Статті в журналах: "Task-condition"

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Ghaderi, Esmaeil, Afsar Rouhi, Amir Reza Nemat Tabrizi, Manoochehr Jafarigohar, and Fatemeh Hemmati. "Writing Task Complexity, Task Condition and the Efficacy of Feedback." Journal of Language and Education 8, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2022.12817.

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Background. Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is still attracting considerable interest from second language teachers and researchers, partly due to unresolved issues of task sequencing and task complexity. Moreover, in spite of burgeoning attention to writing at the present stage of evolution of TBLT, the interaction of task complexity and corrective feedback in writing performance of language learners has not been explored well. Purpose. To fill in this research gap, the present study aimed to explore the role of task complexity and task condition in learners’ gain from corrective feedback in second language writing. Methods. A pretest-immediate posttest-delayed posttest design was adopted in this study. The participants of the study were 114 English as foreign language learners, randomly assigned to one of the five groups: four experimental groups and a control group. The four experimental groups differed in (a) whether they carried out the simple or complex version of a task (b) whether they did the writing task individually or collaboratively. They received feedback on their writing in three treatment sessions. Results. Statistical analyses revealed that task condition played a larger role than task complexity in the linguistic performance of language learners who received feedback on their writing. Conclusion. The findings add support to the view that selecting appropriate levels of task complexity and suitable task implementation conditions alongside providing corrective feedback enhances the different dimensions of the written performance of language learners.

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Oh, Miyoung. "The Effects of Task Complexity and Task Condition on Learner Language." Korean Journal of Applied Linguistics 28, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17154/kjal.2012.12.28.4.39.

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Liu, Bing, Hao Huang, and Qiao Deng. "On optimal condition based task termination policy for phased task systems." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 221 (May 2022): 108338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2022.108338.

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Lee, Sang-woo, Ryong Lee, Min-seok Seo, Jong-chan Park, Hyeon-cheol Noh, Jin-gi Ju, Rae-young Jang, Gun-woo Lee, Myung-seok Choi, and Dong-geol Choi. "Multi-Task Learning with Task-Specific Feature Filtering in Low-Data Condition." Electronics 10, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212691.

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Multi-task learning is a computationally efficient method to solve multiple tasks in one multi-task model, instead of multiple single-task models. MTL is expected to learn both diverse and shareable visual features from multiple datasets. However, MTL performances usually do not outperform single-task learning. Recent MTL methods tend to use heavy task-specific heads with large overheads to generate task-specific features. In this work, we (1) validate the efficacy of MTL in low-data conditions with early-exit architectures, and (2) propose a simple feature filtering module with minimal overheads to generate task-specific features. We assume that, in low-data conditions, the model cannot learn useful low-level features due to the limited amount of data. We empirically show that MTL can significantly improve performances in all tasks under low-data conditions. We further optimize the early-exit architecture by a sweep search on the optimal feature for each task. Furthermore, we propose a feature filtering module that selects features for each task. Using the optimized early-exit architecture with the feature filtering module, we improve the 15.937% in ImageNet and 4.847% in Places365 under the low-data condition where only 5% of the original datasets are available. Our method is empirically validated in various backbones and various MTL settings.

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Talwar, Jaya, Nayeem U. Zia, Mona Maurya, and Harpreet Singh. "Effect of Agility Training Under Single-Task Condition Versus Training Under Dual-Task Condition With Different Task Priorities to Improve Balance in the Elderly." Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 31, no. 2 (2015): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/tgr.0000000000000054.

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FUJIWARA, Naohito, and Hayao IMASHIOYA. "Comparison of event-related potentials from oddball tone sequence paradigm in the non-task condition and the task condition." Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology 12, no. 1 (1994): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5674/jjppp1983.12.19.

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Choi, Hyung Yun, Woo Jin Choi, Seungho Kwak, and Sunguk Jun. "E2 Reach envelop and discomfort map construction under simulated driving task condition(English session)." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2010 (2010): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2010.455.

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Dobrovolska, N. A. "Condition of personal task in a modern social." Theory and practice of modern psychology 4, no. 1 (2019): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/2663-6026.2019.4-1.21.

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Ogletree, Aaron, and Benjamin Katz. "Multiple Chronic Condition Combinations and Cognitive Task Performance." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1549.

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Abstract A growing body of literature describes important advances in the study of chronic conditions, most notably a paradigm shift from the study of individual chronic conditions to the study of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). Despite these advances, little research has explored MCC combinations, and almost no published research has explored how MCC combinations are related to cognitive outcomes in older adult populations. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we categorized 17,349 older adults into one of 32 groups using self-reports of five of the most commonly diagnosed conditions. These included arthritis, diabetes, heart problems, hypertension, and respiratory problems. We utilized ANOVA to examine the associations between combinations of MCCs and performance on two cognitive tasks associated with executive function and fluid intelligence: verbal fluency and verbal analogies. Results demonstrated that older adults with a greater number of health conditions performed more poorly on both the verbal fluency (p<.0001) and analogies (p<.0001) tasks than those with fewer conditions. Some MCC combinations were associated with poorer cognitive task performance than other combinations: for example, older adults in the Heart-Hypertension-Respiratory group had an average score of 488.73 (SD=24.96) on the verbal analogies task and 14.06 (SD=7.06) on the verbal fluency task. Conversely, adults in the Arthritis-Heart-Respiratory group had average scores of 503.69 (SD=27.89) and 16.45 (SD=7.03), respectively, suggesting differential additive effects of MCCs. These findings demonstrate the complex associations of specific MCC combinations with cognitive performance and highlight the importance of better understanding the unique needs of older people with MCCs.

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Ni, Meng, Joseph Hazzard, and Pamela Smith. "Balance performance maintained during dual-task condition with a cognitive task across menstrual cycle." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S6.1—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550632.95899.61.

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BackgroundDual-task, performing a balance task and a cognitive task simultaneously, has been used as sport-related concussion assessment tool. However, the effect of dual task on balance performance remains controversial. Also, the fluctuation of hormone across menstrual cycle on balance and dual-task performance has not been fully examined.ObjectiveTo examine (1) the effect of dual task on balance performance, (2) the interaction of female sex hormonal level, balance, and dual-task performance.DesignA cohort study.SettingA laboratory of concussion research and services.ParticipantsA group of 49 healthy female college-aged students (age = 21.6 ± 2.0 years).Main outcome measuresThe Stability Evaluation Test (SET) protocol, Balance error scoring system (BESS) test and postural sway velocity (deg/sec) by using VSR SPORT force plate. Three auditory mathematics questions were given for each condition of the SET test. Two single-task conditions were provided, including balance only and math only. Balance test and math questions were given simultaneously during the dual-task condition.ResultsThere was no significantly statistically difference in BESS or sway velocity between single and dual task. However, the performance of math calculation is better in dual-task comparing to the single task (math only), with an 8%–12% higher rate of accuracy, but it didn't reach a statistical significance. The rate of accuracy during the dual task didn't vary among menstrual phases.ConclusionsBalance performance was maintained under dual-task conditions and fluctuation of female sex hormones across the menstrual cycle may not affect working memory and executive function. These findings are potentially clinically applicable to detecting balance deficits and cognitive alterations in female concussed individuals. Future studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanism of balance maintenance and attention dividend under dual-task conditions.

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Zhu, Wenfeng, Huan Wang, and Ling-Xiang Xia. "An experimental task to measure proactive aggression under incentive condition: A Reward-Interference Task." Personality and Individual Differences 149 (October 2019): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.001.

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González-Hernández, José A., Yamilka Céspedes-García, Kenneth Campbell, Werner A. Scherbaum, Jorge Bosch-Bayard, and Pedro Figueredo-Rodríguez. "A pre-task resting condition neither ‘baseline’ nor ‘zero’." Neuroscience Letters 391, no. 1-2 (December 2005): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.027.

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13

Wühr, Peter, and Herbert Heuer. "How Social and Refractory Is the Social Psychological Refractory Period?" Experimental Psychology 64, no. 4 (July 2017): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000369.

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Abstract. The social psychological refractory period (PRP) effect refers to an increase in RT to the second of two successive stimuli when another person responds to the first stimulus (shared dual-task condition) rather than when a single person responds to both stimuli (individual dual-task condition). We investigated (a) whether a social PRP effect would occur without explicit instruction concerning task priority and (b) whether there are crosstalk effects in the shared dual-task situation. We observed a strong PRP effect together with a small crosstalk effect in the individual dual-task condition, but in the shared dual-task condition both effects were absent. These findings suggest that the explicit instruction to perform responses in a fixed order is necessary to obtain the social PRP effect. In the individual dual-task condition, sequential processing can be seen as a means to reduce or prevent crosstalk effects, which is not necessary in the shared dual-task condition.

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Gursoy, Zeren G., Ugur Yilmaz, Huseyin Celik, Pinar Arpinar-Avsar, and Sadettin Kirazci. "Effect of individualized cognitive and postural task difficulty levels on postural control during dual task condition." Gait & Posture 96 (July 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.05.001.

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YAMADA, Minoru, and Toshiaki UEHARA. "Prediction of Falls by Walking under a Dual-Task Condition." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 22, no. 4 (2007): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.22.505.

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HONDA, Keita, and Shigehito MATSUBARA. "The Dual-task Condition Affects Motor Adaptation Responses during Gait." Rigakuryoho kagaku 30, no. 4 (2015): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.30.599.

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Kim, Kyong-ick. "Present Condition and Task for Chinese Classic Poetry Education Evaluation." Han-Character and Classical written language Education 2016, no. 41 (November 30, 2016): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15670/hace.2016.41.1.97.

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Issolio, L. A., and E. M. Colombo. "Humans perform brightness task under glare condition using ratio matching." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (March 17, 2010): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.559.

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Rombouts, S. A. R. B., C. J. Stam, J. P. A. Kuijer, Ph Scheltens, and F. Barkhof. "Identifying confounds to increase specificity during a “no task condition”." NeuroImage 20, no. 2 (October 2003): 1236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00386-0.

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Pyka, Martin, Tim Hahn, Dominik Heider, Axel Krug, Jens Sommer, Tilo Kircher, and Andreas Jansen. "Baseline activity predicts working memory load of preceding task condition." Human Brain Mapping 34, no. 11 (June 13, 2012): 3010–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22121.

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21

Melzer, Itshak, Roni Marx, and Ilan Kurz. "Regular Exercise in the Elderly Is Effective to Preserve the Speed of Voluntary Stepping under Single-Task Condition but Not under Dual-Task Condition." Gerontology 55, no. 1 (June 12, 2008): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000139608.

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Zhao, Li, Saisai Hu, Yingying Xia, Jinyu Li, Jingjing Zhao, Ya Li, and Yonghui Wang. "Stimulus–response complexity influences task-set inhibition in task switching." PeerJ 9 (March 30, 2021): e10988. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10988.

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Previous studies have found that inhibiting a task set plays an important role in task switching. However, the impact of stimulus–response (S–R) complexity on this inhibition processing has not been explored. In this study, we applied the backward inhibition paradigm (switching between tasks A, B, and C, presented in sets of three) in order to investigate inhibition performance under different S–R complexities caused by corresponding S–R mappings. The results showed that the difficult condition resulted in a greater switch cost than the moderate and easy conditions. Furthermore, we found a significant n−2 repetition cost under the easy S–R complexity that was reversed under the difficult S–R complexity. To verify stability of the reversed n−2 repetition cost in the difficult condition, we recruited another independent sample to conduct an additional experiment with the difficult condition. These results replicated the reversed n−2 repetition cost. These findings suggest that S–R complexity affects task-set inhibition in task switching because the effect of the task-set inhibition was insignificant when the S–R complexity increased; it was only significant under the easy condition. This result was caused by the different cognitive resource assignments.

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Jarus, Tal, Emily H. Wughalter, and John G. Gianutsos. "Effects of Contextual Interference and Conditions of Movement Task on Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer of Motor Skills by Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 1 (February 1997): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.179.

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This experiment was designed to investigate varying conditions of contextual interference within two different conditions of movement tasks during acquisition on the acquisition and retention of a computerized task and transfer to a functional skill. Performance of head movements was conducted under open- or closed-task conditions and with random or blocked schedules of practice. Analysis indicated that learning under the open-task condition resulted in better retention and transfer than the closed-task condition. It is suggested that increasing the within-trial variability in the open-task condition produced a contextual interference effect. In this regard, support for Battig's predictions is provided by the current findings in that the high variability present during the open-task condition was more beneficial for retention and transfer than the low variability present during the closed-task condition. Differences between random and blocked schedules of practice on the retention and transfer data were not statistically significant.

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Wahn, Basil, Basil Wahn, and Peter König. "Vision and Haptics Share Spatial Attentional Resources and Visuotactile Integration Is Not Affected by High Attentional Load." Multisensory Research 28, no. 3-4 (2015): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002482.

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Human information processing is limited by attentional resources. Two questions that are discussed in multisensory research are (1) whether there are separate spatial attentional resources for each sensory modality and (2) whether multisensory integration is influenced by attentional load. We investigated these questions using a dual task paradigm: Participants performed two spatial tasks (a multiple object tracking [‘MOT’] task and a localization [‘LOC’] task) either separately (single task condition) or simultaneously (dual task condition). In the MOT task, participants visually tracked a small subset of several randomly moving objects. In the LOC task, participants either received visual, tactile, or redundant visual and tactile location cues. In the dual task condition, we found a substantial decrease in participants’ performance and an increase in participants’ mental effort (indicated by an increase in pupil size) relative to the single task condition. Importantly, participants performed equally well in the dual task condition regardless of whether they received visual, tactile, or redundant multisensory (visual and tactile) location cues in the LOC task. This result suggests that having spatial information coming from different modalities does not facilitate performance, thereby indicating shared spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality. Also, we found that participants integrated redundant multisensory information optimally even when they experienced additional attentional load in the dual task condition. Overall, findings suggest that (1) spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality overlap and that (2) the integration of spatial cues from these two modalities occurs at an early pre-attentive processing stage.

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Donaldson, Morag L. "Contextual influences on children's spoken and written explanations." Applied Psycholinguistics 17, no. 3 (July 1996): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400007980.

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ABSTRACTThe relative influences of medium and context variables were investigated by comparing 7- and 8-year-old children's spoken and written explanations in varying contexts: a story task, a question task, a sentence completion task, and a whole sentence production task. In the story task, performance in a “purpose” condition (which provided a specific communicative purpose for the production of an explanation) was compared with performance in a “neutral” condition. The frequency of explanations containing correct causal expressions was significantly higher in the purpose condition than in the neutral condition and significantly lower in the story task than in the three more structured tasks. In contrast to these contextual influences, performance in the written medium was very similar to performance in the spoken medium.

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Révész, Andrea, Marije Michel, and Roger Gilabert. "MEASURING COGNITIVE TASK DEMANDS USING DUAL-TASK METHODOLOGY, SUBJECTIVE SELF-RATINGS, AND EXPERT JUDGMENTS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38, no. 4 (September 14, 2015): 703–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263115000339.

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This study explored the usefulness of dual-task methodology, self-ratings, and expert judgments in assessing task-generated cognitive demands as a way to provide validity evidence for manipulations of task complexity. The participants were 96 students and 61 English as a second language (ESL) teachers. The students, 48 English native speakers and 48 ESL speakers, carried out simple and complex versions of three oral tasks—a picture narrative, a map task, and a decision-making task. Half of the students completed the tasks under a dual-task condition. The remaining half performed the tasks under a single-task condition without a secondary task. Participants in the single condition were asked to rate their perceived mental effort and task difficulty. The ESL teachers provided expert judgments of anticipated mental effort and task difficulty along with explanations for their ratings via an online questionnaire. As predicted, the more complex task versions were found and judged to pose greater cognitive effort on most measures.

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Kim, Min Ji, Amroté Getu, Heath Sharp, and Eva Wiese. "Advice from Robots: Would You Choose a Robot that Looked More or Less Human?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 65, no. 1 (September 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651121.

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Humans are increasingly turning to non-human agents for advice. Therefore, it is important to investigate if human-likeness of a robot affects advice-seeking. In this experiment, participants chose robot advisors with different levels of human-likeness when completing either social or analytical tasks, and the task was either known or unknown when the robot advisor was selected. In the agent first condition, participants chose the advisor before receiving their task assignment, and in the task first condition participants received their task assignment before choosing the advisor. Results indicated that task type did not play a role in agent selection in either condition. However, in the agent first condition, more human-like robots (Nao and Kodomoroid) were selected at a higher rate than machine-like robots (Cozmo) and, in the task first condition, Nao was selected at a higher rate than Cozmo or Kodomoroid. These results should be considered when designing robots for giving advice to improve human-robot interaction.

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Wright, Richard B., and Sharonlyn A. Converse. "Method Bias and Concurrent Verbal Protocol in Software Usability Testing." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 16 (October 1992): 1220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601608.

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Concurrent verbal protocols are gaining wide acceptance in software usability testing. In this study, the impact concurrent verbalization has on task performance during a software usability test was investigated. Subjects randomly assigned to two levels of verbalization were asked to complete four tasks of varying difficulty using a disk utility package. Subjects in the verbalization condition were asked to provide an explanation for each step taken to complete a task. Subjects in the control condition were allowed to complete each task silently. Dependent variables were task time, error frequency, and responses to subjective measures of mental workload and ease-of-use. Subjects in the verbalization condition committed fewer errors and consumed less task time than subjects in the silent condition. Further, the mean difference in error frequency and task time between conditions increased with task difficulty. These results were extremely important in revealing a potential method bias in usability tests.

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Dawes, Helen, Janet Cockburn, N. K. Roach, Derick T. Wade, Andrew Bateman, and Oona Scott. "The effect of a perceptual cognitive task on exercise performance: the dual-task condition after brain injury." Clinical Rehabilitation 17, no. 5 (August 2003): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269215503cr623oa.

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Corbin, Lucie, and Josette Marquer. "Is Sternberg’s Memory Scanning Task Really a Short-Term Memory Task?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 72, no. 4 (January 2013): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000112.

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Sternberg’s paradigm is currently viewed as a typical short-term memory task and is widely used to tap mnemonic capacities in neuroscience studies. However, Sternberg’s original procedure includes an experimental constraint – recalling the sequence of digits in order – which was not reused in the following studies. In previous research ( Corbin & Marquer, 2008 , 2009 ), we showed that the recall constraint has an impact on the quantitative results as well as on the strategies implemented. These findings led us to wonder whether the presence or absence of this simple experimental constraint could also affect the processes implemented in Sternberg’s task. In order to answer this question, we analyzed the relationships between the performance levels of 50 participants on Sternberg’s task on various well-known span tasks and on a classical visual search task. The results showed that, in the recall condition, Sternberg’s paradigm appears to be a verbal working memory task, whereas in the no-recall condition, the task appears to be a recognition task that involves visuospatial memory capacities. In this latter condition, the processes implemented may be more similar to those implemented in visual search tasks.

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Tsuzuki, Takashi, Yuji Takeda, and Itsuki Chiba. "Influence of divided attention on the attraction effect in multialternative choice." Judgment and Decision Making 16, no. 3 (May 2021): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500007804.

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AbstractThe attraction effect in multialternative decision making reflects the context-dependent violation of rational choice axioms. This study examined the effect of concurrent divided attention in three-alternative visual choice tasks. The concurrent divided attention task is considered to consume the mental resources available for the choice task. There were three conditions: (a) the task-relevant condition, in which the auditory task should consume resources across multiple levels; (b) the task-irrelevant condition, in which the auditory stimuli should consume perceptual resources; (c) and the control condition, in which the resources should not be consumed by auditory stimuli. Thirty-three participants solved 24 hypothetical purchase problems with three alternatives that differed in terms of two attributes. The results indicated that the choice proportion of the target was significantly higher in the task-relevant condition than in the task-irrelevant and control conditions, thereby suggesting that a reduction in cognitive (and/or response) resources is critical for the attraction effect.

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Rivière, James, Aurore Cordonnier, and Christie Fouasse. "Attentional focus versus diffuse attention." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 5 (October 7, 2016): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416673473.

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How toddlers’ attention is distributed in the visual field during a magic trick was examined using three expectation conditions. Results showed that 2.5-year-old children assigned to the condition with major task-relevant information (i.e., a verbal cue to attend to one of the visual targets) (i) outperformed those who were assigned to the condition with no task-relevant information, (ii) displayed more attentional switches between visual targets than those who were assigned to the condition with no task-relevant information, and (iii) did not look significantly longer at one of the visual targets in contrast to children assigned to the condition with no task-relevant information. The findings of an additional control condition suggest that the performance by children in the condition with major task-relevant information cannot merely be the consequence of the larger quantity of auditory information that was given during the interaction prior to the magic trick. In our task, verbal cue affected the switching of attention, not the prioritization of a specific region of space. These results are discussed in terms of advantage conferred by a diffuse mode of attention.

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Quande, Yuan, Hong Bingrong, Guan Yi, Piao Songhao, and Cai Zesu. "A Novel Multi-robot Task Allocation Algorithm under Heterogeneous Capabilities Condition." Information Technology Journal 13, no. 8 (April 1, 2014): 1514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2014.1514.1522.

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Beauchet, Olivier, Reto W. Kressig, Bijan Najafi, Kamiar Aminian, VÃ©ronique Dubost, and France Mourey. "AGE-RELATED DECLINE OF GAIT CONTROL UNDER A DUAL-TASK CONDITION." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51, no. 8 (August 2003): 1187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51385.x.

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35

Huh, Myung-Hye, Soomin Jwa, and Jongbong Lee. "Reframing Task Condition: Repeating L1-L2 Writing and L2 Writing Performance." ENGLISH TEACHING 75, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15858/engtea.75.2.202006.3.

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Szameitat, André J., Torsten Schubert, Karsten Müller, and D. Yves von Cramon. "Localization of Executive Functions in Dual-Task Performance with fMRI." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (November 1, 2002): 1184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902760807195.

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We report a study that investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions in dual-task performance with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants performed an auditory and a visual three-choice reaction task either separately as single tasks or concurrently as dual tasks. In the dual-task condition, two stimuli were presented in rapid succession to ensure interference between the component tasks (psychological refractory period). The behavioral data showed considerable performance decrements in the dual-task compared to the single-task condition. Dual-task-related activation was detected with two different neuroimaging methods. First, we determined dual-task-related activation according to the method of cognitive subtraction. For that purpose, activation in the dual-task was compared directly with activation in the single-task conditions. This analysis revealed that cortical areas along the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS), the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) are involved in dual-task performance. The results of the subtraction method were validated with the method of parametric manipulation. For this purpose, a second dual-task condition was introduced, where the difficulty of the dual-task coordination was increased compared with the first dual-task condition. As expected, behavioral dual-task performance decreased with increased dual-task difficulty. Furthermore, the increased dual-task difficulty led to an increase of activation in those cortical regions that proved to be dual-task related with the subtraction method, that is, the IFS, the MFG, and the IPS. These results support the conclusion that dorsolateral prefrontal and superior parietal cortices are involved in the coordination of concurrent and interfering task processing.

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37

Elston, Tara-Lyn, and Kathleen A. Martin Ginis. "The Effects of Self-Set versus Assigned Goals on Exercisers’ Self-Efficacy for an Unfamiliar Task." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 3 (September 2004): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.3.500.

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This experiment compared the effects of self-set versus assigned goals on exercisers’ (N = 50, M age = 23.6) self-efficacy to perform a novel grip-strength task. After their first task attempt, all participants received the same bogus performance feedback. Participants in the self-set condition then set their own goal for their second attempt, whereas those in the assigned condition were given the goal of squeezing 3 more pounds. The assigned condition reported higher task-self efficacy (M = 58.7) than the self-set condition (M = 42.4) prior to their second task attempt (p = .02). These findings suggest that goals assigned by an authority figure can increase self-confidence in beginner exercisers.

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38

Lo, On-Yee, and Li-Shan Chou. "EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VISUAL ATTENTION TASKS ON OBSTACLE CROSSING IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 27, no. 06 (December 2015): 1550059. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237215500593.

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Dual-task obstacle crossing gait paradigms are commonly adopted to examine how attentional demands are associated with sensory-motor processing during obstacle crossing. Various attention tasks have been used with mixed findings. This raises a question whether and how different attention tasks would affect motor function differently. Therefore, we examined and compared the effects of two visual attention tasks on obstacle crossing in healthy young adults. In the first experiment, 10 young adults responded to a 200[Formula: see text]ms visuospatial attention task during the approaching phase of obstacle crossing. In the second experiment, another 10 young adults responded to a visual Stroop task while approaching and crossing an obstacle. In both experiments, subjects completed an obstacle crossing only, a visual attention only, or a dual-task obstacle crossing condition in a random order. Dual-task costs were calculated for each visual attention task on the accuracy rates, toe-obstacle clearances and gait velocities. Two tripping incidences occurred only in the dual-task condition with visuospital attention task. Trailing toe-obstacle clearance reduced in the dual-task condition with visuospital attention task, but toe-obstacle clearances of both limbs increased in the dual-task condition with Stroop task. Gait velocities were not affected by the visuospatial attention task but were significantly reduced when concurrently performing the Stroop task. Dual-task costs were significantly different between two experiments on the gait velocity and toe clearances, but not on the accuracy rate. Our findings demonstrated that different visual attention tasks lead to distinct modifications on obstacle crossing behaviors.

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39

Teja Kusuma, Trio Yonathan, and Yoga Aldi Pratama. "JOINTING MACHINE MAINTENANCE ANALYSIS USING RELIABILITY CENTERED MAINTENANCE (RCM) METHOD." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Halal Industries 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jiehis.2224.

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Maintenance activities must be carried out appropriately based on the type of machine and machine components. A machine consists of vital components, so that if the components of a machine are continuously subject to fatal damage, it can result in losses for the company. Proper maintenance activities can extend the service life of the machine and can minimize costs for maintenance of damaged machines. PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries is a company that produces steel pipes of various diameters. In producing steel pipes, PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries uses several machines. In 2019, there were several machines with the most frequent problems at Plant KT 24. The machine with the highest downtime of 2660 minutes was the Jointing Machine. In this study, a maintenance analysis was carried out using the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) method on the Jointing Machine at Plant KT 24 PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries. In the results of selecting the maintenance task for the Jointing Machine critical components, it can be concluded that the Roller Blade component with the Potential Cause of Failure is broken Guide Wheel Bearing, the maintenance task is selected, namely Condition-Directed Task, Indexing Clamp component is Condition-Directed Task, Torch component is Condition-Directed Task, Nozzle component is Condition-Directed Task, Roller Blade component with the Potential Cause of Failure is Leaky Cylinder is Failure Finding Task, Bushing Torch component is Condition-Directed Task, and Cooler Torch Hose component is Failure Finding Task.

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40

Moriguchi, Yusuke, and Shoji Itakura. "Effect of Conflicting and No Conflicting Cues on a Rule-Switching Task." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2005): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3c.1049-1054.

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This study investigated effects of stimuli in the dimensional change card-sorting task (DCCS task) of Zelazo and colleagues. There is evidence that young preschoolers' difficulty on this task is caused by conflicting first-phase cues for the target cards, but these findings have not been replicated. We examined whether conflicting first-phase cues for the target cards caused young children's ( N = 44, M = 43.3 mo., SD = 2.5) perseveration errors. In the present experiment, we compared a No Conflict condition, in which children did not encounter conflicting first-phase cues, with a Conflict condition (standard task). Analysis indicated that children in the No Conflict condition showed significantly better performance than those in the Conflict condition. This result suggested that children's perseveration errors on the task were, in part, caused by the conflicting first-phase cues for the target cards.

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41

Olson, Joel, and Linda Olson. "Virtual Team Effectiveness And Sequence Of Conditions." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v17i1.7584.

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This study examines the sequence of Group Task Pressure (GTP) and communication medium conditions on group effectiveness. It contributes to the task-technology fit research by considering the sequence of these conditions on task-technology fit related to group effectiveness. The study has value for professionals pursuing the construction and management of virtual teams. A pilot experiment was conducted using 22 subjects in eight groups with a mixed 2x2 design. Given the sample size, the study is more descriptive than inferential. The study manipulated GTP by combinations of time scarcity, reward and task complexity. The media conditions used in the study were face-to-face and synchronous computer-mediated chats. Group effectiveness was measured by the length of time groups took to complete assigned tasks. The four study conditions were: a simple task completed face-to-face, a simple task completed in a computer-mediated condition, a complex task completed in a face-to-face condition and a complex task in a computer-mediated condition. Each group was rotated through all the conditions. The sequence of communication medium conditions were significant, but not the sequence of GTP conditions. Groups starting in the face-to-face condition took less time to complete their rotation of tasks than groups starting in the computer-mediated condition. Groups starting in both the low and high GTP conditions took the same amount of time to complete the full rotation of task and conditions. Recommendations for subsequent research on group task pressure are presented.

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42

Papi, Mostafa. "MOTIVATION AS QUALITY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40, no. 4 (January 29, 2018): 707–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226311700033x.

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AbstractThe study examined the predictions of regulatory fit theory (Higgins, 2000) in relation to task-based incidental vocabulary learning. A total of 189 English as a second language learners completed a vocabulary pretest, a regulatory focus questionnaire, an integrated reading/writing task, and finally an unannounced vocabulary posttest. The participants were randomly assigned to two task conditions. In the gain condition, they started the task with zero points and had to gain 75 points to enter a drawing to win one of three $100 gift cards; in the loss condition, they started with 100 points and had to avoid losing more than 25 points. Multiple regression results partly supported the regulatory fit predictions. Prevention individuals learned significantly more vocabulary items in the loss condition than in the gain condition; but promotion individuals did not learn significantly more vocabulary items in the gain condition than in the loss condition. Theoretical and pedagogical implications, and future research directions are discussed.

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43

Weber, Robert C., and JoAnne Thorpe. "Comparison of Task Variation and Constant Task Methods for Severely Disabled in Physical Education." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 6, no. 4 (October 1989): 338–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.6.4.338.

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The purpose of the study was to determine whether the technique of task variation with maintenance tasks interspersed is more effective than a constant task condition in a physical education setting in learning gross motor skills for severely disabled individuals. The subjects for the study included 28 males, 12 autistic and 16 severely mentally retarded students, ages 10 to 14 years. The design for this study was a pretest-posttest configuration with the I Can Assessment of Gross Motor Skills utilized to assess the basic skills of overhand throw, kick, vertical jump, slide, continuous bounce, and underhand roll. Results indicated that following a 6-week treatment period the task variation with maintenance tasks interspersed condition was significantly more effective at the .01 level in learning gross motor skills than a constant task condition. However, when autistic and severely mentally retarded individuals were compared, there were no significant differences.

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44

Yang, L., M. Y. C. Pang, and C. Q. He. "Reliability and concurrent validity of an obstacle crossing task under dual-task condition in people with chronic stroke." Physiotherapy 101 (May 2015): e1683-e1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.089.

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45

Bisi, M. C., P. Tamburini, and R. Stagni. "Single task and dual task gait: In which condition do we walk more automatically? Answer changes with maturation." Gait & Posture 49 (September 2016): S1—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.023.

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46

Kim, Yujin, Jihwan Woo, and Minjung Woo. "Effects of Stress and Task Difficulty on Working Memory and Cortical Networking." Perceptual and Motor Skills 124, no. 6 (September 24, 2017): 1194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512517732851.

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This study investigated interactive effects of stress and task difficulty on working memory and cortico-cortical communication during memory encoding. Thirty-eight adolescent participants (mean age of 15.7 ± 1.5 years) completed easy and hard working memory tasks under low- and high-stress conditions. We analyzed the accuracy and reaction time (RT) of working memory performance and inter- and intrahemispheric electroencephalogram coherences during memory encoding. Working memory accuracy was higher, and RT shorter, in the easy versus the hard task. RT was shorter under the high-stress (TENS) versus low-stress (no-TENS) condition, while there was no difference in memory accuracy between the two stress conditions. For electroencephalogram coherence, we found higher interhemispheric coherence in all bands but only at frontal electrode sites in the easy versus the hard task. On the other hand, intrahemispheric coherence was higher in the left hemisphere in the easy (versus hard task) and higher in the right hemisphere (with one exception) in the hard (versus easy task). Inter- and intracoherences were higher in the low- versus high-stress condition. Significant interactions between task difficulty and stress condition were observed in coherences of the beta frequency band. The difference in coherence between low- and high-stress conditions was greater in the hard compared with the easy task, with lower coherence under the high-stress condition relative to the low-stress condition. Stress seemed to cause a decrease in cortical network communications between memory-relevant cortical areas as task difficulty increased.

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47

Hupet, Michel, Donatienne Desmette, and Marie-Anne Schelstraete. "What Does Daneman and Carpenter's Reading Span Really Measure?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 2 (April 1997): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.603.

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Reading span was assessed in three conditions aiming at varying the processing demands of a reading task. In a Sentence Reading Condition, the participants read aloud lists of sentences and memorize the final word of each sentence as in the original task of Daneman and Carpenter. In two other conditions, each sentence was replaced either by a series of unrelated words (Word Reading Condition) or by a series of meaningless syllables (Syllable Reading Condition); in these two conditions, however, each series ended with the same test words as in the Sentence Reading Condition. There was no significant effect of the condition on the scores for reading span. It is concluded that the typically low scores on reading span are not so much due to the processing demands of the task as to the disruptive effects of the articulatory suppression which characterizes the original task.

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48

Dreneva, Anna, Ulyana Chernova, Maria Ermolova, and William Joseph MacInnes. "Attention Trade-Off for Localization and Saccadic Remapping." Vision 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision5020024.

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Predictive remapping may be the principal mechanism of maintaining visual stability, and attention is crucial for this process. We aimed to investigate the role of attention in predictive remapping in a dual task paradigm with two conditions, with and without saccadic remapping. The first task was to remember the clock hand position either after a saccade to the clock face (saccade condition requiring remapping) or after the clock being displaced to the fixation point (fixation condition with no saccade). The second task was to report the remembered location of a dot shown peripherally in the upper screen for 1 s. We predicted that performance in the two tasks would interfere in the saccade condition, but not in the fixation condition, because of the attentional demands needed for remapping with the saccade. For the clock estimation task, answers in the saccadic trials tended to underestimate the actual position by approximately 37 ms while responses in the fixation trials were closer to veridical. As predicted, the findings also revealed significant interaction between the two tasks showing decreased predicted accuracy in the clock task for increased error in the localization task, but only for the saccadic condition. Taken together, these results point at the key role of attention in predictive remapping.

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49

Wang, Chaoyi, and Charles H. Shea. "Bimanual control strategies." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (June 25, 2018): 966–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818781772.

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Two tasks (A and B) were designed which required participants to sequentially move through four target positions in a Lissajous display. Task A was designed so that participants could complete the task using either unimanual or bimanual control strategies. Task B was designed so that participants could complete the task using relatively simple or more complex bimanual control strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine which control strategy the participant utilises to complete the two tasks when Lissajous displays are provided and to determine the degree to which the size of the targets influences the control strategy chosen under these conditions. The movement amplitude between two adjacent targets and the target size resulted in an Index of Difficulty (ID) of 2 and 4 for each task. For both tasks, participants practised 15 trials (30 s per trial) for each ID and then was administered a test trial. The results for both Tasks A and B indicated that the ID2 condition resulted in a circular path, whereas the ID4 condition resulted in a straight-line path on the Lissajous plot. This suggests that at the low ID condition participants produced a continuous 1:1 with 90° phase offset bimanual coordination pattern. At the high ID condition, the participants consistently chose to switch to a more stable unimanual left and right movements in Task A and to transition between in-phase and anti-phase bimanual coordination patterns in Task B. In addition, both limbs’ movements were more harmonic in the low ID condition than in the high ID condition.

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50

Zhang, Cui, Qipeng Song, Wei Sun, and Yu Liu. "Dynamic Stability of Older Adults Under Dual Task Paradigm During Stair Descent." Motor Control 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2018-0113.

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Daily stair activities have become increasingly challenging for older adults with deterioration in physical and cognitive capabilities. However, the dynamic stability of older adults during stair descent under a concurrent dual-task condition remains undetermined. The gait and dynamic stability variables of 40 healthy older adults were measured under single- and dual-task conditions during stair descent. The step length, step width, and single support time did not significantly increase (p > .05) under the dual-task condition during stair descent. The medial–lateral center of mass velocity significantly increased (p < .003), whereas the medial–lateral margin of dynamic stability value significantly decreased (p < .006) at the landing and initial single support under the dual-task condition during stair descent. The self-regulatory ability of healthy older adults under the dual-task condition during stair descent was underestimated. Dual tasking displayed a positive impact on the anterior–posterior dynamic stability of healthy older adults.

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