Добірка наукової літератури з теми "TARIFF RATIONALIZATION"

Abstract It is argued in this paper that both normative and objective considerations must be taken into consideration in the formulation of tariff policy. Moreover, it is shown that static and partial equilibrium analyses can be disastrously misleading in guiding the framing of tariff policy. Regarding the regional impact of tariffs, it is shown that within a monetary union, interregional trade flows reflect absolute production and transport cost advantages and that the non-realization of perfect domestic mobility of factors of production entails social and private adjustment costs that must be reckoned with in the cost-benefit analysis of any shift in trade policy. From the standpoint of Quebec, a French-speaking political entity, the Canadian trade area is far from being optimal. The tendency for Canadian market-oriented economic activity to polarize in Ontario behind tariff walls, accompanied by a large movement of foreign enterprises, pushes the Quebec economy towards the least attractive and the most vulnerable industries among those oriented towards the Canadian common market. A rationalization of these laggard Quebec industries and an up-grading of resources-oriented economic activity would then benefit from the removal of both Canadian and American tariffs. Among Canadian trade options, therefore, Quebec would potentially benefit most from a gradual move toward a North-American free trade area, with ad hoc measures for certain industries, but should reject the world-wide free trade and unilateral free trade options because of the serious industrial dislocations and factors of production outflows they would create.

Electricity is one of the main inputs used in poultry production. An aviary needs electricity to feed the various motors and electrical devices that compose the lighting systems, exhaustion, heating, food, among others. Aiming to give incentives to producers of broiler chickens, specifically in the state of Paraná, Brazil, in 2007, the Night Poultry Program was implemented, in which the government grants discounts in electricity tariff for poultry farmers at night. In this work it was proposed two energy storage systems through the use of lead-acid batteries and batteries of nickel chloride and sodium to feed the of charge of four brazillian aviaries over one year of poultry housing. For this purpose, it was evalueted the use of a bank of batteries in higher tariff, period comprising the time of 9:30 pm to 6 am of the next day, and charging the battery bank in reduced tariff period. The experiment was conducted using the electricity meters installed in the aviaries, weekly data of each aviary were collected and the active energy values, obtaining the data for six lots corresponding to a year of poultry accommodation. From the total consumption of active energy, it was calculated the average daily electricity consumption (kWh) for the set of aviaries. This value was used as input for the sizing of the battery banks. The two proposed storage systems demonstrate an alternative to energy supply for the rural areas, however the economical analysys indicates inviability, since the initial investment of the banks of batteries is high compared with the costs avoided with electricity by using these systems.

The landlocked and fragile countries’ ability to create a sustainable path to economic growth and poverty reduction is inextricably linked to their export diversification potential, itself related to their connectivity within themselves, in the region, and other external markets. Mali, Chad, and Niger are first challenged by their geography—their landlocked nature with their vast and thinly populated space serves to isolate the most vulnerable communities from external and internal markets. Adding to these geographic disadvantages non-landlocked is incentive environment—defined by high and variable customs common external tariff regimes resulting from multiple overlapping regional trade arrangements—places a wedge between domestic and international prices, provides a disincentive to exports in favor of non-tradable and domestic-oriented sectors. By bringing greater coherence and convergence between the many common external tariff regimes in operation and the rationalization of their structures, and improving connectivity within and between markets, Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea can better promote the reallocation of resources toward tradable goods and services, putting the countries on a path toward greater economic inclusion and sustainable growth.

The article proposes methods of searching passenger travel routes in conditions where one or more optimization criteria must be taken into account in the presence of a pedestrian system and multi-type transport systems with their topologies, sets of parameters and tariff plans. The author carried out the research by means of mathematical modeling of the transport system in the form of its deterministic graph model. The author chose Dijk-stra's algorithm as the basic algorithm, on the basis of which the modifications of the previous ones were carried out and the construction of a new search technique was carried out. As a result, the study obtained algorithms for solving single-criteria and multi-criteria problems on graphs. For multicriterial problems, the author used the convolution method and the method of ordering criteria by the degree of decreasing their significance. The field of application of the developed algorithms is information systems focused on the end user and on the structures that design and manage transport networks.

<span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Recently, the debate has been going on about the role of power plus distribution systems, its technologies for future smart grids in power systems. The emerging of new technologies in smart grid and power distribution systems provide a significant change in terms of reduction the commercial and technical losses, improve the rationalization of electricity tariff. The new technologies in smart grid systems have different capabilities to increase the technological efficiency in power distribution systems. These new technologies are the foreseeable solution to address the power system issues. This paper gives a brief detail of new technologies in smart grid systems for its power distribution systems, benefits and recent challenges. The paper provides a brief detail for new researchers and engineers about new technologies in smart grid systems and how to change traditional distribution systems into new smart systems.</span>

Last few decades have seen wide-ranging reforms in South Asia. Among the vital industrial reforms is allowing unbridled foreign direct investment (FDI) in many sectors, apart from tariff rationalization and other product market reforms. The outcome of these reforms is increased growth of these countries through direct benefits of FDI and indirectly through crowding in of domestic investment. Fast growth of economies also tends to attract more FDI, as the growing market raises the profitability of the investment. Under this backdrop, this article has two objectives: (a) to see if there is any structural change in the growth of South Asian countries, and (b) what role FDI has played in this structural change. For the first objective, the study employs endogenous ‘structure-break’ tests on annual GDP data for the 58 years from 1960 to 2017 to find the structural change in the economy. For the second objective, we estimate a three-way dynamic causal relationship between investment (FDI and gross fixed capital formation [GFCF]) and growth (GDP) for four key South Asian countries—India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. For the analysis, we apply the bounds tests (autoregressive distributed lag [ARDL]) approach to cointegration for the period. The results show different break years for each of the South Asian country. The causal relationship between investment and growth is not uniform for the chosen countries. We find FDI has not resulted in long-term growth in any of the selected countries. Results also show that FDI has not crowded in domestic investment in most of these countries.

Identification of key actors involved in the implementation of a regional functional model for hospital evaluation The concept of Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment (HB-HTA) is conducive to the rationalization of decisions made by the hospital management regarding the implementation of innovative medical technologies in hospital units. This type of HTA is a bottom-up hospital initiative, but usually it is also supported systemically and involves other entities, such as: the Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, the payer, or regional authorities. Providing support to the hospital in making the final decision on the implementation of innovative medical technology may include such aspects as: obtaining necessary funding for the implementation of technology, identification of the competitive potential of the planned project, or following the HB-HTA methodology in reporting. The process of decentralization of hospital management in Poland induces scholars to carry out research and draw conclusions about the involvement of regional authorities, mainly voivodeship offices and their departments responsible for health issues, in the HB-HTA process. The primary objectives of this paper are to present the results of research and analysis of the development and popularization of HB-HTA in Poland. These will be discussed in relation to the implementation of a regional functional model for hospital evaluation of innovative medical technologies and the creation of rules of cooperation between important institutions of sectoral (health) policy to support and develop HB-HTA at the regional (voivodeship) level, as well as the dissemination of knowledge, popularization of HB-HTA, and promotion of good practices. Słowa kluczowe: HB-HTA, lecznictwo szpitalne, ocena technologii medycznych, szpital, szpitalna ocena technologii medycznych, technologia medyczna, zarządzanie ochroną zdrowia, health care management, health technology assessment, Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment, health technology, hospital, hospital treatment

The subject of the study is the inter-regional differences in the state of public health and the demographic situation in the Russian Federation regions. The theoretical aspect of the subject is determined by the development of priorities of the Russian healthcare development strategy aimed at alignment of regional differences in the levels of healthcare development in the Russian Federation regions. The empirical aspect of the subject is to identify interregional differences in the state of public health and the demographic situation in the Russian Federation regions by using the EM cluster analysis method (Expectation Maximization). The method was implemented in the integrated development environment RStudio. The official statistics from Rosstat for the period 2014–2018 were used as the initial dataset. The purpose of the study is justifying the regulation of inter-regional differences of the Russian Federation regions. As a result of clustering, nine homogeneous clusters of the Russian Federation regions were identified. The main characteristics of the formed clusters are determined. Among the priorities of the RF healthcare development strategy are as follows: implementation of a unified tariff policy in the system of compulsory medical insurance; ensuring the balance of territorial compulsory medical insurance programs within the framework of the basic programme of compulsory medical insurance through financial security based on a single per capita standard; development of telemedicine, providing prompt remote consultation of leading experts in the provision of medical care, regardless of the territorial location of the patient and the doctor; ensuring the implementation of distance education courses and continuing education programs for medical workers; rationalization of the distribution of resources and capacities of medical organizations based on a three-tier system of medical care; development of regional public health centres. The results of this study can be used to develop federal and territorial programs for socioeconomic development, formulate a strategy for the development of healthcare at macro- and meso- levels, and optimize decisions of regional authorities regarding population policy.

The article analyzes the role of trade policy in ensuring the competitiveness of the automotive industry – one of the most sensitive to the changes of economic conditions and important for providing national economic security – and finding a balance between the need to regulate the internal market and the implementation of the commitments under WTO. The analyze of the current condition of the Russian automotive industry has shown that, despite the low share in the world production and exports, Russia has a great potential for growth, mainly due to the unsaturated domestic market. It is proved, that the development of the automotive industry as one of the innovative industries in the country has all the necessary terms. Moreover, the priority areas for the development of the automotive industry include, first of all, the creation of a full range production with foreign investment. Measures of attracting and regulating FDI received much attention due to their relationship with the instruments of trade policy, as the production of capital goods, particularly automobiles, require imports of components, and FDI, in turn, promote the export of finished products. The commitments taken by Russia in the automotive industry include reduction of duties on imported cars, the renegotiation of investment programs and rules for the functioning of special economic zones. At present, the most acute question is car recycling tax, which has led to a trade dispute with the European Union, and may lead to countervailing measures against Russian goods. Considering WTO rules, recommendations on the use of the most effective instruments of foreign policy, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Russian automotive industry, were made, including the rationalization of import and the attraction of new technologies due to the diversification of customs duties on certain groups of automotive components, lowering income taxes, a gradual decrease of the fiscal functions of the customs tariff; the stability and transparency of the instruments of trade policy and simplification of customs procedures.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar a Teoria Fuzzy para obtenção de uma metodologia alternativa na escolha da estrutura tarifária de energia elétrica mais conveniente para a agroindústria e, em conseqüência, colaborar, reduzindo também os custos da oferta de energia elétrica para o país. A metodologia citada utiliza como variáveis principais o índice de utilização de energia elétrica e o fator de carga do horário de ponta. Estes dois parâmetros elétricos, juntamente com o fator de carga do horário fora de ponta, fornecem o enquadramento tarifário que mais se ajusta a uma determinada UC. Uma aplicação da metodologia estudada é apresentada num estudo de caso, envolvendo resultados obtidos com a migração tarifária de uma UC e ainda uma abordagem comparando os preços médios da energia elétrica para um consumidor em pleno funcionamento e para um projeto de planta elétrica. O Modelo Fuzzy alternativo construído teve desempenho comparável ao modelo, usando as fórmulas de preço médio de energia elétrica para o enquadramento tarifário de uma UC, fato confirmado no estudo de caso levado a efeito neste trabalho. Relativamente ao estudo de caso, chegou-se à conclusão afirmativa para a migração tarifária da ETC para a MTHSV, com diminuição no valor da demanda contratada. As análises feitas com o GMG, instalado na UC, mostraram ganho financeiro ao se gerar energia elétrica na atual estrutura e organização da linha de produção da UC, sendo desaconselhável sob o ponto de vista financeiro, se o GMG tiver de ser adquirido. Quanto ao controle das demandas de potências solicitadas, estudos mostraram que é necessário, não sendo, porém viável levando-se em conta o aspecto estritamente financeiro com um controlador de demanda nos moldes propostos por uma empresa especializada, consultada com esta finalidade.
The present work aims to use Fuzzy Theory to obtain an alternative methodology in choosing the most convenient tariff structure of electric energy for agroindustry and as consequence to cooperate for its rational use and also reduce the costs in offering electric energy for the country. The methodology uses as main variables the index of electric energy usage and the load factor at peak hours. These two electric parameters along with the load factor out of peak hours make up the tariff adjustment which best applies to a determined consuming unit. One usage of the studied methodology is shown in a case study involving obtained results from tariff migration of one consuming unit. It is also presented an approach comparing average tariff of electric energy for consumers at full work as well as for an electric plant project. The built alternative Fuzzy Model had a performance comparable to the main model using formulas of electric energy average tariff for tariff adjustment of one consuming unit. Such procedure was confirmed in the case study carried out in this work. Concerning the case study there was a positive conclusion for tariff migration of CCT to GSTTM with a decrease on the value of the contracted demand. Analysis carried out with GMG, which was installed at consuming unit, showed a financial profit when generating electric energy on the current structure and organization of production line at consuming unit thus being unadvisable under financial aspects if GMC is to be purchased. Researches show that it is necessary the control of required energy demand. However it is not viable considering only the financial aspects with a demand controller under the proposed models for a specialized company which was consulted for such aim.

Orientador: Nelson Miguel Teixeira
Banca: Carlos Roberto Padovani
Banca: Isidoro Casal Caminha Junior
Banca: Luiz Francisco da Cruz
Banca: Odival Faccenda
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar a Teoria Fuzzy para obtenção de uma metodologia alternativa na escolha da estrutura tarifária de energia elétrica mais conveniente para a agroindústria e, em conseqüência, colaborar, reduzindo também os custos da oferta de energia elétrica para o país. A metodologia citada utiliza como variáveis principais o índice de utilização de energia elétrica e o fator de carga do horário de ponta. Estes dois parâmetros elétricos, juntamente com o fator de carga do horário fora de ponta, fornecem o enquadramento tarifário que mais se ajusta a uma determinada UC. Uma aplicação da metodologia estudada é apresentada num estudo de caso, envolvendo resultados obtidos com a migração tarifária de uma UC e ainda uma abordagem comparando os preços médios da energia elétrica para um consumidor em pleno funcionamento e para um projeto de planta elétrica. O Modelo Fuzzy alternativo construído teve desempenho comparável ao modelo, usando as fórmulas de preço médio de energia elétrica para o enquadramento tarifário de uma UC, fato confirmado no estudo de caso levado a efeito neste trabalho. Relativamente ao estudo de caso, chegou-se à conclusão afirmativa para a migração tarifária da ETC para a MTHSV, com diminuição no valor da demanda contratada. As análises feitas com o GMG, instalado na UC, mostraram ganho financeiro ao se gerar energia elétrica na atual estrutura e organização da linha de produção da UC, sendo desaconselhável sob o ponto de vista financeiro, se o GMG tiver de ser adquirido. Quanto ao controle das demandas de potências solicitadas, estudos mostraram que é necessário, não sendo, porém viável levando-se em conta o aspecto estritamente financeiro com um controlador de demanda nos moldes propostos por uma empresa especializada, consultada com esta finalidade.
Abstract: The present work aims to use Fuzzy Theory to obtain an alternative methodology in choosing the most convenient tariff structure of electric energy for agroindustry and as consequence to cooperate for its rational use and also reduce the costs in offering electric energy for the country. The methodology uses as main variables the index of electric energy usage and the load factor at peak hours. These two electric parameters along with the load factor out of peak hours make up the tariff adjustment which best applies to a determined consuming unit. One usage of the studied methodology is shown in a case study involving obtained results from tariff migration of one consuming unit. It is also presented an approach comparing average tariff of electric energy for consumers at full work as well as for an electric plant project. The built alternative Fuzzy Model had a performance comparable to the main model using formulas of electric energy average tariff for tariff adjustment of one consuming unit. Such procedure was confirmed in the case study carried out in this work. Concerning the case study there was a positive conclusion for tariff migration of CCT to GSTTM with a decrease on the value of the contracted demand. Analysis carried out with GMG, which was installed at consuming unit, showed a financial profit when generating electric energy on the current structure and organization of production line at consuming unit thus being unadvisable under financial aspects if GMC is to be purchased. Researches show that it is necessary the control of required energy demand. However it is not viable considering only the financial aspects with a demand controller under the proposed models for a specialized company which was consulted for such aim.
Doutor

碩士
正修科技大學
電機工程研究所
104
Nowadays, in order to improve the quality of power supplying, commercial office buildings and industrial parks adopt the pricing method of single high voltage meter for their electricity application when established. After that, they calculate the price in proportion according to the power consumption of each user via the new established dividing meter. This pricing way is used most often. However, according to this pricing method, it is essentially not reasonable and fair when considering the preferred type and quantity of power consumption of each user. It is common to supply the dividing user electricity by transforming the high voltage to low voltage. However, it does not conform to the T.P.C. operating regulations if users want to apply another independent low voltage electricity meter. As the result, simple pricing method, e.g., pricing in proportion, is often controversial especially for the cases that supplying the dividing users electricity by transforming the high voltage to low voltage. Consequently, it's worth studying how to establish the reasonable pricing method. In this paper, for such kind of users, a more accurate and fair pricing model is proposed to solve this type of user pricing. Several suggest pricing formulas are constructed respectively according to high, medium and low mode of power consumption depending on the T.P.C. electricity bill pricing types. The pricing formulas can not only generate reasonable and fair pricing result but also provide a reference for those under similar power consumption conditions.

An electrical utility, whether public or private, functions in dynamic environment of the society. In social, financial, technical and governmental forces can’t be meticulous by the discom. The discom has control only its internal atmosphere as system and process only. To maintain the equilibrium condition b/t the internal and external environment through regular improvement in process and reforms. For a utilityi in electricity tariff finalization is complicated process and its remain the survival strategy of utility to maintain the actual requirement of tariff hike with the help of regulator approval. The identification of actual cost of supply for electricity services, is a complicatedi and not easily possible in current scenario, which also create a serious impact on Power industry. The electricity service sector is intangible in nature, it can’t be easily measure characteristic or satisfaction of customer demands. Fori a utility identification of output is critical in terms of cost parameters. The electricity is service industry, ipricing is a main part of decision making in power sector. The mostly customers avail the services but as per mind set of customers it is free of cost. So that the AT & C losses in power industry increased day by day. The ieconomic theories undertake that commercial organization main objective of imaximizing their profitsi. The organization management also bother about which quality of services be served to consumer in whatever amount. A municipal and private segment organization is predicted to pursue for profits with enhancement of consumer growth, reliability, customer satisfaction, advance technology implementation and social resourcesi growth. As per the multiple objective of discomsi is to be harmonizedi with one another with also improvement of commercial and financial viability of the discoms. The availability of resources are limited and customer and technical problems both are compiled in strict regal regime which are also create a i problem for discoms. In Indian states mostly discoms are not provide reliable supply because loss component is huge and it is not fulfill the customer demand as per EA’2003. v Apart from this, the planet is facing severe challenges in energy sector. The worldwide economy is about to develop fourfold within the next 40 years, which potentials economic benefits and big enlargements in people’s standard of living. But it also indicates a far greater consumption of electricity. A worldwide revolution is critical within the ways in which electricity is generate, distribute and used. This report is a shot to know the Business Model of an influence Distribution Company (DISCOM) by studying the “Annual Revenue Requirement (ARR)” of Tata Power-DDL and analyze the financial constraints of the Poweri Sector in terms of privatizationi model and studying the Delhi distribution sector to look at the method of tariff finalization and gaps. In Delhi various steps are re taken by the GoNCTD and was to ibring out a reforms strategyi on Power Sector in Feb. 1999. They had published a unique reforms and model which help the Delhi customer base and improved the reliability of power. The new reforms act that iultimately resulted within the iunbundling of DVB and privatization of electricity distribution segment, generation segments and transmission with effect from 1st July 2002. As a results of CERCi reforms act, all SEBs are idirected to unbundle in three segments viz. Generation, Transmission & Distribution. Due to high AT&C Losses in Distribution Sectors, reforms activities are being focused for Distribution Sector by adopting privatization and franchising model of Distribution Sector. The wattage sector is consists of three main segment named as, 1.Generation, 2.Transmission 3.Distribution For Generation of electricity in many Public Utilities are exist as i.e. NTPC, NHPC, SJVN, SECI, Torrent, and DVC, NPCIL. The generating sector are contain partnership of public sector or private sector. The fuel allocation are depend the generating station governed by private or public. In India transmission segment is governed by Central govt. utilities i.e. PGCIL. To Govt. utility vi transmit the electricity supply from the generators to iDistribution Company’s entire India is divide India into five zones/regions i.e. 1.Northern 2.Southern 3.Eastern 4.Western 5.Northeastern Further additionally within every state, there's SLDC (State Load Dispatch Center) to manage the transmission of electricity in states. The distribution network is principally disbursed by DISCOMS and SEBs. With Delhi privatization model, many nations have followed et al. are within the process of privatization with the most aim to serve the consumers in an exceedingly better way and reduction of AT&C losses. State Regulator targets are set to decrease AT&C losses for a specific period of your time while maintaining the performance standards regarding Power Quality and consumer related services. In abovementioned scenario and constraints, it's of major importance to create efficient, effective and optimum forecast or an estimate of the particular revenue requirement by the DISCOMs which is employed by the SERCs to spot the tariff to be paid by the retail consumers of Power. once a year DISCOMs need to submit ARR to SERC within which total cost, capital Therefore, the components of the ARR should be precisely calculated and logically formulated and therefore the plans identified should be implemented with ultimate control so on achieve the inducement as visualized in ARR & avoid the dis-incentives and gaps related to the identical as laid out in the orders of SERC regarding tariff or others. Scope of study contains the Tariff component of Tata Power-DDL & its financial components & the Delhi Power Sector Reforms & related Financial Model. All the references are drawn from the Delhi Power Sector Model & TPDDL because the data for the identical is accessible. Delhi Model is taken into account to be a successful implemented Power Sector Privatization Model in India & across the planet which happened through the vii route of venture (JV) between the govt. of city Territory of Delhi (GoNCTD) & the private players under the aegis of Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC). The supportive Financial structure just after privatization that helped in sustaining the arrangements by the private parties & taking it further to cut back losses & setting the instance of efficient management of Power Distribution has been studied. Studies have flagged several issues - Recovery less than the actual cost of supply through fixed charges in tariffs and the fact that the tariff does not reflect the costs of supply - Cross-subsidy charges levels for mostly discoms still not within the boundaries as per the EA and therefore the NPT. - While iun-electrified area idomestic consumers are ibeing ielectrified, iUSO and iDBT are main strategically concern area and improve the reliability of system

Until the ratification of the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997, the EC Treaty, as it then was, had dealt with the customs union in Articles 9 to 29 which constituted Chapter 1 of Title 1 and was devoted to free movement of goods. Many of the provisions dealt with the staged reduction of duties on imports between Member States and with the procedure by which a common customs tariff was to be established. As the customs union was created on 1 July 1968, by 1997 rationalization of the customs duty provisions in the EC Treaty was clearly long overdue. It was achieved by the Treaty of Amsterdam which ensured that the EC Treaty dealt with the main elements of the customs union in just five articles, Articles 23 to 27. These now appear in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) in Articles 28 to 32. Articles 30 to 32 constitute Chapter 1 of Title II on the free movement of goods. Article 30 provides that customs duties on imports and exports, and charges having equivalent effect, are prohibited between Member States together with customs duties of a fiscal nature. Article 31 states that the common customs