Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Tail fan necrosis"

Comparison of the health of spiny lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) within and adjacent to a New Zealand marine reserve revealed marked differences in the incidence of a handling-related bacterial infection. Lobsters outside the reserve were significantly more affected by tail fan necrosis than lobsters within the reserve, with up to 17% of the males caught outside the reserve over a 3-year period showing signs of tail fan necrosis, compared with less than 2% within the reserve. The incidence of tail fan necrosis changed abruptly at the marine reserve boundaries, strongly implying repeated handling as the causal agent. The incidence of tail fan necrosis in males increased up to the minimum legal size, consistent with a handling effect. Female lobsters, which comprise only a small proportion of the catch in this area, were comparatively unaffected by tail fan necrosis. There was no significant difference in the recapture rates of individuals tagged either with or without tail fan necrosis, but tagged individuals outside the reserve were more likely to develop tail fan necrosis than tagged individuals within the reserve. These findings have implications for both the dynamics of the lobster populations and their management, and highlight the role of marine protected areas in providing a baseline against which such effects of fishing can be assessed.

The aquaculture industry in Indonesia has been growing rapidly and plays an important role in rural development and export earning. Penaeid shrimp culture in Indonesia has become a leading export earning in fisheries sector. The main constraint encountered with shrimp culture has always been associated with disease outbreaks, especially, caused by viral agents. The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was unofficially introduced to Indonesia in 1999, and officially approved by Indonesian government in 2001. By the end of 2007, the Pacific white shrimp has been cultured in more than 17 provinces. The Taura Syndrome (TS) disease was detected in Indonesia in 2002, and the disease is currently found in at least 10 provinces. The Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN) is an emerging disease for L. vannamei in Indonesia, first detected in May-June 2006, causing significant mortalities in grow-out ponds. The IMN is characterized by an acute onset of gross signs: focal to extensive whitish necrotic areas in the striated muscle, especially on the distal abdominal segments and tail fan. White necrotic areas become reddened similar to the color of cooked shrimp. The outbreak resulted in elevated mortalities was initially associated with a chronic course of persistent low level mortalities. Up to date, IMN was detected in East Java, Bali, and West Nusa Tenggara provinces. This paper is a brief review of the epidemiological study of IMN disease of Pacific white shrimp in Indonesia: the status of outbreaks, surveillance, and disease diagnosis, and control measures.

Abstract Introduction Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), for example by malondialdehyde (MDA) adduction with subsequent uptake by macrophages to form foam cells and later the plaque necrotic core, is a key initiating event in atherogenesis. Accordingly, a larger lipid necrotic core is a key plaque vulnerability factor, predisposing plaques to rupture and subsequent thrombosis and development of an acute coronary syndrome. Thus, MDA-LDL is an attractive focus for the molecular targeting of atherosclerotic plaques. Purpose To develop antibody fragment-targeted nanoparticles that can be utilised for both the molecular imaging and therapeutics of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Methods LO1 is an IgG3k natural monoclonal murine antibody that reacts with MDA-LDL. Humanised LO1Fab fragments have been engineered to reduce immunogenicity and improve lesion penetration. These humanised LO1Fab fragments were used to functionalise fluorescent poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) - polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanoparticles. Nanoparticle in vitro function was assessed, prior to fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) co-registered with micro-CT, four-hours after iv injection in atherosclerotic LDL-receptor−/− mice fed a high-fat diet for 40-weeks. Results Humanised LO1Fab fragment conjugated fluorescent PLGA-PEG nanoparticles were formulated with 210nm size and polydispersity index (variability of nanoparticle size around the average) of <0.2. Antibody conjugation efficiency was 30%. In vitro function was confirmed on ELISA versus the blank untargeted nanoparticles with MDA-LDL on solid phase, detecting nanoparticle presence via the conjugated LO1Fab, PEG corona or fluorescence. Fluorescence microscopy on stained aortic root cryosections from atherosclerotic mice confirmed binding to fatty lesions. Construct in vivo in half-life was 90-minutes for both the targeted and untargeted nanoparticles in a two-phase model in LDL-receptor−/− mice, based on fluorescence analysis of serial tail vein blood samples. There was greater uptake in the region-of-interest (heart and aortic arch vessels) in mice injected with LO1Fab-conjugated nanoparticles versus untargeted nanoparticles (mean ± standard deviation) (64.7±22.9 versus 25.2±26.5pmol of Cy5; n=7; p=0.02). Ex vivo analysis fluorescence reflectance imaging and quantitative FMT of the extracted aortae confirmed these findings (1.0±0.3 versus 0.5±0.2pmol of Cy5; n=7; p=0.002; Figure 1). Conclusions Humanised antibody Fab fragment fluorescent nanoparticles have been developed that successfully target MDA-LDL and localise to atherosclerotic plaques in murine experimental atherosclerosis. These targeted nanoparticles have the potential to amplify fluorescent signal for imaging and carry a therapeutic cargo for targeted drug delivery direct to atherosclerotic plaques. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Fellowship

Tail fan necrosis (TFN) is a disease that affects southern rock lobsters during live-holding. The damage to affected tail fan uropods is seen as a major constraint in the development of a live-holding industry. A previous study has demonstrated that various Vibrio species are associated with diseased tissue (May, 2002. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, University of Adelaide). However, that study was restricted to an examination of TFN lesions that formed 8 weeks post infection for lobsters held under optimal growth conditions. Although damage to tail fan tissue by instruments contaminated by organisms isolated from TFN affected tissue was shown to result in formation of TFN-like lesions, the microbial community of lesions associated with TFN over time in terms of both the cultivable and non-cultivable communities was not identified. The extent of damage to tail fan tissue by bacteria and the response of lobster immune cells to infection was also not determined. Furthermore, the presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. within the diseased tissue was identified as a potential public health risk, particularly in food preparation facilities where live lobsters are handled. The work described in this thesis specifically examined the development and effect of TFN on the overall health of affected lobsters, as well a confirmation that the Vibrio spp. involved in establishment of TFN may represent a public health risk. To answer these questions, a larger infection trial was set up. Uropod tissue of groups of lobsters were intentionally damaged with sterile instruments or instruments contaminated with a Vibrio spp. isolated from a TFN lesion. The lobsters were maintained in controlled environment aquaria and uropod tissue samples taken and subjected to microbiological, microscopic and molecular analysis. Microscopic analysis of developing lesions demonstrated that several morphologically different bacterial cell types colonise the surface of TFN lesions. Bacteria involved in infection are essentially restricted to the surface of the lesions, but where significant damage to the uropod tissue occurs, these bacteria may invade the damaged tissue and penetrate deeper underlying tissue. Infection of tail fan tissue results in inflammation and concomitant loss of internal structure of the carapace and deposition of fibrous material within the soft tissue underlying the chitinous exoskeleton. In cases of severe inflammation, a central core develops within the fibrous tissue consisting of a number of cell types, including hyaline cells, granulocytes and fibrocytes. However, there was no evidence of deep bacterial invasion into the underlying inflamed tissue. Viable counts and identification of the bacteria associated with the diseased tissue demonstrated that the bacterial population of TFN lesions is dominated by Vibrio species. Whilst there was no significant increase (P < 0.05) in the total viable bacterial counts associated with the diseased tissue compared with healthy tail fan tissue, Vibrio species were isolated more frequently from tissue samples from uropods subjected to simultaneous damage and infection. 8% of bacterial isolates recovered from lesions were identified as V. vulnificus and 27% of isolates were identified as V. parahemolyticus. Isolates of V. vulnificus displayed colony morphology consistent with pathogenic strains. Similarly, all isolates of V. parahaemolyticus were tdh negative, but 41% were trh positive. The majority of these species were able to express cytolysins capable of lysing CHO cells. This data indicated that vibrios responsible for establishment of TFN may have potential to cause human infections and therefore lobsters with TFN lesions should be regarded as a potential health risk to consumers. The majority of isolates of Vibrio spp. recovered from infected tissue expressed extracellular lipase and/or chitinase, and this indicated that these enzymes may enable Vibrio spp. to induce TFN in damaged tail fan tissue. The predominance of Vibrio spp. associated with lesions was confirmed by analysis of amplicons representative of genes encoding 16S rRNA prepared from lesion tissue DNA extracts. This was achieved by sequencing randomly selected clones of amplicons and by use of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis to separate amplicons according to nucleotide sequence diversity. Unlike other crustacean shell diseases, TFN does not induce changes in serum protein levels, lead to significant bacteraemia or changes in the circulating haemocyte population. Furthermore, TFN has apparently little effect on the overall health of affected lobsters. This observation may explain the lack of mortality associated with this disease. Only a non-specific activation of lobster phenoloxidase in response to TFN was observed and only limited activation of phagocytosis of Vibrio spp. in vitro could be demonstrated. This data suggested that the lobster immune system is unable to respond to infection and may explain why the bacteria are able to induce persistent infection resulting in formation of TFN lesions. Nevertheless, localised melanisation surrounding the wound site induced by carapace degradation products is able to restrict bacterial invasion into the haemolymph. The impact of TFN on appearance and consumer acceptance is dependent on the extent of damage caused by TFN. Minor lesions are resolved during moulting, whereas more severe lesions are maintained across more than one moult cycle.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008.

72-year-old woman with a nonproductive cough and a mass on chest radiograph Axial (Figure 13.5.1) and sagittal (Figure 13.5.2) fat-suppressed FSE T2-weighted images reveal a large centrally necrotic mass in the posterior left lower lobe. Notice the subtle tail of soft tissue extending across the pleura with minimal extension into the chest wall. Axial postgadolinium 3D SPGR images (...

Introdução: As hepatites virais são doenças infecciosas comuns, por muitas vezes graves, que estão relacionadas com inflamação e necrose hepática. No Rio Grande do Sul, as hepatites virais caracterizam-se como um dos agravos transmissíveis mais notificados e, portanto, de extrema importância para o cenário epidemiológico do estado, especialmente aquelas causadas pelos vírus B e C. Objetivos: Analisar a prevalência dos casos de hepatite viral no estado do Rio Grande do Sul por sexo nos anos de 2017 a 2019. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que buscou estimar as taxas de prevalência das hepatites virais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul pelas variáveis ano e sexo. Para tal, utilizou-se dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) acessados através da página do DATASUS. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram, levando em conta os 19.512 casos notificados no período, que nos três anos consecutivos analisados as maiores taxas de prevalência de hepatites virais foram do sexo masculino. Em síntese, o somatório dos três anos estudados para o sexo masculino foi de 11,02% e para o sexo feminino 8,49%, com uma maior diferença percentual, em sua totalidade, de 2,53% em relação ao sexo feminino. Ainda, é possível verificar que a diferença das taxas de prevalência entre os sexos, durante os anos, segue uma linha correlata. Conclusões: Verificou-se que a maior prevalência de infecções por hepatite viral está relacionada ao sexo masculino em todos os anos propostos pela pesquisa, sendo reiterada essa informação em literaturas complementares. Desse modo, infere-se a importância do rastreamento e detecção precoce das hepatites virais, além da realização do calendário vacinal e da retomada da relevância da higiene pessoal e interpessoal. Portanto, faz-se necessária a constante conscientização quanto à prevenção das hepatites virais, não só da massa masculina, como de toda população. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Epidemiologia, Hepatites Virais, Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução: A Doença de Chagas é uma antropozoonose americana predominantemente rural causada pelo protozoário intracelular facultativo Trypanosoma cruzi, cujo vetor é o Triatoma infestans, hematófago conhecido como “barbeiro”. A infecção se manifesta em duas fases. Na aguda, ocorre multiplicação parasitária no miocárdio. Na crônica, acontece um processo de miocardite focal de baixa intensidade, cuja persistência promove o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia dilatada. Objetivos: Demonstrar a etiopatogenia e as manifestações cardíacas da forma crônica da Doença de Chagas. Material e métodos: Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica realizada na base de dados PubMed, utilizando “Cardiomiopatia Chagásica” como descritor, encontrando-se 6 artigos, e em 4 livros-texto de Parasitologia, Patologia, Semiologia e Clínica Médica, datados de 2017 a 2021. Resultados: A Cardiomiopatia Chagásica (CC) consiste em lesão fibrosante progressiva ao miocárdio decorrente da presença da forma amastigota do T. cruzi nos cardiomiócitos. A infecção provoca infiltrado inflamatório de neutrófilos, linfócitos e macrófagos. A reação imune - celular e humoral - à permanência tecidual do parasita é um relevante processo etiopatogênico. Isso resulta, a longo prazo, em cardiomiopatia dilatada, que consiste na perda de cardiomiócitos e em sua substituição por tecido fibrótico, desprovido de inotropismo. A miocardite consequente dessa necrose das miofibrilas pode evoluir, após 10 a 30 anos, para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, mais comumente à esquerda, que pode chegar a nível IV NYHA. A CC associa-se ao desenvolvimento de desordens arrítmicas, especialmente bloqueios atrioventriculares. Os mais comuns são BRD, BDAS-E e BAV Total, sendo os dois últimos marcadores de pior prognóstico. Nessa perspectiva, pacientes apresentam frequentemente a Síndrome de Stokes Adams, uma síncope bradicárdica cuja diminuição do débito cardíaco pode resultar em morte súbita. Tal fatalidade, de alta incidência em pacientes chagásicos, também pode decorrer do comprometimento da microvasculatura em consequência da resposta imune contínua, que diminui a perfusão miocárdica e resulta em fenômenos tromboembólicos. Conclusão: A CC trata-se de uma doença crônica prevenível, grave, de comprometimento progressivo da função cardíaca, limitadora da qualidade de vida e associada a morte súbita. O conhecimento da história natural da doença se faz importante para a prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da doença, podendo diminuir sua morbimortalidade.