Готові списки джерел за темами / Target text (TT)

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Target text (TT)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Target text (TT)"

Jones, Francis R. "On Aboriginal Sufferance." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.1.2.04jon.

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Анотація:

This paper presents an empirical model of the processes involved in translating poetry. I suggest three main stages: Understanding, Interpretation and Creation. The Understanding stage involves close ST analysis. At the Interpretation stage the translator works item by item, though with continual reference to ST and TT. An item may participate in one or more textual structures; hence it may be said to carry a number of marked valent features marking its role in the various structures. Valent features may be weighted differently depending on the importance of their structure to the image or the text. I suggest five main strategies of equivalence: Transference—TT item = ST item; Convergence/Divergence—TT item covers larger/smaller semantic space than ST item, but valency remains constant; Improvisation—TT feature is different from ST feature but has similar poetic role; Abandonment of a low-weight for a high-weight feature; Estrangement—equivalent retains an "untranslated" ST feature. The Creation stage is that of fashioning the target text as an artefact valid in target-culture terms. This informs and is informed by choices made during the Interpretation phase.

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Corrius, Montse, and Patrick Zabalbeascoa. "Language variation in source texts and their translations." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 23, no. 1 (August 10, 2011): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.23.1.07zab.

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In addition to the two languages essentially involved in translation, that of the source text (L1) and that of the target text (L2), we propose a third language (L3) to refer to any other language(s) found either or both texts. L3 may appear in the source text (ST) or the target text (TT), actually appearing more frequently in STs in our case studies. We present a range of combinations for the convergence and divergence of L1, L2 and L3, for the case of feature films and their translations using examples from dubbed and subtitled versions of films, but we are hopeful that our tentative conclusions may be relevant to other modalities of translation, audiovisual and otherwise. When L3 appears in an audiovisual ST, we find a variety of solutions whereby L3 is deleted from or adapted to the TT. In the latter case, L3 might be rendered in a number of ways, depending on factors such as the audience’s familiarity with L3, and the possibility that L3 in the ST is an invented language.

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Abdo, Ibrahem Mohamad Khalefe Bani. "Preserving Style in Translating Metaphors of a Literary Text from English into Arabic." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2020.9.4.1559.1574.

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This paper investigates the stylistics issues in translating metaphors of George Orwell's Animal Farm from English into two different Arabic translations and whether the metaphors’ style is maintained or not in the target texts. The research presents concepts related to metaphor translation such as text types and semantic/ communicative translation. This study is based on Newmark’s (1988) classifications of metaphors. The data are selected randomly from the novel, then the target texts equivalents are provided to investigate the maintaining of metaphors’ style in TT (1) and TT (2) as compared to the ST. The study concludes that the translators try their best to reproduce the same image in the TT (target text) as closely as possible. Although, it is important for a metaphor to be retained in the translation, however, the study reveals that some metaphors has been translated word-by-word in both target texts (TT1 and TT2). TT (2) follows the target readers’ culture (Arabic culture) in translating some of these metaphors to some-extent more than the TT (1). Metaphors are translated in both denotative and connotative associations. TT2 has deleted some metaphors from the translation (TT2) which may cause some loss in meaning. TT1 is to some-extent successfully conveyed all metaphors which may express the translator’s fluency as a well-known author. Omissions reveal that TT2 is conventional to the target culture. Finally, the study concludes that TT1 is more restricted to the ST style; whereas, TT2 is restricted more to the target language (Arabic).

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Muikku-Werner, Pirkko. "Lexical inferencing and the mutual intelligibility of Estonian and Finnish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 2 (October 2017): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586517000105.

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Анотація:

Several factors affect the comprehension of a text written in a language related to the reader's first language (L1): (i) orthographic similarity with the reader's L1, (ii) contextual clues, (iii) semantic relationships between components of phraseological units, and (iv) L1 reading comprehension strategies. This article compares the results of a cloze test (CT), in which a group of Finns read a text in their L1 (Finnish) and filled the gaps, and a translation test (TT), in which another group of Finns translated the Estonian version of the same text into Finnish. This text included five pairs of primes and targets, parts of the same phraseological unit, representing different semantic relations; in the CT the target was replaced by a gap and in the TT the respondents had to translate the target. The results indicated that the respondents used similar inferencing strategies in both tests, and thus provide evidence for the assumption that orthographic similarity is not the sole factor contributing to understanding a foreign text, but that L1 reading comprehension strategies are also employed.

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Cheong, Ho-Jeong. "Target Text Contraction in English-into-Korean Translations: A Contradiction of Presumed Translation Universals?*." Meta 51, no. 2 (August 14, 2006): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013261ar.

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Abstract This paper contradicts the prevailing assumptions among the advocates of translation universals (TU’s) that explicitation, a translation behavior which consists of spelling things out rather than leaving them implicit in translation, is a potential TU, irrespective of the specific language pairs involved in the process of translation. Specifically, via a study employing a newly built 517,609-word parallel corpus, it is shown that implicitation and the subsequent TT contraction as well as explicitation and TT expansion entailed were both observed in translations involving Korean and English. The significance of the direction of language combinations in translations employing the same language pair was identified, together with the introduction and verification of the validity of the four measurement units devised for this study to capture diverse aspects of explicitation/implicitation which in turn entail TT expansion/contraction.

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Abdo, Ibrahem Mohamad Khalefe Bani. "Computer Programming and Readability Scoring Tests between Arabic and English of Surat Al-Fātiḥah". Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 9, № 4 (1 жовтня 2020): 1543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2020.9.4.1543.1558.

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The present paper investigates computer programming of the readability feature in Al-Fatihah (Arabic: ٱلْفَاتِحَة‎), the first chapter (Surah) of the Quraan, with its English equivalent and whether the different statistics scores of readability may affect the translation’s value of the holy text (Al-Fatihah) compared to its target text equivalent. This paper uses the computer programming of readability tests. It uses different formulas as (i) Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease; (ii) Flesch Kincaid Grade Level; (iii) Gunning Fog Score; (iv) SMOG Index; (v) Coleman Liau Index; and (vi) Automated Readability Index. These formulas identify the easiness of the source text compare to the translated text (target text). This study identifies the readability scores that may affect the translation text compared to the source text. The study reveals that the readability scoring tests between Arabic (ST), Arabic –Latin (Transliteration), and the target text (TT) English version of Surat Al-Fātiḥah from The holy Book Al Quraan are different. The ST is much easier to read by their audience than the TT readers. It also affirms that the translating process may cause slightly changes in the TT compared to the ST ones. Finally, the lack of knowledge of such computer software during the translating process may increase or decrease the complexity of the text for readers.

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Miššíková, Gabriela. "EXPLORING THE PERFORMATIVE FUNCTION IN LITERARY TRANSLATION: THE TRANSLATOR’S PURPOSE." Discourse and Interaction 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2019-2-29.

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This paper examines the application of text-act theory in literary translation, attempting to evaluate its efficacy in the analysis of larger texts, such as novels. The texts that form the material basis for this examination are the Slovak novel Dunaj v Amerike (2010) and its (authorized, unpublished) English translation Danube in America (2016). The main research objective is to compare the performative function in the Slovak source text (ST) and the English target text (TT), implementing the concept of the pragmatic translator as suggested by Morini (2008, 2012). Aiming to discover the relationship between the performative function of the TT and its actual perception by TT readers, the research project was realised involving the participation of the translators 1 and TT recipients.

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Ajtony, Zsuzsanna. "Taming the Stranger: Domestication vs Foreignization in Literary Translation." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2017-0020.

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Abstract The translator’s task is to bridge the gap between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT), to mediate between the source culture (SC) and the target culture (TC). Cultural mediation is always more than linguistic mediation: it facilitates understanding between cultures. Cultural mediators need to be extremely aware of their own cultural identity, understanding how their own culture influences perception (ethnocentric attitude). While foreignization introduces the TT audience to the ST culture as much as possible, making the foreign visible, domestication brings two languages and two cultures closer, minimizing the foreignness of the TT, conforming to the TC values, and making the unfamiliar accessible (Venuti 1995, Munday 2016). This paper investigates different ways to find the balance between these two tendencies, offering examples from literary translation.

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Ahmed, Mohamed A. H. "Codes across languages: On the translation of literary code-switching." Multilingua 37, no. 5 (August 28, 2018): 483–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2017-0060.

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Abstract The translation of bilingual literary texts may challenge a translator when s/he needs to transfer some embedded, foreign codes from a language other than the dominant language of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). This study analyses the way in which code-switching (CS) is transferred into a TT, looking at the translation strategies for CS in a non-European ST into European and non-European target texts. The source language text is Hebrew with Arabic incorporated into the Hebrew text in different ways, most often using CS. The target texts in the study are in Arabic, English, German and Italian languages. The main aim of this study is to show how code-switching in literary paradigms can be translated into a target text language, and to what extent the original structure of instances of CS is maintained, changed or even deleted in the target texts. The study compares four versions of target texts in Arabic, English, Italian and German, followed by an overview of how the same CS instances are transferred across different languages and cultures. Some problems and issues related to the transfer of instances of CS into the target texts are discussed in view of the typology of the CS strategy. The study concludes with an argument that a better understanding of literary CS terminology regarding both linguistic and creative features is necessary for a better translation of bilingual literary texts.

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Al-Harahsheh, Ahmad Mohammad. "Cohesion and coherence shift in Jabra’s translation of Hamlet." Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, no. 56 (2022): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.56.07.

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Анотація:

This research aims at studying the cohesion and coherence shifts in Jabra’s translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in Arabic. A translator is a mediator between the source text (ST) and the target readers who expect an adequate and a coherent translation of the ST. The shift of cohesion and coherence can disrupt the continuity of the target text (TT). The sample of the research consisted of 172 lines taken from different acts and scenes involving potential problems in cohesion and coherence from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, translated by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. Blum-Kulka’s approach of cohesion and coherence shifts in translation was employed as a theoretical framework. The data analysis was based on meaning shift and explicitness shift in discourse and their effects on the continuity and understanding of the TT. The study concluded that the shift of cohesion and coherence in translation does not only affect the continuity of thoughts and events but disrupts the understanding of the target readers as well.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Target text (TT)"

Bogami, Naif. "Is it easy to translate ‘type 2 diabetes for dummies’ into Arabic? Challenges and solutions." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11465.

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Анотація:

This Thesis is composed of two parts: my own translation of Chapters 1, 2 and most parts of Chapter 5 into Arabic of the book "Type 2 Diabetes For Dummies". The reason behind the choice to translate the abovementioned book is that Diabetes is a prevalent disease in my home country: Saudi Arabia, and that there is little good accessible literature written about Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Arabia. In the translation, the functional approach of translation is adopted to a large extent. This means that Nida's, Nord's and Reiss's ideas about producing a TT that is functionally equivalent to the ST is relevant here. In this thesis, I came across some stylistic, cultural and technical difficulties, and each of which has its own challenges. These difficulties and challenges are mainly motivated by the huge differences between English and Arabic on the linguistic and cultural levels. It is also motivated by the different expectations of both the ST and TT rea! ders. In order to solve the arising challenges and problems, the strategies of adaptation, addition, omission and transliteration with explanation are used to make the TT conforms to the norms of the target language and/or to deliver the meaning clearly to the target audience. What was important in the translation is to maintain the functions of the ST, which are informative and appellative, in the TT.

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Частини книг з теми "Target text (TT)"

Liu, Qing, Yonghong Zhan, Di Yang, Yaping Wang, and Change Zeng. "An Improved Test Method to Study the pBRDF of the Rough Surface of Targets." In Proceedings of the 28th Conference of Spacecraft TT&C Technology in China, 349–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4837-1_27.

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van Egdom, Gys-Walt, Heidi Verplaetse, Iris Schrijver, Hendrik J. Kockaert, Winibert Segers, Jasper Pauwels, Bert Wylin, and Henri Bloemen. "How to Put the Translation Test to the Test?" In Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies, 26–56. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5225-3.ch002.

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Анотація:

Reliable and valid evaluation of translation quality is one of the fundamental thrusts in present-day applied translation studies. In this chapter, a thumbnail sketch is provided of the developments, in and outside of translation studies, that have contributed to the ubiquity of quality in translation discourse. This sketch reveals that we will probably never stand poised to reliably and validly measure the quality of translation in all its complexity and its ramifications. Therefore, the authors have only sought to address the issue of product quality evaluation. After an introduction of evaluation methods, the authors present the preselected items evaluation method (PIE method) as a perturbative testing technique developed to evaluate the quality of the target text (TT). This presentation is flanked by a case study that has been carried out at the University of Antwerp, KU Leuven, and Zuyd University of Applied Sciences. The case study shows that, on account of its perturbative qualities, PIE allows for more reliable and more valid measurement of product quality.

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"Communication in Business Tourism." In Translation and Communication in the Promotion of Business Tourism, 88–125. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0142-9.ch005.

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In this chapter the authors observe how the information from business tourism guides is translated from Spanish into English, that is, they present the analysis of the source texts (ST) and target texts (TT), also known as parallel corpus. They start with an explanation of the methodology adopted for our study. Then, as they did in the previous chapter during the first stage of their analysis (original versions of English and Spanish business tourist guides), they divide their study into two main groups: (1) non-verbal elements and (2) verbal elements. As previously done, they also include a set of examples for every category analyzed.

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Eswara Rao, Tiruvidula, and Nalluri Mohan Rao. "Link Folding Algorithm (LFA) for Inverse Kinematics of an Industrial Robot." In SCRS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS ON INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, 359–69. Soft Computing Research Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/978-93-91842-08-6-36.

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Анотація:

The present work aims to depict computationally efficient, model free, singularity free, generalized, non-iterative, single pass, and exact Link Folding (LF) Algorithm to tackle inverse kinematics (IK) problem. This paper presents a ‘single scan’ numerical algorithm conceived from geometric method to offer suitable IK solution for the robots coordinated and controlled by low resource controllers like Arduino Uno. This approach will reduce computational complexities of the methods like cyclic coordinate descending (CCD) algorithm and target triangle (TT) algorithm. An IK solution is guaranteed when the position to be reached is in robots’ workspace and for kinematic structures with unconstrained joints. The method does not require forward kinematics model which is being used in majority of the inverse kinematic solution methods. Test results are provided and analyzed to illustrate the performance improvements of the presented algorithm over the other geometric methods. For algorithm development MATLAB was used, verified in custom built simulator developed by authors, and validated with prototype built and controlled using Arduino.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Target text (TT)"

L’Orsa, Rachael, Kourosh Zareinia, David Westwick, Garnette Sutherland, and Katherine J. Kuchenbecker. "A Sensorized Needle-Insertion Device for Characterizing Percutaneous Thoracic Tool-Tissue Interactions." In The Hamlyn Symposium on Medical Robotics: "MedTech Reimagined". The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London London, UK, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2022.13.

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Tube thoracostomy (TT), where a tube is placed between the lungs and the chest wall to drain air and/or ﬂuids introduced by injury or disease, is a crucial procedure with both routine and emergent applications. It has high complication rates (up to 37.9%) [1], particularly for residents [2] and emergency physicians [3]. Inadver- tent tissue punctures during insertion can cause severe complications, including rare immediate fatality [4]. We propose semi-automating TT tool insertion, as merging the accurate haptic sensing capabilities of a medical robot with the dexterity and perspicacity of a physician could help protect against non-target tissue puncture. To avoid insertional complications, operators must a) position and b) orient tools correctly, and must c) halt insertion immediately upon breaching the parietal pleu- ral membrane. We focus here on preliminaries required for c) and leave a) and b) to future work. We report a prototype sensorized needle-insertion device named NID0 that records manual tool-tissue interactions with ex vivo porcine ribs, a realistic tissue phantom for TT [5], from contact to puncture of the parietal pleura. The acquired dataset showcases tissue characteristics and informs future puncture detection algorithms.

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Guangxi, E., and Hongjun Yang. "Design and test of geodesic dome phased array system for multi-target TT&C and communication." In 2016 15th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icocn.2016.7875855.

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