandon strategy by proposing degradation-based multicriteria mission abandon policies considering multiattempts and two types of task success criteria. The task is abandoned dynamically based on the degradation level and time in the mission in each attempt. Under the dynamic abandon policies, mission reliability, and systems survivability are evaluated using the recursive method. The optimal abandon thresholds are investigated numerically.

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12

Inesi, M. Ena, and Nancy Rothbard. ""Failure, Task Engagement and the Self-Affirmation Motive"." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 15837. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.15837abstract.

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13

Cai, Lingfeng, Xianglin Wei, Changyou Xing, Xia Zou, Guomin Zhang, and Xiulei Wang. "Failure-resilient DAG task scheduling in edge computing." Computer Networks 198 (October 2021): 108361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108361.

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14

Place, Nicolas, Daria Neyroud, and Bengt Kayser. "Explaining Task Failure From Sustained Submaximal Isometric Contractions." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000402596.74616.dd.

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15

Hunter, Sandra K., Jacques Duchateau, and Roger M. Enoka. "Muscle Fatigue and the Mechanisms of Task Failure." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 32, no. 2 (April 2004): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200404000-00002.

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16

Laghi, Franco, Arzu Topeli, and Martin J. Tobin. "Does resistive loading decrease diaphragmatic contractility before task failure?" Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 1103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.1103.

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While sustaining a load that leads to task failure, it is unclear whether diaphragmatic fatigue develops progressively or occurs only at task failure. We hypothesized that incremental loading produces a progressive decrease in diaphragmatic contractility ever before task failure. Ten subjects generated 60% of maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) for 2 min, 4 min, and until task failure. Before loading, 20 min after each period of loading, and ∼20 h after the last period of loading, Pdimax, nonpotentiated and potentiated Pdi twitch pressure (Pditw), and the pattern of respiratory muscle recruitment during a CO2 challenge were recorded. Sensation of inspiratory effort at the 4th min of the task-failure protocol was greater than at the same time in the preceding 4-min protocol. Surprisingly, potentiated Pditw and Pdimax were reduced after 2 min of loading and decreased further after 4 min of loading and after task failure; nonpotentiated Pditw was reduced after 4 min of loading and after task failure. The gastric pressure contribution to tidal breathing during a CO2 challenge decreased progressively in relation to duration of the preceding loading period, whereas expiratory muscle recruitment progressively increased. A rest period of ∼20 h after task failure was not sufficient to normalize these alterations in respiratory muscle recruitment or fatigue-induced changes in diaphragmatic contractility. In conclusion, while sustaining a mechanical load, the diaphragm progressively fatigued, ever before task failure, and when challenged the rib cage-to-diaphragmatic contribution to tidal breathing and recruitment of the expiratory muscles increased pari passu with duration of the preceding loading.

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17

Gobel, Peter, and Setsuko Mori. "Success and failure in the EFL classroom." EUROSLA Yearbook 7 (August 10, 2007): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.7.09gob.

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This paper describes a study into learners’ attributions for success and failure in learning English as a foreign language. The study investigated perceived reasons for successes and failures on actual language learning tasks in both oral communication and reading classes, looking at how learners judge their successes and failures, and their range of attributions. A questionnaire was created based on attribution theory focusing on the attributions of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck and was administered to 233 Japanese first-year university students. A significant relationship between exam scores and the attributions of ability, task difficulty and likes was found, with attributions for failure focusing on internal causes and attributions for success on external causes. The theoretical structure of causal attributions is discussed, and the implications that can be drawn with regard to cultural bias, language teaching and the nature of the learning environment are considered.

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18

Clifford, Margaret M., Ahyoung Kim, and Barbara A. McDonald. "Responses to Failure as Influenced by Task Attribution, Outcome Attribution, and Failure Tolerance." Journal of Experimental Education 57, no. 1 (September 1988): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1988.10806493.

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19

DeGuzman, Chelsea A., Samantha A. Hopkins, and Birsen Donmez. "Driver Takeover Performance and Monitoring Behavior with Driving Automation at System-Limit versus System-Malfunction Failures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 4 (March 14, 2020): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120912228.

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Today’s vehicles are becoming highly automated, however, if the automation fails, drivers must take over control of the vehicle. Automation may fail as a result of known system limits (system-limit failure) or of malfunctions that are unforeseen by system designers (system-malfunction failure). The aim of this research was to quantify the differences between how these two failure types influence driver takeover performance and monitoring behaviors. In a simulator with SAE Level 2 driving automation, 18 drivers experienced both a system-limit and system-malfunction failure while engaging in a secondary task. Results show that drivers put their hands on the wheel 0.62 s sooner and took over 0.51 s faster for the system-limit failure compared with the system-malfunction failure. Eye tracking data revealed that the percent of time looking at the secondary task display was 12.7% lower and the percent of time looking at the roadway was 11.2% higher before the system-limit failure compared with before the system-malfunction failure. Given that takeover performance and monitoring behavior differ significantly based on failure type, a distinction should be made in the literature between system-limit and system-malfunction failures, and comparisons between previous studies using these failures should not be done without considering this distinction. Furthermore, as SAE Level 2 vehicles are currently available to consumers, efforts should be focused on supporting drivers’ mental models of automated systems, so that drivers are able to successfully predict system-limit failures.

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20

King, Gary, and Langche Zeng. "Improving Forecasts of State Failure." World Politics 53, no. 4 (July 2001): 623–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2001.0018.

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This article offers the first independent scholarly evaluation of the claims, forecasts, and causal inferences of the State Failure Task Force and its efforts to forecast when states will fail. State failure refers to the collapse of the authority of the central government to impose order, as in civil wars, revolutionary wars, genocides, politicides, and adverse or disruptive regime transitions. States that sponsor terrorism or allow it to be organized within their borders are all failed states. This task force, set up at the behest of Vice President Gore in 1994, has been led by a group of distinguished academics working as consultants to the U.S. CIA. State Failure Task Force reports and publications have received attention in the media, in academia, and from public decision makers. The article identifies several methodological errors in the task force work that cause its reported forecast probabilities of conflict to be too large, its causal inferences to be biased in unpredictable directions, and its claims of forecasting performance to be exaggerated. However, the article also finds that the task force has amassed the best and most carefully collected data on state failure to date, and the required corrections provided in this article, although very large in effect, are easy to implement. The article also demonstrates how to improve forecasting performance to levels significantly greater than even corrected versions of its models. Although the matter is still a highly uncertain endeavor, the authors are nevertheless able to offer the first accurate forecasts of state failure, along with procedures and results that may be of practical use in informing foreign policy decision making. The article also describes a number of strong empirical regularities that may help in ascertaining the causes of state failure.

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21

Hasni, Mohamed S. M., and Turhan Köprübaşı. "Controlling Task Dependency as a Risk Mitigation Process." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 11 (June 13, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i11.42.

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The construction of highly reliable software projects requires that these projects meet the objectives for which they have been set, and therefore failure to meet any of these objectives and needs will make the software project prone to failure. Thus, ignoring strong needs and not including users adequately especially in identifying their needs and tracking their dependencies clearly can be considered one of the main risks of failure. In this paper, we present a systematic approach to addressing this phenomenon and its mitigation mechanism.

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22

Alahmad, Yanal, Tariq Daradkeh, and Anjali Agarwal. "Proactive Failure-Aware Task Scheduling Framework for Cloud Computing." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 106152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101147.

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23

Carolina, Ana Alba. "Prognostic Assessment in Heart Failure Patients: An Unresolved Task." Revista Argentina de Cardiologia 86, no. 5 (October 2018): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.v86.i5.14045.

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24

Fernandez, Carlos, Shagufta Firdous, Waqas Jehangir, Bertrand Behm, Zankhana Mehta, Andrea Berger, and Mellar Davis. "Cancer-Related Fatigue: Perception of Effort or Task Failure?" American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 37, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909119849420.

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Context: Patient’s rating of perceived effort (RPE) is used to assess central fatigue. Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is believed to be of central origin. The increased RPE with a motor task, such as the Finger-Tapping Test (FTT), can easily be measured in the clinical setting. Objectives: To correlate the FTT, RPE and the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) rated fatigue severity in patients with cancer. Methods: Subjective fatigue was assessed in adult patients with cancer by the BFI. Participants performed a modified FTT with the index finger of the dominant hand: 15 seconds × 2, 30 seconds × 2, and 60 seconds × 2 with 1 minute of rest between each time trial. Rating of perceived effort at the end of task was measured by the Borg 10 scale. Exclusions: Brain metastasis, history of brain radiation, Parkinson disease, Huntington Chorea, multiple sclerosis, delirium, and depression. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to describe the relationships between BFI, FTT, and Borg 10 scale. Results: Thirty patients participated. Mean age was 56.2. Sixteen were females (53.3%). The mean BFI mean was 4.1, median 4.4. Tapping rate did not correlate with fatigue severity. The RPE correlated with the mean BFI: r s 0.438, P = .0155. These correlations persisted after adjustment for age. Conclusion: An increased RPE in the absence of task failure suggests that the origin of CRF is central. The performance of an FTT with RPE helps to improve our understanding of fatigue in the clinical setting.

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25

Huang, Tori Yu-wen. "Failure and Dynamic Efficacy in a Team Decision Task." Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 15672. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.15672abstract.

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26

Dardas, Todd, and Michael P. Dorsch. "Remote management of heart failure: Herculean or Sisyphean task?" Heart 106, no. 20 (July 9, 2020): 1543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317270.

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27

Lippman, Louis G. "Category Sequencing in an STM Task: Failure to Replicate." Journal of General Psychology 116, no. 1 (January 1989): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1989.9711107.

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28

Pegg, E., S. McKie, I. Anderson, B. Deakin, and R. Elliott. "P.3.19 Functional imaging of rumination on task failure." European Neuropsychopharmacology 17 (March 2007): S84—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(07)70100-1.

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29

Hunt, Sharon A., Michael R. Bristow, Spencer H. Kubo, John B. O'Connell, and James B. Young. "Task force 8: Training in heart failure and transplantation." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(95)96222-k.

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30

Jessup, Mariell, Reza Ardehali, Marvin A. Konstam, Bruno V. Manno, Michael A. Mathier, John A. McPherson, and Nancy K. Sweitzer. "COCATS 4 Task Force 12: Training in Heart Failure." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 65, no. 17 (May 2015): 1866–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.031.

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31

Klass, Malgorzata, Morgan Lévénez, Roger M. Enoka, and Jacques Duchateau. "Spinal Mechanisms Contribute to Differences in the Time to Failure of Submaximal Fatiguing Contractions Performed With Different Loads." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 3 (March 2008): 1096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01252.2007.

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Анотація:

This study compared the mechanisms that limit the time to failure of a sustained submaximal contraction at 20% of maximum when the elbow flexors either supported an inertial load (position task) or exerted an equivalent constant torque against a rigid restraint (force task). The surface electromyogram (EMG), the motor-evoked potential (MEP) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex, and the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) and maximal M-wave (Mmax) elicited by electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus were recorded in biceps brachii during the two tasks. Although the time to failure for the position task was only 44% of that for the force task, the rate of increase of the average EMG (aEMG; % initial MVC) and MEP area (% Mmax) did not differ significantly during the two tasks. At task failure, however, the increases in normalized aEMG and MEP area were significantly ( P < 0.05) greater for the force task (36.4 and 219.9%) than for the position task (22.4 and 141.7%). Furthermore, the superimposed mechanical twitch (% initial MVC), evoked by TMS during a brief MVC of the elbow flexors immediately after task failure, was increased similarly in both tasks. Although the normalized H-reflex area (% Mmax) decreased during the two fatiguing contractions, the reduction was more rapid and greater during the position task (59.8%) compared with the force task (34.7%). Taken together, the results suggest that spinal mechanisms were a major determinant of the briefer time to failure for the position task.

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32

Vohs, Kathleen D., and Todd F. Heatherton. "Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach." Psychological Science 11, no. 3 (May 2000): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00250.

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Three studies were conducted to test the behavioral consequences of effortful self-regulation. Individuals with chronic inhibitions about eating were exposed to situations varying in level of self-regulatory demand. Subsequently, participants' ability to self-regulate was measured. Two studies manipulated self-regulatory demand by exposing participants to good-tasting snack foods, whereas a third study required participants to control their emotional expressions. As hypothesized, exerting self-control during the first task led to decrements in self-control on a subsequent task. Moreover, these effects were not due to changes in affective state and occurred only when self-control was required in the first task. These findings are explained in terms of depletion of self-regulatory resources, which impairs successful volitional control.

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33

Barfield, Thomas. "The Roots of Failure in Afghanistan." Current History 107, no. 713 (December 1, 2008): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2008.107.713.410.

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Wiesner, Christian Dirk, Jennifer Meyer, and Christoph Lindner. "Detours increase local knowledge—Exploring the hidden benefits of self-control failure." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): e0257717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257717.

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Анотація:

Self-control enables people to override momentary thoughts, emotions, or impulses in order to pursue long-term goals. Good self-control is a predictor for health, success, and subjective well-being, as bad self-control is for the opposite. Therefore, the question arises why evolution has not endowed us with perfect self-control. In this article, we draw some attention to the hidden benefits of self-control failure and present a new experimental paradigm that captures both costs and benefits of self-control failure. In an experiment, participants worked on three consecutive tasks: 1) In a transcription task, we manipulated how much effortful self-control two groups of participants had to exert. 2) In a number-comparison task, participants of both groups were asked to compare numbers and ignore distracting neutral versus reward-related pictures. 3) After a pause for recreation, participants were confronted with an unannounced recognition task measuring whether they had incidentally encoded the distracting pictures during the previous number-comparison task. The results showed that participants who exerted a high amount of effortful self-control during the first task shifted their priorities and attention toward the distractors during the second self-control demanding task: The cost of self-control failure was reflected in worse performance in the number-comparison task. Moreover, the group which had exerted a high amount of self-control during the first task and showed self-control failure during the second task was better in the unannounced third task. The benefit of self-control failure during number comparison was reflected in better performance during the recognition task. However, costs and benefits were not specific for reward-related distractors but also occurred with neutral pictures. We propose that the hidden benefit of self-control failure lies in the exploration of distractors present during goal pursuit, i.e. the collection of information about the environment and the potential discovery of new sources of reward. Detours increase local knowledge.

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35

Houtz, John C., Haifa Matos, Min-Kyung S. Park, Jennifer Scheinholtz, and Edwin Selby. "Problem-Solving Style and Motivational Attributions." Psychological Reports 101, no. 3 (December 2007): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.3.823-830.

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52 Master's-level female graduate students completed VIEW: An Assessment of Problem Solving Style and provided attributions for their successes and failures according to several categories of reasons. Attributions were in the form of percentages to the categories of skill or ability, effort devoted to the task, task difficulty, chance, or other factors, after Weiner's theory of motivation. Women scoring as more Developer than Explorer on VIEW attributed a greater percentage of their failures to uncontrollable factors (chance and task difficulty). These results are consistent with the theory that individuals with a Developer style are more organized, deliberate, “planful,” and precise in their work efforts. Thus, such individuals would more likely attribute failure to factors they had not foreseen.

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36

Cheng, Arthur J., and Charles L. Rice. "Isometric torque and shortening velocity following fatigue and recovery of different voluntary tasks in the dorsiflexors." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 5 (October 2009): 866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-085.

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The present study was designed to compare the relative influence of various fatigue-related factors involved in isometric and dynamic task failure following an equivalent decrease in isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. Using a similar duty cycle (∼1-s contraction per 2 s) and contraction load (50% of MVC), 9 young males performed in the dorsiflexors a dynamic task, and on a separate occasion an intermittent isometric task, to an equal decrease in isometric MVC torque. Dynamic contractions had greater motor unit activation and maximum rate of torque development, and required fewer contractions to task failure than the isometric task, indicating a faster development of fatigue during the velocity-dependent dynamic contractions. Peripheral factors, rather than impairments in voluntary drive, were responsible for the equivalent decrease in MVC torque at task failure and its subsequent incomplete recovery. These included, for both tasks, similar changes during fatigue and recovery in voluntary isometric MVC torque, shortening velocity, stimulated twitch and 50 Hz torque, and 50 Hz maximum rate of relaxation. Irrespective of the task, however, the greater reduction in shortening velocity at task failure and its subsequent faster recovery than MVC torque suggest that changes in metabolites affect velocity to a greater extent than isometric torque.

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37

Russ, David W., Andrew J. Ross, Brian C. Clark, and James S. Thomas. "The Effects of Task Type on Time to Task Failure During Fatigue: A Modified Sørensen Test." Journal of Motor Behavior 50, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2017.1286628.

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38

Lee, Seungyub, Sueyeun Oak, Donghwi Jung, and Hwandon Jun. "Development of Failure Cause–Impact–Duration (CID) Plots for Water Supply and Distribution System Management." Water 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2019): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081719.

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Understanding the impact and duration (consequences) of different component failures (cause) in a water supply and distribution system (WSDS) is a critical task for water utilities to develop effective preparation and response plans. During the last three decades, few efforts have been devoted to developing a visualization tool to display the relationship between the failure cause and its consequences. This study proposes two visualization methods to effectively show the relationship between the two failure entities: A failure cause–impact–duration (CID) plot, and a bubble plot. The former is drawn for an effective snapshot on the range (extent) of failure duration and the impact of different failures, whereas the latter provides failure frequency information. A simple and practical failure classification system is also introduced for producing the two proposed plots effectively. To verify the visualization schemes, we collected records of 331 WSDS component failures that occurred in South Korea between 1980 and 2018. Results showed that (1) the proposed CID plot can serve as a useful tool for identifying most minor and major WSDS failures, and (2) the proposed bubble plot is useful for determining significant component failures with respect to their failure consequences and occurrence likelihoods.

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39

Schmitt, Kori, Christiana DelloRusso, and Ralph F. Fregosi. "Force–EMG Changes During Sustained Contractions of a Human Upper Airway Muscle." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 2 (February 2009): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90922.2008.

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Human upper airway and facial muscles support breathing, swallowing, speech, mastication, and facial expression, but their endurance performance in sustained contractions is poorly understood. The muscular fatigue typically associated with task failure during sustained contractions has both central and intramuscular causes, with the contribution of each believed to be task dependent. Previously we failed to show central fatigue in the nasal dilator muscles of subjects that performed intermittent maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Here we test the hypothesis that central mechanisms contribute to the fatigue of submaximal, sustained contractions in nasal dilator muscles. Nasal dilator muscle force and EMG activities were recorded in 11 subjects that performed submaximal contractions (20, 35, and 65% MVC) until force dropped to ≤90% of the target force for ≥3 s, which we defined as task failure. MVC and twitch forces (the latter obtained by applying supramaximal shocks to the facial nerve) were recorded before the trial and at several time points over the first 10 min of recovery. The time to task failure was inversely related to contraction intensity. MVC force was depressed by roughly 30% at task failure in all three trials, but recovered within 2 min. Twitch force fell by 30–44% depending on contraction intensity and remained depressed after 10 min of recovery, consistent with low-frequency fatigue. Average EMG activity increased with time, but never exceeded 75% of the maximal, pretrial level despite task failure. EMG mean power frequency declined by 20–25% in all trials, suggesting reduced action potential conduction velocity at task failure. In contrast, the maximal evoked potential did not change significantly in any of the tasks, indicating that the EMG deficit at task failure was due largely to mechanisms proximal to the neuromuscular junction. Additional experiments using the interpolated twitch technique suggest that subjects can produce about 92% of the maximal evocable force with this muscle, which is not a large enough deficit to explain the entire shortfall in the EMG at task failure. These data show that the nervous system fails to fully activate the nasal dilator muscles during sustained, submaximal contractions; putative mechanisms are discussed.

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40

Derchak, P. Alexander, A. William Sheel, Barbara J. Morgan, and Jerome A. Dempsey. "Effects of expiratory muscle work on muscle sympathetic nerve activity." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 1539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00790.2001.

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We hypothesized that contractions of the expiratory muscles carried out to the point of task failure would cause an increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). We measured MSNA directly in six healthy men during resisted expiration (60% maximal expiratory pressure) leading to task failure with long [breathing frequency (fb) = 15 breaths/min; expiratory time (Te)/total respiratory cycle duration (Tt) = 0.7] and short (fb = 30 breaths/min; Te/Tt = 0.4) Te. Both of these types of expiratory muscle contractions elicited time-dependent increases in MSNA burst frequency that averaged +139 and +239%, respectively, above baseline at end exercise. The increased MSNA coincided with increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) for both the long-Te (+28 ± 6 mmHg) and short-Te (+22 ± 14 mmHg) trials. Neither MSNA nor MAP changed when the breathing patterns and increased tidal volume of the task failure trials were mimicked without resistance or task failure. Furthermore, very high levels of expiratory motor output (95% maximal expiratory pressure; fb = 12 breaths/min; Te/Tt = 0.35) and high rates of expiratory flow and expiratory muscle shortening without task failure (no resistance; fb = 45 breaths/min; Te/Tt = 0.4; tidal volume = 1.9 × eupnea) had no effect on MSNA or MAP. Within-breath analysis of the short-expiration trials showed augmented MSNA at the onset of and throughout expiration that was consistent with an influence of high levels of central expiratory motor output. Thus high-intensity contractions of expiratory muscles to the point of task failure caused a time-dependent sympathoexcitation; these effects on MSNA were similar in their time dependency to those caused by high-intensity rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm and forearm muscles taken to the point of task failure. The evidence suggests that these effects are mediated primarily via a muscle metaboreflex with a minor, variable contribution from augmented central expiratory motor output.

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41

Peter, Mira, Georgije Lukatela, and M. T. Turvey. "Phonological priming: Failure to replicate in the rapid naming task." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28, no. 5 (November 1990): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334046.

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42

Mirsalimov, V. M., and Kh I. Kazymov. "The reverse task of failure mechanics of column-supported plates." Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability 38, no. 2 (April 2009): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s105261880902006x.

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43

Lenfant, C. "Report of the Task Force on Research in Heart Failure." Circulation 90, no. 3 (September 1994): 1118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.90.3.1118.

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44

Walker, David Johannes, Stephan Walterspacher, Daniel Schlager, Thomas Ertl, Kai Roecker, Wolfram Windisch, and Hans-Joachim Kabitz. "Characteristics of diaphragmatic fatigue during exhaustive exercise until task failure." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 176, no. 1-2 (April 2011): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.009.

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45

Stickford, Jonathon L., Abigail S. L. Stickford, David M. Koceja, Bruce J. Martin, Robert F. Chapman, and Joel M. Stager. "Exercise Breathing Pattern Following a Hyperventilatory Challenge to Task Failure." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000493191.96443.2f.

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46

Brewin, Chris R., and David A. Shapiro. "Selective impact of reattribution of failure instructions on task performance." British Journal of Social Psychology 24, no. 1 (February 1985): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00658.x.

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47

Soualhia, Mbarka, Foutse Khomh, and Sofiene Tahar. "A Dynamic and Failure-Aware Task Scheduling Framework for Hadoop." IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2018.2805812.

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48

Cohen, Ronald L., Sharon P. Sandler, and Linda Keglevich. "The failure of memory monitoring in a free recall task." Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie 45, no. 4 (1991): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0084303.

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49

Bratu, Christine, and Moritz Dittmeyer. "Constitutivism About Practical Principles: Its Claims, Goals, Task and Failure." Philosophia 44, no. 4 (August 16, 2016): 1129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9748-1.

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50

Poboka, Dane, Frini Karayanidis, and Andrew Heathcote. "Extending the Failure-to-Engage theory of task switch costs." Cognitive Psychology 72 (July 2014): 108–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.02.003.

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