Статті в журналах: "Task disengagement"

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Zhou, Mingming, and Jing Ren. "A self-determination perspective on Chinese fifth-graders’ task disengagement." School Psychology International 38, no. 2 (2016): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034316684532.

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Engagement in academic tasks is important. However, compared to the large body of research on task engagement, the number of studies on task disengagement is quite limited. The aim of this study is to examine the associations between the motivational (self-determination) and attitudinal antecedents (learning orientations) of task disengagement. The sample consisted of 347 fifth-graders in China. We tested two mediation models that incorporated self-determination (autonomous versus controlled), learning orientation (collaborative versus competitive), and task disengagement among Chinese primary school students in learning English. Results showed collaborative learning orientation mediated the link between autonomous motivation and task disengagement. Collaborative learning orientation was also found to be negatively related to task disengagement.

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Barber, Larissa K., Matthew J. Grawitch, and David C. Munz. "Disengaging From a Task." Journal of Individual Differences 33, no. 2 (2012): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000064.

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This study tests the assumption that disengagement from a task indicates poor self-control, especially following little progress. A total of 120 undergraduate students worked on Sudoku puzzles, a logical reasoning task for which progress could be measured. A binary logistic regression revealed a three-way interaction among dispositional self-control, dispositional self-awareness, and actual task progress in predicting disengagement versus persistence. Among individuals with high self-awareness, greater self-control was associated with significantly higher probabilities of task persistence during high task progress. Alternatively, greater self-control was associated with lower probabilities of task persistence during low task progress among individuals with high self-awareness. These results support theories of adaptive goal disengagement suggesting that how individuals apply control is dependent on factors other than self-regulatory capacity. Specifically, assessments of progress among highly self-aware individuals may facilitate adaptive self-regulation.

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Gschwendtner, Kathrin M., Stefanie C. Biehl, Andreas Mühlberger, et al. "The Relationship Between Valence, Task Difficulty, and the COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphism in Disengagement Processes." Journal of Psychophysiology 26, no. 3 (2012): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000075.

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The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism (rs4680) moderates dopamine degradation in the prefrontal cortex. It has been shown that the Met allele is associated with an increased reactivity to negative stimuli. With regard to the tonic-phasic dopamine model it is hypothesized that this increased reactivity to negative stimuli derives from deficient disengagement from negative stimuli. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether this increased reactivity is reflected in prolonged disengagement from negative pictures. We used a novel forced spatial disengagement task in combination with eye tracking. This paradigm allows for varying task difficulty. Interestingly, contrary to our hypothesis, we found increased disengagement latencies for negative pictures in homozygous Val allele carriers compared to heterozygous participants. This effect was only seen in task conditions demanding less cognitive resources (prosaccade condition). We suggest that the COMT effect on emotional processing is task-specific and therefore heterosis effects can occur.

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Li, Na, Cong Wang, and Wenwen Shi. "Athletes' Goal Orientations and Attitudes towards Doping: Moral Disengagement in Sport as a Mediator." American Journal of Health Behavior 46, no. 3 (2022): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.46.3.12.

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Objective: In this study, we explored the characteristics of moral disengagement in sport and its mediating role in athletes' goal orientations and their attitudes towards doping We enrolled 203 athletes in the study. Methods: The Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire, Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale and Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale were used to assess athletes' goal orientations and attitudes toward doping. Results: Our findings revealed that: (1) male athletes' scores for moral disengagement were significantly higher than those of female athletes; and (2) moral disengagement completely mediated the relationship between ego orientation and attitude towards doping, and partially mediated the association between task orientation and attitude towards doping. Conclusions: Changing the moral cognition and lowering the level of moral disengagement in athletes may be important issues to include in anti-doping education.

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Saragih, Surya Mutiara, Andi Ina Yustina, and Christine Novita Dewi. "Reinforcing Moral Disengagement in the Relationship of Ethical Leadership on Employee Task Performance." JURNAL AKUNTANSI, EKONOMI dan MANAJEMEN BISNIS 9, no. 2 (2021): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jaemb.v9i2.3216.

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This study analyzes the relationship between ethical leadership and task performance and the moderating effect of moral disengagement. The data in this study were 244 respondents who were taken by conducting a web-based questionnaire for employees in various industries in Indonesia. To process data and test hypotheses, researchers used the SEM-PLS approach. This study found that ethical leadership influences employee task performance. However, the relationship between ethical leadership and employee task performance was found to be positive and significant. This study also found that moral disengagement has a moderating effect, strengthening the relationship between ethical leadership and task performance.

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Li, Bing, Jing Guang, and Mingsha Zhang. "The role of fixation disengagement and oculomotor preparation in gap saccade task is gap-duration dependent." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 6 (2021): 2053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00259.2021.

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While performing the gap saccade task, the role of fixation disengagement and oculomotor preparation in modulating the internal brain state is gap-duration dependent. Fixation disengagement plays a primary role when gap duration is shorter (100 ms), whereas oculomotor preparation plays a primary role when gap duration is longer (200 ms and 400 ms).

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Fortgang, Rebecca, and Vinod Srihari. "41. Cognitive Disengagement and Task Switching in Patients With Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 43, suppl_1 (2017): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx021.060.

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Donald, Fiona M., and Craig H. M. Donald. "Task disengagement and implications for vigilance performance in CCTV surveillance." Cognition, Technology & Work 17, no. 1 (2014): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-014-0309-8.

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9

Nelson, D., M. Lopian, and N. Bratt. "Investigating the role of attentional disengagement bias in the tendency, ability and persistence of worry." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71880-6.

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IntroductionIndividuals with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) have an attentional bias towards threatening information. It is not known whether this results from facilitated engagement (faster orientation) or delayed disengagement (shifting attention away) from threat. Recent research has developed a new methodology designed to modify attentional disengagement from threat.ObjectivesUsing this paradigm, the present study assessed the causal role of attentional disengagement from threat and its impact on worry.MethodTwenty-four university students scoring below 56 on the Penn-State-Worry-Questionnaire were randomly assigned to either threat disengagement training, or non-threat disengagement training. Training was assessed using threat and non-threat test-trials. All participants then completed a novel worry task, assessing tendency, ability and persistency of worry. The hypothesis was that training to disengage from threat rather than non-threat stimuli would affect tendency, ability or persistence of worry.ResultsAccuracy and test-trial reaction-time data indicated disengagement training was successful; compared to the non-threat disengagement group, the threat disengagement group had faster reaction-times for non-threat valence test-trials, experienced marginally non-significantly more negative intrusions during active worry, and found it significantly more difficult to worry, when required to engage solely with worry without interruption in the worry task.ConclusionIt is possible to manipulate attentional bias to disengage from threat information, leading to fewer negative thought intrusions during active worry and increased difficulty in engaging solely with worry, thus suggesting that impaired disengagement has a causal role in the ability to worry.

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Fontanini, Alfredo, and Donald B. Katz. "7 to 12 Hz Activity in Rat Gustatory Cortex Reflects Disengagement From a Fluid Self-Administration Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 5 (2005): 2832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01035.2004.

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The 7 to 12 Hz rhythm is a high-voltage oscillatory phenomenon recorded in many rat neocortical regions, largely analogous to the rodent and human somatosensory μ rhythm. Central to any interpretation of the functional significance of this pattern is the analysis of the behavioral context associated with it. Much of the debate on the function of μ, variously believed to represent either an environment-oriented or -isolated state, has relied primarily on its association with quiet immobility. In this report, we describe the relationship between the 7 to 12 Hz rhythm and a more complex behavioral setting, in which we were able to dissociated task orientation from disengagement. We trained head-restrained, water-restricted rats to perform a simple variant of a timed fluid self-administration task, while recording local field potentials from gustatory cortex (GC). Rats progressed through two behavioral states that were clearly distinguishable on the basis of lever-pressing regimes: a task-oriented state and a second state that reflected disengagement from the task. Concurrent GC neural recordings revealed bilaterally coherent oscillations in the 7 to 12 Hz range associated solely with the latter state. Consistent with published recordings of μ rhythm from somatosensory cortex, these rhythmic episodes were endogenously quenched when the rats prepared to lever-press; this inhibition of rhythmic episodes lasted through fluid delivery and consumption, making it clear that GC rhythms are not related to gustatory processing itself. By showing a direct relationship between the 7 to 12 Hz rhythm and disengagement from a task, these data provide strong and novel evidence that this gustatory rhythm in rats is associated with withdrawal from experimental contingencies.

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Drew, Anthony S., Jeanne Langan, Charlene Halterman, Louis R. Osternig, Li-Shan Chou, and Paul van Donkelaar. "Attentional disengagement dysfunction following mTBI assessed with the gap saccade task." Neuroscience Letters 417, no. 1 (2007): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.038.

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12

Paladini, Rebecca E., Lorenzo Diana, Thomas Nyffeler, et al. "The asymmetrical influence of increasing time-on-task on attentional disengagement." Neuropsychologia 92 (November 2016): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.02.026.

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Gordon, Evan M., Andrew L. Breeden, Stephanie E. Bean, and Chandan J. Vaidya. "Working memory-related changes in functional connectivity persist beyond task disengagement." Human Brain Mapping 35, no. 3 (2012): 1004–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22230.

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Stenning, Keith, and Padraic Monaghan. "Cooperative versus adversarial communication; contextual embedding versus disengagement." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 5 (2000): 696–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00563432.

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Subjects exhibiting logical competence choices, for example, in Wason's selection task, are exhibiting an important skill. We take issue with the idea that this skill is individualistic and must be selected for at some different level than System 1 skills. Our case redraws System 1/2 boundaries, and reconsiders the relationship of competence model to skill.

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Zhou, Li, Li Zhang, Yuening Xu, Fuyi Yang, and Valerie Benson. "Attentional Engagement and Disengagement Differences for Circumscribed Interest Objects in Young Chinese Children with Autism." Brain Sciences 12, no. 11 (2022): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111461.

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The current study aimed to investigate attentional processing differences for circumscribed interest (CI) and non-CI objects in young Chinese children with autism spectrum condition (ASC) and typically developing (TD) controls. In Experiment 1, a visual preference task explored attentional allocation to cartoon CI and non-CI materials between the two groups. We found that ASC children (n = 22, 4.95 ± 0.59 years) exhibited a preference for CI-related objects compared to non-CI objects, and this effect was absent in the TD children (n = 22, 5.14 ± 0.44 years). Experiment 2 utilized the traditional gap-overlap paradigm (GOP) to investigate attentional disengagement from CI or non-CI items in both groups (ASC: n = 20, 5.92 ± 1.13 years; TD: n = 25, 5.77 ± 0.77 years). There were no group or stimulus interactions in this study. Experiment 3 adopted a modified GOP (MGOP) to further explore disengagement in the two groups (ASC: n = 20, 5.54 ± 0.95 years; TD: n = 24, 5.75 ± 0.52 years), and the results suggested that exogenous disengagement performance was preserved in the ASC group, but the children with ASC exhibited increased endogenous attentional disengagement compared to TD peers. Moreover, endogenous disengagement was influenced further in the presence of CI-related objects in the ASC children. The current results have implications for understanding how the nature of engagement and disengagement processes can contribute to differences in the development of core cognitive skills in young children with ASC.

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Dias, E. C., and C. J. Bruce. "Physiological correlate of fixation disengagement in the primate's frontal eye field." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 5 (1994): 2532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.5.2532.

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1. We recorded from the frontal eye field (FEF) of rhesus monkeys while they performed the gap task in which the fixation point disappears 200 ms before the appearance of the peripheral saccadic target. This gap allows the disengagement of fixation to begin before the acquisition of saccade coordinates, thereby greatly reducing saccade latency (“gap effect”). Very short-latency saccades obtained in this gap task have been called “express saccades”. 2. We studied 145 FEF neurons that had presaccadic activity on conventional saccade tasks. When tested in the gap task with a 200-ms gap, nearly half of these neurons (69) increased their discharge rate in response to the disappearance of the fixation target. We call this increase a fixation-disengagement discharge (FDD). The mean latency of the start of the FDD relative to the fixation light extinction was 149 +/- 36 (SD) ms. 3. Gap-task trials with the saccade target in the cell's response field were randomly intermixed with trials having the target opposite to the cell's field. The FDD was present in both cases: on trials into the response field, the FDD was followed by the cell's presaccadic burst. On trials opposite the cell's field, the FDD activity was suppressed prior to the saccade. 4. The FDD was most likely to be found in cells that had the movement type of presaccadic activity, i.e., movement cells and visuomovement cells. FDD was observed in 57% of visuomovement cells A, B, and C, 50% with movement activity, and 18% purely visual.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Kane, Gary A., Elena M. Vazey, Robert C. Wilson, et al. "Increased locus coeruleus tonic activity causes disengagement from a patch-foraging task." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (2017): 1073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-017-0531-y.

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Hopstaken, Jesper F., Dimitri van der Linden, Arnold B. Bakker, and Michiel A. J. Kompier. "A multifaceted investigation of the link between mental fatigue and task disengagement." Psychophysiology 52, no. 3 (2014): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12339.

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Wandtner, Bernhard, Nadja Schömig, and Gerald Schmidt. "Secondary task engagement and disengagement in the context of highly automated driving." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 58 (October 2018): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.06.001.

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McSorley, Eugene, Iain D. Gilchrist, and Rachel McCloy. "The role of fixation disengagement in the parallel programming of sequences of saccades." Experimental Brain Research 237, no. 11 (2019): 3033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05641-9.

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Abstract One of the core mechanisms involved in the control of saccade responses to selected target stimuli is the disengagement from the current fixation location, so that the next saccade can be executed. To carry out everyday visual tasks, we make multiple eye movements that can be programmed in parallel. However, the role of disengagement in the parallel programming of saccades has not been examined. It is well established that the need for disengagement slows down saccadic response time. This may be important in allowing the system to program accurate eye movements and have a role to play in the control of multiple eye movements but as yet this remains untested. Here, we report two experiments that seek to examine whether fixation disengagement reduces saccade latencies when the task completion demands multiple saccade responses. A saccade contingent paradigm was employed and participants were asked to execute saccadic eye movements to a series of seven targets while manipulating when these targets were shown. This both promotes fixation disengagement and controls the extent that parallel programming can occur. We found that trial duration decreased as more targets were made available prior to fixation: this was a result both of a reduction in the number of saccades being executed and in their saccade latencies. This supports the view that even when fixation disengagement is not required, parallel programming of multiple sequential saccadic eye movements is still present. By comparison with previous published data, we demonstrate a substantial speeded of response times in these condition (“a gap effect”) and that parallel programming is attenuated in these conditions.

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Derr, Shannon, and Michael T. Morrow. "Effects of a Growth Mindset of Personality on Emerging Adults’ Defender Self-Efficacy, Moral Disengagement, and Perceived Peer Defending." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 3-4 (2020): 542–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517713716.

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This study investigated the effects of a brief educational exercise aimed to promote a growth mindset of personality (the belief that personality traits are malleable) on outcomes linked to peer defending. Undergraduates ( N = 60) were randomly assigned to complete a learning task designed to foster a growth mindset of personality or to a matching control task. They then read a vignette of a college student victimized by peers and completed paper-and-pencil measures of defender self-efficacy, moral disengagement, and perceived defender behavior, followed by a brief manipulation check. The experimental manipulation was successful, and participants who completed the growth mindset of personality intervention reported higher defender self-efficacy, lower moral disengagement, and higher perceived defending behavior. There was also a significant indirect effect of the experimental manipulation on perceived defending via self-efficacy, suggesting that a growth mindset of personality may influence peer defending through gains in defender self-efficacy. Implications are discussed for bullying prevention, with emphasis on programming for emerging adults at college.

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Amiot, Catherine E., Patrick Gaudreau, and Céline M. Blanchard. "Self-Determination, Coping, and Goal Attainment in Sport." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 3 (2004): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.3.396.

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The aim of the present study was to verify, during a stressful sport competition, the associations between motivational antecedents and consequences of the coping process. Using a two-wave design, we tested a model that incorporates motivational orientations, coping dimensions, goal attainment, and affective states among athletes (N = 122). Path analyses using EQS revealed that self-determination toward sport positively predicted the use of task-oriented coping strategies during a stressful sport competition, while non-self-determined motivation predicted the use of disengagement-oriented coping strategies. Task-oriented coping, in turn, was positively associated with the level of goal attainment experienced in the competition, whereas disengagement-oriented coping was negatively associated with goal attainment. Finally, level of goal attainment was positively linked to an increase in positive emotional states from pre- to postcompetition, and negatively associated with an increase in negative emotional states. Findings are discussed in light of coping frameworks, self-determination theory, and the consequences of motivational and coping processes on psychological functioning.

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Kappes, Cathleen, and Tamara Thomsen. "Imitation of Goal Engagement and Disengagement Processes in Romantic Relationships." European Journal of Personality 34, no. 2 (2020): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2244.

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Individual differences in goal engagement and goal disengagement processes have been demonstrated to be related to goal attainment, health, and emotional well–being. However, there is a dearth of studies on the developmental conditions of individual differences in these processes. Social learning processes contribute to the formation of individual dispositions even in adulthood. As one pathway of learning, we investigated observational learning of goal regulation processes in romantic relationships in two experimental studies. Study 1 ( N = 67 couples, M = 32.65 years) replicated a previous finding that observing partners imitated their partner's goal regulation processes in the same task and extended it by showing transfer effects to another task. Study 2 ( N = 60 couples, M = 25.9 years) demonstrated that—given a lack of praise of the modelled actions—partners still imitated goal regulation processes but to a smaller extent. These findings lend support for observational learning as a pathway to individual differences in the application of goal regulation processes. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

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Boote, Bikram, Mansi Agarwal, and Jack Mostow. "Early Prediction of Children’s Task Completion in a Tablet Tutor using Visual Features (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 18 (2021): 15761–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i18.17877.

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Intelligent tutoring systems could benefit from human teachers’ ability to monitor students’ affective states by watching them and thereby detecting early warning signs of disengagement in time to prevent it. Toward that goal, this paper describes a method that uses input from a tablet tutor’s user-facing camera to predict whether the student will complete the current activity or disengage from it. Training a disengagement predictor is useful not only in itself but also in identifying visual indicators of negative affective states even when they don’t lead to non-completion of the task. Unlike prior work that relied on tutor-specific features, the method relies solely on visual features and so could potentially apply to other tutors. We present a deep learning method to make such predictions based on a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) model that uses a target replication loss function. We train and test the model on screen capture videos of children in Tanzania using a tablet tutor to learn basic Swahili literacy and numeracy. We achieve balanced-class-size prediction accuracy of 73.3% when 40% of the activity is still left.

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Hwang, Eun Jung, Jeffrey E. Dahlen, Yvonne Yuling Hu, et al. "Disengagement of motor cortex from movement control during long-term learning." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (2019): eaay0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0001.

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Motor learning involves reorganization of the primary motor cortex (M1). However, it remains unclear how the involvement of M1 in movement control changes during long-term learning. To address this, we trained mice in a forelimb-based motor task over months and performed optogenetic inactivation and two-photon calcium imaging in M1 during the long-term training. We found that M1 inactivation impaired the forelimb movements in the early and middle stages, but not in the late stage, indicating that the movements that initially required M1 became independent of M1. As previously shown, M1 population activity became more consistent across trials from the early to middle stage while task performance rapidly improved. However, from the middle to late stage, M1 population activity became again variable despite consistent expert behaviors. This later decline in activity consistency suggests dissociation between M1 and movements. These findings suggest that long-term motor learning can disengage M1 from movement control.

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Goldstein, Rebecca, W. Joseph Delaune III, and Melissa Beck. "How Task Irrelevant Contents of VWM and LTM affect Attentional Guidance and Disengagement." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (2017): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.864.

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Eltiti, Stacy. "Reducing Anxiety: Training Attentional Disengagement from Threat Using a Modified Spatial Cueing Task." SOJ Psychology 1, no. 3 (2014): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2374-6874/1/3/00113.

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Smallwood, Jonathan, John B. Davies, Derek Heim, et al. "Subjective experience and the attentional lapse: Task engagement and disengagement during sustained attention." Consciousness and Cognition 13, no. 4 (2004): 657–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2004.06.003.

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Zhang, Junwei, Muhammad Naseer Akhtar, Yajun Zhang, and Shan Sun. "Are overqualified employees bad apples? A dual-pathway model of cyberloafing." Internet Research 30, no. 1 (2019): 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-10-2018-0469.

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Purpose Drawing from cognitive and emotional perspectives, the purpose of this paper is to theorize and test a dual-pathway model in which moral disengagement and anger toward organization act as two explanatory mechanisms of the association between perceived overqualification and employee cyberloafing. The authors further proposed that the strengths of these two mediating mechanisms depend on employee moral identity. Design/methodology/approach The authors used hierarchical linear modeling to examine the hypotheses by analyzing a sample of 294 employees working in 71 departments in China. Findings Results revealed that moral disengagement and anger toward organization mediated the positive link between perceived overqualification and cyberloafing beyond the influence of social exchange. Furthermore, moral identity attenuated the association between the mediators (i.e. moral disengagement and anger) and cyberloafing and the indirect relationship between perceived overqualification and cyberloafing. Originality/value Extant studies have examined the effects of perceived overqualification on employee behaviors in terms of task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, proactive behavior, as well as withdrawal behavior. The study expands this line of research by empirically investigating whether and how perceived overqualification influences cyberloafing.

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Boardley, Ian David, and Maria Kavussanu. "Effects of Goal Orientation and Perceived Value of Toughness on Antisocial Behavior in Soccer: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 32, no. 2 (2010): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.2.176.

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In this study, we examined (a) the effects of goal orientations and perceived value of toughness on antisocial behavior toward opponents and teammates in soccer and (b) whether any effects were mediated by moral disengagement. Male soccer players (N = 307) completed questionnaires assessing the aforementioned variables. Structural equation modeling indicated that ego orientation had positive and task orientation had negative direct effects on antisocial behavior toward opponents. Further, ego orientation and perceived value of toughness had indirect positive effects on antisocial behavior toward opponents and teammates which were mediated by moral disengagement. Collectively, these findings aid our understanding of the effects of personal influences on antisocial behavior and of psychosocial mechanisms that could facilitate such antisocial conduct in male soccer players.

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Ossenfort, Kathryn L., and Derek M. Isaacowitz. "LINKS BETWEEN POSITIVE AFFECT AND DISENGAGEMENT FROM NEGATIVE STIMULI IN YOUNGER AND OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1124.

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Abstract Older adults attend to more positive than negative content compared to younger adults; this “age-related positivity” effect is often thought of as a way older adults may be regulating their moods. However, attentional disengagement abilities decline with age, which may make positive looking more challenging for older adults in some cases. To evaluate links between early attentional processes and affect, 48 younger adult and 49 older adult participants reported levels of positive and negative affect on the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and completed a spatial cueing task evaluating attentional orienting and disengagement from emotional stimuli. Participants were tasked with responding to the location of a spatial target after seeing a cue (emotional image) that either appeared on the same (orienting) or opposite (disengagement) side of the screen. Multilevel modeling analyses were conducted using age and self-reported affect from the PANAS as predictors at level-2, and trial characteristics as predictors at level-1. Positive affect (PA) was unrelated to task performance for younger adults. Older adults reporting higher PA responded more slowly overall, and higher PA scores predicted similar response times to positive and negative stimuli on both trial types. Older adults reporting lower PA oriented attention more quickly to positive stimuli, but took longer to disengage from negative. These results suggest that there may be a relationship between the ability to flexibly disengage from negative content and PA for older, but not younger adults, and also highlight the importance of teasing apart specific attentional processes when evaluating positivity effects.

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Kwon, EunA, and JongGoo Lee. "Effects of Honesty Test using Situational Judgment Test Format on Task Performance and counterproductive work behavior." Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 34, no. 3 (2021): 541–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v34i3.541-561.

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The purposes of this research were 1) to identify criterion-related validity of the developed Honesty test using situation judgment test format and 2) to test mediating role of moral disengagement process including self-sanction. For these purpose, the situational judgment test measuring sub-constructs (i.e., sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance and modesty) of honesty-humility factor in HEXACO model(Lee & Ashton, 2004) was developed. eria(i.e., counterproductive work behavior, task performance and contextual performance). Total 365 employees(male, N=170, 46.58%; female, N=195, 53.42%) were used in the study. The Honesty test developed in the study included 24 items(i.e., 6 items for each 4 sub-constructs). The criterion-related validity analyses results showed that the Honesty test using situational judgment test format had significant correlations with counterproductive work behavior(r = -.49) and task performance(r = .39). The results of structural equation model revealed that the effects of honesty on counterproductive work behavior was mediated by moral disengagement process and the direct effect of honesty on counterproductive work behavior was also significant. Overall goodness of fit indexes of this model were favorable except for the chi-square value(χ2(32) = 50.44, p = .0202, CFI = .990, TLI = .986, RMSEA = .040). Limitations of the study and directions for future study were discussed.

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Bowden, Vanessa, Luke Ren, and Shayne Loft. "Supervising High Degree Automation in Simulated Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621019.

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Implementing high degree automation in future air traffic control (ATC) systems will be crucial for coping with increased air traffic demand and maintaining safety. However, issues associated with the passive monitoring role assumed by operators in these systems continue to be of concern. Passive monitoring can lead to a range of human operator performance problems when overseeing automation. The performance cost when human operators are placed in a passive monitoring role has been conceptualized as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problem: where adding more automation to a system makes it less likely that the operator will notice an automation failure and intervene appropriately (Endsley & Kiris, 1995). The OOTL performance problem has been attributed to numerous factors including vigilance decrements, fatigue, task disengagement, and poor situation awareness. This study tested two different approaches to addressing the OOTL performance problem associated with high degree automation in a simulation of en-route ATC (ATC-labAdvanced; Fothergill, Loft, & Neal, 2009). Following a 60-min training and practice session, 115 university student participants completed two 30-min ATC scenarios; one under manual control and one where they supervised high degree automation (counterbalanced order). The automation performed all acceptances for aircraft entering the sector of controlled airspace, handed off all departing aircraft, and resolved all conflicts between aircraft pairs that would otherwise have violated the minimum safe separation standards (except for a single automation failure event). Participants were instructed that the automation was highly reliable, but not infallible. The first aim was to confirm that while high degree automation can reduce workload, it can also lead to increased task disengagement and fatigue when compared to manual control. Furthermore, to determine how well participants supervised the automation, the conflict detection automation failed once late in the automation scenario. This failure involved two aircraft violating the minimum lateral and vertical separation standard and being missed by the automation. We expected to find that participants would fail to detect this conflict more often, or be slower to detect it, when under automation conditions, compared to a comparable conflict event presented when under manual control. Our second aim was to investigate whether these costs of automation could be ameliorated by techniques designed to improve task engagement. Participants were assigned to one of three automation conditions, including automation with (1) no acknowledgements, (2) acknowledgments, or (3) queries. In the no acknowledgements condition, automation failure monitoring was the only task performed. In the acknowledgements condition, similar to Pop et al. (2012), participants were additionally instructed to click to acknowledge each automated action, thereby potentially improving engagement by adding an active component to an otherwise passive monitoring task. In the queries condition, participants were queried regarding the past, present, and future state of aircraft on the display. The goal was to help participants maintain an accurate mental model (aka. situation awareness) when using automation. We found that automation reduced workload, increased disengagement and fatigue, and impaired detection of a single conflict detection failure event compared to manual task performance. Consistent with previous research, this shows that as a higher degree of automation is added to a system, it becomes less likely that the operator will notice automation failures and intervene appropriately (e.g. Pop et al., 2012). The first intervention tested whether adding automation acknowledgement requirements to the task made it easier for participants to detect and resolve a single automation failure event. The results showed that there was no difference between automation with and without acknowledgement requirements on workload, task disengagement, fatigue, and the detection of the automation failure event. The second intervention tested whether adding queries regarding aircraft on the display would improve failure detection performance. The queries intervention successfully reduced task disengagement and trended towards reducing fatigue, while workload was maintained at a level similar to that of manual control. These findings suggest that the manipulation successfully reduced some of the subjective deficits associated with the passive monitoring of automation. However, there was a significant cost to participants’ ability to detect and resolve the automation failure event relative to manual performance, where half the participants in the queries condition missed the automation failure entirely, compared to 25% in the no queries condition. Response times to detect the failure event were also considerably longer when queries were included compared to no queries. One explanation is that the queries condition may have been engaging to the point of distraction. This is supported by qualitative information provided by participants, where 40% mentioned that they found the queries to be distracting. Future studies may wish to examine the effectiveness of auditory queries instead of visual queries, potentially with verbal instead of typed responses. This may allow queries to reduce task disengagement and fatigue while potentially improving participants’ ability to intervene to automation failures.

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Brinkmann, Kerstin, and Guido H. E. Gendolla. "When Should I Stop? Dysphoria Leads to Impaired Task Persistence via Negative Mood." Swiss Journal of Psychology 79, no. 2 (2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000235.

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Abstract. Based on reported motivational deficits in depression – and on persistence deficits in particular – the present study examined whether dysphoric individuals benefit from task contexts that favor longer task persistence. Undergraduates worked on an item-generation task with different stop rules: “Is this a good time to stop?” ( enough rule), “Do I feel like continuing?” ( enjoy rule), or no specific rule. Results revealed that, independent of the stop rule, participants with high depression scores stopped earlier and generated fewer items than participants with low depression scores – an effect that was mediated by current mood state. Thus, contrary to experimentally induced negative mood, the enough-rule intervention was ineffective in eliminating the persistence deficits of dysphoric individuals. Implications for task disengagement and performance outcomes are discussed.

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HEFFELFINGER, AMY K., SUZANNE CRAFT, DESIRÉE A. WHITE, and JAYE SHYKEN. "Visual attention in preschool children prenatally exposed to cocaine: Implications for behavioral regulation." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 1 (2002): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701020021.

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The presence of cocaine during the prenatal period disrupts the development of neural systems involved in mediating visual attention; therefore, it is possible that prenatal cocaine exposure results in impairments in visual attention in early childhood. In the current study we hypothesized that preschool children with prenatal cocaine exposure would exhibit difficulties in the disengagement operation of visual attention and in sustaining attention, particularly for targets presented in the right visual field. Fourteen cocaine-exposed children and 20 control children between 14 and 60 months of age were assessed on measures of visual attention, cognition, and behavior. Cocaine-exposed children had slower reaction times on disengagement trials in the second half of our attention task, supporting our hypotheses that impairments in disengagement and sustained attention are associated with prenatal cocaine exposure. There was a trend for slower reaction times to targets presented in the right visual field, but not to targets presented in the left visual field. Cocaine-exposed children also exhibited greater difficulties in behavioral regulation. Overall, our findings suggest that children with prenatal cocaine exposure demonstrate specific impairments in visual attention and behavioral regulation. (JINS, 2002,8, 12–21.)

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Hopstaken, Jesper F., Dimitri van der Linden, Arnold B. Bakker, and Michiel A. J. Kompier. "The window of my eyes: Task disengagement and mental fatigue covary with pupil dynamics." Biological Psychology 110 (September 2015): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.013.

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37

Schützwohl, Achim. "The disengagement of attentive resources from task-irrelevant cues to sexual and emotional infidelity." Personality and Individual Differences 44, no. 3 (2008): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.022.

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Veigel, B., and M. B. Sterman. "Topographic EEG Correlates of Good and Poor Performance in a Signal Recognition Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 1 (1993): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700134.

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Topographic EEG measures were compared in 12 adult male subjects during performance of a signal recognition task, presented at three difficulty levels. EEG data were recorded from 17 standard cortical sites, referenced to linked earlobes. Digitized mean spectral magnitude values were calculated for sequential 2 second epochs for each condition, log transformed and subjected to statistical analysis. A good and a poor performance group was established on the basis of scores registered at the highest difficulty level and confirmed statistically. Within-group comparisons showed different EEG patterns for the two performance groups, both within and across difficulty level. The poor performance group showed a progressive pattern of disengagement (increase in 8-12 Hz activity) which diminished gradually as difficulty escalated and was replaced by a pattern of increasing engagement (decrease in 8-12 Hz activity). Good performers showed the same level of engagement independent of difficulty. Performance data alone failed to differentiate between groups under low and moderate task demands. Detailed evaluation of the underlying mechanisms revealed a tendency for all subjects to develop brief periods of disengagement after each stimulus presentation. This pattern became increasingly generalized in poor performers during the low gain task but was also present at the most difficult test level. These findings provide some insight into the dynamics of Central Nervous Systems regulatory mechanisms which modulate sustained cognitive performance under varying demand conditions. They document a propensity for some individuals to become disengaged over time, thereby requiring greater cognitive resource mobilization as task demand increases. Assessment of this trait may be useful in the prediction of performance capability under high demand conditions.

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39

Goddard, Robert. "Time in organizations." Journal of Management Development 20, no. 1 (2001): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621710110365023.

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Current organizational theory looks at time on task, as opposed to time off task. However, there is a more complex pattern of time use. Organization time, based on these findings, is defined as whether one engages with organization, or disengages from organization, and engages with task, or disengages from task. This article explores the theoretical implications of these complex relationships, as the locus of an individual’s use of time moves along the axes of engagement/disengagement from organization and task. The author urges organizational theorists to explore and evaluate the importance of understanding time usage for a better understanding of phenomena such as organizational learning, creativity, and quality of work life. This model provides a framework for further investigation and theoretical understanding of time from the perspective of the individual as well as of the organization.

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Treble-Barna, Amery, Paulina A. Kulesz, Maureen Dennis, and Jack M. Fletcher. "Covert Orienting in Three Etiologies of Congenital Hydrocephalus: The Effect of Midbrain and Posterior Fossa Dysmorphology." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 3 (2014): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001501.

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AbstractCovert orienting is related to the integrity of the midbrain, but the specificity of the relation is unclear. We compared covert orienting in three etiologies of congenital hydrocephalus (aqueductal stenosis [AS], Dandy-Walker malformation [DWM], and spina bifida myelomeningocele [SBM]—with and without tectal beaking) to explore the effects of midbrain and posterior fossa malformations. We hypothesized a stepwise order of group performance reflecting the degree of midbrain tectum dysmorphology. Performance on an exogenously cued covert orienting task was compared using repeated measures analysis of covariance, controlling for age. Individuals with SBM and tectal beaking demonstrated the greatest disengagement cost in the vertical plane, whereas individuals with AS performed as well as a typically developing (TD) group. Individuals with SBM but no tectal beaking and individuals with DWM showed greater disengagement costs in the vertical plane relative to the TD group, but better performance relative to the group with SBM and tectal beaking. Individuals with AS, DWM, and SBM and tectal beaking demonstrated poorer inhibition of return than TD individuals. Impairments in attentional disengagement in SBM are not attributable to the general effects of hydrocephalus, but are instead associated with specific midbrain anomalies that are part of the Chiari II malformation. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)

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Shida, Kohei, Kazu Amimoto, Kazuhiro Fukata, Shinpei Osaki, Hidetoshi Takahashi, and Shigeru Makita. "The Effect of Trunk Position on Attentional Disengagement in Unilateral Spatial Neglect." Neurology International 14, no. 4 (2022): 1036–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14040083.

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Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) causes difficulties in disengaging attention from the right side to unexpected targets on the left. However, the relationship between egocentric spatial position and attentional disengagement remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between trunk position and attentional disengagement. Thirty-eight patients with early stroke onset were classified as follows: USN (n = 18), right brain damage without USN (n = 10), and left brain damage (n = 10). The primary outcome was reaction time (RT) in the modified Posner task (MPT). The MPT comprised a condition in which the preceding cue and target direction were the same (valid condition) and a condition in which the directions were opposite (invalid condition). RT to the target was calculated. The MPT was performed in three different trunk positions (trunk midline, left, and right). In each group, the RT was compared on the basis of the stimulus conditions and trunk position. The RT was delayed in the valid and invalid left conditions, especially in the invalid left condition. The RT of the trunk right condition was significantly reduced compared with that of trunk midline and left conditions in the invalid left condition. Thus, trunk position influences attentional disengagement. This study contributes to the rehabilitation of patients with neglect symptoms.

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Boumeester, Marlijne, Marije C. Michel, and Valantis Fyndanis. "Sequential Multilingualism and Cognitive Abilities: Preliminary Data on the Contribution of Language Proficiency and Use in Different Modalities." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 9 (2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9090092.

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This exploratory study focuses on sequential bi-/multilinguals (specifically, nonimmigrant young Dutch native speakers who learned at least one foreign language (FL) at or after the age of 5) and investigates the impact of proficiency-based and amount-of-use-based degrees of multilingualism in different modalities (i.e., speaking, listening, writing, reading) on inhibition, disengagement of attention, and switching. Fifty-four participants completed a comprehensive background questionnaire, a nonverbal fluid intelligence task, a Flanker task, and the Trail Making Test. Correlational and regression analyses considering multilingualism related variables and other variables that may contribute to the cognitive abilities under investigation (e.g., years of formal education, socioeconomic status, physical activity, playing video-games) revealed that only proficiency-based degrees of multilingualism impacted cognitive abilities. Particularly, mean FL writing proficiency affected inhibition (i.e., significant positive flanker effect) and L2 listening proficiency influenced disengagement of attention (i.e., significant negative sequential congruency effect). Our findings suggest that only those speakers who have reached a certain proficiency threshold in more than one FL show a cognitive advantage, which, in our sample, emerged in inhibition only. Furthermore, our study suggests that, regarding the impact of proficiency-based degrees of multilingualism on cognitive abilities, for our participants the writing and listening modalities mattered most.

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Liem, Arief Darmanegara, Shun Lau, and Youyan Nie. "The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome." Contemporary Educational Psychology 33, no. 4 (2008): 486–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.08.001.

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Kawakubo, Yuki, Hisao Maekawa, Kenji Itoh, and Akira Iwanami. "The attentional disengagement processing reflected by ERPs and saccade reaction times during a gap task." International Congress Series 1232 (April 2002): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00716-6.

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45

Anderson, Brian A., Charles L. Folk, and Susan M. Courtney. "Neural mechanisms of goal-contingent task disengagement: Response-irrelevant stimuli activate the default mode network." Cortex 81 (August 2016): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.006.

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46

Klumpp, Heide, and Nader Amir. "Examination of vigilance and disengagement of threat in social anxiety with a probe detection task." Anxiety, Stress & Coping 22, no. 3 (2009): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800802449602.

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47

Ichihara-Takeda, Satoe, Shogo Yazawa, Takashi Murahara, et al. "Modulation of Alpha Activity in the Parieto-occipital Area by Distractors during a Visuospatial Working Memory Task: A Magnetoencephalographic Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 3 (2015): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00718.

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Oscillatory brain activity is known to play an essential role in information processing in working memory. Recent studies have indicated that alpha activity (8–13 Hz) in the parieto-occipital area is strongly modulated in working memory tasks. However, the function of alpha activity in working memory is open to several interpretations, such that alpha activity may be a direct neural correlate of information processing in working memory or may reflect disengagement from information processing in other brain areas. To examine the functional contribution of alpha activity to visuospatial working memory, we introduced visuospatial distractors during a delay period and examined neural activity from the whole brain using magnetoencephalography. The strength of event-related alpha activity was estimated using the temporal spectral evolution (TSE) method. The results were as follows: (1) an increase of alpha activity during the delay period as indicated by elevated TSE curves was observed in parieto-occipital sensors in both the working memory task and a control task that did not require working memory; and (2) an increase of alpha activity during the delay period was not observed when distractors were presented, although TSE curves were constructed only from correct trials. These results indicate that the increase of alpha activity is not directly related to information processing in working memory but rather reflects the disengagement of attention from the visuospatial input.

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Asare, Enoch Kusi, J. Lee Whittington, and Robert Walsh. "Promoting desirable work attitudes and behaviors among accountants: a field study." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 10 (2020): 1591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-01-2019-0020.

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Purpose Accounting work is characterized by high job demands and tight deadlines. With less task variety, accounting work is susceptible to employee disengagement. This paper aims to examine the role of enhanced performance management practices as intervention mechanism to the disengagement among accountants. Design/methodology/approach A total of 105 accountants participated in an online survey, answering self and social reports. Hypotheses were tested using regression analyses. Findings Enhanced performance management practices promote engagement among accountants. In turn, engagement promotes job satisfaction and affective commitment among accountants. Research limitations/implications Further studies are necessary to test the study’s findings. Future research should focus on replicating this study in other settings. Practical implications Performance planning and implementation are critical to enhancing accountants’ work attitudes and behaviors. Originality/value The accounting literature has consistently addressed negative accounting work outcomes from the perspective of burnout (a negative approach). This paper addresses the issue from the perspective of engagement (a positive approach).

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McDermott, Christine M., and Monica K. Miller. "Individual differences impact support for vigilante justice." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8, no. 3 (2016): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-09-2015-0186.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between moral disengagement, individual differences (i.e. need for cognition (NFC), faith in intuition, legal authoritarianism) and responses to vigilantism. Design/methodology/approach – US university students were surveyed. Findings – NFC reduced support for vigilante justice while legal authoritarianism increased support for vigilante justice. Both relationships are mediated by moral disengagement, which also increases support for vigilante justice. Research limitations/implications – The present study provides a starting point for further research on individual differences and responses to vigilantism. Practical implications – Results expand on the understanding of the function of individual differences in a morally charged decision-making task. Content has implications for academics and legal practitioners. Originality/value – Vigilante justice is embedded within American culture. However, vigilantism is currently illegal, and recent instances of what might be considered vigilante justice (e.g. George Zimmerman, David Barajas) have highlighted the controversy surrounding such extralegal violence. Little research has focussed on the moral quandary posed by vigilantism.

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Gaudreau, Patrick, and Sheilah Antl. "Athletes’ Broad Dimensions of Dispositional Perfectionism: Examining Changes in Life Satisfaction and the Mediating Role of Sport-Related Motivation and Coping." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, no. 3 (2008): 356–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.3.356.

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This study examined the associations of dispositional perfectionism, contextual motivation, sport-related coping, goal attainment, and changes in life satisfaction during a sport competition. A sample of 186 athletes completed measures of dispositional perfectionism, contextual motivation, and life satisfaction at Time 1 (before a competition) as well as measures of coping, goal attainment, and life satisfaction at Time 2 (after a competition). Results of structural equation modeling supported a model in which self-determined and non-self-determined motivation partially mediated the relationships between different dimensions of perfectionism and coping. It was also shown that disengagement-oriented coping mediated the negative relationship between evaluative concerns perfectionism and change in life satisfaction. In a similar way, goal attainment mediated the relationships of both task- and disengagement-oriented coping with change in life satisfaction. For the most part, these results are consistent with the motivational properties of evaluative concerns and personal standards perfectionism and with literature regarding coping and self-determination theory.

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