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Книги з теми "Target binding"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Symposium on RNA Biology (2nd 1997 North Carolina Biotechnology Center). Symposium on RNA Biology: RNA tool and target : held at North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, October 17-19, 1997. [Oxford]: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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2

Snoeck, Eric. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of specific target site binding to red blood cells: Application to the development of draflazine. [Leiden: University of Leiden, 1998.

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3

Podjarny, Alberto, Annick P. Dejaegere, and Bruno Kieffer, eds. Biophysical Approaches Determining Ligand Binding to Biomolecular Targets. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732666.

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4

Ponte-Sucre, Alicia. ABC transporters in microorganisms: Research, innovation and value as targets against drug resistance. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic, 2009.

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5

Chandrudu, M. V. Rama. Bench marking of APRLP processes: Binding the programs with processes : redefining targets. Secunderabad: WASSAN, 2006.

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6

Dufau, Maria. Hormone Binding and Target Cell Activation in the Testis. Springer, 2013.

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7

Dufau, Maria. Hormone Binding and Target Cell Activation in the Testis. Springer, 2012.

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8

Matulis, Daumantas. Carbonic Anhydrase as Drug Target: Thermodynamics and Structure of Inhibitor Binding. Springer, 2019.

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9

Ming, Liang. Identification of DNA-binding domains and target genes of the Hindsight zinc-finger protein. 2006.

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10

Baauw, Sergio. The Acquisition of Binding and Coreference. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.22.

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Анотація:

In this chapter the acquisition of pronouns and reflexives is discussed. It reviews several accounts of the so-called Delay of Principle B Effect, the absence of this effect in some languages, and the structural factors that influence its appearance in child language. It also discusses children’s alledged target-like performance on reflexives in several languages with different type of reflexives. The chapter concludes that provided a balanced experimental design is used, the experimental results point at early mastery of Principle A and B, and that children’s difficulties with the interpretation of pronouns and reflexives are to be found at the interfaces between syntax and discourse or semantics, and may be due to limited (syntactic) processing resources.

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11

Nurmikko, Turo J. Identification of the target of gabapentinoid action in neuropathic pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0070.

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Анотація:

The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Identification of the α‎2-δ‎-1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels as a molecular target for pain mediating the analgesic actions of pregabalin’, published by Field et al. in 2006. In this seminal paper, Field et al. demonstrated that the anti-allodynic effect of pregabalin is related to its binding to the α‎2δ‎-1 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel. In transgenic mice lacking this subunit, pregabalin had no effect on allodynia induced by sciatic nerve ligation, whereas, in wild-type mice, there was a substantial anti-allodynic response. This discovery was well received by the scientific community and was considered to conclusively establish the mechanism of action of pregabalin, which has remarkably similar properties to gabapentin but with increased potency and oral absorption. This exciting result acted as an impetus for further studies on the role of the subunit in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.

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12

Osbert Cotta, Menino, and Jason Roberts. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of antimicrobials. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0009.

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The continual threat of antimicrobial resistance means that optimizing current antimicrobial therapy is of paramount importance. Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) play a central role in developing dosing regimens that target maximal clinical outcomes and microbiological eradication. This chapter describes the three main PK/PD indices into which current antimicrobials are categorized. Elements of PK that require due consideration when optimizing antimicrobial therapy, including volume of distribution, antimicrobial clearance, and protein binding, are also discussed. Finally, specific attention is paid to antimicrobial dosing among challenging populations, namely the critically ill and obese, and the potential role of alternative dosing strategies, such as use of loading doses and extended/continuous infusions, is also outlined.

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13

Biophysical Approaches Determining Ligand Binding to Biomolecular Targets: Detection, Measurement and Modelling. Royal Society of Chemistry, The, 2011.

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14

Wolfe, Jeremy M. Approaches to Visual Search. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.002.

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Анотація:

In her original Feature Integration Theory, Anne Treisman proposed that we process a limited set of basic preattentive, visual features in parallel across the visual field. Binding those features together into coherent, recognizable objects requires selective attention of item after item. In Treisman’s original conception, searches were divided into parallel feature searches and other serial self-terminating searches. Wolfe’s Guided Search model added the idea that the deployment of attention could be guided by preattentive information. In this view, the efficiency of search is related to the effectiveness of guidance on a continuum from perfect guidance, in the case of simple feature pop-out, to no guidance when no basic features distinguish target from distractors. This chapter reviews the evidence for different basic, preattentive features and describes the current understanding of the rules of guidance, the mechanics of visual search, and the relationship of these processes to visual awareness.

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15

Cui, Zhao, Neil Turner, and Ming-hui Zhao. Alport post-transplant antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0075.

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Alport antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is a rare example of disease caused by allo-sensitization after renal transplantation, first described in 1992. Because the recipient lacks a specific glomerular basement membrane (GBM) protein, they can become sensitized to the normal molecule present in the GBM of the donor kidney. The disease is restricted to the allograft. Interestingly severe disease arises from this only arises rarely, certainly less than 1 in 20, probably closer to 1 in 50. It characteristically causes late graft loss in a first transplant with accelerated tempo in later allografts, and in its most extreme form recurs within days. However, inexplicably some subsequent transplants do not provoke aggressive recurrence. Treatment of the most aggressive disease is difficult and in most cases has been ultimately unsuccessful. Lower levels of immune response, marked by linear binding of immunoglobulin-G to GBM without glomerular disease, are not uncommon in Alport patients after transplantation and should not lead to altered treatment. Immunoassays for anti-GBM antibodies can be misleading as in most cases the target of antibodies is the α‎‎‎5 chain of type IV collagen, rather than the α‎‎‎3 chain which is the target in spontaneous anti-GBM disease. Overall the outcome of transplantation in Alport syndrome is better than average. This complication is more likely in patients with partial or total gene deletion rather than point mutations, but no other predictive features have been identified.

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16

Wiklund, Olov, and Jan Borén. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: lipid metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0011.

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Lipids are carried in plasma as microparticles, lipoproteins, composed of a core of hydrophobic lipids and a surface of amphipathic lipids. In addition, the particles carry proteins (i.e. apolipoproteins). The proteins have key functions in the metabolism as receptor ligands, enzymes or activators. Lipoproteins are classified based on density into: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Retention of apoB-containing lipoproteins (LDL, IDL, and VLDL) in the arterial intima is the initiating event in the development of atherosclerosis. Retention is mediated by binding of apoB to structural proteoglycans in the intima. Increased plasma concentration of apoB-containing lipoproteins is the main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the causative role of LDL has been demonstrated in several studies. Lp(a) is a subclass of LDL and elevated Lp(a) is an independent risk-factor, primarily genetically mediated. Genetic data support that high Lp(a) causes atherosclerosis. Elevated triglycerides in plasma are associated with increased risk for CVD. Whether triglycerides directly induce atherogenesis is still unclear, but current data strongly support that remnant particles from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are causal. HDL are lipoproteins that have been considered to be important for reversed cholesterol transport. Low HDL is a strong risk-factor for CVD. However, the causative role of HDL is debated and intervention studies to raise HDL have not been successful. Reduction of LDL is the main target for prevention and treatment, using drugs that inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, i.e. statins. Other drugs for LDL reduction and to modify other lipoproteins may further reduce risk, and new therapeutic targets are explored.

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17

Ferran, Christiane. Multiple Therapeutic Targets of A20. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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18

Ferran, Christiane. The Multiple Therapeutic Targets of A20. Springer, 2014.

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19

Ferran, Christiane. The Multiple Therapeutic Targets of A20. Springer, 2016.

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20

Jörres, Achim, Dietrich Hasper, and Michael Oppert. Non-dialytic management of the patient with acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0228.

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Анотація:

The main focus in the non-dialytic management of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) is the prevention and treatment of complications.Nutritional support is an important aspect as many patients tend to be hypercatabolic, thus requiring adequate caloric intake, yet without administration of excessive fluid volumes. Inadequate nutrition in AKI may lead to enhanced production of urea nitrogen and azotaemia. However, hyperglycaemia is a frequent complication in these patients, often requiring continuous insulin therapy to achieve the recommended blood glucose target range of 110–150 mg/dL (6.11–8.33 mmol/L).Patients with AKI are prone to infections which are a common cause of death in this population. Careful search for and intensive treatment of infections is therefore of utmost importance, and antimicrobial chemotherapy must be initiated as early as possible, especially in patients with sepsis and AKI.Drug dosing in patients with AKI is complex and difficult. Residual kidney function can be highly variable and drug disposition may be altered due to changes in distribution volume, protein binding, and metabolism. Moreover, many drugs can be removed by renal replacement therapy (RRT). Therefore, adequate dosing must take into account the patient’s individual clinical characteristics, the specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, and the mode and intensity of renal replacement therapy.

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21

Lidz, Jeffrey L., William Snyder, and Joe Pater, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.001.0001.

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Анотація:

This handbook provides a thorough and systematic investigation of the question of how we come to know a language. Researchers from all over the world explore the leading research questions within developmental linguistics, which include: What does the newborn child bring to the task of language acquisition? What information must the child extract from her linguistic input? And how does biological maturation interact with the child’s developing linguistic abilities? In the main body of the handbook, each chapter addresses a single area of grammatical knowledge, such as syllable structure, negation, or binding theory, and begins with an overview of the fundamental generalizations that guide current linguistic analyses and the features of grammatical representation that these generalizations entail. This is followed by a consideration of language learnability; a review of the relevant acquisition literature organized according to target language, age range of the child, and research methodology; and, finally, a discussion of a series of broader questions, such as: Do the experimental findings that were reviewed in the chapter favour a particular approach to the logical problem of language learnability? In what ways, if any, does the child’s knowledge surpass the information directly available from the input? In what ways can innate structure make the input more informative? Likewise, are there ways in which the child’s knowledge seems more limited than expected, given the richness of the available input?

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22

Guthrie, Graeme. Fighting back. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.003.0013.

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A board of directors that attempts to defeat a hostile takeover attempt will try to raise the cost and lower the value of the shares the raider needs to complete the takeover. This can be achieved using binding contractual arrangements with the target’s customers, suppliers, and employees, that lower the value of the firm if it is acquired, but do not directly affect it otherwise. Boards resisting a hostile takeover will also issue carefully designed securities to the target’s bondholders and shareholders that have a similar effect. Ultimately, a target’s board can reconfigure the firm’s capital structure to defeat a takeover attempt. This chapter describes the tactics involved using the bitter takeover battle involving Carl Icahn and Lions Gate Entertainment.

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23

(Editor), Michael Conn, C. Kordon (Editor), and Y. Christen (Editor), eds. Insights into Receptor Function and New Drug Development Targets (Research and Perspectives in Endocrine Interactions). Springer, 2006.

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24

Ovodenko, Alexander. Industrial and Artisanal Producers and the Hybrid Governance of Mercury Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677725.003.0005.

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The chapter studies the regulation of different industries under the same treaty, although it assesses the impacts of upstream producer-level differences on regime design. It focuses on the new mercury treaty negotiated in January 2013 and evaluates the markets theory on a micro-foundational level with 85 original survey responses from government negotiators and nongovernment participants in the final meeting of the treaty negotiations, as well as 13 in-depth interviews with negotiation participants. The findings show that negotiators of the mercury treaty recognized the need for nonbinding and country-specific mitigation goals for artisanal gold mining and legally binding targets and global timetables for industrial sectors using or producing mercury-added products. Moreover, industries with concentrated producers participating in transnational trade associations are expected to accomplish more with financial assistance than artisanal gold miners.

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25

Krahl, Daniel. The Paris Agreement—China’s Kind of (International) Order? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0014.

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Анотація:

The Paris Agreement has turned traditional approaches to global governance upside down, using a bottom-up approach that made it possible for emerging powers like China to agree to binding emissions targets to contain climate change. It thus marks a further step away from the old order centered on Western power, and at the same time it fits well into Chinese attempts to create a post-American order that rests on great power diplomacy within a multilateral framework of cooperation that privileges developing countries. The Paris Agreement allows China to leverage the internal fight against pollution and the restructuring and upgrading of its economy for international status. That the agreement has so far survived President Trump’s announcement of America’s departure suggests that it could yet serve as a blueprint for other, future arrangements for world order that would be able to integrate a risen China.

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26

Reinisch, August. Sources of International Organizations’ Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0047.

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This chapter notes that for a considerable period, international organizations scholarship was preoccupied with establishing international organizations as actors enjoying their own international legal personality. With the increase and diversification of tasks fulfilled by such organizations, the question has come to the fore as to what extent these subjects of international law may become responsible for their actions. This debate has overshadowed the underlying and more fundamental question of what kinds of obligations can be identified as binding upon international organizations. According to this chapter, the latter central question requires one to turn to the sources of international organizations’ law. It places special emphasis on the practical implications of identifying the right sources for accountability issues, whether they concern UN embargoes, targeted sanctions, peacekeeping, or the administration of (criminal) justice by international organizations.

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27

Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.

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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.

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